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cofactor

An organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group).

ChEBI ID: 23357

Members (42)

MemberDefinitionClass
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinoneA member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,3-dimethoxybenzoquinone which has been substituted at positions 5 and 6 by decyl and methyl groups.6-decylubiquinone
3'-hydroxyechinenoneA member of the class of carotenone that is echinenone carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3'. Found in cyanobacteria.3'-hydroxyechinenone
5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine
6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, (d)-isomerThe pteridine that is lumazine substituted with methyl groups at C-6 and -7 and with a 1-D-ribityl group on N-8.6,7-dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine
adenosine monophosphateA purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.adenosine 5'-monophosphate
adenosine monophosphateA nucleoside 5'-monophosphate(2-) that results from the removal of two protons from the phosphate group of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP).adenosine 5'-monophosphate(2-)
adenosine triphosphateA nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of ATP; major species present at pH 7.3.ATP(4-)
ascorbic acidThe L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.L-ascorbic acid
bacillithiolA thiol that is the alpha-anomeric glycoside of L-cysteinyl-D-glucosamine with L-malic acid.bacillithiol
berlitionThe (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.(R)-lipoic acid
beta caroteneA cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid.beta-carotene
biotinAn organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins.biotin
biotinateConjugate base of biotin arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.biotinate
chlorineA halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.chloride
chlorophyll achlorophyll a
chlorophyll bchlorophyll b
cob(ii)alaminA cobalamin in which the central cobalt atom has an oxidation state of +2.cob(II)alamin
coppercopper(1+)
dihydrolipoamidedihydrolipoamide
echinenoneA carotenone that is beta-carotene in which the 4 position has undergone formal oxidation to afford the corresponding ketone. Isolated as orange-red crystals, it is widely distributed in marine invertebrates.echinenone
flavin mononucleotideA flavin mononucleotide that is riboflavin (vitamin B2) in which the primary hydroxy group has been converted to its dihydrogen phosphate ester.FMN
flavin-adenine dinucleotideA flavin adenine dinucleotide in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.FAD
hydrogen carbonateThe carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.hydrogencarbonate
hydroquinoneA benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.hydroquinone
ironiron(2+)
menaquinone 7A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.menaquinone-7
nadAn anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.NAD(1-)
niacinamideA pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.nicotinamide
potassiumA monoatomic monocation obtained from potassium.potassium(1+)
pqq cofactorA pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.pyrroloquinoline quinone
pyridoxalA pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine-4-carbaldehyde bearing methyl, hydroxy and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5 respectively. The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of vitamin B6, it is converted into pyridoxal phosphate, a coenzyme for the synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid.pyridoxal
pyridoxal phosphateThe monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
pyridoxineA hydroxymethylpyridine with hydroxymethyl groups at positions 4 and 5, a hydroxy group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 2. The 4-methanol form of vitamin B6, it is converted intoto pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid.pyridoxine
pyruvic acidA 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.pyruvic acid
quinoneThe simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.1,4-benzoquinone
riboflavinD-Ribitol in which the hydroxy group at position 5 is substituted by a 7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl moiety. It is a nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables, but the richest natural source is yeast. The free form occurs only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide.riboflavin
s-adenosylhomocysteineAn organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine zwitterion; S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
s-adenosylmethionineA sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion; S-adenosyl-L-methionine
s-adenosylmethionineA zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion; S-adenosyl-L-methionine
sapropterinA tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).sapropterin
vitamin k 1A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.phylloquinone
zeaxanthinzeaxanthin

Research

Studies (238,724)

TimeframeStudies, Drugs with This Role(%)All Drugs %
pre-199092,637 (38.81)18.7374
1990's34,762 (14.56)18.2507
2000's42,606 (17.85)29.6817
2010's51,220 (21.46)24.3611
2020's17,499 (7.33)2.80

Study Types

Publication TypeStudies, Drugs with this Role (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials8,496 (3.15%)5.53%
Reviews14,699 (5.45%)6.00%
Case Studies5,287 (1.96%)4.05%
Observational332 (0.12%)0.25%
Other240,706 (89.31%)84.16%

