Compounds > silicon
Page last updated: 2024-12-10

silicon

Description

Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086]. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5461123
CHEBI ID27573
MeSH IDM0019854

Synonyms (189)

Synonym
silicon dust
un2203
hsdb 5033
un1346
defoamer s-10
silicon metal
silicon, containing more than 99.99 per cent by weight of silicon
silicone
einecs 231-130-8
ccris 6599
Q670
silicium
14si
silizium
silicon atom
silicio
CHEBI:27573 ,
7440-21-3
silicon
si
silicon, wafer (single side polished), <111>, n-type, contains no dopant, diam. x thickness 2 in. x 0.5 mm
silicon, nanopowder, <100 nm particle size (tem), >=98% trace metals basis
silicon, wafer (single side polished), <111>, p-type, contains boron as dopant, diam. x thickness 3 in. x 0.5 mm
silicon, wafer (single side polished), <100>, n-type, contains no dopant, diam. x thickness 2 in. x 0.5 mm
silicon, wafer (single side polished), <111>, n-type, contains no dopant, diam. x thickness 3 in. x 0.5 mm
silicon, wafer (single side polished), contains phosphorus as dopant, <111>, n-type, diam. x thickness 2 in. x 0.5 mm
silicon, wafer (single side polished), <100>, n-type, contains phosphorus as dopant, diam. x thickness 2 in. x 0.5 mm
silicon, wafer, <111>, p-type, contains boron as dopant, diam. x thickness 2 in. x 0.3 mm
silicon, wafer (single side polished), <100>, n-type, contains no dopant, diam. x thickness 3 in. x 0.5 mm
silicon, wafer (single side polished), <100>, n-type, contains phosphorus as dopant, diam. x thickness 3 in. x 0.5 mm
silicon, wafer (single side polished), <100>, p-type, contains boron as dopant, diam. x thickness 2 in. x 0.5 mm
silicon, wafer (single side polished), <100>, p-type, contains boron as dopant, diam. x thickness 3 in. x 0.5 mm
silicon, powder, -325 mesh, 99% trace metals basis
silicon, powder, -60 mesh, 99.999% trace metals basis
silicon, pieces, 99.95% trace metals basis
AKOS004909675
silicon 28
silane, compressed [un2203] [flammable gas]
silicon powder, amorphous [un1346] [flammable solid]
silicon, elemental
ec 231-130-8
z4152n8iui ,
unii-z4152n8iui
silicon powder, amorphous
90337-93-2
silane [mi]
silane [hsdb]
silicon [who-dd]
silicon [mart.]
silicon [ii]
silicon [mi]
silicon [inci]
silicon, elemental [hsdb]
silicon (si), >98%
silane, 7.0 - 7.5% in argon
silicon powder, crystalline, -100+200 mesh
silicon powder (nanocrystalline)
silicon powder (amorphous)
AKOS024438062
silicon powder
silicon powder, crystalline, aps c=100nm
silicon lump, 10cm (3.9in) & down
silicon rod, 0.828cm (0.326in) dia
silicon powder, crystalline, -140 mesh
silicon rod, 5.08cm (2.0in) dia
silicon powder, crystalline, -100+325 mesh
silicon powder, crystalline, -325 mesh
silicon plate, 12.5mm (0.5in) thick
silicon sputtering target, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.125in) thick
silicon powder, crystalline, -100 mesh
silicon plate, 6.35mm (0.25in) thick
silicon rod, 2.5cm (0.98in) dia
silicon powder, crystalline, aps <=50nm
silicon lump, 15cm (5.9in) & down
silicon plate, 9.5mm (0.37in) thick
silicon sputtering target, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 6.35mm (0.250in) thick
silicon, sputtering target, diam. x thickness 2.00 in. x 0.25 in., 99.999% trace metals basis
silicon, nanopowder, <100 nm (bet), <3% oxygen passivation
silicon standard for aas, ready-to-use, in hno3: hf
mfcd00085311
mfcd00011228
silicon chips
silicon random pieces
silicon metal powder si grade ax 05 (h?gan?s)
silicon metal powder si grade ax 20 (h?gan?s)
silicon metal powder si grade ax 10 (h?gan?s)
silicon powder, nodular, aps 1-5 micron
silicon lump, 0.1-2.5cm (0.04-1.0in)
silicon slugs, 9.5mm (0.375in) dia x 9.5mm (0.375in) length
silicon, cp
silicon, single crystal, -100, n-type, phosphorus doped, diameter 150mm, length 0.65mm, 100%
silicon, rod, 100mm, diameter 25mm, crystalline, 100%
silicon, powder, max. particle size 45 micron, weight 50 g, high purity 99.998%
silicon, powder, 45 max. part. size (micron), weight 10 g, high purity 99.999%
silicon, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 200 g, purity 99.999%
silicon, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, purity 99.99%
silicon, rod, 20 mm diameter, length 80 mm, purity 99.999%
silicon, rod, 50mm, diameter 5.0mm, crystalline, 100%
silicon, single crystal, -111, size, thickness 0.4 mm
silicon, sphere, 20pcs, diameter 2.0mm, precision sphere grade 25
silicon, powder, 45 max. part. size (micron), weight 100 g, purity 99.95%
silicon, rod, 100mm, diameter 10.0mm, single crystal - random orientation, 100%
silicon, powder, 150 max. part. size (micron), weight 2000 g, purity 97.5%
silicon, rod, length 100 mm, 20 mm diameter, purity 99.999%
silicon, powder, 45 max. part. size (micron), weight 50 g, purity 99.5%
silicon, lump, 5 mm max. lump size, weight 500 g, purity 99.99%
silicon, sphere, 50pcs, diameter 2.0mm, precision sphere grade 25
silicon, powder, max. particle size 150 micron, weight 100 g, purity 97.5%
silicon, powder, max. particle size 45 micron, weight 100 g, purity 99.5%
silicon, rod, 20 mm diameter, length 50 mm, purity 99.999%
silicon, single crystal, -111, p-type, boron doped, diameter 57mm, length 1.0mm, 100%
silicon, rod, 50mm, diameter 2.0mm, crystalline, 100%
silicon, powder, 150 max. part. size (micron), weight 1000 g, purity 97.5%
silicon, powder, 45 max. part. size (micron), weight 50 g, purity 99.95%
silicon, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, purity 99.95%
silicon, disks, 15.9mm, thickness 0.38mm, single crystal, n-type, 100%
silicon, sheet, 14x14mm, thickness 1.0mm, single crystal, -100, 100%
silicon, rod, 50mm, diameter 5mm, single crystal, -111, 99.999%
silicon, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, purity 99.999%
silicon, single crystal, -100, n-type, phosphorus doped, diameter 76.2mm, length 2.0mm, 100%
silicon, single crystal, -111, n-type, phosphorus doped, diameter 76.2mm, length 0.50mm, 100%
silicon, sheet, 10x10mm, thickness 0.5mm, single crystal, -100, 100%
silicon, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, purity 99.95%
silicon, rod, 50mm, diameter 6mm, single crystal, -111, 99.999%
silicon, sheet, 14x14mm, thickness 1.0mm, single crystal, -111, 100%
silicon, sphere, 10pcs, diameter 2.0mm, precision sphere grade 25
silicon, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 200 g, purity 99.95%
silicon, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 200 g, purity 99.99%
silicon, single crystal, -100, n-type, phosphorus doped, diameter 76.2mm, length 0.38mm, 100%
silicon, rod, 25mm, diameter 3.15mm, single crystal - random orientation, 100%
silicon, lump, 5 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, purity 99.99%
silicon, rod, 100mm, diameter 2.0mm, crystalline, 100%
silicon, rod, 100mm, diameter 12.7mm, single crystal - random orientation, 100%
silicon, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, purity 99.999%
silicon, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 500 g, purity 99.95%
silicon, single crystal, -111, n-type, phosphorus doped, diameter 76.2mm, length 0.38mm, 100%
silicon, powder, 150 max. part. size (micron), weight 200 g, purity 97.5%
silicon, lump, 5 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, purity 99.99%
silicon, single crystal, -111, n-type, phosphorus doped, diameter 76.2mm, length 0.75mm, 100%
silicon, rod, 25 mm diameter, length 150 mm, purity 99.999%
silicon, sphere, 0.48 mm diameter, 50 pcs, tolerance +/-2.5um
silicon, sheet, 10x10mm, thickness 0.6mm, single crystal, -100, 100%
silicon, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 500 g, purity 99.99%
silicon, rod, 40mm, diameter 20mm, single crystal, -100, 99.999%
silicon, powder, max. particle size 150 micron, weight 500 g, purity 97.5%
silicon, sheet, 40x40mm, thickness 3.0mm, single crystal, p-type, 100%
silicon, sheet, 25x25mm, thickness 1.0mm, single crystal, -100, 100%
silicon, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, purity 99.99%
silicon, rod, 80mm, diameter 20mm, single crystal, -100, 99.999%
silicon, powder, 45 max. part. size (micron), weight 100 g, high purity 99.998%
silicon, powder, 45 max. part. size (micron), purity 99.95%, weight 200 g
silicon, rod, 25mm, diameter 2.0mm, crystalline, 100%
silicon, rod, 50mm, diameter 3.15mm, single crystal - random orientation, 100%
silicon, powder, max. particle size 45 micron, weight 200 g, purity 99.5%
silicon, rod, 50mm, diameter 5mm, single crystal, -100, 99.999%
silicon, single crystal, -111, p-type, boron doped, diameter 76.2mm, length 0.38mm, 100%
silicon, rod, 100mm, diameter 5.0mm, crystalline, 100%
silicon, single crystal, -100, p-type, boron doped, diameter 76.2mm, length 0.38mm, 100%
silicon, rod, 40mm, diameter 20mm, single crystal, -111, 99.999%
silicon, powder, 45 max. part. size (micron), weight 20 g, high purity 99.998%
silicon, sphere, 0.48 mm diameter, 10_pcs, tolerance +/-2.5um
silicon, sphere, 0.48 mm diameter, 20 pcs, tolerance +/-2.5um
silicon, disks, 13mm, thickness 0.38mm, single crystal, 100%
silicon, lump, 5 mm max. lump size, weight 200 g, purity 99.99%
silicon, rod, 10mm, diameter 2.0mm, crystalline, 100%
silicon metal, nist(r) srm(r) 57b
silicon, nist(r) srm(r) 640e, powder, line position and line shape standard for powder diffraction
silicon, 99.0%
DB12982
DTXSID0051441 ,
silicon nanopowder
AMY37004
silicon hollow cathode lamp: 2.0 diameter, 4-pin, cableless
silicon hollow cathode lamp: 2.0 diameter, 9-pin, non-coded
silicon hollow cathode lamp: 1.5 diameter, 2-pin, non-coded
dtxcid5030038
silicon (mart.)
silicon (ii)
sulfur-free silicon standard: si @ 1000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
silicon standard: si @ 5000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
silicon standard: si @ 1000 microg/ml in h2o, tr. f-
silicon aa standard: si @ 1000 microg/ml in h2o, tr. f-
silicon standard: si @ 1000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
sulfur-free silicon concentrate: si @ approx. 18 wt% in hydrocarbons
silicon standard: si @ 10000 microg/ml in h2o, tr. f-
PD058322
silicon - si @ 1000 microg/ml in h2o, tr. f-
silicon - si @ 5000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
silicon - si @ 1000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals (such as arsenic (As) is becoming a serious global problem. Silicon (Si) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) has been found effective in enhancing plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses including the As toxicity.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A controlled clinical trial of the anti-epileptic efficacy and toxic side effects of diphenylsilanediol was conducted on 24 client-owned epileptic dogs."( Clinical evaluation of the new compound diphenylsilanediol for ani-epileptic efficacy and toxicity.
Chandler, ML; Cunningham, JG; Ford, RB; Gifford, JA; Hulce, VD; LeVier, RR, 1981)		0.26
"The prenatal toxic effects of contaminated vacuum pump oil (Sample A) and solid waste products (Samples B and C) originating from aluminum plasma etching processes in semiconductor manufacturing were investigated."( Toxicological investigations in the semiconductor industry: III: Studies on prenatal toxicity caused by waste products from aluminum plasma etching processes.
Bauer, S; Herzschuh, R; Pelzing, M; Scheufler, H; Schmidt, R; Wolff, L, )		0.13
" Whereas the toxic effects of AI within this population are clearly established, little is known on the role of Si in the development/protection of particular dialysis-related diseases."( Al and Si: their speciation, distribution, and toxicity.
D'Haese, PC; de Broe, ME; van Landeghem, GF, 1998)		0.3
"A new forceps suitable for the safe and easier insertion of a silicon catheter into the subdural space is described."( A new forceps for the safe and easier insertion of subdural catheter: technical note.
Birbilis, T; Bockermann, V, 1998)		0.3
"It is widely believed that using the "tunneling" procedure during pancreatoduodenectomy is a safe maneuver because the anterior tributaries of the portal vein (PV) are absent or very rare."( Anterior tributaries of the portal vein at the superior margin of the pancreas: is "tunneling" procedure safe during pancreatic surgery?
Nagai, M; Nobori, M; Nokubi, M; Sakamoto, Y; Suzuki, Y; Tanaka, N; Tsukamoto, T, 2000)		0.31
"Toxicity varied but RC Sealer and GuttaFlow were the least toxic new sealers."( Cytotoxicity of new resin-, calcium hydroxide- and silicone-based root canal sealers on fibroblasts derived from human gingiva and L929 cell lines.
Dahl, JE; Eldeniz, AU; Mustafa, K; Ørstavik, D, 2007)		0.34
" No adverse changes were observed in animals exposed to any of the SAS at 1mg/m(3)."( Five-day inhalation toxicity study of three types of synthetic amorphous silicas in Wistar rats and post-exposure evaluations for up to 3 months.
Arts, JH; Duistermaat, E; Junker, K; Kuper, CF; Muijser, H, 2007)		0.34
" plantarum medium; acidification resulting from metabolic activity was inhibited by the toxic activity of the surfactant."( Surfactant cytotoxicity assay based on a silicon transducer.
Seki, A; Tokita, K, 2009)		0.35
" Collectively, these data provide evidence of a safe intravenous administration of S1MPs as a drug delivery carrier."( In vivo evaluation of safety of nanoporous silicon carriers following single and multiple dose intravenous administrations in mice.
Amra, S; Bhavane, R; Chiappini, C; Ewing, A; Fakhoury, JR; Ferrari, M; Fidler, IJ; Godin, B; Gu, J; Li, Q; Liu, X; Nieves-Alicea, R; Tanaka, T, 2010)		0.36
" The present study is focused on the detection of toxic matter using a novel silicon-based MFC."( Silicon-based microfabricated microbial fuel cell toxicity sensor.
Dávila, D; Esquivel, JP; Mas, J; Sabaté, N, 2011)		0.37
" We therefore compared the toxic effects of classroom, outdoor, and residential PM(10)."( Toxicity and elemental composition of particulate matter from outdoor and indoor air of elementary schools in Munich, Germany.
Behrendt, H; Buters, JT; Dietrich, S; Fromme, H; Jörres, RA; Nowak, D; Oeder, S; Pusch, G; Schierl, R; Schober, W; Weichenmeier, I, 2012)		0.38
" This study provides fundamental evidence for the safe application and further modification of silicon nanoparticles, which could broaden their application as cell markers in living systems and in micelle encapsulated drug delivery systems."( Uptake and toxicity studies of poly-acrylic acid functionalized silicon nanoparticles in cultured mammalian cells.
Bao, Y; Chao, Y; Coxon, PR; Jayasooriya, UA; Wang, Q; Zhang, X, 2012)		0.38
" The adverse effects of Cd on plant growth were alleviated by the exogenous application of Si."( Alleviation of cadmium toxicity by silicon is related to elevated photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes; suppressed cadmium uptake and oxidative stress in cotton.
Ali, S; Farooq, MA; Hameed, A; Iqbal, Z; Ishaque, W; Mahmood, K, 2013)		0.39
" However, concerns about their adverse effects are growing due to the association between exposure to certain nanosized particles and cardiovascular events."( Injected nanoparticles: the combination of experimental systems to assess cardiovascular adverse effects.
Borzykh, AA; Eletskii, AV; Herzig, KH; Järvinen, K; Kauppinen, EI; Lehto, VP; Lobach, AS; Raula, J; Riikonen, J; Salonen, J; Smirin, BV; Tarasova, OS; Tavi, P; Vlasova, MA, 2014)		0.4
"Non-reinforced and laser safe ETTs were suspended in a mechanical model imitating endoscopic airway surgery."( Prevention of airway fires: testing the safety of endotracheal tubes and surgical devices in a mechanical model.
Roy, S; Smith, LP, )		0.13
" The CO2 laser could not ignite a laser safe ETT under any conditions, unless it struck the non-reinforced distal tip of the ETT."( Prevention of airway fires: testing the safety of endotracheal tubes and surgical devices in a mechanical model.
Roy, S; Smith, LP, )		0.13
" Anatomical observations of leaf and root revealed that Cr(VI) affected internal structures while Si played a role in protection from toxic effects."( Silicon-mediated alleviation of Cr(VI) toxicity in wheat seedlings as evidenced by chlorophyll florescence, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and anatomical changes.
Chauhan, DK; Kishore Dubey, N; Prasad, SM; Rai, AK; Singh, VP; Tripathi, DK, 2015)		0.42
" The key mechanisms evoked include reducing active heavy metal ions in growth media, reduced metal uptake and root-to-shoot translocation, chelation and stimulation of antioxidant systems in plants, complexation and co-precipitation of toxic metals with Si in different plant parts, compartmentation and structural alterations in plants and regulation of the expression of metal transport genes."( Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of heavy metal toxicity in plants: A review.
Abbas, F; Adrees, M; Ali, S; Farid, M; Ibrahim, M; Irshad, MK; Qayyum, MF; Rizwan, M; Zia-Ur-Rehman, M, 2015)		0.42
"Exploration and expansion of the chemistries involving toxic or carcinogenic reagents are severely limited by the health hazards their presence poses."( Micro-total envelope system with silicon nanowire separator for safe carcinogenic chemistry.
Jang, S; Kim, DP; Ko, DH; Min, KI; Singh, AK; Vishwakarma, NK, 2016)		0.43
") were found to be within safe limits 3 h, 24 h, 48 h and 7 days after the administration."( Ultrapure laser-synthesized Si-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications: in vivo assessment of safety and biodistribution.
Al-Kattan, A; Baati, T; Braguer, D; Chaspoul, F; Esteve, MA; Hammami, M; Kabashin, AV; Njim, L; Ryabchikov, Y; Sentis, M, 2016)		0.43
" MTA showed the least toxic effect."( Cytotoxicity of modified glass ionomer cement on odontoblast cells.
Chen, S; Engqvist, H; Lan, W; Mestres, G; Xia, W, 2016)		0.43
" Moreover, we demonstrate that there are no toxic effects of SiNPs on the cell metabolic activity and integrity of the plasma membrane."( In vitro cellular behaviors and toxicity assays of small-sized fluorescent silicon nanoparticles.
Cao, Z; Chu, B; He, S; He, Y; Hu, Z; Peng, F; Su, Y; Zhong, Y, 2017)		0.46
" We found that FeSSi particles with Cd sorbed onto them are an order of magnitude more toxic than FeSSi alone."( Remediation of Cadmium Toxicity by Sulfidized Nano-Iron: The Importance of Organic Material.
Adeleye, AS; Keller, AA; Nisbet, RM; Stevenson, LM; Su, Y; Zhang, Y, 2017)		0.46
"Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic element that poses a great threat to human health, while silicon (Si) is a beneficial element and has been shown to have a mitigation effect on plants under Cd toxicity."( Silicon alleviates cadmium toxicity in wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) by reducing cadmium ion uptake and enhancing antioxidative capacity.
Han, D; Li, X; Liu, Y; Shi, Z; Yang, S; Zhang, B; Zhou, Z, 2018)		0.48
" In many respects, the Al₂O₃-NP was found to be the most toxic species alone and the most dangerous component of the combinations studied."( Combined Subchronic Toxicity of Aluminum (III), Titanium (IV) and Silicon (IV) Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Alleviation with a Complex of Bioprotectors.
Bushueva, TV; Gurvich, VB; Katsnelson, BA; Klinova, SV; Makeyev, OH; Meshtcheryakova, EY; Minigalieva, IA; Panov, VG; Privalova, LI; Sakhautdinova, RR; Shishkina, EV; Shur, VY; Solovyeva, SN; Sutunkova, MP; Valamina, IE; Varaksin, AN, 2018)		0.48
"Cadmium (Cd) is toxic to plants and animals, making it necessary to develop strategies that seek to reduce its introduction into food chains."( Selenium and silicon reduce cadmium uptake and mitigate cadmium toxicity in Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen plants by activation antioxidant enzyme system.
Bernardy, D; Bernardy, K; Dorneles, AOS; Dressler, VL; Pereira, AS; Possebom, G; Rossato, LV; Sasso, VM; Tabaldi, LA, 2018)		0.48
" In vivo experiments of the levan represent nontoxicity and biocompatibility without any adverse reactions."( Biosafe, Eco-Friendly Levan Polysaccharide toward Transient Electronics.
Choi, CH; Hwang, SW; Jo, YJ; Kim, TI; Ko, GJ; Kwon, KY; Lee, JS; Lee, S; Sunwoo, SH, 2018)		0.48
"The inability of traditional chemotherapeutics to reach cancer tissue reduces the treatment efficacy and leads to adverse effects."( Designed inorganic porous nanovector with controlled release and MRI features for safe administration of doxorubicin.
Al-Jamal, KT; Backholm, M; Fan, L; Kettunen, MI; Lehto, VP; Näkki, S; Nissinen, T; Rantanen, J; Ras, RHA; Wang, JT; Wu, J; Xu, W, 2019)		0.51
"Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal for both animals and plants."( Effects of boron, silicon and their interactions on cadmium accumulation and toxicity in rice plants.
Chen, D; Jia, L; Lin, X; Lin, Y; Long, J; Song, Y; Xue, R; Zeng, R, 2019)		0.51
" This study provided new evidence that Si and NO have a strong joint effect on alleviating the adverse effects of Cd toxicity by decreasing Cd uptake and accumulation."( Combined application of silicon and nitric oxide jointly alleviated cadmium accumulation and toxicity in maize.
Deng, X; Du, S; Gong, D; Liu, X; Wang, S; Yin, L; Zhang, Z, 2020)		0.56
" The addition of Si did not reduce the concentrations of Mn in accumulations despite seeming to reduce its adverse effects."( Time-resolved laboratory micro-X-ray fluorescence reveals silicon distribution in relation to manganese toxicity in soybean and sunflower.
Blamey, FPC; Casey, LW; Kopittke, PM; van der Ent, A, 2020)		0.56
" A substantial part of the review will be focused on in vitro toxicity, in which the type of QDs is combined with their adverse effect and toxic mechanism."( Toxicity of different types of quantum dots to mammalian cells in vitro: An update review.
Liu, N; Tang, M, 2020)		0.56
" However, Si and MeJA applied alone or in combination significantly ameliorated the above-mentioned adverse effects induced by Cd."( Effect of exogenous silicon and methyl jasmonate on the alleviation of cadmium-induced phytotoxicity in tomato plants.
Guo, J; Hua, L; Li, H; Li, X; Ren, X; Sun, Y; Wei, T; Yashir, N, 2021)		0.62
" The bioassays indicated that polycrystalline SBSC (p-Si) and monocrystalline SBSC (m-Si) leachates were more toxic to fish embryos than the PSC leachates and that water fleas were sensitive to m-Si leachates, but less sensitive to PSC and p-Si leachates."( Comparative toxicity of potential leachates from perovskite and silicon solar cells in aquatic ecosystems.
An, YJ; Chae, H; Han, S; Jeong, SW; Kim, L; Kwak, JI; Lee, TY; Panthi, G, 2021)		0.62
" Thus, we evaluated the beneficial roles of alone or/and combine applications of SA and Si in mitigating the toxic effects of Cr in the leaves and roots of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings."( Salicylic acid underpins silicon in ameliorating chromium toxicity in rice by modulating antioxidant defense, ion homeostasis and cellular ultrastructure.
Azhar, W; Hamid, Y; Hussain, S; Khan, AR; Salam, A; Shah, AM; Sheteiwy, MS; Ulhassan, Z; Yang, S; Zhou, W, 2021)		0.62
"The inessential heavy metal/loids cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), which often co-occur in polluted paddy soils, are toxic to rice."( Comparative physiological and transcriptomic analyses illuminate common mechanisms by which silicon alleviates cadmium and arsenic toxicity in rice seedlings.
Chen, H; Gong, X; Li, F; Liang, X; Liu, C; Liu, X; Reinfelder, JR; Sun, C; Yi, J; Zhang, S; Zhao, J, 2021)		0.62
" Both arsenic (As) and silicon (Si) are metalloids - while the first one is toxic in general, the latter one is considered as beneficial for plants suffering from various kinds of stresses."( Effect of silicon on root growth, ionomics and antioxidant performance of maize roots exposed to As toxicity.
Kollárová, K; Mišúthová, A; Slováková, Ľ; Vaculík, M, 2021)		0.62
" Antimony (Sb) is a non-essential metalloid causing toxic effects in plants."( Silicon alleviates antimony phytotoxicity in giant reed (Arundo donax L.).
Shetty, R; Vaculík, M; Vidya, CS; Weidinger, M, 2021)		0.62
" Silicon (Si) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play significant roles in alleviating adverse effects of As stress."( Arbuscular mycorrhizae and silicon alleviate arsenic toxicity by enhancing soil nutrient availability, starch degradation and productivity in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.
Bhalla, S; Garg, N, 2021)		0.62
"Nano-materials ameliorate the adverse effect of salinity stress on the physiological and biochemical processes in plants."( The potential of foliar application of nano-chitosan-encapsulated nano-silicon donor in amelioration the adverse effect of salinity in the wheat plant.
Hajihashemi, S; Kazemi, S, 2022)		0.72
"In the present study, the beneficial role of NC, NS, and NC-NS application, particularly NC-NS, in alleviating the adverse effect of salinity stress on antioxidant systems and osmotic adjustment in wheat is well documented."( The potential of foliar application of nano-chitosan-encapsulated nano-silicon donor in amelioration the adverse effect of salinity in the wheat plant.
Hajihashemi, S; Kazemi, S, 2022)		0.72
"Cadmium (Cd) is a widely distributed heavy metal that is toxic to plants and humans."( Silicon-enhanced tolerance to cadmium toxicity in soybean by enhancing antioxidant defense capacity and changing cadmium distribution and transport.
Cai, Z; Cheng, Y; Lian, T; Ma, Q; Nian, H; Xian, P; Yang, Y; Zhou, Q, 2022)		0.72
" Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], the most toxic form of Cr, brings about changes in plant processes at morpho-physiological and biochemical levels."( Silicon Palliates Chromium Toxicity through the Formation of Root Hairs in Rice (Oryza sativa) Mediated by GSH and IAA.
Corpas, FJ; Kandhol, N; Kumar, A; Rai, P; Sahi, S; Sharma, S; Singh, VP; Tripathi, DK, 2023)		0.91
"Excess copper (Cu) causes the toxic effects in plants and health hazards to humans."( Interactive effect of silicon and nitric oxide effectively contracts copper toxicity in
Amooaghaie, R; Bakhtiari, S; Pirooz, P, 2023)		0.91
"Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals (such as arsenic (As)) is becoming a serious global problem due to rapid development of social economy, although the use of silicon (Si) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) has been found effective in enhancing plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses including the As toxicity."( Application of silicon and sodium hydrosulfide alleviates arsenic toxicity by regulating the physio-biochemical and molecular mechanisms of Zea mays.
Alatawi, A; Ali, S; Alshegaihi, RM; Asghar, MA; Elsharkawy, MM; Fahad, S; Javed, S; Marc, RA; Mfarrej, MFB; Mumtaz, S; Yasin, G, 2023)		0.91
"Emergence of trace elements at potentially toxic concentrations in the environment has become a global issue in recent times."( Emergence of toxic trace elements in plant environment: Insights into potential of silica nanoparticles for mitigation of metal toxicity in plants.
Dwibedi, V; George, N; Yadav, M, 2023)		0.91
"Aluminum (Al) is highly toxic to plants, since it causes stress and inhibits plant growth."( Silicon as an attenuator of the toxic effects of aluminum in Schinus terebinthifolius plants.
Aguilar, MVM; Azevedo, TD; Lovato, LR; Mattos, JPO; Nicoloso, FT; Rosa, FCR; Tabaldi, LA; Valsoler, DV; Wertonge, GS, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

The terminal half-life of free silicon in the aqueous was 30 min and 92 min in the vitreous. The mean plasma silicon Cmax values (+/- S.hr/L) were revealed.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The pharmacodynamic effect of a homologous series of aminomethyldimethyl-(methoxyphenyl)-silane derivatives have been tested on isolated guinea-pig left atria."( Pharmacodynamic specification and membrane stabilising action of a homologous series of silasympathomimetics.
Greeff, K; Schlieper, P; Tawfik, H, 1986)		0.27
" The microdialysis revealed the terminal half-life of free silicon in the aqueous was 30 min and 92 min in the vitreous; the AUC for aqueous accounted for 38% of the AUC for vitreous."( Ocular silicon distribution and clearance following intravitreal injection of porous silicon microparticles.
Cheng, L; Freeman, WR; Hou, H; Nieto, A; Sailor, MJ, 2013)		0.39
" Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated a vitreous half-life of 29 days with a maximum DNR concentration of 178 ng/mL and a minimum concentration of 29 ng/mL at day 84."( A Novel Approach of Daunorubicin Application on Formation of Proliferative Retinopathy Using a Porous Silicon Controlled Delivery System: Pharmacodynamics.
Cheng, L; Freeman, WR; Hou, H; Huffman, K; Rios, S; Sailor, MJ, 2015)		0.42

Compound-Compound Interactions

modified differential lysis method combined with silicon bead method can be used in extraction of sperm DNA from mixed stain. This research was developed to investigate if inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in combination with silicon can enhance N use efficiency (NUE) in maize.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Imaging ellipsometry was combined with electrochemical methods for studying electrostatic interactions of protein and solid surfaces."( Influence of electrostatic interaction on fibrinogen adsorption on gold studied by imaging ellipsometry combined with electrochemical methods.
Jin, G; Yu, Y, 2005)		0.33
"In this work, we introduce a maskless, resist-free rapid prototyping method to fabricate three-dimensional structures using electron beam induced deposition (EBID) of amorphous carbon (aC) from a residual hydrocarbon precursor in combination with metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE) of silicon."( Maskless and resist-free rapid prototyping of three-dimensional structures through electron beam induced deposition (EBID) of carbon in combination with metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE) of silicon.
Fedorov, AG; Henry, MR; Hildreth, OJ; Kim, SK; Kulkarni, D; Rykaczewski, K; Tsukruk, VV; Wong, CP, 2010)		0.36
"The experiments carried out on male rats have demonstrated that the primary prophylactic application of drinking sulfate mineral water (MW) in combination with such microelements as zinc and silicon results in a more pronounced decrease of the magnitude of alterations in the liver, thymus, and blood hormonal spectrum under the action of immobilization stress than the application of mineral water alone."( [The application of drinking mineral water in combination with zinc and silicon in rats undergoing immobilization stress].
Bobkova, AS; Korolev, IuN; Mikhaĭlik, LV, )		0.13
"The present experiments carried out on outbred male rats have demonstrated that the treatment with drinking mineral water in combination with microelements, zinc and silicon, significantly increased resistance of their cultured Sertoli cells to the stressful impact of a single immobilization event and promoted the development of intracelular adaptive and protective reactions."( [Ultrastructural changes of sertoli cells in rat testicles treated with drinking mineral water in combination with microelements, zinc and silicon, under stress conditions].
Geniatulina, MS; Korolev, IuN; Nikulina, LA, )		0.13
"To extract sperm DNA from mixed stain by the modified differential lysis method combined with silicon bead method and to evaluate its application value."( [Extraction of sperm DNA from mixed stain by the modified differential lysis method combined with silicon bead method].
Han, HJ; Jia, DT; Lu, DR; Yang, GY; Yang, M; Yi, H; Zhang, YH, 2014)		0.4
" The sperm DNA was extracted by the modified method combined with silicon bead method, then genotyped with the Identifiler Kit, and compared with the results of genotyping by the conventional differential lysis method as control."( [Extraction of sperm DNA from mixed stain by the modified differential lysis method combined with silicon bead method].
Han, HJ; Jia, DT; Lu, DR; Yang, GY; Yang, M; Yi, H; Zhang, YH, 2014)		0.4
"08% through the modified method combined with silicon bead method."( [Extraction of sperm DNA from mixed stain by the modified differential lysis method combined with silicon bead method].
Han, HJ; Jia, DT; Lu, DR; Yang, GY; Yang, M; Yi, H; Zhang, YH, 2014)		0.4
"The modified differential lysis method combined with silicon bead method can be used in extraction of sperm DNA from mixed stain."( [Extraction of sperm DNA from mixed stain by the modified differential lysis method combined with silicon bead method].
Han, HJ; Jia, DT; Lu, DR; Yang, GY; Yang, M; Yi, H; Zhang, YH, 2014)		0.4
" Large-scale recordings of neuronal spiking combined with optogenetic perturbation of identified individual neurons has emerged as a suitable method for such tasks in behaving animals."( Tools for probing local circuits: high-density silicon probes combined with optogenetics.
Berényi, A; Buzsáki, G; Khodagholy, D; Kipke, DR; Stark, E; Wise, KD; Yoon, E, 2015)		0.42
"We report on highly disordered array of Au coated silicon nanowires (Au/SiNWs) as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probe combined with electrochemical detection for biosensing applications."( Disordered array of Au covered Silicon nanowires for SERS biosensing combined with electrochemical detection.
Convertino, A; Maiolo, L; Mussi, V, 2016)		0.43
" This research was developed to investigate if inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in combination with silicon (Si) can enhance N use efficiency (NUE) in maize."( Can silicon applied to correct soil acidity in combination with Azospirillum brasilense inoculation improve nitrogen use efficiency in maize?
Boleta, EHM; Buzetti, S; Filho, MCMT; Galindo, FS; Lazarini, E; Pagliari, PH; Rodrigues Nogueira, TA; Rodrigues, WL; Rosa, PAL; Santini, JMK, 2020)		0.56
" The present study aimed to quantify the ability of a digital TOF-PET/CT scanner combined with BPL reconstruction to detect small lesions, and to determine the optimal penalization factor (β) in BPL to accurately detect such lesions."( Detection of sub-centimeter lesions using digital TOF-PET/CT system combined with Bayesian penalized likelihood reconstruction algorithm.
Hiratsuka, S; Ishii, K; Kamitaka, Y; Kobayashi, R; Masubuchi, M; Miwa, K; Miyaji, N; Nemoto, R; Wagatsuma, K; Yamaguchi, M; Yamao, T; Yoshii, T, 2020)		0.56
"A field experiment involving eight treatments with water management combined with leaf spraying silicon fertilizer was conducted in a paddy field heavily contaminated with Cd (2."( [Effects of Different Treatments with Water Management Combined with Leaf Spraying Silicon Fertilizer on Cd Accumulation in Rice].
Gu, JF; Hu, YD; Huang, F; Huo, Y; Liao, BH; Liu, J; Liu, JW; Wei, BY; Zhang, JY; Zhou, H, 2020)		0.56
" In this study, we conducted a consecutive 3-year field experiment to explore the effects of N fertilizer reduction combined with straw biochar application on rice yield, Si and N nutrition."( Effects of N fertilizer reduction combined with straw biochar application on the yield, Si, and N nutrition of double-cropping rice.
Cai, KZ; Chen, HL; Chen, YG; Li, TX; Liu, R; Ning, CC; Tian, JH, 2023)		0.91
" Previous studies have indicated that the AgNPs/PSB composite SERS substrate, combined with machine learning algorithms, has achieved promising classification results in disease diagnosis."( Application of serum SERS technology combined with deep learning algorithm in the rapid diagnosis of immune diseases and chronic kidney disease.
Chen, C; Chen, X; Han, S; Li, Z; Luo, C; Lv, X; Wu, L; Yang, J, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

The bioavailability of silicon in stabilized orthosilicic acid was investigated in a double blind, placebo controlled supplementation study. Replacing carbon with silicon in pharmaceuticals and pesticides has shown to result in positive effects.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" These species mediate the bioavailability and cellular toxicity of aluminium."( The interrelationship between silicon and aluminium in the biological effects of aluminium.
Birchall, JD, 1992)		0.28
" The purpose of this study was to compare the oral bioavailability of silicon and aluminum from Zeolite A, sodium aluminosilicate, magnesium trisilicate, and aluminum hydroxide in dogs."( Pharmacokinetic study of zeolite A, sodium aluminosilicate, magnesium silicate, and aluminum hydroxide in dogs.
Cefali, EA; McConnell, WR; Nolan, JC; Walters, DL, 1995)		0.29
"The reported geographical association between Alzheimer's disease and levels of aluminium (Al) in water supplies may reflect the inverse relation between Al and silicon (Si) concentrations in water, and the potential for Si to reduce the bioavailability of the metal."( Effect of silicon on gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium.
Barker, J; Day, JP; Edwardson, JA; Ferrier, IN; Lilley, JS; Moore, PB; Newton, GW; Templar, J, 1993)		0.29
"The chemical affinity of silicic acid for aluminium (AI) has been shown to reduce the bioavailability of AI in studies of human gastrointestinal (GI) absorption."( The role of silicic acid in the renal excretion of aluminium.
Bellia, JP; Birchall, JD; Roberts, NB, )		0.13
" By extrapolation from animal studies, the daily dietary intakes of these elements needed to prevent deficiency or to provide beneficial action in humans are arsenic, 12-25 micrograms; nickel, 100 micrograms; silicon, 2-5 mg (based on 10% bioavailability in natural diets) and vanadium, 10 micrograms."( Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for dietary recommendations of the other trace elements.
Seaborn, CD; Uthus, EO, 1996)		0.29
"The bioavailability of silicon in stabilized orthosilicic acid was investigated in a double blind, placebo controlled supplementation study of calves maintained on a normal diet."( Supplementation of calves with stabilized orthosilicic acid. Effect on the Si, Ca, Mg, and P concentrations in serum and the collagen concentration in skin and cartilage.
Calomme, MR; Vanden Berghe, DA, 1997)		0.3
"Two experiments were conducted using completely randomized designs to study the bioavailability of Si from three sources to growing rats and turkeys fed semipurified diets."( Silicon bioavailability studies in young rapidly growing rats and turkeys fed semipurified diets: a comparative study.
Jia, X; Kayongo-Male, H, 1999)		0.3
"By using (26)Al as a tracer, we investigated the effects of oligomeric and monomeric silica on the bioavailability of aluminum (study 1) and compared the availability of silicon from oligomeric and monomeric silica in the human gastrointestinal tract (study 2)."( Oligomeric but not monomeric silica prevents aluminum absorption in humans.
Day, JP; Fifield, LK; Jugdaohsingh, R; Oldham, C; Powell, JJ; Reffitt, DM; Thompson, RP, 2000)		0.31
" The main source of silicon for humans is the diet, but the bioavailability of silicon from solid foods is not well understood."( Dietary silicon intake and absorption.
Anderson, SH; Elliott, H; Jugdaohsingh, R; Kiel, DP; Powell, JJ; Thompson, RP; Tucker, KL, 2002)		0.31
" Beer appears to be a major contributor to Si intake, although the Si content of beer and its bioavailability in human subjects have not been well established."( The silicon content of beer and its bioavailability in healthy volunteers.
Elliott, H; Jugdaohsingh, R; Mehta, P; Powell, JJ; Shoukru, S; Sripanyakorn, S; Thompson, RP; Walker, C, 2004)		0.32
" Appropriate agreement between three-dimensional specific absorption rate distributions measured by MR-thermography and planning calculations is achieved, if the correct position and adapted feed point parameters are considered."( Comparison of MR-thermography and planning calculations in phantoms.
Budach, V; Cho, CH; Fähling, H; Felix, R; Gellermann, J; Nadobny, J; Weihrauch, M; Weiser, M; Wlodarczyk, W; Wust, P, 2006)		0.33
"The following competing factors have been identified as effects of zeolites on algal growth in salt water: (i) ammonia decrease: growth inhibition reduced; (ii) macro-nutrients increase, mainly silicon: stimulation of silicon-dependent algae; (iii) trace metals increase (desorption from zeolites) or decrease (adsorption): inhibition or stimulation, depending on the nature of the element and its concentration; and, (iv) changes in the chelating organics exudation: inhibition or stimulation of growth, depending on the (a) nature of the complexed element; (b) bioavailability of the complex; and (c) concentration of the elements simultaneously present in inorganic forms."( Effects of zeolites on cultures of marine micro-algae: A brief review.
Fachini, A; Vasconcelos, MT, 2006)		0.33
" Because silicon (Si) intake can affect the bioavailability of aluminium, the object of the present study was to assess whether moderate beer consumption might, as a source of dietary Si, affect the toxicokinetics of Al and thereby limit that element's neurotoxicity."( Role of beer as a possible protective factor in preventing Alzheimer's disease.
González-Muñoz, MJ; Meseguer, I; Peña, A, 2008)		0.35
" Increasing the bioavailability of arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide, thus potentially offers protection against end-stage disease."( Metabolic effects of a novel silicate inositol complex of the nitric oxide precursor arginine in the obese insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rat.
Kelly, SE; Proctor, SD; Russell, JC; Vine, DF, 2007)		0.34
" Monomeric silicates were readily absorbed, while particulate silicates were decreasingly well absorbed with increasing polymerisation."( The comparative absorption of silicon from different foods and food supplements.
Anderson, SH; Dissayabutr, W; Jugdaohsingh, R; Powell, JJ; Sripanyakorn, S; Thompson, RP, 2009)		0.35
" A preliminary in vivo experiment confirmed that bioavailability is not only determined by concentration, but especially by the type of food and species under which silicon is present."( Dietary silicon intake in Belgium: Sources, availability from foods, and human serum levels.
Hermans, N; Robberecht, H; Van Cauwenbergh, R; Van Vlaslaer, V, 2009)		0.35
" Here we report controlled antibiotic activity and sustained bioavailability from SiNW arrays and also show microstructural manipulations for a tunable release rate."( Antibiofouling, sustained antibiotic release by Si nanowire templates.
Brammer, KS; Choi, C; Cobb, CJ; Connelly, LS; Jin, S; Kong, SD; Loya, M; Oh, S, 2009)		0.35
" The results clearly demonstrate improved bioavailability of PYY3-36 via TOPSi and the importance of surface chemistry of PSi on peptide release."( Mesoporous silicon (PSi) for sustained peptide delivery: effect of psi microparticle surface chemistry on peptide YY3-36 release.
Herzig, KH; Järvinen, K; Kovalainen, M; Lehto, VP; Mäkilä, E; Mönkäre, J; Salonen, J, 2012)		0.38
" The gastroretentive drug delivery system with a dual function presented here is a viable alternative for improving drug bioavailability in the oral route."( The mucoadhesive and gastroretentive properties of hydrophobin-coated porous silicon nanoparticle oral drug delivery systems.
Airaksinen, AJ; Bimbo, LM; Helariutta, AM; Hirvonen, JT; Laaksonen, PH; Laaksonen, TJ; Linder, MB; Mäkilä, EM; Salonen, JJ; Santos, HA; Sarparanta, MP, 2012)		0.38
" Over the years, some studies have emerged to improve the bioavailability of this drug and of its active metabolites."( New times, new trends for ethionamide: In vitro evaluation of drug-loaded thermally carbonized porous silicon microparticles.
Gomes, P; Hirvonen, J; Mäkilä, E; Salonen, J; Santos, HA; Vale, N, 2012)		0.38
" Electrolytically hydrided materials have the same high level magnetic properties as in high temperature gas-phase processed materials and offer an advantage of higher hydrogen absorption rate in the ferromagnetic state."( Electrolytic hydriding of LaFe(13-x)Si(x) alloys for energy efficient magnetic cooling.
Cohen, LF; Hannemann, U; Lyubina, J; Ryan, MP, 2012)		0.38
" However, CBD-CS are preferred due to a better stability in water and improved bioavailability of siRNA on their surface."( siRNA carriers based on carbosilane dendrimers affect zeta potential and size of phospholipid vesicles.
Bryszewska, M; de la Mata, FJ; Garaiova, Z; Gomez-Ramirez, R; Hianik, T; Ionov, M; Klajnert, B; Pędziwiatr-Werbicka, E; Waczulikova, I; Wróbel, D, 2012)		0.38
"), weathering during 32 weeks was inferred from bioavailability of magnesium (Mg) in soil and plant."( Olivine weathering in soil, and its effects on growth and nutrient uptake in Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): a pot experiment.
Goedhart, PW; Knops, P; Steenhuizen, JW; ten Berge, HF; van der Meer, HG; Verhagen, J, 2012)		0.38
" Subcutaneous nanocarriers are demonstrated to be capable to sustain PYY3-36 delivery over 4 days, with the high absolute bioavailability values of PYY3-36."( Development of porous silicon nanocarriers for parenteral peptide delivery.
Herzig, KH; Järvinen, K; Kaasalainen, M; Kovalainen, M; Lehto, VP; Mönkäre, J; Riikonen, J; Salonen, J, 2013)		0.39
"Mesoporous materials are promising candidates for improving dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs in vitro and their bioavailability in vivo."( Systematic in vitro and in vivo study on porous silicon to improve the oral bioavailability of celecoxib.
Araújo, F; Correia, A; Hirvonen, J; Järvinen, K; Kovalainen, M; Lehto, VP; Lehtonen, M; Leppänen, J; Näkki, S; Rantanen, J; Riikonen, J; Santos, HA; Xu, W, 2015)		0.42
" This study aimed to assess the bioavailability of Si from OSA stabilized by vanillin (OSA-VC)."( Digestive absorption of silicon, supplemented as orthosilicic acid-vanillin complex.
Cazaubiel, M; Croizet, K; Housez, B; Marcowycz, A; Maudet, C; Rinaldi, G, 2015)		0.42
"Although many studies have investigated the metabolism and bioavailability of Si supplemented in foods or as a food ingredient, this was the first to investigate and demonstrate the digestibility of OSA administered in a complex form with vanillin."( Digestive absorption of silicon, supplemented as orthosilicic acid-vanillin complex.
Cazaubiel, M; Croizet, K; Housez, B; Marcowycz, A; Maudet, C; Rinaldi, G, 2015)		0.42
" The challenge of using peptides as drugs arises from their poor bioavailability resulting from the low permeability of biological membranes and their instability."( Novel delivery systems for improving the clinical use of peptides.
Herzig, KH; Järvinen, K; Kovalainen, M; Lehto, VP; Mönkäre, J; Pesonen, U; Riikonen, J; Salonen, J; Vlasova, M, 2015)		0.42
"The oral bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug is often inadequate for the desired therapeutic effect."( Controlled Dissolution of Griseofulvin Solid Dispersions from Electrosprayed Enteric Polymer Micromatrix Particles: Physicochemical Characterization and in Vitro Evaluation.
Araújo, F; Correia, A; Kaasalainen, M; Murtomaa, M; Peurla, M; Roine, J; Salonen, J; Santos, HA, 2015)		0.42
"Plants growing on polluted soils need to control the bioavailability of pollutants to reduce their toxicity."( Microscopic biomineralization processes and Zn bioavailability: a synchrotron-based investigation of Pistacia lentiscus L. roots.
Casu, MA; De Giudici, G; Gianoncelli, A; Iadecola, A; Lattanzi, P; Medas, D; Meneghini, C; Podda, S, 2015)		0.42
" Through this approach peptides are expected to increase their bioavailability and efficiency in vivo both by their specific release at the intestinal level and also by the reduced enzymatic activity."( Microfluidic Assembly of a Multifunctional Tailorable Composite System Designed for Site Specific Combined Oral Delivery of Peptide Drugs.
Araújo, F; Granja, PL; Herranz-Blanco, B; Hirvonen, JT; Liu, D; Mäkilä, EM; Salonen, JJ; Santos, HA; Sarmento, B; Shahbazi, MA; Shrestha, N, 2015)		0.42
" Indeed, biochars efficiently reduce the bioavailability of organic and inorganic pollutants."( Elaboration, characteristics and advantages of biochars for the management of contaminated soils with a specific overview on Miscanthus biochars.
Deboffe, C; Douay, F; Heymans, S; Janus, A; Pelfrêne, A; Waterlot, C, 2015)		0.42
" Bioavailability of growth-inducing and anti-thrombotic agents on the hollow fiber-blood interface inhibits thrombosis."( Nanoliposomal Growth Hormone and Sodium Nitrite Release from Silicone Fibers Reduces Thrombus Formation Under Flow.
Amoabediny, G; Banikarimi, SP; Klein-Nulend, J; Malaie-Balasi, Z; Pouran, B; Salehi-Nik, N; Zandieh-Doulabi, B, 2016)		0.43
" Functionalization with a diblock polymer improves PSi nanoparticle colloidal stability, in vivo pharmacokinetics, and intracellular bioavailability through endosomal escape, enabling PNA to inhibit miR-122 in vivo."( Porous Silicon and Polymer Nanocomposites for Delivery of Peptide Nucleic Acids as Anti-MicroRNA Therapies.
Beavers, KR; Duvall, CL; Fain, JS; Kavanaugh, TE; Kilchrist, KV; Mares, JW; Shen, T; Vickers, KC; Weiss, SM; Werfel, TA; Wiese, CB, 2016)		0.43
"Steel slag has been widely used as amendment and silicon fertilizer to alleviate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in soil."( In situ stabilization of heavy metals in multiple-metal contaminated paddy soil using different steel slag-based silicon fertilizer.
Duan, A; Liang, Y; Liu, Z; Ning, D; Song, A, 2016)		0.43
" The silicon bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the five leafy vegetables (biofortified or not) and of the supplement were assessed by applying a protocol consisting of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion coupled with a Caco-2 cell model."( Integrated in vitro approaches to assess the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of silicon-biofortified leafy vegetables and preliminary effects on bone.
Brunetti, G; Cardinali, A; Colucci, S; D'Imperio, M; Gigante, I; Minervini, F; Santamaria, P; Serio, F, 2017)		0.46
" The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Si-treated calcium metallurgical slag and battery slag on the As, Se, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Hg mobility and bioavailability in mine tailings (Xikuangshan mine, Hunan, China)."( Si-based technologies for reduction of the pollutant leaching from landfills and mine tails.
Bocharnikova, E; Jiang, J; Matichenkov, V; Yuejin, C, 2017)		0.46
"This study assessed the effectiveness of limestone-montmorillonite-rapeseed residue-Si fertilizer compound amendment on the bioavailability and crop uptake of cadmium (Cd) and enzyme activities in acidic paddy soils."( Impacts of a Compound Amendment on Cd Immobilization, Enzyme Activities and Crop Uptake in Acidic Cd-Contaminated Paddy Soils.
Cheng, W; Du, D; Fu, Z; Guo, Z; Lei, P; Shan, S; Wu, L; Wu, M; Wu, S, 2018)		0.48
"The bioavailability of pollen bioactive compounds for humans is limited."( Bee Collected Pollen with Enhanced Health Benefits, Produced by Fermentation with a Kombucha Consortium.
Constantinescu-Aruxandei, D; Cornea, CP; Diguță, CF; Israel-Roming, F; Mănoiu, S; Matei, F; Moraru, A; Moraru, I; Oancea, A; Oancea, F; Ștefan, LM; Toma, A; Uțoiu, E; Vrăjmașu, VV, 2018)		0.48
" In vitro bioavailability of this supplement was significantly higher than other commercial supplements tested, all of which claim available silica content."( Bioavailability of a novel form of silicon supplement.
Belton, DJ; Burton, EJ; Perry, CC; Scholey, DV, 2018)		0.48
" However, the impact of grassland degradation on the distribution and bioavailability of soil Si is largely unknown."( Impact of grassland degradation on the distribution and bioavailability of soil silicon: Implications for the Si cycle in grasslands.
Hao, Q; Li, J; Liu, H; Song, Z; Xia, S; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yu, C; Zhang, X, 2019)		0.51
" However, the clinical application of curcumin has been restricted by the poor water solubility and low bioavailability of this molecule."( Oral Curcumin via Hydrophobic Porous Silicon Carrier: Preparation, Characterization, and Toxicological Evaluation In Vivo.
Ge, Y; Li, J; Li, W; Liu, D; Wang, L; Zhang, Y; Zhao, M; Zheng, T; Zhu, X, 2019)		0.51
" Biological incorporation of Silicon (Si) into Sp increases its bioavailability for potential food supplement applications."( Effect of spirulina and silicon-enriched spirulina on metabolic syndrome features, oxidative stress and mitochondrial activity in Zucker fatty rats.
Bonafos, B; Casas, F; Coudray, C; Feillet-Coudray, C; Fouret, G; Gaillet, S; Jouy, N; Jover, B; Vidé, J, 2019)		0.51
" The nutritional supply and bioavailability of silicon are often inadequate."( Dietary Supplementation with Silicon-Enriched Spirulina Improves Arterial Remodeling and Function in Hypertensive Rats.
Arthur-Ataam, J; Bideaux, P; Charrabi, A; Eddahibi, S; Fromy, B; Jouy, N; Liu, K; Pasqualin, C; Richard, S; Sicard, P; Virsolvy, A, 2019)		0.51
" Field experiments were conducted to explore the impacts of ten silicon (Si) rich amendments on Cd bioavailability and accumulation by maize and wheat irrigated with sewage effluents."( Efficiency of various silicon rich amendments on growth and cadmium accumulation in field grown cereals and health risk assessment.
Ali, S; Anayat, A; Anwar Ul Haq, M; Rizwan, M; Sohail, MI; Waris, AA; Yousaf, B; Zia Ur Rehman, M, 2020)		0.56
" Bioavailability was investigated using a Caco2 cell line alone, or co-culturing with a HT29-MTX cell line."( In vitro evaluation of different organic matrices used to modulate silicon bioavailability.
Benetti, F; Pezzani, R; Tedesco, E, 2020)		0.56
"The intestinal epithelial and mucus barriers on the gastrointestinal tract limit the bioavailability of oral protein or peptide drugs."( Bioinspired zwitterionic polyphosphoester modified porous silicon nanoparticles for efficient oral insulin delivery.
Bai, X; Li, Y; Liu, W; Liu, X; Rao, R; Tan, X; Yang, X; Zhou, H, 2021)		0.62
" Both soil incubation and pot experiments were conducted to assess the effect of OSiF and MSiF on bioavailability of Cd and Pb in soil and their accumulation in rice."( Effect of organosilicone and mineral silicon fertilizers on chemical forms of cadmium and lead in soil and their accumulation in rice.
Liang, Y; Mei, Y; Peng, M; Tan, L; Xiao, Z, 2021)		0.62
" Buparvaquone is a potential drug against the leishmaniases, but it is highly hydrophobic resulting in poor bioavailability and low therapeutic efficacy."( Biogenic nanoporous silicon carrier improves the efficacy of buparvaquone against resistant visceral leishmaniasis.
Lehto, VP; Mondal, S; Näkki, S; Närvänen, A; Nissinen, T; Rantanen, J; Riikonen, J; Thapa, R, 2021)		0.62
" The results showed that relative to the control, all amendments significantly decreased both soil Cd bioavailability and its uptake in plant tissues, promoting healthy wheat growth and yield."( Supplying silicon alters microbial community and reduces soil cadmium bioavailability to promote health wheat growth and yield.
Bi, J; Fan, F; Jeyakumar, P; Li, Z; Song, A; Wang, E; Wang, H; Wang, S; Xu, D, 2021)		0.62
" Different soil factors influence the Si bioavailability in soil-plant system."( Effects of silicon on heavy metal uptake at the soil-plant interphase: A review.
Ali, S; Awan, SA; Brestic, M; Hassan, MJ; Huang, L; Khan, I; Rizwan, M; Zhang, X, 2021)		0.62
" The 3 different oral Si formulations tested, in powder and liquid presentations, provide highly bioavailable Si and present an equivalent relative absorption in healthy humans."( Relative absorption of silicon from different formulations of dietary supplements: a pilot randomized, double-blind, crossover post-prandial study.
Arola, L; Boqué, N; Pedret, A; Puiggrós, F; Solà, R; Valls, RM, 2021)		0.62
" Exogenously applied Si and AM species enhanced soil glomalin and phosphatases activity, hence decreased metal bioavailability in soil, increased plant nutrient acquisition, biomass and chlorophylls; with maximum benefits provided by M2, closely followed by Si and least by M1."( Arbuscular mycorrhizae and silicon alleviate arsenic toxicity by enhancing soil nutrient availability, starch degradation and productivity in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.
Bhalla, S; Garg, N, 2021)		0.62
" The results showed that the co-application of water management and foliar spraying Si could effectively decrease the bioavailability of Cd and As in soil and reduce the uptake and transport of Cd and As in rice."( Co-application of water management and foliar spraying silicon to reduce cadmium and arsenic uptake in rice: A two-year field experiment.
Gu, J; Liao, B; Wei, B; Zeng, P; Zhou, H, 2022)		0.72
" Replacing carbon with silicon in pharmaceuticals and pesticides has shown to result in positive effects on efficacy and selectivity, physicochemical properties, and bioavailability and also to eliminate or improve human or environmental safety properties as well as to provide novelty and new intellectual property in many cases."( Silicon-Containing Complex II Acaricides─Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Optimization.
Cheng, J; Li, Z; Maienfisch, P; Quan, X; Wang, X; Zhou, C, 2022)		0.72
"The impacts of silicon (Si) fertilizers on cadmium (Cd) bioavailability in soil and Cd accumulation in paddy-rice plants were investigated in a field positioning test."( [Impacts of Uptake and Accumulation of Cd on Double Rice-Paddy Soil by Silicon Fertilizer Continuous Application].
Deng, K; Ji, XH; Liu, SH; Peng, H; Shi, Y; Wei, W, 2022)		0.72
"The mechanism of silicon (Si) influencing cadmium (Cd) speciation and bioavailability in alkaline paddy soil solution remains unclear."( Solution chemistry mechanisms of exogenous silicon influencing the speciation and bioavailability of cadmium in alkaline paddy soil.
Chen, A; Guo, L; He, N; Li, C; Liu, M; Wang, Y; Yang, D, 2022)		0.72
" The (nano)composite hydrogels synthesized displayed filler-dependent absorption properties of two cationic dyes used as model water pollutants, Laponite XLS-reinforced hydrogel demonstrating both the highest absorption rate and absorption capacity."( Adjusting Some Properties of Poly(methacrylic acid) (Nano)Composite Hydrogels by Means of Silicon-Containing Inorganic Fillers.
Alexandrescu, E; Burlacu, S; Gîfu, C; Ianchiș, R; Mihăescu, CI; Ninciuleanu, CM; Nistor, CL; Petcu, C; Preda, S; Scomoroscenco, C; Teodorescu, M; Trică, B, 2022)		0.72
" Two seasons of continuous field experiments were conducted in heavily Cd-polluted soil to study how the co-application of LS and Si fertilizer (namely soil-applied Si and foliar-sprayed Si) influences Cd and Si bioavailability in soil and Cd uptake and transport in rice."( Co-application of combined amendment (limestone and sepiolite) and Si fertilizer reduces rice Cd uptake and transport through Cd immobilization and Si-Cd antagonism.
Gu, J; Liao, B; Liao, Y; Liu, J; Luo, X; Wei, B; Zeng, P; Zhou, H, 2023)		0.91
" The soil application of these treatments reduced the Cd toxicity by enhancing Cd-tolerance index, decreasing bioavailability of soil Cd, reducing Cd contents and translocation in plants, improving gaseous exchange, photosynthesis, and increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities and their transcriptions."( Mitigating Cd and bacterial wilt stress in tomato plants through trico-synthesized silicon nanoparticles and Trichoderma metabolites.
Ahmad, A; Alam, SS; Ali, A; Khan, RAA; Najeeb, S; Shakoor, A; Tong, L, 2023)		0.91
"Heavy metal pollution threatens food security, and rhizosphere acidification will increase the bioavailability of heavy metals."( Silicon-phosphorus pathway mitigates heavy metal stress by buffering rhizosphere acidification.
Liang, Y; Pang, Z; Peng, H; Wang, Y; Yin, W; Zeng, W, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

The transient effects are coupled with a decrease of intracellular silicon levels over time after exposure. PAH congeners were spiked in silicon rubber membrane (SRMs) and were then introduced into the cell medium by the passive dosing method. Daunorubicin-loaded porous silicon (pSi) particles were dosed 8 to 9 weeks before PVR induction.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" As recommended during acute diarrhea, the dosage of Actapulgite was doubled during the first three treatment days (2 to 4 packets a day according to the patient's weight), and reduced by half thereafter."( [Therapeutic evaluation of Mormoiron attapulgite in acute diarrheas of infants and children. A multicenter study in controlled liberal practice versus placebo in 113 patients].
Charritat, JL; Corbineau, D; Guth, S; Meunier, M; Pernin, P; Pflieger, H, 1992)		0.28
" The isotopes 99Tc, the decay product of 99Tcm, and 3H are soft beta-emitter radionuclides and the use of unsealed sources can frequently produce contamination and excessive internal dosing for workers."( Determination of low-energy beta-emitter radionuclides deposited on surfaces by attapulgite treatment.
Belfiore, A; Lo Moro, A; Panciatici, G; Raspi, G, 1990)		0.28
" The data of this study showed that TMOS has a steep dose-response curve with no observable effects at 10 ppm, very minimal effects at 15 ppm, moderate to severe effects at 30 ppm, and severe effects and lethality at 45 ppm."( Subchronic inhalation toxicity of tetramethoxysilane in rats.
Geil, RG; Hobbs, EJ; Kolesar, GB; Malczewski, RM; Siddiqui, WH, 1989)		0.28
" The observed changes reflect significant dose-response and agent-response relationships."( Lung changes in rats following inhalation exposure to volcanic ash for two years.
Buschbom, RL; Clark, ML; Dagle, GE; Wehner, AP, 1986)		0.27
"Alpha radiation dosage is an important occupational health factor in the mining of uranium and mineral sands."( Alpha radiation detection using silicon memory chips--preliminary studies.
Haskard, M; Pace, R; Paix, D, 1993)		0.29
" To address this issue a cohort analysis of dose-response relations for crystalline silica and lung cancer mortality was conducted among diatomaceous earth workers classified according to the presence or absence of radiological silicosis."( Crystalline silica exposure, radiological silicosis, and lung cancer mortality in diatomaceous earth industry workers.
Checkoway, H; Demers, PA; Hughes, JM; Seixas, NS; Weill, H, 1999)		0.3
"The dose-response relation observed between cumulative exposure to respirable crystalline silica and lung cancer mortality among workers without radiological silicosis suggests that silicosis is not a necessary co-condition for silica related lung carcinogenesis."( Crystalline silica exposure, radiological silicosis, and lung cancer mortality in diatomaceous earth industry workers.
Checkoway, H; Demers, PA; Hughes, JM; Seixas, NS; Weill, H, 1999)		0.3
" The washout period between each dosage applied was at least 12 days."( Antiplatelet and anticoagulant effects of "HN-11 500," a selective thromboxane receptor antagonist.
Breddin, HK; Fellier, H; Radziwon, P; Schenk, JF, 2001)		0.31
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the dose-response characteristics, including ghosting effects, of an amorphous silicon-based electronic portal imaging device (a-Si EPID) under clinical conditions."( Dose-response and ghosting effects of an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device.
Louwe, RJ; McDermott, LN; Mijnheer, BJ; Sonke, JJ; van Herk, MB, 2004)		0.32
" This leads to huge gains in sensitivity and, consequently, a reduction in the radiation dosage that needs to be administered to the patient."( Optimizing Compton camera geometries.
Chelikani, S; Gore, J; Zubal, G, 2004)		0.32
" The interconnects suppress Fick diffusion of both charged and uncharged species, so that they can be utilized as ionic gates with complete external control over the transport rates of anionic and cationic species, thus realizing the possibility for implementation of these Si-compatible oxide interconnects in microchip analyses for use as dosing valves or sensors."( Si-supported mesoporous and microporous oxide interconnects as electrophoretic gates for application in microfluidic devices.
Blank, DH; Chowdhury, SR; Nijdam, W; Schmuhl, R; Sekulić, J; ten Elshof, JE; van den Berg, A; van Rijn, CJ, 2005)		0.33
" This method is accurate and quick with less reagent dosage and broa linear range."( [Studies on the determination of silicon and phosphorus in ferromanganese by ICP-AES].
Mo, QJ; Song, LH; Wang, XY, 2004)		0.32
" A prerequisite for any clinical dosimetric application is a detailed understanding of the detector's dose-response behavior."( Dose-response characteristics of an amorphous silicon EPID.
Georg, D; Hefner, A; Winkler, P, 2005)		0.33
" In the present study, the dose-response characteristics of 11 iViewGT EPIDs were investigated with respect to dose rate, total dose and field size."( An intercomparison of 11 amorphous silicon EPIDs of the same type: implications for portal dosimetry.
Georg, D; Winkler, P, 2006)		0.33
"1 ion channel blocker (TEA) dosage response is characterized and the binding activity is examined."( Open-access microfluidic patch-clamp array with raised lateral cell trapping sites.
Hung, PJ; Lau, AY; Lee, LP; Wu, AR, 2006)		0.33
" It is shown how this can reduce the dosage time from hours to seconds over previous diffusion based approaches, using as little as 20 mJ of energy per dose."( Electrokinetic microfluidic devices for rapid, low power drug delivery in autonomous microsystems.
Chung, AJ; Erickson, D; Kim, D, 2008)		0.35
" Whereas Pc 4-PDT photodamages Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, Pc 181-PDT causes much less photodamage to Bcl-2 over the same dose-response range relative to cell killing, with earlier cleavage of Bid and slower caspase-3-dependent apoptosis."( Structural factors and mechanisms underlying the improved photodynamic cell killing with silicon phthalocyanine photosensitizers directed to lysosomes versus mitochondria.
Azizuddin, K; Berlin, JC; Chiu, SM; Delos Santos, GB; Kenney, ME; Lam, M; Nieminen, AL; Oleinick, NL; Peng, X; Rodriguez, ME; Wu, H; Xue, LY; Zhang, P, )		0.13
" High fitness and adaptation of diatoms to various Si levels in marine environments might arise in part by global regulations from gene (expression level) to genomic (organization in clusters, dosage compensation by gene duplication), and by post-transcriptional regulation and spatial distribution of SIT proteins."( Genome-wide transcriptome analyses of silicon metabolism in Phaeodactylum tricornutum reveal the multilevel regulation of silicic acid transporters.
Heijde, M; Jourdren, L; Le Crom, S; Lopez, PJ; Luo, G; Quinet, M; Sapriel, G; Tanty, V, 2009)		0.35
" Such mixing conditions often lead to large niosomes with high polydispersity in size and thus affect the consistency of niosome dosage or imaging quality."( Controlled self-assembly of monodisperse niosomes by microfluidic hydrodynamic focusing.
Jahn, A; Lo, CT; Locascio, LE; Vreeland, WN, 2010)		0.36
"5 mm thickness were made from a polyester resin-salt mixture and dosed with equal arsenic and selenium concentrations ranging from 0 to 30 microg g(-1)."( Simultaneous assessment of arsenic and selenium in human nail phantoms using a portable x-ray tube and a detector.
Fleming, DE; Gherase, MR; Roy, CW, 2010)		0.36
" The influence of alkaline activator dosage and Si/Al molar ratio on the compressive strength and microstructure of MSWI fly ash-based geopolymer was investigated."( The effects of alkaline dosage and Si/Al ratio on the immobilization of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash-based geopolymer.
Shi, Y; Wang, W; Zheng, L, 2010)		0.36
" Given the critical importance of the dose-response relationship, we present the use of quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) to accurately measure nanoparticle concentration in a colloidal suspension."( Measurement of nanoparticle concentration using quartz crystal microgravimetry.
Choi, J; Purdum, G; Reipa, V, 2010)		0.36
" Using model DNA and protein dose-response assays, the number of cross-platform data sets exhibiting high correlation (>0."( Increased cross-platform microarray data set correlation via substrate-independent nanofilms.
Spillman, SD, 2011)		0.37
" The results of sorghum pot growth in both red and crimson acidic soil for 30 days indicated that adding the MFGDR at a dosage of 2 g kg(-1) in total soil weight would increase the growth rate of biomass by 24."( Preparation of a modified flue gas desulphurization residue and its effect on pot sorghum growth and acidic soil amelioration.
Li, Y; Shi, L; Tang, S; Xie, K; Xu, P, 2011)		0.37
" A major advantage of HaloChip is the ability to increase throughout by spatially encoding multiple dosing conditions on the same chip."( Single cell DNA damage/repair assay using HaloChip.
Ma, L; Qiao, Y; Su, M; Wang, C, 2012)		0.38
"The number of active pharmaceutical substances having high therapeutic potential but low water solubility is constantly increasing, making it difficult to formulate these compounds as oral dosage forms."( Emerging trends in the stabilization of amorphous drugs.
Grohganz, H; Laitinen, R; Löbmann, K; Rades, T; Strachan, CJ, 2013)		0.39
" These data show that nanocapsulated quercetin possesses the potential bioactivity to reduce the drug dosage frequency, as well as increase patient compliance."( Co-encapsulation of biodegradable nanoparticles with silicon quantum dots and quercetin for monitored delivery.
Ahire, J; Bao, Y; Chao, Y; Wang, Q, 2013)		0.39
" In addition, weekly dosing of PCPS/STAT3 siRNA for four weeks did not cause signs of subacute toxicity based on changes in body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, and major organ histology."( High capacity nanoporous silicon carrier for systemic delivery of gene silencing therapeutics.
Ferrari, M; Gu, J; Guo, X; Kim, HC; Liu, X; Mai, J; Mao, ZW; Mu, C; Qin, G; Shen, H; Shen, J; Wolfram, J; Xia, X; Xu, R; Yang, Y, 2013)		0.39
" Such enhancement in accumulation could be leveraged to increase therapeutic efficacy and reduce drug dosing in cancer therapy."( Transient mild hyperthermia induces E-selectin mediated localization of mesoporous silicon vectors in solid tumors.
Ferrari, M; Kirui, DK; Liu, X; Mai, J; Palange, AL; Qin, G; Shen, H; van de Ven, AL, 2014)		0.4
" The increase in VEGF concentrations during operations offers useful insight into dosage timing during cancer therapy."( Magnetic-composite-modified polycrystalline silicon nanowire field-effect transistor for vascular endothelial growth factor detection and cancer diagnosis.
Chen, HC; Chen, MC; Ho, CH; Hua, MY; Huang, CC; Lai, CS; Lin, CC; Lin, CY; Liu, YC; Qiu, JT; Tsai, RY; Tu, YM; Wu, TS; Xiao, MC; Yang, FL; Yang, HW, 2014)		0.4
" This study evaluated the efficacy of the silicone-based surface film, Aquatain® Mosquito Formulation (AMF), for the control of the Afrotropical malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis in laboratory dose-response assays and standardized field tests."( Aquatain® Mosquito Formulation (AMF) for the control of immature Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis: dose-responses, persistence and sub-lethal effects.
Fillinger, U; Lindsay, SW; Mbare, O, 2014)		0.4
" After the silver NCs were modified by an antibody and employed in immunoassay with silicon nanowire arrays as the substrate, the antigen concentration-dependent SERS spectra and dose-response calibration curves were obtained."( Silver nanocube-mediated sensitive immunoassay based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering assisted by etched silicon nanowire arrays.
Jiang, T; Zhang, L; Zhou, J, 2014)		0.4
" The effects of various reaction parameters such as H2O2 dosage, temperature, initial pH value, Fe–Si–B dosage and initial RhB concentration on the degradation of RhB were studied."( Efficient degradation of rhodamine B using Fe-based metallic glass catalyst by Fenton-like process.
Pan, Y; Wang, X; Wu, J; Zhu, Z, 2014)		0.4
" Daunorubicin-loaded porous silicon (pSi) particles were dosed 8 to 9 weeks before PVR induction, and PVR severity score was dose dependent (Spearman ρ = -0."( A Novel Approach of Daunorubicin Application on Formation of Proliferative Retinopathy Using a Porous Silicon Controlled Delivery System: Pharmacodynamics.
Cheng, L; Freeman, WR; Hou, H; Huffman, K; Rios, S; Sailor, MJ, 2015)		0.42
" This route is cost-effective and suitable for self-administration, and the development of appropriate dosing equipment has made performing the repeated injections relatively easy; however, only few clinical subcutaneous peptide delivery systems provide sustained peptide release."( Novel delivery systems for improving the clinical use of peptides.
Herzig, KH; Järvinen, K; Kovalainen, M; Lehto, VP; Mönkäre, J; Pesonen, U; Riikonen, J; Salonen, J; Vlasova, M, 2015)		0.42
" These ETH-conjugated NPs have great potential in reducing dosing frequency of ETH in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)."( Preparation and biological evaluation of ethionamide-mesoporous silicon nanoparticles against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Correia, A; Figueiredo, P; Fraga, A; Hirvonen, J; Mäkilä, E; Pedrosa, J; Salonen, J; Santos, HA; Silva, S; Vale, N, 2017)		0.46
" The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-response characteristics of the EPID in the Unity MR-linac (Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) relevant for dosimetric applications under clinical conditions."( Characterization of the a-Si EPID in the unity MR-linac for dosimetric applications.
Baldvinsson, G; Mans, A; Mijnheer, BJ; Olaciregui-Ruiz, I; Torres-Xirau, I; van der Heide, UA, 2018)		0.48
" Plants dosed with 5 μM DMA grew well vegetatively but exhibited straighthead disorder at the lowest Si dose, and this DMA-induced yield loss reversed with increasing solution Si."( Silicon Decreases Dimethylarsinic Acid Concentration in Rice Grain and Mitigates Straighthead Disorder.
Dykes, GE; Limmer, MA; Seyfferth, AL; Wise, P, 2018)		0.48
"4% the dosage was not stated."( Botulinum Toxin A Plays an Important Role in the Placement of Implants Deep Within the Pectoralis Major Muscle for Mammaplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Li, T; Liu, Y; Zhang, W, 2018)		0.48
" Surface morphology, elemental composition, crystal structure and surface area of "salt-based biochars" were analyzed by SEM + EDS, XRD, FTIR and BET, and the effects of the dosage of absorbent and pH of solution on the adsorption process were explored."( Modification of biochar with silicon by one-step sintering and understanding of adsorption mechanism on copper ions.
Bao, Y; Cheng, W; Liu, J; Yang, X, 2020)		0.56
" to adapt dosage or predict response."( Luminescent silicon nanoparticles for distinctive tracking of cellular targeting and trafficking.
Beck, S; Cheon, J; Jin, Y; Joo, J; Kang, MH; Kim, GH; Kim, M; Lee, G; Sung, J, 2020)		0.56
" However, ocular dosage forms like eye drop solution affect the routine life style of patients due to frequent dosing schedule."( Hyaluronic acid and graphene oxide loaded silicon contact lens for corneal epithelial healing.
Huang, C; Li, Y; Yang, X; Zhang, X, 2021)		0.62
" Due to the limitation of the dosage form of the drug and the special environment of the gastrointestinal tract, traditional oral drugs have the disadvantage of not being able to make the drug effective in specific lesions when treating inflammatory bowel disease."( Effect of Porous Silicon Nanoparticle Drug-Loading System on Ulcerative Colitis.
Cheng, Q; Wang, J; Zhang, M, 2021)		0.62
"3 nM, which is four orders of magnitude lower than an infectious dosage of anthrax spores for human beings (60 μM)."( Dual-emission of silicon nanoparticles encapsulated lanthanide-based metal-organic frameworks for ratiometric fluorescence detection of bacterial spores.
Cui, Z; Guo, R; Li, H; Li, M; Mei, S; Qiu, Y; Wang, L; Wei, C; Wei, X; Wen, Z; Xie, F; Yang, B; Yang, D; Zhang, W, 2020)		0.56
"67%)) in a dose-response study."( Toxicity and tissue accumulation characteristics of the herbicide pendimethalin under silicon application in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).
Kong, Y; Li, Y; Lv, Y; Wang, K; Xu, K, 2022)		0.72
" PAH congeners were spiked in silicon rubber membrane (SRMs) and were then introduced into the cell medium by the passive dosing method to reach a freely dissolved concentration for BeWo cell exposure."( Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on gestational hormone production in a placental cell line: Application of passive dosing to in vitro tests.
Alzate B, V; García L, JJ; Gil, VC; Molina P, FJ; Noreña, E; Porras, J; Quintana-Castillo, JC; Ramos-Contreras, C; Sanchez, JB; Tavera, EA; Valderrama, JFN, 2022)		0.72
" By using silicon dosage in cells, we showed that the transient effects are coupled with a decrease of intracellular silicon levels over time after exposure."( About the Transient Effects of Synthetic Amorphous Silica: An In Vitro Study on Macrophages.
Collin-Faure, V; Fenel, D; Rabilloud, T; Sergent, JA; Torres, A, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

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Green Foods True Vitality Plant Protein Shake with DHA Vanilla -- 25.2 ozGreen FoodsActive Lifestyle & FitnessVitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Silicon, Thiamin, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
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Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
carbon group element atom
nonmetal atom
metalloid atomAn atom of an element that exhibits properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them. The term generally includes boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium, while carbon, aluminium, selenium, polonium, and astatine are less commonly included.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (13,091)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901787 (13.65)18.7374
1990's683 (5.22)18.2507
2000's3199 (24.44)29.6817
2010's5790 (44.23)24.3611
2020's1632 (12.47)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials71 (0.53%)5.53%
Reviews575 (4.27%)6.00%
Case Studies118 (0.88%)4.05%
Observational3 (0.02%)0.25%
Other12,694 (94.30%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (33)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Randomized Controlled Trial: Prevention of Preterm Birth Using Cervical Pessary in Pregnant Women With Short Cervix in Twins [NCT01242410]Phase 4137 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Additive Effects of Dental Bite Pads During Gymnastic Exercises for the Relief of Chronic Non-specific Neck Pain in Working Women and Men at a VDU Workplace [NCT05302466]52 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-12-01Completed
A Prospective, Open, Non-controlled Proof-of-concept Investigation to Evaluate the Function of a New Silicon Cover Film and an On-top Suction Device to be Used in a NPWT System in the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Wounds [NCT01286857]Phase 2/Phase 315 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
Probiotics for Quality of Life in Autism Spectrum Disorders [NCT02903030]Early Phase 113 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Completed
A Randomized Open, Controlled Pilot Investigation Comparing Trauma to the Periwound Skin and Pain During Treatment With Avance NPWT System When Using Two Different Fixations [NCT02904200]2 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Terminated
A New Method of Sublingual Tonometry to Assess Tissue Perfusion in Patients With COPD and Healthy Individuals [NCT01169506]66 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
Clinical Data Collection On Advanced CT System [NCT05835284]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-04-30Not yet recruiting
3D Ear Scanner-Workflow Timing and Preferences Compared to Traditional Silicone Earmold Impressions [NCT05000047]30 participants (Actual)Observational2021-05-17Completed
The Effect of Using Vaccine Reminder and Tracker Bracelets to Improve Routine Childhood Immunization Coverage and Timeliness in Pakistan: a Randomized Control Trial. [NCT03310762]1,445 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-19Completed
The Use of Nasal Airway Stent (Nastent®) in Patients With Sleep-disordered Breathing (SDB) Including Snoring and/or Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). [NCT04305964]4 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-01Active, not recruiting
Double Blind,Randomized, Controlled Trial on Impact of Oral Probiotic Blend ( Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG, L. Crispatus LBV88, L. Rhamnosus LBV96, L.Jensenii LBV116 and L. Gasseri LBV150 ) on Pregnancy Outcome [NCT04009889]170 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-05Completed
The Efficacy of a Toothpaste to Reduce Sensitivity [NCT00763269]Phase 3626 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Comparative, Open, Randomized Trial Between Two Silicon-based Products to Treat Postoperative Scars [NCT02584010]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Withdrawn
Evaluation Of Pessaries In Twin Pregnancies With A Short Cervix (25 mm) Between 20-28 WG [NCT00502190]Phase 3220 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
A Prospective Pilot Study of Surgical Radiation Shielding With Vitrectomy & Silicone Oil Tamponade for the Protection of Radiation-induced Ocular Injury in the Treatment of Choroidal Melanoma With Radioactive Iodine-125 Plaque Brachytherapy [NCT01460810]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Effects on Coordination of Sucking, Swallowing and Breathing Process of a Valved Feeding System in Late-preterm Newborns. The Safe Oral Feeding Trial (SOFT) [NCT04400175]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-01Completed
A Comparison Between Bandage Contact Lens, Punctal Plugs and Standard Measures in Preventing Corneal Injuries Related to Exposure in Patients Admitted to the General Intensive Care Unit. [NCT01961193]105 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-05-31Not yet recruiting
A Randomised Trial for the Treatment of Cardiac AMyloid Light-chain Amyloidosis With the Green Tea Compound Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (TAME-AL) [NCT02015312]Phase 238 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
An Open-Label, Single-Arm, Baseline-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Explore the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy of ABT-SLV187 in Subjects With Advanced Parkinson's Disease [NCT01479127]Phase 28 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Phase I Clinical Trial Using Topical Silicon Phthalocyanine (Pc 4) Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) for the Treatment of Pre-Malignant and Malignant Skin Conditions [NCT00103246]Phase 143 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Completed
Prevention of Preterm Birth Using Cervical Pessary in Pregnant Women After Threatened Preterm Labor [NCT01242384]Phase 4500 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
Source and Prevention of Urinary Contamination of Vaginal Tampons During 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Examinations [NCT01215318]44 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-02Completed
Phase I Trial of PC 4-PDT (NSC 676418) for Cutaneous Malignancies [NCT00023790]Phase 13 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-08-31Terminated(stopped due to slow accrual)
The Effect of Subdural Drain Placement After Burr Hole Evacuation of Chronic Subdural Haematomas on Recurrence: a Prospective Randomised-controlled Multi-centre Study [NCT01785797]Phase 3260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-06-30Not yet recruiting
PEEK Versus Silicon Interspinous Spacer for Reduction of Supradjacent Segment Degeneration Following Decompression and Short-Segment Instrumentation for Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis [NCT03477955]55 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
Comparison of Displacement Between Polyvinyl Chloride(PVC) and Silicon Double-Lumen Endobronchial Tubes(DLT) During Change of Position [NCT02691468]108 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
Clinical Study of the Amedica Corporation Valeo OL Interbody Fusion Devices for Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion [NCT01557829]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
Efficacy of the Administration of Colloidal Silicon Dioxide in Tablet Dosage Form (Carbowhite) in Patients With Acute Diarrhea. [NCT03633344]Phase 2145 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-29Completed
Interbody Fusion Devices in the Treatment of Cervicobrachial Syndrome; a Blinded Randomised Trial of Cancellous Structured Ceramic (CSC) Versus PEEK Cages. [NCT01511445]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Effect of Collagen Peptides, in Combination With Resistance Training, on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Untrained Men [NCT06061315]80 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-15Recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial: Prevention of Preterm Birth Using Cervical Pessary in Pregnant Women With Short Cervix (PECEP) [NCT00706264]385 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
Silicon Phthalocyanine Pc4 for Photodynamic Therapy of Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma: Single and Repeated Photoexposures [NCT01800838]Phase 111 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
A Randomized, Triple-blind, Placebo-controlled Study Evaluating the Efficacy of a Novel Dietary Ingredient for Improving Hair Growth and Skin's Appearance Among Healthy Adults [NCT06010745]101 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-11Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Pessary Withdrawal
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Pessary Repositioning Without Removal
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Neonatal Death
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Necrotising Enterocolitis
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Intraventricular Haemorrhage
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Intrauterine Fetal Demise
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Gestational Age at Delivery
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Composite Adverse Outcomes
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Retinopathy of Prematurity
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Chorioamnionitis
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Cesarean Delivery
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Birthweight Less Than 2500 g
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Birthweight Less Than 1500 g
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Any Delivery Before 34 Completed Weeks
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Respiratory Distress Syndrome
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Spontaneous Delivery Before 28 Completed Weeks
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Spontaneous Delivery Before 34 Completed Weeks
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Spontaneous Delivery Before 37 Completed Weeks
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Treatment for Sepsis
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Use of Antenatal Steroids
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Use of Tocolysis
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Vaginal Bleeding
NCT00706264 (24) [back to overview]Vaginal Discharge
NCT00763269 (4) [back to overview]Hypersensitivity Tactile(Yeaple Probe)
NCT00763269 (4) [back to overview]Air Blast Hypersensitivity (4 Week)
NCT00763269 (4) [back to overview]Air Blast Hypersensitivity (8 Week)
NCT00763269 (4) [back to overview]Hypersensitivity Tactile (Yeaple Probe)
NCT01215318 (2) [back to overview]Tampon Position Relative to the Pubococcygeal Line
NCT01215318 (2) [back to overview]Number of FDG Positive Tampoons
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Degree of Fluctuation (2-12 Hours) After Administration of Oral L/C Tablets and Intra-jejunal Administration of ABT-SLV187
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in UPDRS Total Scores and Subscores
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Modified Hoehn and Yahr Staging at Baseline and End of Treatment
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs), Serious AEs (SAEs), and AEs Leading to Discontinuation During the Run-in Period
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With AEs, SAEs, and AEs Leading to Discontinuation During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With PCS Blood Biochemistry Results During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With PCS Values in Special Laboratory Parameters During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant (PCS) Hematology Results During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant (PCS) Vital Signs Results During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Urinalysis Results During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Product Quality Complaints (PQC) During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax), Average Plasma Concentration (Cavg), Trough Plasma Concentration (Cmin), and Cmin Within 2 and 12 Hours (Cmin [2-12 Hours]) After Administration of Oral L/C Tablets and Intra-jejunal Administration of ABT-SLV187
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale at Baseline and End of Treatment
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]The Area Under the Concentrations-time Curve From 0 to 12 and 0 to 16 Hours (AUC0-12, AUC0-16) After Administration of Oral L/C Tablets and Intra-jejunal Administration of ABT-SLV187
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Time to Reach Peak Plasma Concentration (Tmax) After Administration of Oral Levodopa/Carbidopa (L/C) Tablets and Intra-jejunal Administration of ABT-SLV187
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]"Mean Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in Percentage of Ratings in the Normal State on the Treatment Response Scale (TRS) I"
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant 12-lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) Results During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Ratio of Metabolite 3-OMD to Levodopa (M/P [AUC0-12]) After Administration of Oral L/C Tablets and Intra-jejunal Administration of ABT-SLV187
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]"Mean Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in Percentage of Ratings in the OFF and Dyskinesia States on the TRS I and the Normal, OFF, and Dyskinesia States on the TRS II"
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]AUC0-12/Dose0-12, AUC0-16/Dose0-16 After Administration of Oral L/C Tablets and Intra-jejunal Administration of ABT-SLV187
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Baseline and Endpoint (End of Treatment) Video Scoring of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Items and Dyskinesia
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in Parkinson's Disease Diary Assessment
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in the Japanese Version of Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39) Total Score and Domain Scores
NCT01479127 (24) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) Score at Baseline and Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) Score at Baseline and End of Treatment
NCT01511445 (2) [back to overview]Neck Disability Index
NCT01511445 (2) [back to overview]Fusion Status
NCT01800838 (2) [back to overview]MTD of Photodynamic Therapy
NCT01800838 (2) [back to overview]MTD of Silicon Phthalocyanine 4 Defined as the Dose Immediately Below the Dose in Which 2 or More of 6 Patients Experience a Grade 4 Toxicity Assessed Using National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.0
NCT02691468 (2) [back to overview]the Incidence of Clinically Significant Displacement of DLTs During Change of Patient Position
NCT02691468 (2) [back to overview]the Incidence of Critical Malposition of DLTs
NCT02903030 (7) [back to overview]Change in The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) From Baseline at Week 8
NCT02903030 (7) [back to overview]Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) at Week 8
NCT02903030 (7) [back to overview]Change in The Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI)
NCT02903030 (7) [back to overview]Change in Target Symptom Rating From Baseline at Week 8
NCT02903030 (7) [back to overview]Change in Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) From Baseline at Week 8
NCT02903030 (7) [back to overview]Change in Parent Anxiety Checklist--ASD From Baseline at Week 8
NCT02903030 (7) [back to overview]Change in Gastrointestinal (GI) Module of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) at From Baseline at Week 8
NCT02904200 (2) [back to overview]VAS Scale (0-100mm)
NCT02904200 (2) [back to overview]Changes on Peri-Wound Skin
NCT03633344 (4) [back to overview]Compliance Rate
NCT03633344 (4) [back to overview]Duration of Treatment
NCT03633344 (4) [back to overview]Quantity of Used Medication
NCT03633344 (4) [back to overview]Reduction in Frequency of Defecation to 3 Times Per Day
NCT05000047 (8) [back to overview]Subjective Feedback on the Perceived Improvement of Actual Device Fitting Using Each Impression Procedure Compared to a Non-custom Hearing Aid Fitting
NCT05000047 (8) [back to overview]Subjective Feedback of Overall Experience of Both Ear Impression Procedures
NCT05000047 (8) [back to overview]Sub-investigator Clinician Subjective Rating of Individual Potential for Improvement When Performing Each Procedure 1 (no Potential for Improvement) to 3 (a Lot of Potential for Improvement)
NCT05000047 (8) [back to overview]Sub-investigator Clinician Subjective Rating of Individual Confidence That Method of Impression Will Yield a Quality Custom Product for the Participant on a Scale From 1 (Not at All Confident) to 3 (Very Confident).
NCT05000047 (8) [back to overview]Sub-investigator Clinician Subjective Rating of Ease of Procedure on a Scale From 1 (Not at All Easy) to 10 (Most Ease)
NCT05000047 (8) [back to overview]Clinician Subjective Rating of Overall Experience of Each Procedure.
NCT05000047 (8) [back to overview]Elapsed Time in Minutes to Complete Bilateral Ear Impressions
NCT05000047 (8) [back to overview]Subjective Feedback, Pleasantness of Experience

Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes

Number of participants who experienced rupture of membranes as diagnosed by speculum exam showing pooling, ferning, positive nitrazine test, positive amnisure test. (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: participants will be followed for the duration of pregnancy, up to nine months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary17
Experimental: Pessary3

[back to top]

Pessary Withdrawal

Number of participants who experience pessary withdrawal. This outcome measure only applied to the Experimental (Pessary Arm) and no data were collected from participants in the No Intervention _(No Pessary Arm). (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: participants will be followed for the duration of pregnancy, up to nine months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary0
Experimental: Pessary1

[back to top]

Pessary Repositioning Without Removal

Number of participants who required pessary repositioning without removal. This outcome measure only applied to the Experimental (Pessary Arm) and no data were collected from participants in the No Intervention _(No Pessary Arm). (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: participants will be followed for the duration of pregnancy, up to nine months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary0
Experimental: Pessary27

[back to top]

Neonatal Death

The number of neonatal deaths in the pessary group was compared to those in the no pessary group (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Between birth and 28 days of age

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary1
Experimental: Pessary0

[back to top]

Necrotising Enterocolitis

The number of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis in the pessary group was compared to those in the no pessary group (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Between birth and 28 days of age

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary2
Experimental: Pessary0

[back to top]

Intraventricular Haemorrhage

The number of neonatal intraventricular haemorrhage in the pessary group was compared to those in the no pessary group (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Between birth and 28 days of age

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary2
Experimental: Pessary0

[back to top]

Intrauterine Fetal Demise

The number of fetal deaths in the pessary group was compared to those in the no pessary group (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Pregnancy

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary0
Experimental: Pessary0

[back to top]

Gestational Age at Delivery

Number of weeks of gestation completed by time of delivery (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: At time of birth

Interventionweeks (Mean)
No Intervention: No Pessary34.9
Experimental: Pessary37.7

[back to top]

Composite Adverse Outcomes

The number of neonatal cases with composite adverse outcomes in the pessary group was compared to those in the no pessary group (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Between birth and 28 days of age

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary30
Experimental: Pessary5

[back to top]

Retinopathy of Prematurity

The number of neonatal retinopathy in the pessary group was compared to those in the no pessary group (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Between birth and 28 days of age

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary2
Experimental: Pessary0

[back to top]

Chorioamnionitis

Number of participants that showed intrauterine infection diagnosed by maternal tachycardia, fever, uterine tenderness, purulent or abnormal cervical discharge, fetal tachycardia. (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: participants will be followed for the duration of pregnancy, up to nine months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary6
Experimental: Pessary5

[back to top]

Cesarean Delivery

Number of participants that underwent cesarean delivery (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: At time of delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary40
Experimental: Pessary41

[back to top]

Birthweight Less Than 2500 g

Number of newborns whose birthweight is less than 2500 grams (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Time of delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Expectant Management56
Placement of Arabin Pessary Since 23 Weeks Until 37 Weeks17

[back to top]

Birthweight Less Than 1500 g

Number of newborns whose birthweight is less than 1500 grams (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Time of delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary26
Experimental: Pessary9

[back to top]

Any Delivery Before 34 Completed Weeks

Number of all preterm births before 34 weeks occurred in each group. (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Between 24 and 34 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary53
Experimental: Pessary14

[back to top]

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The number of neonatal Respiratory distress syndrome in the pessary group was compared to those in the no pessary group (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Between birth and 28 days of age

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary23
Experimental: Pessary5

[back to top]

Spontaneous Delivery Before 28 Completed Weeks

Number of preterm births before 28 weeks occurred in each group. (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Between 24 and 28 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary16
Experimental: Pessary4

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Spontaneous Delivery Before 34 Completed Weeks

Number of spontaneous preterm births before 34 weeks occurred in each group. (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Between 24 and 34 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary51
Experimental: Pessary12

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Spontaneous Delivery Before 37 Completed Weeks

Number of preterm births before 37 weeks occurred in each group. (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Between 24 and 37 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary113
Experimental: Pessary41

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Treatment for Sepsis

The number of neonatal cases of treatment needed for sepsis in the pessary group was compared to those in the no pessary group (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: Between birth and 28 days of age

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary12
Experimental: Pessary3

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Use of Antenatal Steroids

Number of participants that received betamethasone to reduce morbidity of expected preterm delivery (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: participants will be followed for the duration of pregnancy, up to nine months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary121
Experimental: Pessary80

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Use of Tocolysis

Number of participants required use of tocolytic medication (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: participants will be followed for the duration of pregnancy, up to nine months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary101
Experimental: Pessary64

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Vaginal Bleeding

Number of participants who experienced bleeding from lower genital tract during antepartum period (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: participants will be followed for the duration of pregnancy, up to nine months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary9
Experimental: Pessary7

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Vaginal Discharge

Number of participants who experienced an increased vaginal discharge. (NCT00706264)
Timeframe: participants will be followed for the duration of pregnancy, up to nine months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Intervention: No Pessary87
Experimental: Pessary190

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Hypersensitivity Tactile(Yeaple Probe)

Measured with an electronic force sensing probe (Yeaple Probe): 10, 20, 30, 40, up to 50 grams of force are applied to hypersensitive tooth until pain elicited. Grams of force needed to elicit pain are recorded as hypersensitivity score for the tooth. For Tactile Hypersensitivity: The higher the score (the more grams of force needed to elicit a response of pain), the lower the hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity scores on a per study subject basis are recorded as mean scores of two hypersensitive teeth (NCT00763269)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
A-Experimental Toothpatse19.81
B -Control Toothpaste13.94

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Air Blast Hypersensitivity (4 Week)

"Examiner rates the response to stimulation of hypersensitive teeth using a jet of air (constant stimulus on the basis of duration, pressure, temperature, distance from target). Response is rated based on the Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale.This analog scale scores for the tooth is 0,1,2 or 3:0No subject response to stimulus1responds but will continue2responds and moves or requests discontinuation3Painful response to stimulus, discontinuation requested. The lower the score, the lower the hypersensitivity.Scores per study subject are recorded as mean scores of two hypersensitive teeth." (NCT00763269)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
A-Experimental Toothpatse1.61
B -Control Toothpaste2.18

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Air Blast Hypersensitivity (8 Week)

"Examiner rates the response to stimulation of hypersensitive teeth using a jet of air (constant stimulus on the basis of duration, pressure, temperature, distance from target). Response is rated based on the Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale.This analog scale scores for the tooth is 0,1,2 or 3:0No subject response to stimulus1responds but will continue2responds and moves or requests discontinuation3Painful response to stimulus, discontinuation requested. The lower the score, the lower the hypersensitivity.Scores per study subject are recorded as mean scores of two hypersensitive teeth." (NCT00763269)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
A-Experimental Toothpatse0.89
B -Control Toothpaste1.80

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Hypersensitivity Tactile (Yeaple Probe)

Measured with an electronic force sensing probe (Yeaple Probe): 10, 20, 30, 40, up to 50 grams of force are applied to hypersensitive tooth until pain elicited. Grams of force needed to elicit pain are recorded as hypersensitivity score for the tooth. For Tactile Hypersensitivity: The higher the score (the more grams of force needed to elicit a response of pain), the lower the hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity scores on a per study subject basis are recorded as mean scores of two hypersensitive teeth (NCT00763269)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
A-Experimental Toothpatse31.90
B -Control Toothpaste17.28

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Tampon Position Relative to the Pubococcygeal Line

measure tampon position in regard to the pubococcygeal line to identify if positioning is responsible for urinary contamination. (NCT01215318)
Timeframe: 1 month

Interventionmm (Mean)
Modified Vaginal Tampons5.9
Unmodified Vaginal Tampons5.1

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Number of FDG Positive Tampoons

Number of FDG positive Tampoons with an SUV > 3 (NCT01215318)
Timeframe: 1 month

InterventionFDG positive tampons (Number)
Modified Vaginal Tampons2
Unmodified Vaginal Tampons10

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Degree of Fluctuation (2-12 Hours) After Administration of Oral L/C Tablets and Intra-jejunal Administration of ABT-SLV187

Degree of Fluctuation (calculated as [Cmax - Cmin] / Cavg)) of levodopa, carbidopa, and 3-OMD after administration of the oral L/C tablets (Day -1) and intra-jejunal administration of ABT-SLV187 (Day 21). (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

,
Interventionratio (Mean)
LevodopaCarbidopa3-OMD
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel0.380.780.35
Oral Levodopa-carbidopa Tablets2.10.970.48

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Mean Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in UPDRS Total Scores and Subscores

The UPDRS is an Investigator-used rating tool to follow the longitudinal course of Parkinson's disease. The total score is the sum of the responses to the 31 questions (44 answers) that comprise Parts I-III of the scale. The total score ranges from 0-176, with 176 representing the worst (total) disability, and 0 no disability. The Part I Score is the sum of the answers to the 4 questions related to Mentation, Behavior and Mood, and ranges from 0-16. The Part II score is the sum of the answers to the 13 questions related to Activities of Daily Living, and ranges from 0-52. The Part III score is the sum of the 27 answers related to Motor Examination, and ranges from 0-108. The Part IV Score is the sum of the answers to the 11 questions related to Complications of Therapy, and ranges from 0-23. The Part IV dyskinesia subscore ranges from 0-12. For each part of the UPDRS, higher scores are associated with more disability. (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Total scorePart IPart IIPart II (Off-time)Part IIIPart IV subscore of dyskinesia
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel-0.600.200.60-2.20-1.402.20

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Modified Hoehn and Yahr Staging at Baseline and End of Treatment

Participant's ON and OFF states staged according to the Modified Hoehn and Yahr criteria, an 8-point scale for staging: 0, No signs of disease; 1, Unilateral disease; 1.5, Unilateral plus axial involvement; 2, Bilateral disease; 2.5, Mild bilateral disease; 3, Mild to moderate bilateral disease; 4, Severe disability; and 5, Wheelchair bound or bedridden unless aided. ON time is when PD symptoms are well controlled by the drug. OFF time is when PD symptoms are not adequately controlled by the drug. (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
ON state staging, BaselineON state staging, EndpointOFF state staging, BaselineOFF state staging, Endpoint
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel2.53.04.04.0

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs), Serious AEs (SAEs), and AEs Leading to Discontinuation During the Run-in Period

AE: any untoward medical occurrence in a participant that does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. SAE: an event that results in the death of a subject, is life threatening, results in hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization, is a congenital anomaly, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or other important medical event. Severity was rated as mild, moderate, or severe. AEs of special interest included: device-associated gastrointestinal disorders; cardiovascular fatalities; aspiration including aspiration pneumonia; a diagnosis of peripheral polyneuropathy (axonal, demyelinating or mixed type); possible symptoms of peripheral polyneuropathy; clinically significant weight loss. 'AEs at least possibly related' are defined as those that were assessed by investigator as probably related or possibly related. (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: During the Run-in period (up to approximately 28 days)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
AEAE at least possibly related to study drug/deviceSevere AESAEAE leading to discontinuation of study drugSAE at least possibly drug or drug device-relatedAE of special interestAE caused by study drugAE caused by devicesAE caused by NJ tube insertionFatal AE
Oral Levodopa/Carbidopa Tablet75001005NANA0

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Number of Participants With AEs, SAEs, and AEs Leading to Discontinuation During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period

AE: any untoward medical occurrence in a participant that does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. SAE: an event that results in the death of a subject, is life threatening, results in hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization, is a congenital anomaly, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or other important medical event. Severity was rated as mild, moderate, or severe. AEs of special interest included: device-associated gastrointestinal disorders; cardiovascular fatalities; aspiration including aspiration pneumonia; a diagnosis of peripheral polyneuropathy (axonal, demyelinating or mixed type); possible symptoms of peripheral polyneuropathy; clinically significant weight loss. 'AEs at least possibly related' are defined as those that were assessed by investigator as probably related or possibly related. (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: From NJ placement to end of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21) +30 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
AEAE at least possibly related to study drug/deviceSevere AESAEAE leading to discontinuation of study drugSAE at least possiby drug or drug device-relatedAE of special interestAE caused by study drugAE caused by devicesAE caused by NJ tube insertionFatal AE
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel43111123010

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Number of Participants With PCS Blood Biochemistry Results During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period

M=male, F=female, γ-GTP=gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Low PCS Blood urea nitrogen [mg/dL]: 6High PCS Blood urea nitrogen [mg/dL]: 20Low Creatinine [mg/dL]: 0.61 M / 0.47 FHigh Creatinine [mg/dL]: 1.04 M / 0.79 FLow PCS Total bilirubin [mg/dL]: 0.2High PCS Total bilirubin [mg/dL]: 1.0Low PCS Alanine aminotransferase [U/L]: 5High PCS Alanine aminotransferase [U/L]: 40Low PCS Aspartate aminotransferase [U/L]: 10High PCS Aspartate aminotransferase [U/L]: 40Low PCS Alkaline phosphatase [U/L]: 115High PCS Alkaline phosphatase [U/L]: 359Low PCS γ-GTP [U/L]: 0High PCS γ-GTP [U/L]: 70 M / 30 FLow PCS Sodium [mEq/L]: 136High PCS Sodium [mEq/L]: 147Low PCS Potassium [mEq/L]: 3.6High PCS Potassium [mEq/L]: 5.0Low PCS Calcium [mg/dL]: 8.7High PCS Calcium [mg/dL]: 10.1Low PCS Chloride [mEq/L]: 98High PCS Chloride [mEq/L]: 109Low PCS Magnesium [mg/dL]: 1.8High PCS Magnesium [mg/dL]: 2.6Low PCS Inorganic Phosphors [mg/dL]: 2.4High PCS Inorganic Phosphors [mg/dL]: 4.3Low PCS Uric acid [mg/dL]: 3.7 M / 2.5 FHigh PCS Uric acid [mg/dL]: 7 M / 7.0 FLow PCS Total cholesterol [mg/dL]: 150High PCS Total cholesterol [mg/dL]: 219Low PCS Total protein [g/dL]: 6.7High PCS Total protein [g/dL]: 8.3Low PCS Albumin [g/dL]: 4.0High PCS Albumin [g/dL]: 5.0Low PCS Glucose [mg/dL]: 70High PCS Glucose [mg/dL]: 109Low PCS Triglycerides [mg/dL]: 50High PCS Triglycerides [mg/dL]: 149Low PCS Creatine kinase [U/L]: 57 M / 32 FHigh PCS Creatine kinase [U/L]: 197 M / 180 FLow PCS Bicarbonate [mEq/L]: 22High PCS Bicarbonate [mEq/L]: 29Low PCS Lactate dehydrogenase [U/L]: 115High PCS Lactate dehydrogenase [U/L]: 245
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel01200000100100100030100101200250300110130001

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Number of Participants With PCS Values in Special Laboratory Parameters During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period

M=male, F=female (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Low PCS Vitamin B6 pyridoxamine [ng/mL]: Low PCS Vitamin B6 pyridoxal [ng/mL]: 6.0 M/4.0 FHigh PCS Vitamin B6 pyridoxal [ng/mL]: 40 M / 19 FLow PCS Vitamin B6 pyridoxine [ng/mL]: Low PCS Vitamin B12 [pg/mL]: 180High PCS Vitamin B12 [pg/mL]: 914Low PCS Homocysteine [nmol/mL]: 3.7High PCS Homocysteine [nmol/mL]: 13.5Low PCS Folic acid [ng/mL]: < 3.1
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel041010041

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Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant (PCS) Hematology Results During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period

M=male, F=female, MCV=mean corpuscular volume, MCH=mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCHC=mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Low PCS Hematocrit [%]: 39.8 M / 33.4 FHigh PCS Hematocrit [%]: 51.8 M / 44.9 FLow PCS Hemoglobin [g/dL]: 13.5 M / 11.3 FHigh PCS Hemoglobin [g/dL]: 17.6 M / 15.2 FLow PCS RBC Count [*10^4/µL]: 427 M / 376 FHigh PCS RBC Count [*10^4/µL]: 570 M / 500 FLow PCS WBC Count [/µL]: 3900 M / 3500 FHigh PCS WBC Count [/µL]: 9800 M / 9100 FLow PCS Neutrophils [%]: 40.0High PCS Neutrophils [%]: 74.0Low PCS Lymphocytes [%]: 18.0High PCS Lymphocytes [%]: 59.0Low PCS Monocytes [%]: 0.0High PCS Monocytes [%]: 8.0Low PCS Basophils [%]: 0.0High PCS Basophils [%]: 2.0Low PCS Eosinophils [%]: 0.0High PCS Eosinophils [%]: 6.0Low PCS Platelet count [*10^4/µL]: 13.1 M / 13.0 FHigh PCS Platelet count [*10^4/µL]: 36.2 M/ 36.9 FLow PCS MCV [FL]: 82.7 M / 79.0 FHigh PCS MCV [FL]: 101.6 M / 100.0 FLow PCS MCH [Pg]: 28 M / 26.3 FHigh PCS MCH [Pg]: 34.6 M / 34.3 FLow PCS MCHC [%]: 31.6 M / 30.7 FHigh PCS MCHC [%]: 36.6 M / 36.6 F
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel30303010000001000001000010

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Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant (PCS) Vital Signs Results During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period

↓=decrease, ↑=increase, BL=baseline, temp.=temperature, SBP=systolic blood pressure, Sup.=supine, Sta.=standing, DBP=diastolic blood pressure. (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Low PCS Weight [kg]: ≥7% ↓ from BLHigh PCS Weight [kg]: ≥7% ↑ from BLHigh PCS Body temp. [⁰C]: ≥38.8 and ≥1.1 ↑ from BLLow PCS SBP Sup. [mmHg]: ≤90 and >30 ↓ from BLHigh PCS SBP Sup. [mmHg]: ≥180 and >40 ↑ from BLLow PCS SBP Sta. [mmHg]: ≤90 and >30 ↓ from BLHigh PCS SBP Sta. [mmHg]: ≥180 and >40 ↑ from BLLow PCS SBP Orthostatic [mmHg]: ↓ of ≥30 in SBPLow PCS DBP Sup. [mmHg]: ≤50 and >30 ↓ from BLHigh PCS DBP Sup. [mmHg]: ≥105 and >30 ↑ from BLLow PCS DBP Sta. [mmHg]: ≤50 and >30 ↓ from BLHigh PCS DBP Sta. [mmHg]: ≥105 and >30 ↑ from BLLow PCS DBP Orthostatic [mmHg]: ↓ of ≥20 in DBPPulse rate [bpm]: ≤50 and >30 ↓ from BLPulse rate [bpm]: ≥120 and >30 ↑ from BL
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel000001010000100

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Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Urinalysis Results During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period

(NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Low PCS Specific gravity: 1.002High PCS Specific gravity: 1.030Low PCS pH: 4.5High PCS pH: 8.0High PCS Protein: > traceHigh PCS Glucose: > traceHigh PCS Occult blood: > negativeHigh PCS Ketone: > negative
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel00010000

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Number of Participants With Product Quality Complaints (PQC) During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period

(NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Any PQCAny PQC related to an AEAny serious PQCAny PQC leading to discontinuation of study drugAny PQC by pumpAny PQC by NJ-tube insertionAny PQC by adapterAny PQC by cassettesWithout any PQCs
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel200002014

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Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax), Average Plasma Concentration (Cavg), Trough Plasma Concentration (Cmin), and Cmin Within 2 and 12 Hours (Cmin [2-12 Hours]) After Administration of Oral L/C Tablets and Intra-jejunal Administration of ABT-SLV187

Cmax, Cavg, Cmin, and Cmin (2-12 hours) of levodopa, carbidopa, and 3-OMD after administration of the oral L/C tablets (Day -1) and intra-jejunal administration of ABT-SLV187 (Day 21). Cmin values for levodopa and carbidopa during the 16 hours of infusion were observed either at time 0 or 15 min after start of the infusion and were a result of drug washout prior to establishment of infusion. (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

,
Interventionµg/mL (Mean)
Cmax: LevodopaCmax: CarbidopaCmax: 3-OMDCavg: LevodopaCavg: CarbidopaCavg: 3-OMDCmin: LevodopaCmin: CarbidopaCmin: 3-OMDCmin (2-12 hours): LevodopaCmin (2-12 hours):CarbidopaCmin (2-12 hours): 3-OMD
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel4.380.27311.72.870.1729.800.0610.0167.782.380.1308.14
Oral Levodopa-carbidopa Tablets5.960.1289.272.370.0797.360.2680.0145.670.7340.0505.72

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Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale at Baseline and End of Treatment

The Schwab and England scale was used to rate the subject's activities of daily living by recording the percentage score, ranging between being completely independent (100%) and totally dependent (10%). (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
BaselineEndpoint
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel80.080.0

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The Area Under the Concentrations-time Curve From 0 to 12 and 0 to 16 Hours (AUC0-12, AUC0-16) After Administration of Oral L/C Tablets and Intra-jejunal Administration of ABT-SLV187

AUC0-12 and AUC0-16 of levodopa, carbidopa, and 3-OMD after administration of the oral L/C tablets (Day -1) and intra-jejunal administration of ABT-SLV187 (Day 21). (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

,
Interventionµg*h/mL (Mean)
AUC0-12: LevodopaAUC0-12: CarbidopaAUC0-12: 3-OMDAUC0-16: LevodopaAUC0-16: CarbidopaAUC0-16: 3-OMD
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel34.42.0711846.72.80165
Oral Levodopa-carbidopa Tablets28.40.9488.3NANANA

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Time to Reach Peak Plasma Concentration (Tmax) After Administration of Oral Levodopa/Carbidopa (L/C) Tablets and Intra-jejunal Administration of ABT-SLV187

Tmax of levodopa, carbidopa, and its metabolite 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) after administration of oral L/C tablets and intra-jejunal administration of ABT-SLV187. (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1): pre-dose; 15, 30, 45, 60 mins post-morning dose; every 30 mins thereafter for 12 hrs. Day 21: pre-dose; 15, 30, 45, 60 mins post-infusion; every 30 mins from hrs 1 to 12 post-infusion; every 2 hrs from 12 to 16 hrs post-infusion.

,
Interventionhours (Mean)
LevodopaCarbidopa3-OMD
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel1.04.511
Oral Levodopa-carbidopa Tablets3.07.811

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"Mean Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in Percentage of Ratings in the Normal State on the Treatment Response Scale (TRS) I"

"Participants were video recorded a total of 10 times for 1 to 2 minutes every 60 minutes while performing a standardized sequence of motor tasks: rest, finger taps, rapid alternating movement of hands, arising from chair and gait, including confirmation of postural stability. Based on these video recordings, a Video Evaluation Committee consisting of 3 neurologists individually evaluated the following Video Assessment and Treatment Response Scale (TRS) under blinded conditions: Finger Taps, Rapid Alternating Movement of Hands, Arising from Chair, Gait, Body Bradykinesia and Hypokinesia, Dyskinesia. The average of the neurologists' evaluations was calculated as a percentage of ratings in the Normal state (ie, mild OFF to ON with mild dyskinesia) on the TRS I (total 10 assessments per day)." (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionpercentage of ratings (Mean)
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel15.33

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Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant 12-lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) Results During the ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period

High potentially clinically significant Bazett's heart rate-corrected QT interval (QTcB) values were: 450 msec for males / 470 msec for females. (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel0

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Ratio of Metabolite 3-OMD to Levodopa (M/P [AUC0-12]) After Administration of Oral L/C Tablets and Intra-jejunal Administration of ABT-SLV187

M/P (AUC0-12) after administration of the oral L/C tablets (Day -1) and intra-jejunal administration of ABT-SLV187 (Day 21). (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionratio (Mean)
Oral Levodopa-carbidopa Tablets3.11
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel3.53

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"Mean Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in Percentage of Ratings in the OFF and Dyskinesia States on the TRS I and the Normal, OFF, and Dyskinesia States on the TRS II"

"Participants were video recorded a total of 10 times for 1 to 2 minutes every 60 minutes while performing a standardized sequence of motor tasks: rest, finger taps, rapid alternating movement of hands, arising from chair and gait, including confirmation of postural stability. Based on these video recordings, a Video Evaluation Committee consisting of 3 neurologists individually evaluated the following Video Assessment and TRS under blinded conditions: Finger Taps, Rapid Alternating Movement of Hands, Arising from Chair, Gait, Body Bradykinesia and Hypokinesia, Dyskinesia for TRS I, with the addition of Tremor at Rest and Postural Stability for TRS II. The average of the 3 neurologists' evaluations was calculated as a percentage of ratings in the Normal state (ie, mild OFF to ON with mild dyskinesia), the Off state (moderate OFF to severe OFF), and the Dyskinesia state (ON with moderate dyskinesia to ON with severe dyskinesia) on the TRS I or II." (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionpercentage of ratings (Mean)
"TRS I OFF state""TRS I Dyskinesia state""TRS II Normal state""TRS II OFF state""TRS II Dyskinesia state"
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel-15.330.0014.67-15.330.67

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AUC0-12/Dose0-12, AUC0-16/Dose0-16 After Administration of Oral L/C Tablets and Intra-jejunal Administration of ABT-SLV187

AUC0-12/Dose0-12 of levodopa, carbidopa, and 3-OMD after administration of the oral L/C tablets (Day -1) and intra-jejunal administration of ABT-SLV187 (Day 21). AUC0-16/Dose0-16 of levodopa, carbidopa, and 3-OMD after administration of intra-jejunal administration of ABT-SLV187 (Day 21). (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

,
Interventionµg*h/mL/mg (Mean)
AUC0-12/Dose0-12: LevodopaAUC0-12/Dose0-12: CarbidopaAUC0-12/Dose0-12: 3-OMDAUC0-16/Dose0-16: LevodopaAUC0-16/Dose0-16: CarbidopaAUC0-16/Dose0-16: 3-OMD
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel0.0320.0080.1130.0350.0080.125
Oral Levodopa-carbidopa Tablets0.0360.0120.112NANANA

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Baseline and Endpoint (End of Treatment) Video Scoring of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Items and Dyskinesia

Participants were video recorded a total of 10 times for 1 to 2 minutes every 60 minutes while performing a standardized sequence of motor tasks. Based on these video recordings, a Video Evaluation Committee consisting of 3 neurologists individually evaluated the video under blinded conditions using the following assessments: Tremor at Rest (UPDRS item #20), Finger Taps (UPDRS #23), Rapid Alternating Movement of Hands (UPDRS #25), Arising from Chair (UPDRS #27), Gait (UPDRS #29), Postural Stability (UPDRS #30), Body Bradykinesia and Hypokinesia (UPDRS #31), and Dyskinesia (evaluated with the Goetz Dyskinesia Rating Scale). The UPDRS score is the sum of the answers to individual questions, each of which are measured on a 5-point scale (0-4), with higher scores associated with more disability. The Goetz Dyskinesia Rating Scale is a 5-point scale of the severity of dyskinesias, from 0 (absent) to 4 (violent dyskinesias). (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), Endpoint (Day 21)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Tremor at rest, BaselineTremor at rest, EndpointFinger taps, BaselineFinger taps, EndpointRapid alternating movement of hands, BaselineRapid alternating movement of hands, EndpointArising from chair, BaselineArising from chair, EndpointGait, BaselineGait, EndpointPostural stability, BaselinePostural stability, EndpointBody bradykinesia and hypokinesia, BaselineBody bradykinesia and hypokinesia, EndpointDyskinesia, Baseline
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel0.000.000.400.401.000.600.100.000.600.601.601.101.000.800.400.90

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Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in Parkinson's Disease Diary Assessment

For each half hour period during 3 consecutive days prior to each assessment of the diary, participants (and/or their caregivers) entered into a diary whether they were asleep, in the ON motor state or in the OFF motor state in the following 5 grades: asleep, OFF, ON (no dyskinesia [D]), ON with non-troublesome dyskinesia (NTD), ON with troublesome dyskinesia (TD). ON time is when PD symptoms are well controlled by the drug. OFF time is when PD symptoms are not adequately controlled by the drug. Dyskinetic time is time with involuntary muscle movement. The ON or OFF times were calculated as the average of 3 daily times from the diaries. w/o = without, w/ = with (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionhours (Mean)
Daily OFF timeDaily ON time w/o D + time w/ NTDDaily ON time w/o D + time w/ NTD + time w/ TD
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel-1.020.761.02

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Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in the Japanese Version of Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39) Total Score and Domain Scores

The PDQ-39 is a self-administered questionnaire which comprises 39 items addressing 8 domains of health in Parkinson's disease patients, including Mobility, Activities of Daily Living, Emotional Well-being, Stigma, Social Support, Cognition, Communication, and Bodily Discomfort, as well as a Summary Index Total Score. Scores for each are on a scale from 0 to 100, where lower scores indicate a better perceived health status. Higher scores are consistently associated with the more severe symptoms of the disease such as tremor and stiffness. (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Total scoreDomain: MobilityDomain: Activities of daily livingDomain: Emotional well-beingDomain: StigmaDomain: Social supportDomain: CognitionDomain: CommunicationDomain: Bodily discomfort
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel1.2610.00-0.83-8.331.25-5.00-5.001.678.33

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Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) Score at Baseline and Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) Score at Baseline and End of Treatment

The CGI-S is a global assessment by the Investigator of current symptomatology and impact of illness on functioning. The ratings of the CGI-S are as follows: normal, borderline ill, mildly ill, moderately ill, markedly ill, severely ill, and among the most extremely ill. The CGI-I is a global assessment by the Investigator of the change in clinical status since the start of treatment. The CGI-I ratings are as follows: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, very much worse. (NCT01479127)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), End of ABT-SLV187 Treatment Period (Day 21)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
CGI-S, Baseline: NormalCGI-S, Baseline: Borderline illCGI-S, Baseline: Mildly illCGI-S, Baseline: Moderately illCGI-S, Baseline: Markedly illCGI-S, Baseline: Severely illCGI-S, Baseline: Among the most extremely illCGI-S, Endpoint: NormalCGI-S, Endpoint: Borderline illCGI-S, Endpoint: Mildly illCGI-S, Endpoint: Moderately illCGI-S, Endpoint: Markedly illCGI-S, Endpoint: Severely illCGI-S, Endpoint: Among the most extremely illCGI-I: Very much improvedCGI-I: Much improvedCGI-I: Minimally improvedCGI-I: No changeCGI-I: Minimally worseCGI-I: Much worseCGI-I: Very much worse
Levodopa-carbidopa Intestinal Gel000230010031001310000

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Neck Disability Index

The change in the Neck Disability Index compared to the pre-op value for each group will be compared. Neck disability index is a unitless measure from zero (no disability) to 100 (absolute disability). Change is calculated as the pre-op value minus the 24 month value. A negative difference indicates that the patient is more disabled at 24 months. (NCT01511445)
Timeframe: 24 months post-op

Interventionunits on a scale from 0 to 100 (Mean)
ACDF With Valeo CSC Ceramic Cage17.9
ACDF With PEEK Interbody Cage16.7

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Fusion Status

Dynamic flexion-extension plane film x-rays will be used to assess fusion at all four follow-up periods. The criteria for fusion are rotation motion less than or equal to four degrees and translation less than 1.25 mm. The final fusion judgement will be fusion status at 24 months or the last time point with flexion-extension data available. (NCT01511445)
Timeframe: 3 mo., 6mo., 12 mo., 24 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
ACDF With Valeo CSC Ceramic Cage40
ACDF With PEEK Interbody Cage37

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MTD of Photodynamic Therapy

Defined as the dose immediately below the dose in which 2 or more of 6 patients experience a grade 4 toxicity assessed using National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0. (NCT01800838)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days

InterventionJ/cm^2 (Number)
Treatment (Silicon Phthalocyanine 4 and PDT)150

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MTD of Silicon Phthalocyanine 4 Defined as the Dose Immediately Below the Dose in Which 2 or More of 6 Patients Experience a Grade 4 Toxicity Assessed Using National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.0

(NCT01800838)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days

Interventionmg/ml (Number)
Treatment (Silicon Phthalocyanine 4 and PDT)0.1

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the Incidence of Clinically Significant Displacement of DLTs During Change of Patient Position

The tracheal distance was defined as the distance between the distal tip of the tracheal lumen and tracheal carina whereas the bronchial distance was defined as that between the bronchial carina and distal tip of endobronchial lumen. The displacement of DLT was determined by changes in tracheal and bronchial distances, obtained by subtracting supine measurements from lateral measurements and subtracting measurements at start of surgery from measurements at the end of surgery, respectively. Clinically significant displacement was defined when the DLT was deviated by more than 10 mm from the initial correct position, regardless of the direction of displacement. (NCT02691468)
Timeframe: from supine to lateral decubitus position during surgery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
PVC DLT17
Silicon DLT18

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the Incidence of Critical Malposition of DLTs

The displacement of DLT was determined by changes in tracheal and bronchial distances, obtained by subtracting supine measurements from lateral measurements and subtracting measurements at start of surgery from measurements at the end of surgery, respectively. The critical malposition was defined when the DLT was required repostion for successful OLV during position change (NCT02691468)
Timeframe: from supine to lateral decubitus position

Interventionparticipants (Number)
PVC DLT4
Silicon DLT4

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Change in The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) From Baseline at Week 8

"The ABC is a 58-item parent rating on a 0-3 scale with five subscales:~Irritability (includes agitation, aggression, and self-injury, 15 items) with range of scores from 0-45~Social Withdrawal (16 items) with range of scores from 0-48~Stereotypies (7 items) with range of scores from 0-21~Hyperactivity (16 items) with range of scores from 0-48~Inappropriate Speech (4 items) with range of scores from 0-12.~Higher scores are worse for the ABC subscale, hence a negative estimate means more improvement with the probiotics compared to control." (NCT02903030)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 of Both the First and Second Intervention

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
ABC (1) IrritabilityABC (2) LethargyABC (3) StereotypyABC (4) HyperactivityABC (5) Inappropriate Speech
Placebo-3.50-2.50-1.80-5.40-0.10
Visbiome-1.80-2.60-1.20-2.10-0.40

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Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) at Week 8

It includes 33 items rated retrospectively over the previous week by parents yielding a total score and eight subscales. Eight subscales include: (1) bedtime resistance (2) sleep onset latency, (3) sleep duration, (4) anxiety around sleep, (5) night awakenings, (6) sleep disordered breathing, (7) parasomnias and (8) morning waking/daytime sleepiness.Total score (summed) range of 0-99. A higher score is a better outcome for this measure. (NCT02903030)
Timeframe: Week 8 of Both the First and Second Intervention

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Visbiome42.80
Placebo43.44

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Change in The Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI)

The PSI is used to evaluate the degree of stress in the parent-child relationship. The Short Form has 36 items from the full length PSI, rated on a 5-point scale from 1 = strongly disagree, to 5 = strongly agree. It is completed in 10-15 minutes. The PSI may be used for parents of children up to 12 years. It yields a Total Score and three domain scores. This will detect effect on parental stress and QOL. Higher scores (ranging from 0-180) are worse for PSI, hence a negative estimate means more improvement with the probiotics compared to control. (NCT02903030)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 of Both the First and Second Intervention

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Visbiome-9.60
Placebo-1.70

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Change in Target Symptom Rating From Baseline at Week 8

Parents are asked to name the 2 problems of most concern to them at baseline; a clinician helps the parent quantify and describe the problem (frequency, duration, severity, interference with daily life) at baseline. At subsequent visits the clinician reminds the parent of the previous description and helps them again quantify/describe the current state. A panel of blind clinicians reviews the descriptions and rates each on a 9-point scale relative to baseline, from remission (0) to disastrously worse (9), with 5=no change. These ratings are averaged, capturing the issues of most concern to parents across families. For purposes of this study, one of the 2 problems will be required to pertain to GI function, and will be analyzed separately as well as being averaged into the overall symptom rating. (NCT02903030)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 of Both the First and Second Intervention

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Visbiome-2.10
Placebo-0.60

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Change in Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) From Baseline at Week 8

This 65-item rating scale measures the severity of autism spectrum symptoms as they occur in natural social settings. The SRS provides a clear picture of a child's social impairments, assessing social awareness, social information processing, capacity for reciprocal social communication, social anxiety/avoidance, and autistic preoccupations and traits. It is appropriate for use with children from 4 to 18 years of age and will detect changes in core ASD symptoms. A higher score in this scale represents worse symptoms with raw scores summed and generated t-scores ranging from 0-110. (NCT02903030)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 of Both the First and Second Intervention

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Visbiome-4.70
Placebo-1.70

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Change in Parent Anxiety Checklist--ASD From Baseline at Week 8

A 25-item single-factor scale measure of emotional stability/anxiety. Higher scores are worse for PRAS-ASD subscale, hence a negative estimate means more improvement with the probiotics compared to control. Scores range from 0-75. (NCT02903030)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 of Both the First and Second Intervention

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Visbiome-6.20
Placebo-4.10

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Change in Gastrointestinal (GI) Module of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) at From Baseline at Week 8

A 74-item survey with 14 scales. Report forms for specific age ranges assess the parent's perception of the child's GI function and/or symptoms during the last month on a 5-point scale from 0 (never a problem) to 4 (almost always a problem). Items are reverse-scored and transformed to a 0-100 scale so lower scores reflect worse GI dysfunction. Response choices are in Likert-scale format ranging from 0 to 4 (0=Never, 1=Almost Never, 2=Sometimes, 3=Often, 4=Almost Always). (NCT02903030)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 of Both the First and Second Intervention

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Visbiome17.97
Placebo7.98

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VAS Scale (0-100mm)

Pain level before, during and after dressing removal. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used by the subjects to assess pain, with a range from 0 to 100, where 100 indicates the worst possible pain. (NCT02904200)
Timeframe: 0-12 days. Visit 1 (baseline), Visit 2 (day 4), Visit 3 (day 7), Visit 4 last visit (day 12)

Interventionscore on a scale (0-100) (Number)
Visit 1: Pain before application of NPWTVisit 2: Pain BEFORE removal of the covering filmVisit 2: Pain DURING removal of the covering filmVisit 2: Pain AFTER removal of the covering filmVisit 2: Pain BEFORE removal of the foam fillerVisit 2: Pain DURING removal of the foam fillerVisit 2: Pain AFTER removal of the foam fillerVisit 3: Pain BEFORE removal of the covering filmVisit 3: Pain DURING removal of the covering filmVisit 3: Pain AFTER removal of the covering filmVisit 3: Pain BEFORE removal of the foam fillerVisit 3: Pain DURING removal of the foam fillerVisit 3: Pain AFTER removal of the foam fillerVisit 4: Pain BEFORE removal of the covering filmVisit 4: Pain DURING removal of the covering filmVisit 4: Pain AFTER removal of the covering filmVisit 4: Pain BEFORE removal of the foam fillerVisit 4: Pain DURING removal of the foam fillerVisit 4: Pain AFTER removal of the foam filler
Avance® Film With Safetac®3227252219121025541717469

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Changes on Peri-Wound Skin

"The primary objective of this investigation is to evaluate changes on Peri-Wound skin from baseline to termination when using two different wound dressings. The primary endpoint could not be calculated as intended because the baseline score was not evaluable due to missing values for the one subject that completed follow up. The primary outcome is therefore presented at 12 days. The total of the five scores provide a range from 0 to 15, with higher scores indicating a worse outcome.~The primary endpoint was assessed through the change in the sum of Peri-Wound Skin outcome scores (0-15) collected at each visit (Visit 1 (baseline), Visit 2 (day 4), Visit 3 (day 7), Visit 4 last visit (day 12)) from baseline to termination. The sum of scores will be obtained from five separate data scores, Redness/Irritation, Flaky, Maceration, Blistering, Skin tears, which will be scored separately with a value between 0 and 3 (None=0, Mild=1, Moderate=2, Severe=3)." (NCT02904200)
Timeframe: Visit 4 last visit (day 12)

Interventionscore on a scale (Number)
Avance® Film With Safetac®3

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Compliance Rate

Percent of patients administered the investigational production who discontinued the study (NCT03633344)
Timeframe: From randomisation up to 5 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Carbowhite0
Carbowhite Placebo0

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Duration of Treatment

Mean duration of treatment (NCT03633344)
Timeframe: From randomisation up to 5 days

Interventiondays (Mean)
Carbowhite1.7
Carbowhite Placebo2.6

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Quantity of Used Medication

Mean quantity of tablets per treatment course (NCT03633344)
Timeframe: From randomisation up to 5 days

Interventiontablets (Median)
Carbowhite12
Carbowhite Placebo36

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Reduction in Frequency of Defecation to 3 Times Per Day

Percent of patients administered the investigational production who achieved the efficacy endpoint (reduction in frequency of defecation to 3 times per day, absence of loose stool) on Day 5 or earlier (NCT03633344)
Timeframe: From randomisation up to 5 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Carbowhite118
Carbowhite Placebo24

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Subjective Feedback on the Perceived Improvement of Actual Device Fitting Using Each Impression Procedure Compared to a Non-custom Hearing Aid Fitting

"Each participant answered the question at the end of each procedure- Compared to a non-custom fitting, do you feel that the method of impression/scanning improves the hearing aid process for you?, and rated on a scale from 1 (very improved) to 5 (much worse)." (NCT05000047)
Timeframe: Day one

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
3D Scanning Technology1.77
Conventional Silicone Impression Procedure2.13

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Subjective Feedback of Overall Experience of Both Ear Impression Procedures

"Each participant answered the question How do you rate your experience of the recently performed ear canal impression/scanning? after each procedure. Participants rated their overall experience on a scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best)." (NCT05000047)
Timeframe: Day one

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
3D Scanning Technology4.6
Conventional Silicone Impression Procedure3.9

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Sub-investigator Clinician Subjective Rating of Individual Potential for Improvement When Performing Each Procedure 1 (no Potential for Improvement) to 3 (a Lot of Potential for Improvement)

"Sub-investigators answered a question after each procedure on each participant they saw- Do you feel like there was any potential for improvement when performing this procedure?. Each sub-investigator rated their own potential for improvement on a scale from 1(no potential for improvement, clinician was very satisfied with impression) to 3 (a lot of potential for improvement, clinician felt impression was inferior)." (NCT05000047)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
3D Scanning Technology1.6
Conventional Silicone Impression Procedure1.2

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Sub-investigator Clinician Subjective Rating of Individual Confidence That Method of Impression Will Yield a Quality Custom Product for the Participant on a Scale From 1 (Not at All Confident) to 3 (Very Confident).

"Sub-investigators answered a question after each procedure on each participant they saw- How confident are you that the method of impression/scanning will yield a quality custom product? on a scale from 1 (not at all confident) to 3 (very confident)." (NCT05000047)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
3D Scanning Technology2.6
Conventional Silicone Impression Procedure2.9

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Sub-investigator Clinician Subjective Rating of Ease of Procedure on a Scale From 1 (Not at All Easy) to 10 (Most Ease)

"Sub-investigators answered a question after each procedure on each participant- How easy was it to perform the procedure? on a scale from 1 (not at all easy) to 10(most ease)." (NCT05000047)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
3D Scanning Technology8.13
Conventional Silicone Impression Procedure9.27

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Clinician Subjective Rating of Overall Experience of Each Procedure.

"Clinicians answered a question after each procedure on each participant they saw- How would you rate the overall experience of performing this procedure? using a scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best)." (NCT05000047)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
3D Scanning Technology4.2
Conventional Silicone Impression Procedure4.5

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Elapsed Time in Minutes to Complete Bilateral Ear Impressions

The total time in minutes, required for sub-investigators to complete each impression methodology on each participant, according to a standard of care procedure . For the silicone impressions, time was started after otoscopy and cerumen management of both ears, and just before prepping and placing the otoblocks. The timer stopped after the audiologist was satisfied with both ear impressions and placed them in box. For the ear scan, time was started after otoscopy of both ears, and just before prepping the headset and hand-held scanner. The timer stopped after the 3D scan was reviewed for each ear and audiologist satisfied with result. The time reported is how long it took for clinician to finish one complete set of impressions, which included a right and a left ear impression. Separate times for each ear was not recorded. (NCT05000047)
Timeframe: Day one

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Set of Ear Impressions Taken Using 3D Scanner8.15
Set of Impressions Taken Using Traditional Silicone Ear Impression Material and Technique6.28

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Subjective Feedback, Pleasantness of Experience

"Each participant answered the question How pleasant do you rate the impression/scanning procedure? after each procedure. Participants rated the the pleasantness on a scale from 1 (very pleasant) to 5 (very unpleasant)." (NCT05000047)
Timeframe: Day one

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
3D Scanning Technology1.73
Conventional Silicone Impression Procedure2.4

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene with chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 4.		7.4110trichlorobenzene
chloroacetaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0110organochlorine compound
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.3460amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.1310hydroxybenzaldehydeEC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		3.44114-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		3.4470ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		5.22111monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		2.6930aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.1110acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		4.01140ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		3.45706-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		5.83290azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
arsenic acid
arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.		2.830arsenic oxoacidEscherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		1.9610acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzaldehyde
[no description available]		7.6830benzaldehydesEC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
odorant receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
benzene
[no description available]		5.34170aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		7.5920benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.140amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		8.2460halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid
Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.		2.5420gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.9640alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
cadaverine
[no description available]		2.0110alkane-alpha,omega-diamineDaphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		4.6990amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		4.92110carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.6730monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		2.1110amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
carnitine
[no description available]		2.0510amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		2.7530catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		9.542130alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		5.0491cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid
Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.		2.0510tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		5.57161tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		9.93370halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		5.39190chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		340coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		6.8171monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
aminoethylphosphonic acid
Aminoethylphosphonic Acid: An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.. (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.		1.9510phosphonic acids;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
octane
Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.		8.1450alkanexenobiotic
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		7.3920trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		2.0710medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		3.8390gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		2.4620(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		1.9510guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		2.47202-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.		7.5220amino acid zwitterion;
monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		ethylene releasers;
plant metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.4110dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
creatine
[no description available]		1.9710glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		3.2360aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		5.043902-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dihydroxyacetone
[no description available]		1.9610ketotriose;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antifungal agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		3.6490sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		3.78110aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide
formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.		2.1510carboximidic acid;
formamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		solvent
glutaric acid
glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.		2.610alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		4.4210alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		4.7290alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		2.4520hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		3.2460carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0310
histamine
[no description available]		7.6630aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
homogentisic acid
Homogentisic Acid: Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with hydroxyls at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring.. homogentisic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 5-positions.		1.9410dihydroxyphenylacetic acid;
hydroquinones		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		9.822040elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		7.830benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		2.4720hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		3.8930imidazole
indole
[no description available]		2.4920indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.9330indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		6.06160diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.3820hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		1.9410aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		1.9510dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		3.16402-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		13.09311alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		2.0610inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		3.0650cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		3.8220acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
naphthalene
[no description available]		3.1350naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		10.811431metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		3.580pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		4.77300monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		3.5480nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		2.4220nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.2860monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		3.470gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0310octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		4.4560oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		3.2560alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.9204-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.5920long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		1.9410C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		2.0510aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		4.15150phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		4.6561phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		3.92120phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		2.7130glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.6730propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
pteridines
[no description available]		2.3820azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		2.3720purine
putrescine
[no description available]		7.5720alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		5.17140azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		7.4110methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		2.4420hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.78302-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
dithionite
Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.		2.0710sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		7.4820N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		2.1310selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		2.940divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		7.8130polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		7.6920polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.8730alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		3.88110sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		3.2160sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		2.6530primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		3.2360pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		3.96130methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethylamine
[no description available]		2.4920methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		3.67100pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		3.4270uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		7.03251isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		3.9221benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		7.3110xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		2.4820non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		1.9410catecholamine
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		3.05502-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		3.84110aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.7530bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		1.9510chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.4220dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline n-oxide
2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide: structure. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide : An inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain at cytochrome bc1 and of photosynthetic electron flow immediately before cytochrome b559.		1.9810monohydroxyquinoline
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		2.0310amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		1.9510ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.1310aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
chlorocresol
chlorocresol: injections for relief of intractable pain; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chloro-m-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is 3-methylphenol which is substituted by a chlorine at position 4. A ryanodine receptor agonist.		7.3110hydroxytoluene;
monochlorobenzenes		antimicrobial agent;
disinfectant;
ryanodine receptor agonist
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.0210guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.02101-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		1.9410imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		1.9710indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
7-(2-chloroethyl)theophylline
7-(2-chloroethyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist		2.0210oxopurine
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0210acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		1.9710aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		3.1350acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		2.08101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alminoprofen
alminoprofen: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alminoprofen : A substituted aniline that is ibuprofen in which the isobutyl group is replaced by a (2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used for treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic disorders.		2.0810amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure		2.3110
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		1.9810aluminium coordination entity
am 580
Am 580: a selctive retinoic acid receptor (alpha) agonist; structure given in first source. 4-{[(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}benzoic acid : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)benzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid. A selective RARalpha agonist.		2.4720amidobenzoic acid;
tetralins		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		3.0510adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		1.9710diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
theophylline
[no description available]		2.3820dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		1.9410barbiturates
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.1110pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		7.9340benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.1710benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.110ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
atrazine
[no description available]		2.0210chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
azobenzene
azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.		3.3460azobenzenes
baclofen
[no description available]		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.0510benzamides
benzamidine
benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.		1.9710benzenes;
carboxamidine		serine protease inhibitor
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.9440ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
berberine
[no description available]		2.4110alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
diminazene
Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.		2.0210carboxamidine;
triazene derivative		antiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
bisbenzimidazole
Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.		2.0310bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
bupranolol
Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.		1.9610aromatic ether
cacodylic acid
dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.		3.3850organoarsenic compoundxenobiotic metabolite
caffeine
[no description available]		3.5790purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.7430aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid
beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.		2.0510glycerol monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
calmidazolium
calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.		2.3110imidazolium ionapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0510bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.4110dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		1.9710N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		2.6630hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
celecoxib
[no description available]		7.1110organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		4.07140quaternary ammonium ion
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0210aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		2.3720organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		7.7230chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		2.0110aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		8.1650aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		7.2510amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		7.21101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
cystamine
[no description available]		3.4720organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		3.6730indolesfluorochrome
dapsone
[no description available]		2.1110substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.940acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		2.8940primary amine
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		2.0710diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		7.7830amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		1.9410benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		1.9610alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		1.9910carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		1.9910pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
distigmine
distigmine : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of hexane-1,6-diylbis(methylcarbamic acid) with the hydroxy group of 3-hydroxy-1-methylpyridinium.		2.110carbamate ester;
pyridinium ion		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
muscarinic agonist
diuron
Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.		3.56903-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
dichlorobenzene		environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
urea herbicide;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		7.6730branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		1.9910pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
endosulfan
Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.		1.9810cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		4.17160
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		2.8840ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		2.4620alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		6.98101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		1.9510aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.0810aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		7.3110monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		7.0210anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.9240nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		2.1110fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		7.7730chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.4520
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		3.97130dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		2.4420carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		4.95110aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.3320bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		1.9410barbiturates
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.0810phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		3.0510one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.91110monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		3.1250benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		1.9410dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		7.9940aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0510organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.4420benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.0310dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.4220carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		3.3160secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		7.830cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		7.7530benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.3820furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kojic acid
[no description available]		2.06104-pyranones;
enol;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
skin lightening agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		3.3611monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		7.5320aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		7.2510aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		9.0231organic molecular entity
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		1.9610aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		2.2510guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methacrylic acid
methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.		7.8130alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		7.1510benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methamidophos
methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.		2.0410organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.0510methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		1.9710aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		7.4220imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		3.1650dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		1.9710ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		2.0210alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		1.9410maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		1.97101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.0810cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		1.9410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.0310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
octopamine
Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.		1.9410phenylethanolamines;
tyramines		neurotransmitter
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.02103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		1.9710aromatic ether
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		2.8130acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		2.47201,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		1.9410aromatic amine
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.4820aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		1.9410barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		1.9410acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.6330barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		2.03102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		1.9510primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
phloretin
[no description available]		2.1110dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.		1.9610benzaldehydes;
dialdehyde		epitope
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		2.110pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.9940inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene-1-sulfonic acid
guaiacolsulfonic acid: elastomer used as dental impression material; mixture of the potassium salt of 4- & 5-guaiacolsulfonic acid; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene-1-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is guaiacol sulfated at position 4. Commonly used (in the form of its potassium salt) as an expectorant.		1.9510arenesulfonic acid;
guaiacols		expectorant
4-aminobenzoic acid
para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.		1.9310aminobenzoate;
aromatic amino-acid anion		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		1.9910aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
pridinol
pridinol: antispasmodic & muscle relaxant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7539. pridinol : A piperidine substituted at position 1 by a 3-hydroxy-3,3-diphenylpropyl group.		1.9610piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		antiparkinson drug;
muscle relaxant
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		1.9910amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		3.3411pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.0310benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		1.9710benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		1.9410phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.0410aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.9740phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		2.4320phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		7.6930naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		3.8321
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		7.3110benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
sebacic acid
sebacic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.		2.610alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		1.9410barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		710pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		6.53183fluoride saltmutagen
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		2.6930inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		3.2960long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		2.0610dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		7.3920isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		1.9310substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.1110primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		1.96102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		1.9810naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
tegafur
[no description available]		2.0210organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temozolomide
[no description available]		2.9330imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		1.9410benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.3920quaternary ammonium ion
krypton
Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.		4.3260monoatomic krypton;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		1.9510dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		1.99101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		2.4110amino acid
tremorine
[no description available]		1.9610N-alkylpyrrolidine
triclosan
[no description available]		7.7630aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.0310polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
tyramine
[no description available]		2.8740monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0610undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urethane
[no description available]		8.2860carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		210
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		2.0310inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.643011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		2.693011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.864016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		1.9610alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		1.9410glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		2.6930pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		4.1750pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		4.97914-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		8.04502-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.4920ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		2.07103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		7.3110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.226017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
androsterone
[no description available]		3.196017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
etiocholanolone
Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.		2.352017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		3.337017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		1.97102-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
adrenochrome
Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.		1.9310indoles
azauridine
Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.		1.9510N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazineantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		1.9810penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		1.9410organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.05502-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		1.9710dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		9.570chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		8.69100alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.6330L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		3.3470C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		3.2560aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.150amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		3.5180aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate
allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.		7.1710alkenyl isothiocyanate;
isothiocyanate		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
lachrymator;
metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		3.92130pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		4.61250glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.362017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		2.730aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		1.9410pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		3.0750adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		2.0510tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		2.6530uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.110pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		8.97140D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.3920phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.0710amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		4140ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tributyrin
tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.		1.9710butyrate ester;
triglyceride		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
protective agent
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		8.91130amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		2.1510amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
phlorhizin
[no description available]		1.9510aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		2.3620amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		3.0550adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		4.28170organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
4-toluenesulfonic acid
4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510arenesulfonic acid;
toluenes
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		3.0550amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrobenzoic acid
4-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzoic acid : A nitrobenzoic acid having the nitro group at the 4-position.		2.0410nitrobenzoic acid
aniline
[no description available]		9.7790anilines;
primary arylamine
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0810carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		8.3570lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.4780aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		3.9120
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		9.06150amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		2.0810alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cytidine
[no description available]		3.7730cytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		1.9510antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.4520diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		8.2560chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
dimethyl sulfone
[no description available]		2.4820sulfone
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.4420formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.643017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		1.9510oxo steroid
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		3.411117alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		1.9510beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		7.3620mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.3920beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		2.2510nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		2.6630amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		3.9120amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		2.1110pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.		1.9810chloroethanespolar solvent
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		3.3870L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.3620amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		2.352017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
alizarin
[no description available]		2.5220dihydroxyanthraquinonechromophore;
dye;
plant metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.5380erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		7.7430aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		4.19170arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
methyl bromide
methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.		2.4620bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes;
methyl halides		algal metabolite;
fumigant insecticide;
marine metabolite
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		3.78100alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetylene
[no description available]		3.96130alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
methyl chloride
Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.		940chloromethanes;
methyl halides		marine metabolite;
mutagen;
refrigerant
methylamine
methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.		2.0210methylamines;
one-carbon compound;
primary aliphatic amine		mouse metabolite
boranes
Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.		8.3360boranes;
mononuclear parent hydride
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		3.1450alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
methylacetylene
methylacetylene: structure		2.4620alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
vinyl chloride
Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.		3.4720chloroethenes;
gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene		carcinogenic agent
vinyl fluoride
[no description available]		2.110gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene
ethylamine
ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.0610primary aliphatic aminehuman metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.9840aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		2.4420chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
methylene iodide
methylene iodide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
carbon disulfide
Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.		1.9410one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound
cyclopropane
cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.		7.0410cycloalkane;
cyclopropanes		inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		7.4620gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
fluoroform
fluoroform: structure		2.4820fluoromethanesrefrigerant
iodoform
[no description available]		8.5611iodomethanes
tetramethylammonium
tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.		3.1450quaternary ammonium ion
dichlorodifluoromethane
dichlorodifluoromethane: refrigerant,aerosol propellant		2.0610
methanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.110alkanesulfonic acid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
trimethylchlorosilane
trimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. chlorotrimethylsilane : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro and three methyl groups. Chlorotrimethylsilane is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.		2.7130silyl chloridechromatographic reagent
dichlorodimethylsilane
[no description available]		2.6930
methyltrichlorosilane
[no description available]		7.4720
acetone cyanohydrin
acetone cyanohydrin: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		2.0110cyanohydrin
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		3.3770fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.42011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
gibberellic acid
gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.		7.1510C19-gibberellin;
gibberellin monocarboxylic acid;
lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		6.85880benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
divinyl sulfone
divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.		2.0710sulfonecross-linking reagent
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.9240primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
3-mercaptopropionic acid
3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.		7.7330mercaptopropanoic acidalgal metabolite
tetraethoxysilane
[no description available]		4.3190
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		10.55700alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
3-buten-2-one
buten-2-one : A methyl ketone that is butan-2-one with an unsaturation at position 3.		2.0210enone;
methyl ketone
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		3.0610chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		2.7630acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		4.46210alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
isobutyric acid
isobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isobutyric acid : A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.		2.0310branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
fatty acid 4:0;
methyl-branched fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
methacrylamide
[no description available]		2.0610acrylamides;
primary carboxamide
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		1.9410pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
tetrabromobisphenol a
tetrabromobisphenol A: a brominated flame retardant. 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A : A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.		2.0310brominated flame retardant;
bromobisphenol
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.8530bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		2.3820enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.3620amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		3.93120organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		1.97106-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.3520organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone
2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source. anthraflavic acid : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene substituted by hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-7 and oxo groups at C-9 and C-10.		2.0710dihydroxyanthraquinoneantimutagen;
plant metabolite
diisobutyl phthalate
diisobutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of isobutanol.		2.0710diester;
phthalate ester		plasticiser;
PPAR modulator;
teratogenic agent
phthalimide
phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.		2.0710phthalimides
1-naphthoic acid
naphthoic acid : An aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of a naphthalene skeleton substituted by one or more carboxy groups.		2.4420naphthoic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
fungal xenobiotic metabolite
penicillanic acid
Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.		2.0510penicillanic acids
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		2.0510
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		3.5280pyrrolidin-2-ones
2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid
2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid: inhibitor of auxin transport; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3 and 5 are replaced by iodine atoms. It is an auxin polar transport inhibitor.		3.1410benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		antiauxins
pyromellitic dianhydride
[no description available]		2.0210
decalin
decalin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; don't confuse with decaline which has a nitrogen at the juncture of the two rings;. trans-decalin : The trans-stereoisomer of decalin.. decalin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is the decahydro- derivative of naphthalene.		3.1210ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbonsolvent
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.6530mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		4.6580xanthene
benzidine
benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		2.1510biphenyls;
substituted aniline		carcinogenic agent
1-phenylpropanol
1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source		2.110organic molecular entity
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.0410benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
benzotriazole
benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.		2.1310benzotriazolesenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1,2-diaminobenzene
1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.		2.6620phenylenediaminehydrogen donor
methyl acrylate
[no description available]		2.0610enoate ester
cyclopentanol
[no description available]		3.5220cyclopentanols
ethylene carbonate
[no description available]		2.4520carbonate ester
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		2.0210phosphonic ester
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.		1.97105-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
ethylene dimethacrylate
ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.		2.4620enoate esterallergen;
cross-linking reagent;
polymerisation monomer
furfuryl alcohol
furfuryl alcohol: structure. furfuryl alcohol : A furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position.		2.0710furans;
primary alcohol		Maillard reaction product
benzenearsonic acid
benzenearsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510arsonic acids;
organoarsonic acid
arsanilic acid
Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.		7.1710organoarsonic acid
cumene
cumene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.		2.0210alkylbenzene
acetophenone
acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.0510acetophenonesanimal metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		9.0540trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sym-trinitrobenzene
Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.		1.9810trinitrobenzeneexplosive
3-dinitrobenzene
dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.		2.110dinitrobenzeneneurotoxin
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		2.0210alkylbenzene
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		2.9640styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		2.0510monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
di-(4-aminophenyl)ether
di-(4-aminophenyl)ether: structure		2.0210aromatic ether
tripropylamine
tripropylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tripropylamine : A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by a propyl group.		2.0110tertiary amine
triethanolamine
triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.3920amino alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
triol		buffer;
surfactant
boric acid
[no description available]		7.520boric acidsastringent
nonoxynol
Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.		2.0210
citronellal
citronellal: aldehyde of citronellol; found in citronella oil. citronellal : A monoterpenoid, the main component of citronella oil which gives it its distinctive lemon aroma.		2.0410aldehyde;
monoterpenoid		antifungal agent;
metabolite
glycidyl methacrylate
glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.		3.1650enoate ester;
epoxide
ethylene dibromide
Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.		2.0610bromoalkane;
bromohydrocarbon		algal metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
fumigant;
marine metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
1-bromopropane
1-bromopropane: used as a solvent. 1-bromopropane : A bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1.		2.4820bromoalkane;
bromohydrocarbon		neurotoxin;
solvent
butane
butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.		2.0210alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant;
refrigerant
acrolein
[no description available]		7.6930enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
allylamine
Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.		8.1650alkylamine
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		7.7330aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.4420primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
propargyl alcohol
propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0210propynol;
terminal acetylenic compound;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloromethyl methyl ether
chloromethyl methyl ether: was MH 1977-92 (see under METHYL ETHERS 1977-90); METHOXYCHLOROMETHANE & METHYL CHLOROMETHYL ETHER were see CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER 1977-92; use METHYL ETHERS to search CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER 1977-92; an alpha halo ether alkylating agent used widely in chemical & plastic industries; it causes lung hyperplasias & neoplasms & skin neoplasms		2.1310ether
sarin
Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.		2.0710fluorine molecular entity;
phosphinic ester
dimethyldioctadecylammonium
dimethyldioctadecylammonium: a cationic lipid analog; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4320
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		3.1550alkane
2-pentanone
pentanone : Any ketone that is pentane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.		2.1110methyl ketone;
pentanone		plant metabolite
3-hydroxybutanal
[no description available]		2.8230
1-nitropropane
1-nitropropane : A nitroalkane that is propane substituted at C-1 by a nitro group.		2.1110primary nitroalkane
succinic anhydride
[no description available]		2.1310cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
tetrahydrofurandione
maleic anhydride
Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.		7.830cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
furans		allergen
glutaric anhydride
glutaric anhydride: RN given in first source. glutaric anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is oxane which carries oxo groups at positions 2 and 6. It is used as an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, and polymers (E.g. epoxy polyesters).		2.0810cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
oxanes
melamine
melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.		3.8930triamino-1,3,5-triazinexenobiotic metabolite
bromobenzene
[no description available]		2.0610bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene
[no description available]		2.7530monochlorobenzenessolvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		1.9510cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
thiophenol
thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.		7.7830aryl thiol
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
[no description available]		2.9340
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		8.1450alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
n-butyl mercaptan
n-butyl mercaptan: hydrolytic product of merphos; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520alkanethiol
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		4.35190pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		3.1550cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		5.31160mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
succinamide
[no description available]		2.0710
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.4620alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		2.4520cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
cyclohexene
cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.		2.1110cycloalkene
piperidine
[no description available]		2.4620azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
squalane
[no description available]		2.110
diethylenetriamine
diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310polyazaalkane;
triamine
1-octene
1-octene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-octene : An octene with an unsaturation C-1.		2.0210octene
octylamine
octylamine: RN given refers to 1-octylamine. octan-1-amine : An 8-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.0210primary aliphatic aminemetabolite
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile: lathyrogen; RN refers to parent cpd; blocks axoplasmic transport of neurofilament proteins with subsequent axon swelling typical of some motor neuron diseases		2.0710
diglyme
diglyme : A polyether that is the dimethyl ether derivative of diethylene glycol.		2.0510polyetherenvironmental contaminant;
solvent;
xenobiotic
octadecyltrichlorosilane
[no description available]		9.23170
butyl carbitol
butyl carbitol: structure		2.1310ether
undecanoic acid
undecanoic acid : A straight-chain, eleven-carbon saturated medium-chain fatty acid found in body fluids; the most fungitoxic of the C7:0 - C18:0 fatty acid series.. undecanoate : A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of undecanoic acid; used in tandem with testosterone cation in the treatment of male hypogonadism. Major species at pH 7.3.		7.0210medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antifungal agent;
human metabolite
n-dodecane
dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).		2.4820alkaneplant metabolite
1-octadecene
octadec-1-ene : An octadecene with unsaturation at C-1.. octadecene : An alkene that is octadecane containing one double bond at unspecified position.		2.110octadecene
propylene
propylene: structure		2.0210alkene;
gas molecular entity		refrigerant;
xenobiotic
octafluorocyclobutane
perfluorocyclobutane: structure in first source. octafluorocyclobutane : A fluorocarbon that is cyclobutane in which all eight hydrogens are replaced by fluorines.		7.4920cyclobutanes;
fluorocarbon		food packaging gas;
food propellant
bromphenol blue
Bromphenol Blue: A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.. bromophenol blue : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. It is used as a laboratory indicator, changing from yellow below pH 3 to purple at pH 4.6, and as a size marker for monitoring the progress of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has also been used as an industrial dye.		2.41102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
organobromine compound;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		1.9610diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		7.7630trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.3520aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
anthracene
acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.		7.9740acene;
anthracenes;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
trimethyl borate
trimethyl borate : A member of the class of borate esters obtained by the formal condensation of three equivalents of methanol with boric acid.		2.110borate esters
triethylamine
[no description available]		2.110tertiary amine
1,4-naphthoquinone
naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.		2.01101,4-naphthoquinones
dimethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure		2.0510diester;
methyl ester;
phthalate ester
2,6-diaminoanthraquinone
2,6-diaminoanthraquinone: structure in first source		2.0710
benzil
benzil: structure. benzil : An alpha-diketone that is ethane-1,2-dione substituted by phenyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.		2.0510alpha-diketone;
aromatic ketone
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.0510naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
pentacene
[no description available]		2.9840acene;
pentacenes
2-aminothiophenol
2-aminothiophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-aminothiophenol : An aryl thiol that is thiophenol substituted at position 2 by an amino group.		2.1710aryl thiol;
substituted aniline		plant metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		2.9540NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
ethyl acetoacetate
ethyl acetoacetate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. ethyl acetoacetate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetoacetic acid with ethanol.		2.0510ethyl esterantibacterial agent;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
diallyl glycol carbonate
CR 39: plastic used as a charged particle detector for superimposed autoradiography tissue images		2.4420
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		7.4320amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
decylamine
decylamine: structure		2.1110alkylamine
hexadecylamine
[no description available]		2.4620alkylamine
sodium cyanide
Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.		2.0110cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
sodium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone
[no description available]		2.352020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
copper phthalocyanine
copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.		2.0410
pentoxyl
Pentoxyl: 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.		1.9810pyrimidone
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0510organic molecular entity
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		210catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		7.7630ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.5720azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		2.41201,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.0310adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		5.77280cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		7.0210isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		4.73901,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		5.61301,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine
pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.		2.0210diazine;
pyrimidines		Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		2.1510organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium
triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.		2.0310organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.		2.0710azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
phenazines
diiodotyrosine
Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.		2.6430diiodotyrosine;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		3.5380azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
dexamethasone 21-phosphate
dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.		2.11011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		3.4411organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		1.9510N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
diazomethane
Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.		3.7430diazo compoundalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
poison
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane
[no description available]		3.1910
perflexane
perfluorohexane : A fluoroalkane that is hexane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		2.0210fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
radioopaque medium
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.4411benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylbenzidine
[no description available]		2.110
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		1.941011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluoroacetic anhydride
[no description available]		2.0210
silicon carbide
silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses		8.471180organosilicon compound
cyanamide
Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.		2.0110nitrile;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
trimethylfluorosilane
[no description available]		3.0750
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.3520bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cyanogen
cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.		2.0510dinitrile;
pseudohalogen
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		3.0450imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		3.2260monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
propadiene
[no description available]		2.4220allenes
ketene
ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.		2.7330ketene
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		6.49340calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.6430bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		3.3560
ninhydrin
Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.		2.4820aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone;
indanones;
ketone hydrate		colour indicator;
human metabolite
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		3.1150dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.0310amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
methyl red
methyl red: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methyl red : An azo dye consisting of benzoic acid substituted at position 2 by a 4-[(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl group.		2.0610
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		7.4820carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
2-norbornene
norbornene : A bridged compound that is cyclohexane with a methylene bridge between carbons 1 and 4 and a double bond at position 2.		2.0210
isomaltose
[no description available]		2.3920
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.2510pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
biphenylacetylene
biphenylacetylene : An arylacetylene that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		2.0610arylacetylene;
benzenes		fluorochrome
caprolactone
hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		7.0310epsilon-lactone
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.4420
arachidic acid
icosanoic acid : A C20 striaght-chain saturated fatty acid which forms a minor constituent of peanut (L. arachis) and corn oils. Used as an organic thin film in the production of liquid crystals for a wide variety of technical applications.		2.0410long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.		1.9410
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		2.362017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		840
tryptophol
tryptophol : An indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2.		7.0210indolyl alcoholauxin;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.4820gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		2.4820organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
phenylacetylene
phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS		2.0510benzenes
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		2.4920amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
oxophenarsine
oxophenarsine: obsolete toxic arsenical for treatment of syphilis; useful against some neoplasms; major descriptor (64-83); on-line search ARSENICALS (64-83); Index Medicus search OXOPHENARSINE (64-83); structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9310substituted aniline
maleimide
[no description available]		7.7830dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		4.78280dialdehydebiomarker
n-hexadecane
n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.		2.9940long-chain alkanenon-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.9940organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		2.7430phenoxazine
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		2.7730hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
4,4'-bipyridyl
4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.		2.1110bipyridine
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		2.0410carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
trimesic acid
trimesic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that consists of benzene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5.		2.0410benzoic acids;
tricarboxylic acid
glycylglycine
[no description available]		2.0710dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		human metabolite
silver acetate
silver acetate: RN refers to acetic acid, silver (1+) salt		2.0310
malachite green
malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.		2.8230organic chloride saltantibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
teratogenic agent
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		2.0710bis(azo) compound
2,6-xylenol
[no description available]		2.0210hydroxytoluene
2-naphthylacetic acid
2-naphthylacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthylacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 2.		2.0110naphthylacetic acid
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		1.9710aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
allyl acetate
allyl acetate: potential fumigant for treating stored grains		2.0510
1-hexene
1-hexene: structure in first source. 1-hexene : An alkene that is hexane carrying a double bond at position 1.		2.0610alkene
1,3-cyclohexadiene
1,3-cyclohexadiene: structure given in first source		7.0210cyclohexadiene
2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid
[no description available]		2.1110
phenylglyoxylic acid
phenylglyoxylic acid: styrene metabolite. phenylglyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is glyoxylic acid in which the aldehyde hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.02102-oxo monocarboxylic acidbiomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite
2-pyrrolidone
2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidin-2-one : The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).		2.0610pyrrolidin-2-onesmetabolite;
polar solvent
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		7.2110acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
methyl nitrite
[no description available]		2.0110
methoxyacetic acid
methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.		1.9710ether;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mutagen
2,5-dimethylfuran
2,5-dimethylfuran: metabolite of n-hexane. 2,5-dimethylfuran : A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl groups.		2.1710furansantifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel;
fumigant;
human urinary metabolite;
Maillard reaction product;
plant metabolite
6-methyluracil
6-methyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 6-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 6.		1.9710pyrimidonemetabolite
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		3.2660
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.3820cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
formal glycol
[no description available]		2.0710cyclic acetal;
dioxolane
nonadecanoic acid
nonadecanoic acid : A C19 straight-chain fatty acid of plant or bacterial origin. An intermediate in the biodegradation of n-icosane, it has been shown to inhibit cancer growth.		2.0310long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		fungal metabolite
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0410delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
hempa
Hempa: A chemosterilant agent that is anticipated to be a carcinogen.		210phosphoramideinsect sterilant;
mutagen
tetramethoxysilane
[no description available]		1.9710
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		2.3720N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone
2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 have been replaced by chlorines. A highly toxic and carcinogenic disinfection by-product found in drinking water.		1.97101,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
poison
dimethyl methylphosphonate
[no description available]		2.0710
2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride
[no description available]		2.610butenolide
4-nitrophenyl acetate
[no description available]		1.9710C-nitro compound;
phenyl acetates
potassium citrate
Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.		7.3110potassium saltdiuretic
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.		3.1550enoate esterallergen;
polymerisation monomer
3-cyanoalanine
3-cyanoalanine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-cyanoalanine : An alanine derivative obtained by replacement of one of the methyl hydrogens in alanine with a cyano group		2.2110alanine derivative;
aliphatic nitrile;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
dodecylamine
dodecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510primary aliphatic amine
1-methylpyridinium
1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210methylpyridines
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		210pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		1.9410pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g
rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl		8.680
hexamethylsilazane
hexamethylsilazane: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.67100N-silyl compoundchromatographic reagent
bucrylate
Bucrylate: Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive also used to occlude blood vessels supplying neoplastic or other diseased tissue.		2.0310
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		1.9610ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal
[no description available]		2.0510phenylacetaldehydes
4-aminothiophenol
[no description available]		2.0710
3,4,5,6-tetrachlorocatechol
3,4,5,6-tetrachlorocatechol: structure in first source. tetrachlorocatechol : A chlorocatechol that is catechol in which all of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.		2.0510chlorocatechol;
tetrachlorobenzene
gallium arsenide
[no description available]		12.07390
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		8.651211
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		3.4170cadmium molecular entity
germanium oxide
germanium oxide: has antimutagenic effects; RN given refers to cpd with MF GeO2		7.7130
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		5.1780alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		4130alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		2.2110manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
molybdenum trioxide
[no description available]		2.5320molybdenum oxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		5.85880zinc molecular entity
thorium dioxide
Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.		1.9410thorium molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide
[no description available]		2.0810vanadium oxide
lead sulfide
lead sulfide: surma refers to fine powder-like mascara, applied to conjunctival surfaces of eyes; originally contained antimony sulfide (derived from Urdu word for antimony); recently lead sulfide has been used due to scarcity of antimony; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-S; galena is the principal ore of lead sulfide. Black kohl stone and red-brown kohl stone are widely used in eye cosmetics in the Middle East, Asia and Africa		2.4620
molybdenum disulfide
[no description available]		7.9940sulfide salt
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		4.96360hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.		2.5320inorganic hydroxy compoundfood acidity regulator
calcium silicate
[no description available]		2.0710inorganic calcium saltantacid;
flame retardant;
food anticaking agent
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		3.6180glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.0950alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.		4.01140diarylmethane
digoxigenin
Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.		1.991012beta-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol		hapten;
plant metabolite
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		1.9510cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
decane
decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.		2.4320alkane
stearylamine
stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.0510primary aliphatic aminefilm-forming compound
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide
Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.		2.0510
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710quaternary ammonium ion
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		2.3920benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		2.0210aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.		2.1310azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
1,6-dichlorohexane
[no description available]		2.1110
n-isopropylacrylamide
N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands		7.4420
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		9.382002-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
heneicosanoic acid
henicosanoic acid : A long-chain fatty acid that is henicosane in which one of the methyl groups has been oxidised to give the corresponding carboxylic acid.		2.0310long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		2.0610organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
fucose
Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.		1.9810fucopyranose;
L-fucose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane: used to immobilize carbonic anhydrase into mesoporous supports; structure in first source		3.3970
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate: structure in first source		3.4880
polyethylene glycol 300
[no description available]		2.5420poly(ethylene glycol)
n,n-dimethylacrylamide
[no description available]		2.4820
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source		2.1510
n-octadecyl mercaptan
n-octadecyl mercaptan: structure given in first source		2.1710
methyl methanethiosulfonate
S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.		2.0510sulfonic acid derivative;
thiosulfonate ester		metabolite
10-camphorsulfonic acid
10-camphorsulfonic acid: solucampher refers to piperazine salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer. camphorsulfonic acid : A sulfonic acid containing the camphorsulfonate anion.		2.0510organosulfonic acid
didodecyldimethylammonium
didodecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4920
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source		2.6920primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		4.18160fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		2.3820thujeneplant metabolite
2,3-diketogulonic acid
2,3-Diketogulonic Acid: Metabolite of ASCORBIC ACID and the oxidized form of the lactone DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID.. 2,3-diketogulonic acid : A carbohydrate acid formally derived from gulonic acid by oxidation of the -OH groups at positions 2 and 3 to keto groups.		2.3720
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		9.5290D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.11101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		1.941017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
phenoxyacetic acid
phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.		2.4820aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant growth retardant
ecdysone
[no description available]		2.643014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
6-oxo steroid;
ecdysteroid		prohormone
n,n-diethylhydroxylamine
N,N-diethylhydroxylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
streptomycin
[no description available]		7.3520antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		9.42210carbon oxoanion
(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane
[no description available]		3.360
2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenate
tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; see also record for 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol. tetrachlorophenol : A chlorophenol that is phenol in which four of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.. 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 5.		2.0510tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.4110diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
octyltrichlorosilane
[no description available]		1.9510
1-hydroxypyrene
1-hydroxypyrene: pyrene metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd		7.0510pyrenes
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		3.1630dioxolane
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		210cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
4-pentynoic acid
4-pentynoic acid: structure		2.1510
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.4720amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
ammonium nitrate
ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.		2.1110ammonium salt;
inorganic molecular entity;
inorganic nitrate salt		explosive;
fertilizer;
oxidising agent
enbucrilate
Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.		2.0310alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
nitrile
olaflur
Olaflur: cariostatic agent		1.9610
sodium metasilicate
sodium metasilicate: RN given refers to silicic acid, di-Na salt. sodium silicate : An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.		4.21170inorganic sodium salt
hepes
[no description available]		2.4520HEPES;
organosulfonic acid
dysprosium
Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.		3.3660f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		4.57240cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		9.08140f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		3.8100d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		9.681221elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		5.55220elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		7.89660chromium group element atommicronutrient
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		4.5251f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
neon
Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.		3.96130monoatomic neon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
niobium
Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.		9.71280vanadium group element atom
osmium
Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.		2.6630iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		8.73571metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		6.5680elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
plutonium
Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.		3.2360actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
praseodymium
Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.		2.4920f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
protactinium
Protactinium: A radioactive element of the actinide group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pa, atomic number 91, and atomic weight 231. It decays by alpha-emission.		2.0110actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		8.4470manganese group element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		4.34190cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		8.76100iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
samarium
Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.830f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
scandium
Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.		2.8130d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
monosilane
monosilane: structure. silane : The simplest silane, consisting of a single silicon atom carrying four hydrogens.		2.4420mononuclear parent hydride;
silanes
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		8.962150copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum
Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.		4.52240vanadium group element atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.8840manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		3.470f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		2.7530actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
thulium
Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.		7.6930f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		11.483361titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		11.16430chromium group element atommicronutrient
americium
Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		3.3770actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		7.02241monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
arsine
arsine: structure. arsine : Arsane (AsH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. A specific arsine is preferably named as a substituted arsane.		6.9310arsanes;
arsine;
mononuclear parent hydride
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		10.891721cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		4.11140f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		8.61860chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
erbium
Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.		4.44210f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		4.77280f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		3.94120f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		12.294800copper group element atom;
elemental gold
hafnium
Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.		8.5980titanium group element atom
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		4.07140monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
holmium
Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.		2.7630f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		3.93130actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		7.88310elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		4.6480monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
ytterbium
Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.		4.3241f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		5.87221d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		5.6690titanium group element atom
californium
Californium: A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		3.1250actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		2.9540aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
cupric chloride
cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		2.7430copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		1.9910magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		2.4920mercury coordination entitysensitiser
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		1.9810N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.110sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		2.7130inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		2.5720chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		5.69140delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.3920iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		210nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
phosphine
phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.		4.3760mononuclear parent hydride;
phosphanes;
phosphine		carcinogenic agent;
fumigant insecticide
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		5.95140diatomic bromine
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		2.6430barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		2.1310metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
potassium nitrate
potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.		1.9810inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
magnesium phosphate (2:3)
[no description available]		2.2510inorganic magnesium salt
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		4.0140calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		4.3760calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		8.17820calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride
ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620iron coordination entity
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		2.3820chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		2.0310metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
tungstate
[no description available]		2.9440divalent inorganic anion;
tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		2.9240inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		5.65140calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
zinc phosphate
zinc phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified Zn salt; see also record for ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT RN 7779-90-0; hopeite was non-print entry term to ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT 1982-91		1.9510
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		11.1410dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		8.13540diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		11.78470diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
hydrazoic acid
[no description available]		3.1110nitrogen hydride
magnesium fluoride
[no description available]		2.0710
silicon tetrafluoride
silicon fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with MF unknown		7.8940
silver chloride
[no description available]		2.9440inorganic chloride;
silver salt
cesium iodide
cesium iodide: X-ray image intensifier		5.51210
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		2.9440deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid
perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer		3.360sulfur oxoacidNMR solvent
calcium pyrophosphate
Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).		6.9610calcium phosphate
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		4.09160
poloxalene
Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).		2.0810epoxide
hexamethyldisiloxane
dimethicone: a linear silicone; an ingredient of SIMETHICONE; lotion of dimeticone in a volatile silicone base has been used to treat LICE		3.4980organosiloxane
hexadimethrine bromide
Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.		1.9610
trichlorosilane
[no description available]		2.9340
silicon tetrachloride
[no description available]		2.4220
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		3.99140elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
ferric sulfate
ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.		2.4420iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		astringent;
catalyst;
mordant
radon
Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.		3.5480monoatomic radon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.4620cadmium coordination entity
calcium nitrate
calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.		2.4420calcium salt;
inorganic nitrate salt		fertilizer
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		4.4370
chrysotile
Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)		5.38190
ammonium fluoride
ammonium fluoride : A fluoride salt having ammonium (NH4+) as the counterion.		2.6730ammonium salt;
fluoride salt
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		2.8740ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
tricalcium silicate
tricalcium silicate: might be used as injectable bioactive cement		3.460
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		14.53961titanium oxidesfood colouring
sodium tungstate(vi)
sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.		2.0810inorganic sodium saltreagent
misonidazole
Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.		7.0510
salen
disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron		2.1510
dibenzo-18-crown-6
dibenzo-18-crown-6: structure. dibenzo-18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is 18-crown-6 ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 8-9 and 17-18.		2.0410benzenes;
crown ether		phase-transfer catalyst
2,2',6,6'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
2,2',6,6'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: structure in first source		2.0310
sodium bisulfide
sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)		2.610
hexafluorosilicate
hexafluorosilicate: structure		8.3570silicon coordination entity
gold tetrachloride, acid
gold tetrachloride, acid: used in root canal therapy; RN given refers to (SP-4-1)		2.0610
fluorides
[no description available]		11.141104halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
1-(trimethylsilyl)-1h-imidazole
N-trimethylsilylimidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a trimethylsilyl group. N-trimethylsilylimidazole is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.		1.9710imidazoles;
N-silyl compound		chromatographic reagent
tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride
tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro, one tert-butyl and two methyl groups. tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.		2.3110silyl chloridechromatographic reagent
stannic oxide
tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.		3.82110tin oxide
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		5.18110chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
iodine
[no description available]		5.68250halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
osmium tetroxide
Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.		2.0710osmium coordination entityfixative;
histological dye;
oxidising agent;
poison
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.3460aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
aluminum phosphide
[no description available]		2.0510
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		7.0410L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
10-undecynoic acid
10-undecynoic acid: inhibitor of lauric acid monooxygenase; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310medium-chain fatty acid
indium phosphide
indium phosphide: molecular formula - InP		3.76100
fenitrothion
Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.		7.4220C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		6.9390benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		1.9310chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
butyl acetate
butyl acetate: structure. butyl acetate : The acetate ester of butanol.		710acetate estermetabolite
1,4-dioxane
1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510dioxane;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
non-polar solvent
carbamide peroxide
Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.		3.4511mixturedisinfectant;
oxidising agent;
reagent
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		1.951011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
sucrose octaacetate
sucrose octaacetate: bitter tasting cpd preferred by rats to quinine; RN given refers to ((beta-D)-fructofuranosyl)-isomer		2.0310glycoside
methacrylonitrile
methacrylonitrile: lacrimator; preparation of polymers & homopolymers; structure		2.0210
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		3.1450chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		7.4920ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		7.2510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		3.6180
alkenes
[no description available]		7.04590
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		3.7730organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		9130glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
poly-n,n-dimethyl-n,n-diallylammonium chloride
diallyldimethylammonium chloride: structure in first source		2.2110
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.4520inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		6.67290pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		7.2510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		7.4220timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
gallium citrate
[no description available]		2.830
benthiocarb
Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
monothiocarbamic ester
enterobactin
[no description available]		2.7730catechols;
crown compound;
macrotriolide;
polyphenol		bacterial metabolite;
siderophore
dibromothymoquinone
Dibromothymoquinone: At low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. At higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity.		2.87401,4-benzoquinonescytochrome-b6f complex inhibitor
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.7930taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		2.0210beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pendimethalin
pendimethalin : A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.		7.4110C-nitro compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		1.9710
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		2.3520conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.0310alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride: monomer used in 4-META resin; which is used as dental resin; structure given in first source; Cover-Up II is a 4-META bases bonding agent		2.3720
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		3.5170aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
2,2-dimethyl-4-(chloromethyl)-1,3-dioxa-2-silacyclopentane
[no description available]		2.8840
metsulfuron methyl
metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.		7.31101,3,5-triazines;
benzoate ester;
N-sulfonylurea		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.5920delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
4-hydroxymethyl-3,3,4-trimethyl-1,2-dioxetane
4-hydroxymethyl-3,3,4-trimethyl-1,2-dioxetane: induces morphological transformation in Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts and can cause cis-trans isomerization of carotenoids		1.9710
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		7.0610aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
ractopamine
ractopamine: veterinary growth stimulant. ractopamine : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible diastereoisomers of 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol. A beta-adrenergic agonist, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) as a feed additive for use in pigs and other livestock to promote protein deposition, resulting in leaner meat. The R,R diastereoisomer, butopamine, is responsible for most of the leanness-enhancing effects. While use of ractopamine has been banned in over 120 countries including throughout the EU, in the US it used in an estimated 80% of all beef, pork and turkey production.. 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl group.		2.1110benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
irinotecan
[no description available]		2.6920carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.6930adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
perfluoroisobutylene
[no description available]		2.0810
propyltrimethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.0710
coomassie brilliant blue r
kenacid blue: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.1110
pyranine
[no description available]		2.0510
nitrogen trioxide
[no description available]		2.0810nitrogen oxide
lead selenide
[no description available]		2.7630
gallium nitrate
gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7730
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		7.7830trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil
Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing		2.9340
zircon
zircon: RN given refers to Zr(+4)[1:1] salt; structure		2.930
tantalum oxide
tantalum oxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; used for surgical implants		2.0210
barium oxide
[no description available]		210
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.		2.1710one-carbon compound;
perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
isothiocyanic acid
[no description available]		2.4420hydracid;
one-carbon compound
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecylammonium
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecylammonium: RN given refers to chloride		2.1310
halofuginone
[no description available]		7.0510quinazolines
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.1110hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		6.8700hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
aluminum phosphate
aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt		2.7130
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		3.2860D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
irganox 1010
pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate): has antioxidant activity		2.0610
bourgeonal
[no description available]		7.0310
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.73302-benzofuransfluorochrome
cyclam
cyclam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410azacycloalkane;
crown amine;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		4.6780organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
5-methylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.		1.9810methylcytosine;
pyrimidines		human metabolite
thionine
thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.		2.0510
guanidine thiocyanate
guanidine thiocyanate: a powerful chaotropic agent		2.0110
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		2.1510xanthene dyefluorochrome
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4220
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.		2.0710phosphatidylglycerol
1,2-distearoyllecithin
[no description available]		2.7230
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		3.260iodine oxoacid
rhodamine 110
rhodamine 110: RN given refers to chloride		2.0210
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)
tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II): a fluorescent dye; structure in first source		2.0110ruthenium coordination entityfluorochrome
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate: for detection of alkaline phosphatase; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse with AMPS cpd		2.0510organosulfonic acid
trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate
trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate: deprotecting cpd for peptides		1.9710
glucose-1-phosphate
glucose-1-phosphate: RN given refers to (alpha-D-Glc)-isomer. alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate : A D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.		2.4820D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		1.9510cephalosporinfungal metabolite
linotroban
linotroban: structure in first source; a thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist		3.3911
trimethylsilanol
[no description available]		1.9710
boron nitride
[no description available]		2.9940nitride
silicon monoxide
silanone: structure in first source		9.6580silicon oxide
zinc iodide
zinc iodide: used with osmium in stains; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2510
divinyl benzene
[no description available]		2.0810styrenes
benzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		3.2860boronic acids
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		210phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		8.29601,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole
tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.		2.1710one-carbon compound;
tetrazole
trifluoroacetamide
[no description available]		2.3920
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		3.1150anthocyanidin chloride
n,n-carbonyldiimidazole
[no description available]		2.0510
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		5.05912-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
benzocyclobutene
benzocyclobutene : A carbobicyclic compound that is benzene fused to a cyclobutane ring.		2.4420carbobicyclic compoundmetabolite
pentafluoropyridine
[no description available]		2.0810
glutarimide
[no description available]		2.0410dicarboximide;
piperidones
2,3-dihydrofuran
dihydrofuran : Compounds containing a mono-unsaturated furan ring skeleton.		2.0410dihydrofuran
buparvaquone
buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source		7.3110
flusilazole
flusilazole: structure given in first source. flusilazole : An organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which the hydrogens attached to the silicon are replaced by p-fluorophenyl groups and a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group. It is a broad-sepctrum fungicide used to protect a variety of crops.		1.9710conazole fungicide;
monofluorobenzenes;
organosilicon compound;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		2.110cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
sodium oxide
[no description available]		1.9810
hexamethyldisilane
[no description available]		2.2510
2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyl chloride
[no description available]		1.9610
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.		2.0310perfluoroalkanesulfonic acidantilipemic drug;
persistent organic pollutant
trimethylsilylisothiocyanate
[no description available]		1.9710
octadecyl palmitate
octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.		2.3420hexadecanoate ester;
wax ester		coral metabolite;
cosmetic
janus green b
Janus Green B: used in electrodeposition of copper; RN given refers to chloride; structure		2.0210organic chloride saltdye
diethylphosphorocyanidate
diethylphosphorocyanidate: reagent for solid phase peptide synthesis; structure		3.0710
n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane
n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane: used to form self-assembled monolayers for high contrast patterned adsorption of bovine serum albumin and deriviatives		2.4220
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid: a selectin inhibitor		2.0410
cobalt phthalocyanine
[no description available]		2.0310
1-ethoxysilatrane
[no description available]		3.3570
5-hydroxymethyluracil
[no description available]		1.9810primary alcohol;
pyrimidone		human metabolite
n-hydroxysuccinimide
N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure		3.77100
3,7-dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol
Geranium: A plant genus of the family GERANIACEAE. Geranium is also used as a common name for PELARGONIUM.		2.0610
1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine
1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine: structure in first source		2.0510
trimethylsilyl cyanide
[no description available]		2.4620
bexarotene
[no description available]		7.0610benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
iridium oxide
iridium oxide: RN given refers to Ir-O2		2.7430
strontium titanium oxide
[no description available]		3.8430
gallium phosphide
[no description available]		2.0810
4-phenylbutylamine
4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.1510benzenes;
phenylalkylamine;
primary amino compound
lanthanum bromide
[no description available]		2.0710
xenon fluoride
xenon fluoride: RN given refers to XeF2		2.0810
lanthanum trifluoride
lanthanum trifluoride: sputtered LaF3 film is used as a new MOS-type glucose sensor; RN given refers to cpd LaF3		2.0710
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine: reagent for making polymers; structure in first source		3.77100
biocytin
biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.		2.0410azabicycloalkane;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-lysine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thiabicycloalkane;
ureas		mouse metabolite
biotin hydrazide
biotin hydrazide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0410
acetaminophen glucuronide
acetaminophen glucuronide: acetaminophen metabolite in rats. acetaminophen O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).		2.0110beta-D-glucosiduronic aciddrug metabolite
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		2.0310bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
trimethylsilyl iodide
trimethylsilyl iodide: structure in first source		2.3620
spiroxamine
spiroxamine: structure in first source. spiroxamine : The spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone with 3-[ethyl(propyl)amino]propane-1,2-diol. An inhibitor of ergosterol synthesis, it is a broad spectrum agricultural fungicide used particularly against powdery mildew in the production of cereals, bananas and grapes.		2.4110dioxolane;
spiroketal;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
we 201
We 201: synthetic lysolecithin analog; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure		2.0410
coenzyme a
[no description available]		1.9410adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
titanium hydroxide
titanium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.0510
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		7.92403-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
aluminum nitride
[no description available]		3.1250nitride
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		6.18420iditolfungal metabolite
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone
17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.		1.941017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
hydroxypregnenolone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
indium arsenide
[no description available]		5.24180
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		4.97110
goethite
[no description available]		2.0610
1,5-i-aedans
1,5-I-AEDANS: fluorescent probes which are sulfhydryl reagents; combine reactivity of iodoacetamide toward sulfhydryl groups with spectral properties of naphthalenesulfonic acids; structure. 5-{[2-(iodoacetamido)ethyl]amino}naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : An aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid fluorophore with a structure consisting of ethylenediamine substituted on the nitrogens with iodoacetyl and 5-sulfonyl-1-naphthyl groups.		2.0210aminonaphthalenesulfonic acidfluorescent probe
3-aminobenzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.1110
melanotan-ii
melanotan-II: synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, an analog of alpha-melanotropin (4,10); capable of stimulating melanin synthesis & promoting rapid tanning of skin; currently in trials for use in the prevention of sunlight-induced skin cancer		2.4620organic molecular entity
6-chloropurine riboside
[no description available]		1.9810
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.520
titanium nitride (tin)
titanium nitride: RN given refers to unspecified MF		3.2250
irganox 3114
Irganox 3114: structure in first source		2.0610
pyrimidine dimers
Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.		2.1310
trimethyl-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ammonium
trimethyl-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ammonium: used to modify glass fiber supports for gas-liquid phase sequencing of peptides		1.9610
1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-phosphatidylcholine
1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-phosphatidylcholine: the 1,2-isomer is a main heading, 1,2-DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE		1.9710
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		3.6590D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
2-methylglutamic acid
2-methylglutamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.1510
4-mercaptobenzoate
4-mercaptobenzoate: substrate for 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase		2.2510
diosgenin
[no description available]		2.02103beta-sterol;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
sapogenin;
spiroketal		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine
5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine: NSC-264880 refers to 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine hydrochloride		1.9510
foxes
Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.		1.9410
pregnanetriol
Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.		2.8640corticosteroid hormone
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl group at C-1 and C-2 is stearoyl.		1.9910phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion;
phosphatidylethanolamine		human metabolite
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate: RN given refers to unknown molecular fragment in Chemline		2.0410
4'-octyl-4-cyanobiphenyl
[no description available]		2.0510
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		8.19730cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		1.9510aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
hydrogen sulfite
[no description available]		2.0510sulfur oxoanionhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		4.16150oligopeptide
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)		2.1110calcium salt;
hydrate
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		2.3110
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.4620beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		210xanthene dyefluorochrome
paxilline
paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.		2.0810diterpene alkaloid;
enone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
terpenoid indole alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		anticonvulsant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		4.81100
bradykinin, des-arg(9)-
bradykinin, des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4920oligopeptidebradykinin receptor B2 agonist
pyridinoline
pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure		2.730organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline
deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source		210
epibatidine
epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors		2.0110
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source		2.02101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		3.710proanthocyanidin
2'-5'-oligoadenylate trimer
2',5'-oligoadenylate: inhibits protein synthesis in cell-free systems		2.3320
tamibarotene
tamibarotene: has retinoid-binding activity. tamibarotene : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.		7.5220dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
retinoid;
tetralins		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.3820
5,6-dihydroxyindole
[no description available]		2.1510dihydroxyindolemouse metabolite
valerates
Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.		1.9410short-chain fatty acid anion;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		plant metabolite
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		2.6530
dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside
dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule.		2.0110disaccharide derivative;
glycoside		detergent
s-sulphocysteine
S-sulphocysteine: residues in physiologically significant proteins treated with sulfite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. S-sulfo-L-cysteine : An S-substituted L-cysteine where the S-substituent is specified as a sulfo group.		2.0310organic thiosulfate;
S-substituted L-cysteine		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine
2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine: cyclic methadone metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1510
brassinolide
brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.933022-hydroxy steroid;
23-hydroxy steroid;
2alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
brassinosteroid		plant growth stimulator;
plant hormone
chymosin
Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.		1.9410
gallium nitride
[no description available]		5.55210
indium nitride
[no description available]		3.1850
silicon phthalocyanine pc4
[no description available]		2.8530
ginsenoside rh2
ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.61012beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.0710fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5,6-dihydroxy-2-indolylcarboxylic acid
5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid : A dihydroxyindole that is indole-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 6.		1.9610dihydroxyindolemouse metabolite
s-lactoylglutathione
[no description available]		2.2110
muricholic acid
muricholic acid: internal standard in analysis of fecal bile acids; RN given refers to (3 alpha,5 beta)-isomer		1.96103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
6-hydroxy steroid;
7-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source		2.5220
prisma-fil
heliobond: visible-light-curing monomer component of composite resins		4.0731
1,2-dioxetane
[no description available]		2.0210
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetate
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate: RN refers to Na salt		2.110
delta-hydroxylysylnorleucine
delta-hydroxylysylnorleucine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
weddellite
weddellite: calcium oxalate (stones) mineral		1.9510
6-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-indolylcarboxylic acid
6-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-indolylcarboxylic acid: metabolite found in urine of mammals having melanotic melanoma		1.9610
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide: carboxyl modifying agent		2.0110
benzyne
benzyne: structure in first source. benzyne : 1,2-didehydrobenzene and its derivatives formed by substitution.		9.1640aryne;
benzyne
niobium pentoxide
[no description available]		2.4820
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		5.54200carbene;
methanediyl
diazene
[no description available]		7.5320nitrogen hydride
disiloxane
[no description available]		1.9710siloxane
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		2.7830nitrogen oxoacid
diphenylphosphorazidate
diphenylphosphorazidate: reagent for racemization-free peptide synthesis; structure		3.0710
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		6.24250fullerenegeroprotector
gefitinib
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
4-carboxyfluorescein
[no description available]		210monocarboxylic acidfluorochrome
c & b metabond
Super-bond: an adhesive resin composed of 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic anhydride (4-META), methylmethacrylates (MMA) and tri-n-butylborane (TBB)		2.1110
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.		2.4420dichlorobenzene;
differentiation-inducing factor;
monomethoxybenzene;
resorcinols		eukaryotic metabolite;
signalling molecule
octacalcium phosphate
octacalcium phosphate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ca4-(H3PO4)3; see also record for synthos (beta-tricalcium phosphate) & calcium phosphate		2.4320
5,5'-dihydroxylysylnorleucine
[no description available]		1.9610
1,4,7-triazacyclononane-n,n',n''-triacetic acid
1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid: structure given in first source		3.6420
n-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)maleimide n-hydroxysuccinimide ester
N-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)maleimide N-hydroxysuccinimide ester: used in the preparation of rabbit Fab'-peroxidase conjugates. succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate : An N-hydroxysuccinimide ester derived from 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid.		1.9910maleimides;
N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
methotrexate
[no description available]		8.0440dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
sr 11237
SR 11237: structure given in first source		2.0510
n-hydroxysuccinimide s-acetylthioacetate
N-hydroxysuccinimide S-acetylthioacetate: introduces sulfhydryl groups into proteins; structure given in first source		2.0610
1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methyl sulfate
[no description available]		2.0710
2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine
[no description available]		2.5220
tamsulosin
[no description available]		2.1105-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
2-iodo-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-2',4,4'-trinitrodiphenyl ether
2-iodo-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-2',4,4'-trinitrodiphenyl ether: inhibitor of plastoquinol-plastocyanin oxidoreductase complex		1.9810
methylethyl(silatrane-1-ylmethyl)sulfonium
methylethyl(silatrane-1-ylmethyl)sulfonium: RN given refers to the iodide; RN for parent cpd not available 7/89		2.6630
4-maleimidophenyl isocyanate
4-maleimidophenyl isocyanate: structure given in first source		2.0110
glycyl- arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-prolyl-lysine
[no description available]		2.0210
isoleucyl-lysyl-valyl-alanyl-valine
isoleucyl-lysyl-valyl-alanyl-valine: amino acid sequence given in first source; corresponds to an active site on laminin		2.110
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.4420
carbapenems
[no description available]		2.0110
1,2-pentadecanoylphosphatidylcholine
[no description available]		2.0310
calcium borate
calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7		2.610
methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate
methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate: structure given in first source		2.4110
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.0610D-xylose
hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene
hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene: structure in first source		2.0510
quinone methide
quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.		2.0310quinomethane
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		7.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
dipyrromethane
[no description available]		2.0410dipyrrole
sperm motility inhibitor 2
[no description available]		2.0510
phytol
[no description available]		2.0210
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		6.1220amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.		2.0310
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1110secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
succinimidyl carbonate
succinimidyl carbonate: activates polyethylene glycol which is coupled to proteins; structure in first source		7.0510
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		7.25109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
3-hydroxy-2-quinoxalinepropionic acid
[no description available]		1.9610
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		7.3110methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		8.85110oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
triflimide
triflimide: structure in first source		2.0610
gallium oxide
gallium oxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.2110
3-sulfopropyl methacrylate
[no description available]		2.0710
yttria
yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3		7.8830
gadolinium oxide
gadolinium oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Gd2-O3		2.0610
ilmenite
ilmenite: cpd has MF: FeTiO3; RN in Chemline for other FeTiO3: 12022-71-8		2.0210
gadolinium sulfoxylate
gadolinium sulfoxylate: used in radiation-protective screen; structure		2.4620
lead titanate zirconate
[no description available]		2.9840
indium trichloride
indium trichloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810
bismuth orthovanadate
bismuth vanadium tetraoxide: ferroelastic		2.7830
titanium phosphate
titanium phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified titanium phosphate		2.0310
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		3.8100chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		7.9640
carbodiimides
Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.		3.470carbodiimide
5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-indolylcarboxylic acid
5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-indolylcarboxylic acid: metabolite found in urine of mammals having melanotic melanoma		1.9610
silicomolybdate
[no description available]		3.5890
zirconium phosphate
zirconium phosphate: reagent for carcinoembryonic antigen determination in plasma from patients having benign or malignant disease; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified ratio		2.0410
zinc hematoporphyrin
[no description available]		2.0810
ammonium tungsten antimonate hydroxide oxide
ammonium tungsten antimonate hydroxide oxide: heteropolyanion mineral active in protecting against murine leukemia & sarcoma viruses; central cage ion is sodium in HPA 23 & potassium in HPA 39		1.9710
dopamine quinone
dopamine quinone: product of the autoxidation of dopamine. dopaminoquinone : A member of the class of 1,2-benzoquinones that is 1,2-benzoquinone in which a hydrogen at para to one of the oxo groups has been replaced by a 2-aminoethyl group.		2.17101,2-benzoquinones;
primary amino compound		metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		4.0140
leucrose
leucrose: RN given refers to all (D)-isomer. leucrose : A glycosylfructose consisting of an alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residue joined to D-fructopyranose via a (1->5)-linkage. An isomer of sucrose.		2.0110
diopside
[no description available]		2.420
metaperiodate
metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.		2.0610iodine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
trimethylsilyldiazomethane
trimethylsilyldiazomethane: reagent for organic synthesis		3.0710
palladium(ii) acetate
[no description available]		2.0710
calcium magnesium phosphate
calcium magnesium phosphate: Russian trade name		1.9810
1,2-diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine
[no description available]		2.4420
isopulegol
isopulegol: isolated from Mentha cardiaca structure in first source		2.0510p-menthane monoterpenoidmetabolite
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		7.02570biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		1.9410amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
4-nitrobenzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate
4-nitrobenzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate: used for the analysis of bilirubin; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified nitro locants		2.0310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		1.9410
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		6.78220
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.110imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
6,6'-dibromoindigo
6,6'-dibromoindigo: structure in first source		2.1110
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		4.11150divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
nickel monoxide
[no description available]		3.1950
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		3.2350aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
beta-leucine
beta-leucine : A beta-amino acid that is pentanoic acid substituted at positions 3 and 4 by amino and methyl groups respectively.		1.9710beta-amino acidhuman metabolite
chlorite
[no description available]		2.0610chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.2150(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		1.961012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
erythritol
[no description available]		2.0210butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.6630bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
delrin
delrin: linear polyoxymethylene type acetal resin made by polymerization of formaldehyde; RN refers to multi-polymer		2.1310
cortisone
[no description available]		3.733011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lithium fluoride
lithium fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-F; GR200-A is LiF activated by Mg, Cu, and P		3.91120
lilial
[no description available]		7.0310
sodium sulfide
sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae		2.0710
4-mercaptophenol
4-mercaptophenol: structure in first source		2.0310
lanosterol
[no description available]		1.941014alpha-methyl steroid;
3beta-sterol;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
melengestrol acetate
Melengestrol Acetate: A 6-methyl PROGESTERONE acetate with reported glucocorticoid activity and effect on ESTRUS.		1.9510corticosteroid hormone
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.0610
potassium bromide
potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.0210potassium salt
hafnia
Hafnia: A genus of straight, gram-negative bacterial rods which are facultatively anaerobic and motile by peritrichous flagella. This genus is found in human and animal feces, soil, water, and dairy products. It is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)		3.1950
1-(chloromethyl)silatrane
Silimin: contains collagen, hydroxyapatite & CM-silitrane; Russian compound; a biogenic composite material for dental implants		3.4780
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.5110amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
calcein am
calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.		2.01102-benzofurans;
acetate ester;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
2,3-diaminophenazine
2,3-diaminophenazine: product form horseradish peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of o-phenylenediamine		2.2110
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		3.0650
arabinose
[no description available]		2.3820L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.5320N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		3.2560peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		3.360oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
amylopectin
Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.		2.0710
hexacyanoferrate iii
hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4120
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		8.0850D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
elastin
[no description available]		7.7130oligopeptide
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		2.21103,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
lyxose
D-lyxose : Any lyxose having D-configuration.. D-lyxopyranose : The pyranose form of D-lyxose.		2.0610D-lyxose
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		2.1110
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		2.0510myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		1.981011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
puromycin
[no description available]		3.0410puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
isomaltulose
6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose : A glycosylfructose that is D-fructofuranose attached to a alpha-D-glucopyranosyl unit at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage. It is found in honey and sugarcane.		2.0110glycosylfructoseanimal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sweetening agent
desmosterol
Desmosterol: An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.. desmosterol : A cholestanoid that is cholesta-5,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It is an intermediate metabolite obtained during the synthesis of cholesterol.		1.94103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C27-steroid;
cholestanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		2.0510tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		2.3520amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		2.6430
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0610beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
fructans
(2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.		2.7530
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.8430cellotriose
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		1.9410monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		2.93401-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		2.61011beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		2.7530homodetic cyclic peptide
pancratistatin
pancratistatin: an isocarbostyril from Amaryllidaceae		2.0610citraconoyl group
furostanol i
furostanol I: from Dioscorea deltoidea; intermediate in in vivo diosgenin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. protodioscin : A spirostanyl glycoside that consists of the trisaccharide alpha-L-Rha-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Rha-(1->2)]-beta-D-Glc attached to position 3 of 26-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3beta,22-dihydroxyfurost-5-ene via a glycosidic linkage. Found in several plant species including yams, asparagus and funugreek.		2.0210beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic hemiketal;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
steroid saponin;
trisaccharide derivative		metabolite
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		7.930isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.0310arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		3.5880cyclodextrin
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.3110cinnamic acidplant metabolite
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		2.4110antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.4110retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		7.7130icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		1.9410farnesolplant metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.110resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) : A A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) that is the dilauroyl diester of phosphatidiylcholine.		2.05101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		2.0810microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.4620octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
ferric hydroxide
ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9		2.1110
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.0310ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		3.6190D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		3.0750benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		1.9510
desoxyepothilone b
desoxyepothilone B: microtubule-targeted antitumor agent; lacking the epoxide of epothilone B; may be equiv to epothilone D. epothilone D : An epithilone that is epithilone C in which the hydrogen at position 13 of the oxacyclohexadec-13-ene-2,6-dione macrocycle has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0210epothilonemicrotubule-stabilising agent
epothilone b
[no description available]		2.0210epothilone;
epoxide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
microtubule-stabilising agent
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		2.6730prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
epothilone a
Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).		2.0210epothilone;
epoxide		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
zeatin
Zeatin: An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)		1.9610zeatinplant metabolite
thymopentin
Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.		2.0110oligopeptide
decitabine
[no description available]		2.41102'-deoxyribonucleoside
texas red
Texas red: hydrophilic Texas red; structure given in first source		2.0110organic heteroheptacyclic compoundfluorochrome
steviol
steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1110bridged compound;
ent-kaurane diterpenoid;
monocarboxylic acid;
tertiary allylic alcohol;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.0510actinomycinmutagen
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.5120nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		4.1331flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
tyrosine o-sulfate
O(4')-sulfo-L-tyrosine : An O-sulfoamino acid that is L-tyrosine in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.		2.2510aryl sulfate;
L-tyrosine derivative;
O-sulfoamino acid		human metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.3920one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate
potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.		2.0210organic salt;
potassium salt		antifungal agrochemical;
buffer;
food acidity regulator;
raising agent
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		210organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
ammonium carbonate
ammonium carbonate: see also record for ammonium bicarbonate (mono-NH4 salt)		1.9610
forsterite
[no description available]		2.4420
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine
[no description available]		3.1710metallophthalocyanine;
zinc tetrapyrrole		fluorochrome
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		3.32202-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
11-mercaptoundecanoic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
(trifluoromethyl)-trimethylsilane
(trifluoromethyl)-trimethylsilane: structure in first source		2.0210
calix(4)arene
calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source		2.0810
tris(perfluorophenyl)borane
tris(perfluorophenyl)borane: structure in first source		2.2110
glycosides
[no description available]		11.2190
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		7.0810chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		6.99610isomethyleugenol
crotonyl alcohol
crotonyl alcohol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. crotyl alcohol : A primary alcohol in which the hydroxy function is bonded to a CH3CH=CHCH2- (crotyl) group.		2.0210primary alcohol
phenyllithium
phenyllithium: structure in first source		2.0610
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		2.3820triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.9640stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		2.0210
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		2.0210alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		3.150diphosphate ion
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.1310oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.0810
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.7630
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		1.9710aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methisazone
Methisazone: An antiviral agent effective against pox viruses.		3.0510
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.3520pyrimidone
phenylthiourea
Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.		2.4620thioureasEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-4h-pyran
2-(2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-ylidene)malononitrile: structure in first source		2.0510
1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole
1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1710tetrazoles
benzylthiourea
[no description available]		2.0510
dieldrin
Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.		1.9410epoxide;
organochlorine compound;
organochlorine insecticide		carcinogenic agent;
xenobiotic
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		4.0330aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
rhodanine
2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure		3.0510thiazolidinone
thiohydantoins
Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.		2.3620
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.0410capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		7.5320cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thiobarbituric acid
thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.		2.1110barbituratesallergen;
reagent
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		7.6930one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
indigo carmine
Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.		2.1310
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.3720cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
4-thiopyridine
4-thiopyridine: RN given refers to 4-thiopyridine cpd		2.110
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		7.4720aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
tungsten carbide
tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		2.420
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		1.9810dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
nadp
[no description available]		1.9410
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.1510
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.5120pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester
[no description available]		2.1310
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		1.9510carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		7.8940cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
2'-deoxy-2'-methylenecytidine
[no description available]		210
zinc oxide
Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.		2.3320
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		7.2110beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		7.7430
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		9.821940alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.0810cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		3.1750nitrogen oxide
hydroxylysine
Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.95105-hydroxylysine;
hydroxy-L-lysine		human metabolite
quinine
[no description available]		2.0210cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
2'-cyano-2'-deoxyarabinofuranosylcytosine
2'-cyano-2'-deoxyarabinofuranosylcytosine: structure given in first source; RN given is for mono HCl		210
cystine
[no description available]		1.9510
orthoclase
orthoclase: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Al-H-O8-Si3-K		7.730
3-o-(1-hexadecyl)cholesterol
3-O-(1-hexadecyl)cholesterol: used as liposome marker		1.9610
1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)phosphatidylcholine
1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)phosphatidylcholine: constituent of lipid tubules		2.1310
dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine
[no description available]		2.0210phosphatidyl-L-serine
nitinol
nitinol: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Ti; do not confuse with titanium nickelide; other nitinols (nitinol SE and nitinol 55) are Co-Ni-Ti alloys		3.1950
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		3.3260
amanitins
Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.		3.0510
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		1.9410
silicon nitride
[no description available]		6.38510
phosphonic acid
phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.		2.4820
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		3.690
anthraquinone sulfonate
anthraquinone sulfonate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified acid locant		2.1710
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.9440organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
mucocin
mucocin: an acetogenin from Annonaceae; structure in first source		7.0110polyketide
16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid
[no description available]		2.0110
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.4420
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		210quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.940
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins		2.4620
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		4.4370
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.9540
hydroxyethylcellulose
hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.		2.0110
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		2.2110long-chain fatty acid
3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene
3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: structure in first source		2.1310
2-mercaptoacetate
2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1510monocarboxylic acid anion
erbium oxide
[no description available]		2.110
3-(trimethylsilyl)propanesulfonic acid
3-(trimethylsilyl)propanesulfonic acid: used as a hydrophobic probe for proton magnetic resonance studies of apolar sites on proteins; RN given refers to Na salt		1.9710organosulfonic acidNMR chemical shift reference compound
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		4.360sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		3.62807-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		4.4241biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.8940prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.6830monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vitexin
[no description available]		7.3110C-glycosyl compound;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.3110trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.0510octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		2.4110D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
quercitrin
[no description available]		2.0610alpha-L-rhamnoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antileishmanial agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		2.3720
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		3.5420retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.		1.9710HETEhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		2.3520hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
stigmasterol
stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.		2.64303beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		plant metabolite
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		9.1650D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		7.5220disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		2.3720prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		2.2110linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
genistein
[no description available]		2.58207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		7.0310antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.612011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
cornexistin
cornexistin: from Paecilomyces variotii; structure given in first source. 14-dihydroxycornestin : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-1H-cyclonona[c]furan-1,3(4H)-dione substituted by an ethylidene group at position 9, hydroxy groups at position 5 and 8, a propyl group at position 4 and an oxo group at position 6.		2.0410cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		herbicide;
metabolite
jasmonic acid
jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.		8.6480oxo monocarboxylic acidjasmonates;
plant metabolite
fucoxanthin
fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.		2.110
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		7.4110carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		3.4270alpha-humulene
diferulic acid
diferulic acid: structure of 8-5'-diferulic acid in first source		2.0310
rosmarinic acid
rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.		7.4110rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
domoic acid
domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).		2.7330L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid;
tricarboxylic acid		algal metabolite;
hapten;
marine metabolite;
neuromuscular agent;
neurotoxin
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol
[no description available]		2.0510phosphatidylglycerol
fondaparinux
Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.		2.0310amino sugar;
oligosaccharide sulfate;
pentasaccharide derivative		anticoagulant
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		2.6630thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.98104-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.39201-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoserine
{1-O-hexadecanoyl-2-O-[(Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phospho}serine : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine compound with a palmitoyl group at the 1-position and an oleoyl group at the 2-position.		2.77303-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine
codeine
[no description available]		7.4920morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		4.0631hydrochloride
oleyl alcohol
oleyl alcohol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.1110fatty alcohol 18:1;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
nonionic surfactant
diminazene aceturate
diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.		2.0210N-acetylglycinate saltantiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		2.4620organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		2.0210phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.8930antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
gamma-cyclodextrin
gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		2.0110cyclodextrin
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		3.4880morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).		2.0310benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
teratogenic agent
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		3.22601-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
magnesium trisilicate
magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.76110
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.7430cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
calyculin a
calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R*(1S*,3S*,4S*,5R*,6R*,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R*),7beta(E(S*)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer		2.4120
kn 93
KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.		210monochlorobenzenes;
monomethoxybenzene;
primary alcohol;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid: metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood platelet suspension; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
trienoic fatty acid		metabolite
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		3.99130phosphatidylcholine(1+)
fosbretabulin
fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source		2.4620
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		9.31801carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		9.02760carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)		1.9710
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		5.96200metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		5.93320alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		11.19321alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		7.8940alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		15.394965boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		6.86490alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		7.39340metal atom;
pnictogen
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		9.4870boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		10.571590metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
manganite
[no description available]		2.0610
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		8.52730boron group element atom
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		9.25960boron group element atom
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		1.9810dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		9.161110chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
glyceryl behenate
1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.		1.99101-monoglyceride;
fatty acid ester		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
puerarin
[no description available]		7.4110C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
murexine
murexine: muscle relaxant; structure		2.1110
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		3.45701,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		2.0510butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		8.99140alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		4.29180cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
thyronines
Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.		2.3520thyronine
indium
[no description available]		2.3110
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		12.953013monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		9.621050boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		2.0310morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.4820
morphine-3-glucuronide
morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		3.2460
caesium-137
[no description available]		2.930caesium atom
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		8.41602-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		4.01130cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
cinidon-ethyl
Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.		2.4520ethyl ester;
isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide
barium titanate(iv)
barium titanate(IV): RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		2.0410azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		10.192580carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		10.33641chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
phosphorus pentoxide
phosphorus pentoxide: drying agent for bacterial cultural extracts analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography; structure. diphosphonate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphonic acid.		3.830
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		6.62260chalcogen;
metalloid atom
allylsilane
allylsilane: structure in first source		7.4420
trimethoxysilane
[no description available]		7.7630
triethoxysilane
[no description available]		7.6730
polonium
Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).		2.9740chalcogen;
metal atom
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		8.2360alkaline earth metal atom
silatrane
silatrane: RN given refers to unspecified silatrane		9.76100
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		4.94120
octadecylsilane
[no description available]		3.0650
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture		1.9910
whewellite
whewellite: calcium oxalate mineral		1.9510
clinoptilolite
clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF		7.3110
bismuth germanium oxide
bismuth germanium oxide: used in positron emission tomography; RN given refers to cpd with MF Bi4-Ge3-O12		2.8630
manganese silicide
manganese silicide: structure in first source		2.4820
aminopropylsilane
[no description available]		2.4820
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		2.2510(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine
3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine: RN given refers to 3H-labeled parent cpd		2.1310
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		2.3520amidobenzoic acid
pregnanediol
[no description available]		3.260
dichlorocarbene
[no description available]		7.110carbene
cholestanol
Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.		1.9510cholestanoid
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.9740
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source		2.4320
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidine)quinolinium, tetraiodide
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN refers to the tetraiodide compound		210cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
thiazole orange
thiazole orange: structure given in first source. thiazole orange : A cyanine dye comprising the thiazole orange cation [1-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl]quinolinium] with the p-tosylate counterion.		2.0810cyanine dyefluorochrome
1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine
1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine: RN given in first source; RN given refers to (R-(Z,Z))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/90. 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl L-serine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.. phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1) : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are octadecenoyl groups.		2.4320phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1)mouse metabolite
yo-pro 1
oxazole yellow: structure in first source. Yo-Pro-1 : An unsymmetrical C1 cyanine dye having 1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl and quinolinium-4-yl substituents.		2.0110cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		fluorochrome
chlorophyll
chlorophyll a': RN refers to (SP-4-2-(3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21alpha)))-isomer		2.1110
papulacandins
papulacandins: isolated from Papularia sphaerosperma (Deutermycetes); see also papulacandin B; structures of papulacandins A,C & D in second source. papulacandin : Any of the carbohydrate-containing antibiotic compounds obtained from the deuteromycetous fungus Papularia sphaerosperma and generally consisting of o-orsellinic acid linked via a spirocyclic structure to a lactose moiety with two different side-chains: a shorter fatty-acid chain at the O-(6') position and a longer side-chain at the O-(3) position of the glucose moiety. Papulacandin D, the simplest member of the papulacandin family, lacks the O-(6'-acyl-beta-galactoside) at the O-(4) position of the glucose residue. The papulacandins show potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Geotrichum lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pneumocytis carinii, but are inactive against filamentous fungi, bacteria, and protazoa.		2.0310
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide
Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.		2.3520galactosylceramide sulfate;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
oxepins
Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.		2.0210
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.1710
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.7630
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.1110nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
6 beta-hydroxycortisol
6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.		1.971011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
6beta-hydroxy steroid;
C21-steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
probe
carboxyl radical
[no description available]		2.0310carbon oxide;
organic radical anion		xenobiotic metabolite
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).		210nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.0510cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
oxi 4503
Oxi 4503: diphosphate prodrug of cambretastatin A1		2.0310
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		2.0710ammonium ion derivative
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		1.9710phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		1.9810biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.4420
ferrihydrite
ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O		2.6120
jasplakinolide
jasplakinolide: cyclodepsipeptide isolated from marine sponge Jaspis; active against Candida; RN refers to 2S-(2R*,4E,6S*,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source. jaspamide : A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.		2.0110cyclodepsipeptide;
phenols		actin polymerisation inducer;
animal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
marine metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		2.1110oligopeptide
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		1.9710organic molecular entity
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		4.54220aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		2.9640dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
nicotianamine
nicotianamine: an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor from soy sauce. (S,S,S)-nicotianamine : The (S,S,S)-stereoisomer of nicotianamine.		2.1310amino acid zwitterion;
nicotianamine		chelator;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
o-acetylcamptothecin
O-acetylcamptothecin: RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0510
psd 502
Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination: A topical local anesthetic preparation that is composed of a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine. It is used to provide anesthesia during minor surgery and for the treatment of PREMATURE EJACULATION.		1.9910
zeolites
[no description available]		7.65600
hamigeran b
hamigeran B: has antiviral activity; structure in first source		2.4220
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		10.791202
yttrium silicate
yttrium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.0810
dimethylarginine
dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.		2.110
fluorapatite
fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.		4.7361
struvite
Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.		2.0610hydrate;
phosphate mineral		fertilizer
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.6120
sd-208
[no description available]		2.0710
11-amino-1-undecanethiol
11-amino-1-undecanethiol: structure in first source		2.1110
attenol a
attenol A: from Chinese bivalve Pinna attenuata; A & B are enantiomers & exhibit cytotoxicity against P388 cells; structure in first source		7.0110
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		8.5520
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		2.0610D-ribose;
ribopyranose
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		2.6630alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		2.0110
4-dimethylaminobenzenediazonium fluoroborate
4-dimethylaminobenzenediazonium fluoroborate: RN given refers to tetrafluoroborate(1-)		2.0510organic tetrafluoroborate salt
saliphenylhalamide
saliphenylhalamide: a V-ATPase inhibitor; structure in first source		7.0810
potassium cyanate
potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO		2.2510cyanate salt;
one-carbon compound		herbicide
3,5-dibromo-2-pyrone
3,5-dibromo-2-pyrone: structure in first source		2.0610
cyflumetofen
cyflumetofen: acaricide; structure in first source. cyflumetofen : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-cyflumetofen. A proacaricide (via ester hydrolysis and subsequent decarboxylation), it is used to control phytophagous mites at all development stages in a variety of fruit crops. It acts as an inhibitor of complex II of mitochondrial electron transport chain.. 2-methoxyethyl 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-cyano-3-oxo-3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propanoate : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by o-trifluoromethylbenzoyl, p-tert-butylphenyl, and (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl groups.		8.8220(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
2-methoxyethyl ester;
beta-ketoester;
nitrile
chlorophyll b
[no description available]		3.2250chlorophyllcofactor
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		2.0510
azastene
azastene: inhibitor of ovarian & adrenal steroidogenesis in rats; progesterone antagonist		2.0310
deoxyarbutin
4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenol: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.0610
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.6930
pristinamycin iib
virginiamycin M2: structure in first source		2.0610
streptazolin
streptazolin: from culture of Streptomyces sp.; structure in first source		7.0310
granite
granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite		2.0210triazolopyrimidines
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate: (L)-isomer is the biologically active form; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.25101-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		3.6790
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		3.45601,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		1.9410
virginiamycin
Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.		2.0610
resorcinarene
resorcinarene: structure in first source		2.0210
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		2.3920
enerbol
Life: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)		3.5320
dihydrotachysterol
Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.		1.9410
rifamycins
[no description available]		3.0510
vpm chloride
VPM chloride: structure given in first source		2.0710
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		2.4110
distyrylbenzene
distyrylbenzene: structure in first source		2.1310
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		8.3570
ants
Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)		2.0810
maltoheptaose
maltoheptaose: consists of seven glucose residues in a linear 1,4-alpha-linkage; substrate for determining alpha-amylase in serum; RN given refers to (D-glucopyranose)-isomer. maltoheptaose : A maltoheptaose heptasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.. alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp : A maltoheptaose heptasaccharide consisting of six alpha-D-glucose residues and a D-glucose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.		2.4820maltoheptaose heptasaccharide
nickel silicide
nickel silicide: has the formula NiSi		3.360
jaw
[no description available]		3.5720indolecarboxamide
zinc silicate
zinc silicate: RN given refers to Zn[1:2] salt		7.7430
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		4.31200organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		3.87110
picogreen
PicoGreen: a DNA-specific dye; has strong affinity for double-stranded DNA and is designed to quantify these molecules in solution; a UV-excitable dye; no further information available 6/96. PicoGreen : A cyanine dye that is 1-phenylquinoline which is substituted at position 2 by a bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino group and at position 4 by a (3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium-2-yl)methylene group. The counter ion is not stated. A fluorochrome that selectively binds double-stranded DNA and has characteristics similar to that of SYBR-Green I.		2.0410benzothiazoles;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		2.0510
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		2.5520polypeptide
alamethicin
Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		7.7730
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		3.71100
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		2.1310
corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide
Corticotropin-Like Intermediate Lobe Peptide: A peptide derived from the cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, found primarily in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY but also in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of basal HYPOTHALAMUS. Its sequence is identical to the C-terminal 22-amino acids of ACTH or ACTH 18-39.		2.1710
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		2.8330
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		4.77300
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		3.6180
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		8.52372glycoside
lead titanate
lead titanate: ceramic fiber compound		2.0310
perovskite
calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.		4.06130
sodium titanate
[no description available]		2.4110
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		5.24801,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		11.77710chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		2.9740organotin acaricide
isopropoxygermatrane
[no description available]		1.9710
cryolite
cryolite: structure. cryolite : A mineral originally discovered in Greenland (first described 1799). The name is derived from the Greek kapparhoupsilonomicronsigma (frost) and lambdaiotathetaomicronsigma (stone).		2.7220inorganic sodium salt;
perfluorometallate salt
nepheline
nepheline: sodium aluminum silicate		2.0710
cordierite
cordierite: contains magnesium, aluminum oxides, and silicon oxides		1.9910
silanediol
silanediol: structure in first source		2.0510silicon hydroxide
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		1.9410
hexafluorosilicic acid
[no description available]		3.3570
silicate cement
Silicate Cement: A relatively hard, translucent, restorative material used primarily in anterior teeth. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p50)		3.7100
chitosan
[no description available]		7.65400
americium oxide
americium oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2
15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2		2.0210
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		2.0710
tert-butoxide, potassium
[no description available]		2.4620
lithium niobate
[no description available]		3.3460
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		2.4820inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		7.1310inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
lithium cobalt oxide
lithium cobalt oxide: primary cathode material of rechargeable lithium batteries		2.1310
methyl orange
methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds		2.0510
stearates
Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.		2.0310
merocyanine dye
merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure		2.4720
tartrolon b
tartrolon B: isolated from myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum; a macrocyclic compound containing a boron atom; structure given in first source		7.0310
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		2.1310
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination
Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.		2.0510
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		1.9810
olaparib
[no description available]		2.110cyclopropanes;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
phthalazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
methyl jasmonate
[no description available]		7.3110
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		2.7330
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		2.4320BODIPY compound
alexa fluor 546
Alexa fluor 546: a fluorescent dye		2.110organic heteropentacyclic compoundfluorochrome
nitrogenase
Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.		2.0310
galyfilcon a
galyfilcon A: used in soft contact lenses		2.0510
glycolipids
[no description available]		4.92120
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		4.8981
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.9940
sansalvamide a
sansalvamide A: a cyclic depsipeptide; inhibits poxvirus topoisomerase; structure in first source		7.0110
heliosit
[no description available]		1.9710
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		3.2660
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		2.4620polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		2.420
chondroitin
Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.6330
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		1.9910
crotylsilane
crotylsilane: structure in first source		2.0610
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		4.87330ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		3.7100
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.5420
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.9540
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.0410
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		8.4580monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		3.6290benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
ascorbic acid 2-o-glucoside
ascorbic acid 2-O-glucoside: has same vitamin C activity as L-ascorbic acid		2.3110glycoside
abt-267
ombitasvir: inhibits HCV NS5A protein, component of Viekirax. ombitasvir : A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.1710aromatic amide;
carbamate ester;
dipeptide;
pyrrolidines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
almagate
pegaptanib: a 28-base ribonucleic acid aptamer covalently linked to two branched 20-kD polyethylene glycol moieties to block the activity of extracellular VEGF, specifically the 165-amino-acid isoform (VEGF165); for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration		2.0510
nickel nitrilotriacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
copper indium diselenide
[no description available]		3.1610
whitlockite
whitlockite: structure; used to coat metal implants		1.9810
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.9340
microcystin
microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.		2.0210peptide
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		4.12160aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		10.31170
lead radioisotopes
Lead Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.		2.4220
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		3.1550
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		2.1510
anorthite
[no description available]		2.0410
brine
brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above		2.0210
brass
[no description available]		2.4220
sybr green i
SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.		2.0410benzothiazolium ion;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
soda lime
soda lime: a mixture of calcium oxide (lime) with 5-20% sodium hydroxide and 6-18% water; carbon dioxide adsorbant		2.0610
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		3.5180
olivine
olivine: sand of primarily magnesium iron silicate, containing low levels of free silica; suggested as a less injurious substitute for silica quartz in foundries; RN in Chemline for unspecified composition: 1317-71-1		3.3460
laponite
laponite: a synthesized hectorite; chemical formula in first source		2.4110
cobra cardiotoxin proteins
Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins: Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.		2.0510
chabazite
[no description available]		2.0610
hirudin
Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.		2.4110
hectorite
hectorite: clay constituent of bentonite; approx. formula: Na0.67(Mg,Li)6Si8020(OH,F)4		1.9310
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		3.690
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid
Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.		1.9610
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		2.8640
illite
[no description available]		2.0610
asbestos, crocidolite
Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.		3.2360
phthalocyanine
phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.		5.95310phthalocyanines;
tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.9140
peptide yy
peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source		2.7730
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		2.9940angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		2.6120
ferrosilicon
ferrosilicon: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		2.8940
balafilcon a
balafilcon A: a contact lens material		2.0510
mica
[no description available]		3.1950
feldspar
feldspar: structure		5.5182
salmochelin s4
salmochelin S4: isolated from Salmonella enterica; structure in first source		2.0610C-glycosyl compound;
macrotriolide
gibberellins
[no description available]		3.1650
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		3.0140
norgestrel
Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.		1.9510
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		7.9440
flavin mononucleotide
Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.		1.9510
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		2.9940
peptide yy
Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		7.9940
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		7.9740
lutetium orthosilicate
lutetium orthosilicate: LSO crystal layer is used in High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT) positron emission tomography (PET) scanners		3.0640
asbestos, amosite
Asbestos, Amosite: Asbestos, grunerite. A monoclinic amphibole form of asbestos having long fibers and a high iron content. It is used in insulation. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		1.9710
gallium ga 68 dotatate
gallium Ga 68 dotatate: A radioactive diagnostic agent used for POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) imaging of SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR positive neuroendocrine tumors and malignant abdominal paraganglioma.		2.1110
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.730
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		1.9410
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		4.81310
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.5220
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		2.1510
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		3.1840
tetra(4-n-methylpyridyl)porphine
tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine: structure in first source		2.2510
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.07102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		6.95103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.9440purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		2.31102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		8.2560guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		1.9410inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		8.79100folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		4.56220
neopterin
[no description available]		2.1110
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.0310citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dimethylglyoxime
dimethylglyoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.8740
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.7130guanosinesbiomarker
2-naphthol orange
2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2		2.0210
triacetylguanosine
[no description available]		2.0810
cyanine dye 3
cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source		3.1650
p-hydroxybenzylideneimidazolinone
p-hydroxybenzylideneimidazolinone: structure in first source		2.1110
alcian blue
Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.		2.0210
eye
[no description available]		6.69280
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		3.711
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		2.4620
mordenite
[no description available]		2.2510
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		3.72100
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		2.7630
vermiculite
[no description available]		1.9610
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		2.4520
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		3.0950
thrombin aptamer
thrombin aptamer: nucleotide sequence given in first source; a synthetic polynucleotide		2.7530
rada16-i
RADA16-I: a self-assembling peptide nanomaterial used as a scaffold for bone regeneration; composed of alanine, arginine, and aspartic acid		7.1310
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.0610
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.0310
merrilactone a
merrilactone A: structure in first source		2.0410
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		1.9410
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		04.6560
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		04.6560
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.920
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		02.920
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.3110
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		07.6730
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.3110
Potassium Deficiency
A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		03.6370
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		08.26460
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.6830
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		0340
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		0340
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		09.461220
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		014.461220
Phantom Limb
Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)		02.3110
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.3560
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.6490
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		03.9120
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		03.3560
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		03.6490
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		03.9120
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine
A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.		02.3110
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		04.4140
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		012.144243
Biliary Fistula
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.		07.4110
Bronchial Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.		08.0740
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.4570
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		03.4570
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		02.920
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		07.5220
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		06.95380
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.93120
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		06.95380
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		03.93120
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.4110
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		02.4110
Autism
[description not available]		07.4110
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.4110
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.8630
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		02.8630
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		06.09200
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		06.09200
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		05.39200
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		010.09140
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		03.6580
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		03.6580
Malnourishment
[description not available]		03.6820
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		03.6820
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.4110
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.8830
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.8830
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		05.88350
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		02.420
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		05.88350
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		02.420
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		011.51460
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		04.2240
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		04.2240
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		03.520
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		03.520
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		03.6190
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		03.6190
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.6730
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.6730
Dry Eye
[description not available]		03.0140
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		03.0140
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		03.88120
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		08.88120
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		07.42770
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		03.0940
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		03.0940
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		02.4110
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		07.8720
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		07.8720
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		08.38421
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		08.38421
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		05.8232
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		05.8232
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.4110
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.4110
Esophageal Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the ESOPHAGUS. The most common type is TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA between the esophagus and the TRACHEA.		02.4110
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		03.89100
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		03.89100
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		03.74100
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.3920
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.3920
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		03.8821
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		03.8821
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		03.240
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		03.240
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
[description not available]		02.4110
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		08.41242
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		05.85230
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		03.6390
Dermatoses
[description not available]		012.52321
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		08.41242
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		05.85230
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		08.6390
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		012.52321
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		02.940
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		02.940
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.9430
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.9430
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		02.4110
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		02.4110
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		07.4110
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.4110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.940
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.940
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		04.0290
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		04.0290
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.9440
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.9440
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		02.420
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.420
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		07.72740
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		04.370
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		04.370
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		02.4110
Neovascularization, Optic Disc
[description not available]		02.4110
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.4110
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		02.4110
Retinal Neovascularization
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.		02.4110
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		07.610
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		08.93332
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		013.93332
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.6320
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		02.6320
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		05.5470
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		04.2940
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		05.5470
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		09.2940
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.610
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.610
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.610
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		02.9540
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		03.99140
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		03.99140
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		02.9540
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		02.610
Lacrimal Duct Obstruction
Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)		05.191
Aura
[description not available]		04.6761
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.610
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		04.6761
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		07.610
Exsanguinating Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.610
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.7830
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.7830
Currarino-Silverman Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.94130
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		08.94130
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		06.16150
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.5520
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.5520
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		08.6430
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		08.6430
Eye Abnormalities
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.		02.610
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		01081
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		0581
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		03.5380
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		03.5380
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		02.610
Anterior Urethral Stricture
[description not available]		02.610
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		02.610
Urethral Stricture
Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.		02.610
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		04.7771
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		06.3361
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.7620
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		02.610
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		02.610
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.7620
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.5420
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		07.5420
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		02.610
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		02.610
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.610
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.6860
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		03.5210
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		04.6860
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		03.5210
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		03.2250
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		08.2250
Keratoconus
A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.9911
Corneal Edema
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.		03.9911
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.2110
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.2110
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		07.2110
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		03.0950
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.7730
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.7730
Cleft Spine
[description not available]		02.2510
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.9430
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		07.9430
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		03.2260
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		03.2260
Cystic Echinococcosis
[description not available]		02.5920
Acne Inversa
[description not available]		02.2110
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.		07.2110
Glaucoma, Suspect
[description not available]		02.2110
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		03.5380
Ocular Hypertension
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.		07.2110
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.5920
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		08.0140
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.3920
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.3920
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.5920
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		04.43210
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		04.43210
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		03.0240
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		03.0240
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		03.4170
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		02.7330
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		03.4170
Blast Injuries
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.420
Eardrum Perforation
[description not available]		02.2110
Tympanic Membrane Perforation
A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.		07.2110
Metastase
[description not available]		03.0340
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		03.0340
Craniofacial Abnormalities
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.		02.2510
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		03.76100
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		03.76100
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.1950
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		07.66140
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		07.66140
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.8430
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		03.8430
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.7830
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		07.4620
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		02.4620
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		07.13131
Epidermolysis Bullosa Junctionalis, Disentis Type
[description not available]		02.3110
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		07.13131
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		03.8540
Epidermolysis Bullosa, Junctional
Form of epidermolysis bullosa having onset at birth or during the neonatal period and transmitted through autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by generalized blister formation, extensive denudation, and separation and cleavage of the basal cell plasma membranes from the basement membrane.		02.3110
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.9130
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.6620
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.9130
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		02.3110
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		02.3110
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		02.3720
Foot Ulcer
Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.		02.2510
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.5420
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.9840
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		07.05310
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.5420
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		02.2510
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		02.2510
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		04.16160
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		02.3110
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Contusion
[description not available]		02.2510
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.36220
Dissociation
[description not available]		02.2510
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		03.1450
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		03.1450
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.5220
Chondromalacia of Trachea and Bronchi
[description not available]		02.3110
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		02.3110
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		03.3120
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		03.3120
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		03.2310
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		05.360
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		02.6630
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		02.6630
Staphylococcal Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.3110
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal
Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.3110
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic
An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.		02.3110
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		07.940
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		03.6280
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		08.6280
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.3110
Blood Clot
[description not available]		04.05150
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.3110
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.3110
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		04.05150
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.360
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		03.6630
Dextrocardia
A congenital defect in which the heart is located on the right side of the THORAX instead of on the left side (levocardia, the normal position). When dextrocardia is accompanied with inverted HEART ATRIA, a right-sided STOMACH, and a left-sided LIVER, the combination is called dextrocardia with SITUS INVERSUS. Dextrocardia may adversely affect other thoracic organs.		02.4110
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules
A number of small lung lesions characterized by small round masses of 2- to 3-mm in diameter. They are usually detected by chest CT scans (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY). Such nodules can be associated with metastases of malignancies inside or outside the lung, benign granulomas, or other lesions.		02.3110
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		03.0140
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		03.0140
Black Fever
[description not available]		02.3110
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		02.3110
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.4720
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.4720
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		02.7430
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		03.580
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		03.2960
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.8940
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.8940
Radius Fractures
Fractures of the RADIUS.		07.520
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.3920
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.7330
Infections, Pasteurellaceae
[description not available]		02.1510
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.7330
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		07.1881
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		07.1881
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		05.74110
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		04.3270
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.4720
Cancer of the Tonsil
[description not available]		02.1510
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.4720
Tonsillar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.		02.1510
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.5720
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.5720
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		02.1510
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.520
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.520
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.6830
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6830
Tracheal Stenosis
A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.		03.470
Esophagotracheal Fistula
[description not available]		02.4520
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.8521
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		02.1510
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4920
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		03.8521
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		04.0150
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		09.0150
Grippe
[description not available]		03.3360
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		03.3360
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.1710
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.1710
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.1510
Margins of Excision
The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery.		02.1510
Facial Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.		02.6630
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		04.98150
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		04.1760
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		02.1710
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.5220
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		03.93130
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		03.93130
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		07.7330
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.1710
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.1710
Meniscitis
[description not available]		03.8721
Ache
[description not available]		04.942
Periapical Cyst
[description not available]		03.5611
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		04.942
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		05.31131
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.5320
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		07.5320
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.730
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		05.15100
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		05.15100
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		05.1100
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.7130
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		05.1100
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.7130
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe
[description not available]		02.1710
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.580
Infections, Nematomorpha
[description not available]		02.1710
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		03.580
Helminthiasis
Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.		02.1710
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.		02.1710
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		04.14160
Facial Spasm, Unilateral
[description not available]		02.1710
Cranial Nerve IX Diseases
[description not available]		02.1710
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases
Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE. Episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1390)		02.1710
Implant Capsular Contracture
The shrinkage of the foreign body encapsulation scar tissue that forms around artificial implants imbedded in body tissues.		03.0910
Bigfoot Disease
[description not available]		02.6730
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		07.1710
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.7830
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		03.85110
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.7830
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		03.85110
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		02.2110
Malignant Mesothelioma
[description not available]		02.1710
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.8680
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		02.1710
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		02.2110
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.4820
Cardiac Conduction Defect
[description not available]		02.2110
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.4120
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		02.4120
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.4120
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.4120
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		03.7130
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		03.1550
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		03.1550
Surgical Incision
[description not available]		03.1210
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		03.7330
Bleeding
[description not available]		07.9340
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.9340
Latent Tuberculosis
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.		02.2110
Drowning
Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.		03.0240
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.2110
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.2110
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.2110
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		02.2110
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		02.2110
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.2110
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.2110
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.830
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		02.2110
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		02.2110
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.830
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.7330
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.7330
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		03.6790
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		02.8330
EBV Infections
[description not available]		02.2110
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		02.2110
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		02.420
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		02.420
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		02.2110
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.9840
Atheroma
[description not available]		02.5520
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		08.56142
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.9840
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.0810
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.0810
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		03.4711
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		03.4711
Ametropia
[description not available]		05.0431
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		03.4711
Refractive Errors
Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.		05.0431
Barotrauma
Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.		07.0810
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.6930
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.6930
Demineralization, Tooth
[description not available]		05.2862
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		02.0810
Cancer Syndromes, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.0810
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		02.0810
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		03.2760
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.7130
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		03.5790
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		03.5790
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		07.4530
Micrometastases, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.110
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.520
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.520
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.9340
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.9540
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		02.9540
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		02.3720
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.4920
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		07.3720
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.4920
Mucocele
A retention cyst of the salivary gland, lacrimal sac, paranasal sinuses, appendix, or gallbladder. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.0810
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.		02.0810
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.110
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.110
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		04.1960
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		09.1960
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		03.0850
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		03.0850
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		04.1360
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		02.9340
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		02.9340
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		03.94130
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		02.9940
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		07.9940
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		02.3820
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		02.3820
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		02.110
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		02.110
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.110
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		02.6930
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		02.110
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.110
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		02.110
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.110
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced
Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.		02.110
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		03.5930
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		03.5930
Periimplantitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.1110
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		03.8521
Abscess, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.1110
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		02.1110
Peri-Implantitis
An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.		02.1110
Environmental Hypersensitivities
[description not available]		02.110
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		04.06150
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.110
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		02.110
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		02.110
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		02.110
Palsy
[description not available]		02.1110
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		03.940
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		02.1110
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		03.940
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		02.1110
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		02.1110
Hay Fever
[description not available]		02.1110
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		02.1110
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
[description not available]		02.1110
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative
Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.		02.1110
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.1110
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		02.1110
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.3920
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		02.1110
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		07.1110
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		04.07160
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		02.1110
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.4720
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.4720
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.1110
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.420
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		02.420
Heavy Metal Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.		03.5930
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		09.1360
Pigmentary Retinopathy
[description not available]		04.5251
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.		04.5251
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.1110
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		03.150
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		02.6930
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		02.1310
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		02.1310
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.7730
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.7730
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.0750
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		08.0750
Granulomas
[description not available]		010.06170
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		05.06170
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		02.520
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		03.0410
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.1310
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		07.1310
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		04.08160
Congenital X-Linked Retinoschisis
[description not available]		02.1310
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		04.08160
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.4820
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.4820
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		02.1310
Infections, RNA Virus
[description not available]		02.1310
Measles, German
[description not available]		02.1310
Great Pox
[description not available]		02.1310
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		02.1310
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		02.1310
Compression Fractures
[description not available]		02.1310
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		02.1310
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		02.1310
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.9540
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		07.1310
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		02.9540
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		07.7230
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis
[description not available]		03.150
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		03.0850
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.3920
Dacryoadenitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		02.420
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
[description not available]		02.5120
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.		02.5120
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.7230
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		02.0510
Eye Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.		02.0510
Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction
[description not available]		02.0510
Hepatoblastoma
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		06.92214
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		06.92214
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		03.6430
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		02.4420
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		07.3820
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		03.7821
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		03.7821
Avian Flu
[description not available]		02.4620
Influenza in Birds
Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.		02.4620
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		04.0531
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.		02.0510
Biliary Tract Cancer
[description not available]		03.4311
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		03.4311
Biliary Tract Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		03.4311
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		03.4311
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		03.4311
Foreign-Body Migration
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.		04.1860
Impotence
[description not available]		03.7821
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		03.7821
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.0510
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		02.420
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		02.420
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		05.4870
Bacillus anthracis Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Anthrax
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.		07.0510
Adenitis
[description not available]		07.0510
Mediastinal Diseases
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.		02.0510
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0510
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		07.7130
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.7130
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4420
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.4420
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		02.3820
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		02.0610
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		02.3820
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		02.0610
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.4120
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.4120
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		03.3670
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		03.3670
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		04.4222
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		04.58100
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		03.8540
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		02.0510
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		02.0510
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		03.2560
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.7130
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.7130
Infective Endocarditis
[description not available]		07.0710
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.		07.0710
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		02.0610
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		02.0610
Vision, Diminished
[description not available]		02.0510
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		04.2970
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.6930
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.4520
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.4520
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		03.66100
Chondrosarcoma
A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0710
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		02.4320
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.0610
Transvestic Fetishism
[description not available]		02.0610
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.0610
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		02.4120
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.0610
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		02.4120
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.0610
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Granuloma, Respiratory Tract
Granulomatous disorders affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract.		02.0610
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		02.0610
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.4220
Dementias, Transmissible
[description not available]		02.0610
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.0610
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.0810
Ganglion Cysts
Nodular tumor-like lesions or mucoid flesh, arising from tendon sheaths, LIGAMENTS, or JOINT CAPSULE, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. They are not true cysts as they lack epithelial wall. They are distinguished from SYNOVIAL CYSTS by the lack of communication with a joint cavity or the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		02.0610
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.0610
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		02.6830
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		02.6830
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.6730
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.6730
Neoplasms, Skull Base
[description not available]		02.0710
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.9140
Bed Sores
[description not available]		04.632
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.		04.632
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		02.4120
Bleb
[description not available]		03.4711
Anasarca
[description not available]		04.5961
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		09.5961
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.0710
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.0710
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0710
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.0710
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		07.3920
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.0710
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		02.0710
Pneumoperitoneum
A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.		02.0710
Emphysema, Subcutaneous
[description not available]		02.0710
Lacerations
Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.		02.0710
Wounds, Penetrating
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.		02.0710
Body Weight, Fetal
[description not available]		02.0710
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.0710
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced
Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		02.0710
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0710
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		02.0710
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		02.0810
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		03.0850
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		03.0850
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		03.0650
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		08.0650
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		02.0810
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0810
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.0810
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		02.8640
Infection
[description not available]		03.5730
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		03.5730
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		01.9810
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		01.9710
Dental Leakage
The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.		04.0731
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.6630
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.6630
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		01.9310
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		01.9310
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		04.13170
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		04.13170
Bagassosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.		05.27210
Pneumoconiosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.		05.27210
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		01.9310
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		04.7271
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		01.9310
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		04.7271
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		01.9310
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.		01.9310
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		01.9310
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		02.6330
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		03.0550
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		03.0550
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		01.9310
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		02.3420
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		04.2570
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		04.2570
Rheumatism
[description not available]		02.3420
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		02.3420
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		03.0450
Diaper Rashes
[description not available]		02.3320
Diaper Rash
A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.		02.3320
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		03.0450
Autolysis, Dental Pulp
[description not available]		01.9310
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		01.9310
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.3320
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		07.3320
Itching
[description not available]		01.9310
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		01.9310
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		01.9310
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		04.2641
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		04.2641
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		02.3420
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		01.9310
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		02.3420
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		01.9310
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		01.9310
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		04.2541
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		02.3420
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		02.3420
Boils
[description not available]		01.9310
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		02.6330
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		09.0331
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		08.0550
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		09.0331
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		03.0550
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9310
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		05.86240
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		09.3880
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		02.3420
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		02.3420
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.3420
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		01.9310
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		01.9310
Eye Manifestations
Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.		01.9310
Calculus, Dental
[description not available]		02.8840
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.3620
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		02.3520
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		02.3620
Rachitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		01.9410
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		01.9410
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.3520
Emesis
[description not available]		02.3620
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.3620
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		01.9410
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		02.3520
Brain Emboli
[description not available]		01.9410
Embolus
[description not available]		02.3520
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9410
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.3620
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		07.3520
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		01.9410
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		02.3620
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		02.3620
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.3620
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.3620
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		02.6330
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		02.6330
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		02.6330
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		01.9310
Penile Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.		01.9310
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		07.8740
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		02.0210
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.6530
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		02.6530
Asbestosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.		04.1360
Pleural Diseases
Diseases involving the PLEURA.		03.5830
Cyst
[description not available]		02.6930
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		02.9310
Amaurosis
[description not available]		04.7221
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		04.7221
Recrudescence
[description not available]		03.2460
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		04.7570
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		02.730
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		02.730
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.3920
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.3920
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		04.0531
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		03.4111
Acoustic Neuroma
[description not available]		03.4111
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous
[description not available]		03.4111
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		04.0531
Craniopharyngioma
A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)		03.4111
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		03.4111
Dermatitis, Irritant
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.		02.0210
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		02.4320
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.3920
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		07.3920
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		02.0210
Tooth Erosion
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)		02.0210
Dentin, Secondary
Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.		02.0210
Abrasion, Dental
[description not available]		02.8840
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		03.7621
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		03.7621
Tracheal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.		03.320
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.0310
Angiitis
[description not available]		02.3920
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations
Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.		02.0310
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.3920
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.0310
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.0310
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		02.0310
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		02.0310
Cutaneous Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.		07.0310
Esophageal Stricture
[description not available]		02.8940
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.0310
Digestive System Fistula
An abnormal passage communicating between any components of the digestive system, or between any part of the digestive system and surrounding organ(s).		02.0310
Esophageal Stenosis
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.		02.8940
Epiphora
[description not available]		02.4220
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		02.4220
Burns, Electric
Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.		02.0310
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.0310
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.0310
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.0310
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.0310
Finger Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.		03.8140
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.0310
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.0310
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		02.0310
Cumulative Trauma Disorders
Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.		02.0310
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.4220
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		02.0310
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		02.0310
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		07.0310
Pus
[description not available]		03.4211
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		03.4211
Hyperkyphosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		02.0310
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.0310
Teeth, Devitalized
[description not available]		02.0310
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.9210
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.9210
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		03.320
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		03.320
Nail Diseases
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.		02.9510
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		02.0310
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		02.6830
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.4220
Berger Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		02.0310
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)		02.0410
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		02.3420
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.3520
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		02.8810
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		02.8810
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		01.9610
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		02.3720
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.3720
Bladder Calculi
[description not available]		02.3620
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		03.3470
Anthracosilicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of dust that contains both CARBON and crystalline SILICON DIOXIDE. These foreign matters induce fibrous nodule formation in the lung.		01.9610
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.8840
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.		01.9610
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.8840
Amentia
[description not available]		04.75120
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		04.75120
Genital Herpes
[description not available]		01.9610
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.		01.9610
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		01.9610
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.3620
Manganese Poisoning
Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)		01.9610
Atresia, Esophageal
[description not available]		01.9610
Esophageal Atresia
Congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the ESOPHAGUS that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive SALIVATION; GAGGING; CYANOSIS; and DYSPNEA.		01.9610
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.3620
Dental Deposit
[description not available]		02.3720
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		03.3411
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		03.7521
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		01.9610
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		01.9610
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		01.9610
Auricular Cancer
[description not available]		02.3520
Ear Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).		02.3520
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		01.9610
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		01.9610
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		01.9610
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		03.2820
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		02.3520
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		01.9610
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		01.9610
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		03.2820
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		01.9610
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		01.9610
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		01.9610
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		01.9810
Microglossia
[description not available]		01.9810
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		01.9810
Injuries, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		01.9810
Arm Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.		01.9810
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		01.9810
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		01.9810
Astigmatism
Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3720
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		02.6530
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.3920
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		02.3920
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		01.9810
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.8940
Cranial Nerve Diseases
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.		01.9810
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		01.9810
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		01.9810
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		01.9810
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		01.9810
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		01.9810
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.6530
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		01.9810
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		02.3820
Tracheal Diseases
Diseases involving the TRACHEA.		01.9810
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		02.3820
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		01.9810
Burns, Inhalation
Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.		01.9810
Acrocephaly
Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.		01.9810
Craniosynostoses
Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.		01.9810
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		04.6921
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		05.7442
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		04.6921
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		02.910
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		03.0950
Urethritis
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.		01.9810
Dentin Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		01.9810
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0631
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		04.4651
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		04.0631
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		04.4651
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		01.9910
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.3820
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.3820
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		01.9910
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		04.5940
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		01.9910
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		01.9910
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		04.5940
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		01.9910
Neurologic Voice Disorder
[description not available]		02.3820
Voice Disorders
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.		02.3820
Dental Fluoroses
[description not available]		01.9910
Fluorosis, Dental
A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)		01.9910
Ambiguous Genitalia
[description not available]		01.9910
Disorders of Sex Development
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.		01.9910
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9910
Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous
A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)		01.9910
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		01.9910
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		01.9910
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		01.9910
Collagen Diseases
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)		03.5730
Poland Anomaly
[description not available]		02.3820
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy
[description not available]		01.9910
Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy
A disorder characterized by proliferation of arborizing small vessels, prominent immunoblastic proliferations and amorphous acidophilic interstitial material. Clinical manifestations include fever, sweats, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy and frequently hepatosplenomegaly.		01.9910
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		01.9910
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		02.3720
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		03.3811
Gingival Hyperplasia
Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)		06.9910
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		06.9910
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		01.9910
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		07.9110
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		07.9110
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		01.9910
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		01.9910
Parodontosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		01.9910
Hematoma, Subdural
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		01.9910
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.		01.9910
Funnel Chest
A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.		01.9910
Corneal Dystrophies
[description not available]		0210
Eye Injuries, Penetrating
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.		0210
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		03.3811
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		0210
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		0210
Pseudarthrosis
A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9110
Injuries, Wrist
[description not available]		02.9110
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.3720
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		02.8740
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.3720
Frontal Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the FRONTAL SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE or HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE.		0210
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		0210
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		0210
Ankylosis
Fixation and immobility of a joint.		0710
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		0210
Infections, Picornaviridae
[description not available]		0210
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		0210
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		03.2920
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		0210
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		03.2920
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		0210
Smear Layer
Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.		03.3911
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.3720
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		02.3820
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		02.0110
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		02.0110
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		02.0110
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.		01.9510
Fibroid
[description not available]		02.3520
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		03.7840
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		02.3520
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		01.9510
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		03.7840
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.3620
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Candidiasis, Cutaneous
Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Eye Burns
Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.		01.9510
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		02.3520
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
[description not available]		01.9510
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		02.3520
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		01.9510
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		03.5630
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		01.9510
Arthropathies
[description not available]		02.3520
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		02.3520
Action Tremor
[description not available]		01.9510
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		01.9510
Silicotuberculosis
Pulmonary or extrapulmonary infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or nontuberculous mycobacteria in a patient with silicosis.		03.260
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Hallux Abductovalgus
[description not available]		01.9510
Hallux Valgus
Lateral displacement of the great toe (HALLUX), producing deformity of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT with callous, bursa, or BUNION formation over the bony prominence.		01.9510
Foot Deformities, Acquired
Distortion or disfigurement of the foot, or a part of the foot, acquired through disease or injury after birth.		01.9510
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		01.9510
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		01.9510
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		01.9510
Linear Skull Fracture
[description not available]		02.3520
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		01.9510
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		03.0650
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Adenofibroma
A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9510
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		01.9510
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9510
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.		01.9510
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		01.9510
Cholesteatoma
A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.		02.3520
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		02.6530
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		02.6630
Poisoning, Fluoride
[description not available]		02.3620
Fluoride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.		07.3620
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia
[description not available]		01.9710
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.3620
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		01.9710
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.3820
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.3620
Cancer of the Ureter
[description not available]		01.9710
Ureteral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.		01.9710
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		01.9710
Fat Necrosis
A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol.		01.9710
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		02.3620
Epulides, Giant Cell
[description not available]		01.9710
Dental Granuloma
[description not available]		01.9710
Granuloma, Giant Cell
A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.		01.9710
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		01.9710
Prolymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic
A chronic leukemia characterized by a large number of circulating prolymphocytes. It can arise spontaneously or as a consequence of transformation of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.		01.9710
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9710
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		03.2820
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		03.2820
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		01.9710
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		01.9710
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.3720
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		02.3720
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		01.9710
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		03.7421
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		03.7421
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		02.8810
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		02.8810
Cerebral Nocardiosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		01.9710
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		01.9710
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		01.9710
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		01.9710
Adenosis of Breast
[description not available]		01.9710
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.		01.9710
Congenital Dysplasia Of The Hip
[description not available]		02.3720
Canine Hip Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.3720
Cor Pulmonale
[description not available]		02.3620
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		06.9710
Leukemia L5178
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.		02.3720
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		01.9710
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		01.9710
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		01.9710
Esophageal Hernia
[description not available]		01.9710
Diaphragmatic Hernia
[description not available]		01.9710
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		01.9710
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		02.3720
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		01.9610
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		01.9610
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		01.9610
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		01.9610
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		01.9610
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		01.9610
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		01.9610
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		01.9610
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		01.9610
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		01.9610
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		06.9610
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		01.9610
Atelectasis
[description not available]		01.9610
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		01.9610
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		01.9510
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		01.9510
Coagulation Factor 12 Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9510
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital
[description not available]		01.9510
Afibrinogenemia
A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.		01.9510
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
[description not available]		02.6430
Neurodermatitis
An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.		02.6430
Hemorrhagic Diathesis
[description not available]		01.9410
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).		01.9410
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		01.9410
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		01.9410
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		01.9410
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		03.2720
Androblastoma
[description not available]		01.9410
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		03.2720
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		01.9410
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		01.9510
Urethral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.		01.9510
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		01.9510
Varices
[description not available]		01.9510
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		01.9510
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9410
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		01.9410
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.8610
Pregnancy, Tubal
The most common (		02.8610
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)		02.8610
Adnexal Diseases
Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).		02.8610
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.8610
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		01.9410
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		01.9410
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		01.9410
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		01.9410
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		01.9410
Ascariasis
Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.		02.3520
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		02.3520
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		02.3520
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		01.9510
Lipidoses
Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.		01.9510
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		01.9510
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		01.9510
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9510
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		01.9510
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		01.9510
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		01.9510
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		01.9510
BCKD Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9510
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)		01.9510
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		01.9510
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		01.9510
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		01.9510
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		01.9510
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		01.9510
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		01.9510
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.3520
Chest Injuries
[description not available]		01.9410
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		01.9410
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		01.9410
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		02.3520
Abortion, Recurrent
[description not available]		01.9410
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Abortion, Habitual
Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.		01.9410
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		01.9410
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		01.9410
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		01.9410
Carcinoma 256, Walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Otospongiosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Otosclerosis
Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.		01.9410
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		01.9410
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9410
Gaucher Disease
An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.		01.9410
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		01.9410
Angiokeratoma
A vascular, horny neoplasm of the skin characterized by TELANGIECTASIS and secondary epithelial changes including acanthosis and hyperkeratosis.		01.9410
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		01.9410
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		01.9410
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Spondylitis
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.		01.9410
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		01.9410
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		01.9410
Prurigo
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Inner Ear Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Labyrinth Diseases
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).		01.9410
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		01.9410
Duhring Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.		01.9410
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		01.9410
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		01.9410
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		01.9410
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		01.9410
Entropion
The turning inward (inversion) of the edge of the eyelid, with the tarsal cartilage turned inward toward the eyeball. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		01.9410
Aprosodia
[description not available]		01.9410
Aganglionic Megacolon
[description not available]		01.9410
Megacolon
Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.		01.9410
Hirschsprung Disease
Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.		01.9410
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		01.9410
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.3420
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.3420
Hydrosyringomyelia
[description not available]		01.9410
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		01.9410
Immersion Feet
[description not available]		01.9410
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		01.9410
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		01.9410
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		01.9410
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		01.9410
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		01.9410
Pneumoretroperitoneum
[description not available]		01.9410
Cancer of Cecum
[description not available]		01.9410
Diverticulum, Meckel
[description not available]		01.9410
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		01.9410
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		01.9410
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		01.9410
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