Protein Targets (480)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (mM)Bioassay(s)Drugs
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency10.506316
15-lipoxygenase, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency27.829812
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency33.379825
activating transcription factor 6Homo sapiens (human)Potency38.578928
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency29.348717
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA1Plasmodium falciparum 3D7Potency0.316211
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency27.0817937
aryl hydrocarbon receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency30.7074313
arylsulfatase AHomo sapiens (human)Potency15.141212
ATAD5 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency20.587811
Ataxin-2Homo sapiens (human)Potency34.365224
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinaseTrypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927Potency24.994224
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)Potency32.166824
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.649226
caspase-1 isoform alpha precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.622811
caspase-3Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency54.369312
Caspase-7Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency54.369312
Caspase-7Homo sapiens (human)Potency31.622811
Cellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)Potency34.3050313
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate OxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.445813
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q1Homo sapiens (human)Potency38.367613
Chain A, Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.943311
Chain A, Ferritin light chainEquus caballus (horse)Potency28.183811
Chain A, HADH2 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.435626
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3AHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.907112
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.477937
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolaseGiardia intestinalisPotency2.233411
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency34.149026
Chain B, HADH2 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.435626
chromobox protein homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency66.822424
cytochrome P450 2C9, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency38.901811
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency25.606212
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency10.476324
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency12.963627
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency47.124612
DNA polymerase betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.622811
DNA polymerase eta isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency30.060213
DNA polymerase III, partialBacillus subtilisPotency5.323311
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)Homo sapiens (human)Potency65.738513
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency23.778111
endonuclease IVEscherichia coliPotency5.445612
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.3993934
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)Homo sapiens (human)Potency45.500738
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency17.79691025
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency17.711319
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.531949
flap endonuclease 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency14.443812
GVesicular stomatitis virusPotency38.901811
GABA theta subunitRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit deltaRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilonRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit piRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.476312
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency11.6057310
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency10.9916211
GLS proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency6.866022
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency28.1377320
Glutamate receptor 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.079511
Glutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency18.765322
Glutamate receptor 3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.079511
Glutamate receptor 4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.079511
heat shock protein beta-1Homo sapiens (human)Potency19.263713
hemoglobin subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency26.200022
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency34.352113
Histone H2A.xCricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency45.895826
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)Potency38.901811
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunitHomo sapiens (human)Potency52.977015
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)Homo sapiens (human)Potency1.995322
IDH1Homo sapiens (human)Potency9.084412
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency38.901812
Inositol monophosphatase 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.000011
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency38.901811
interleukin 8Homo sapiens (human)Potency70.901112
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency15.615628
lethal factor (plasmid)Bacillus anthracis str. A2012Potency15.574713
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform IHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.631011
LuciferasePhotinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)Potency27.166212
M-phase phosphoprotein 8Homo sapiens (human)Potency63.120813
Microtubule-associated protein tauHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.712322
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency22.535812
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency19.952611
NFKB1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency10.000022
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency91.999711
Nrf2Homo sapiens (human)Potency18.356411
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency22.5130424
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency20.596211
nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency44.668411
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency45.773813
Nuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency18.597012
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1Mus musculus (house mouse)Potency17.818925
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency15.848911
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency33.8042313
ParkinHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.092911
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency8.492111
peripheral myelin protein 22Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency11.411224
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency27.569612
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.3842411
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency24.100459
phosphopantetheinyl transferaseBacillus subtilisPotency62.050612
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency50.118711
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency37.553623
progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency56.898527
pyruvate kinaseLeishmania mexicana mexicanaPotency25.118922
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency56.234111
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency22.4362214
ras-related protein Rab-9AHomo sapiens (human)Potency58.047911
regulator of G-protein signaling 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency21.117613
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency29.9813315
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.3420413
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency17.553133
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1Homo sapiens (human)Potency5.972811
SMAD family member 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency42.937135
SMAD family member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency42.937135
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency11.252013
TAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.562311
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency24.7575213
thioredoxin glutathione reductaseSchistosoma mansoniPotency22.387211
thioredoxin reductaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency35.232117
ThrombopoietinHomo sapiens (human)Potency12.589322
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency28.4780314
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform aHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.457034
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency48.904648
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency15.433125
tumor necrosis factorHomo sapiens (human)Potency53.080411
USP1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.100011
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)Homo sapiens (human)Potency30.354525
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency20.0623516
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRAHomo sapiens (human)Potency64.467912
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitMus musculus (house mouse)Potency30.451011

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (mM)Bioassay(s)Drugs
10 kDa chaperonin Escherichia coliIC5059.000022
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)IC50100.000011
2-dehydropantoate 2-reductaseEscherichia coli K-12Ki6,300.000011
2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphate N-hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki19.200011
2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphate N-hydrolase 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki40.000011
60 kDa chaperoninEscherichia coli K-12IC50250.000011
60 kDa chaperonin Escherichia coliIC5059.000022
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)IC50100.000011
AcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)IC50666.667033
AcetylcholinesteraseElectrophorus electricus (electric eel)Ki0.001211
AcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Ki57.708627
Adenylate kinase 2, mitochondrialRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki80.000011
Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki580.000011
AlbuminBos taurus (cattle)IC50155.380011
Alcohol dehydrogenase E chainEquus caballus (horse)Ki38.000011
Alcohol dehydrogenase S chainEquus caballus (horse)Ki38.000011
Aldehyde oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki30.000011
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTOHomo sapiens (human)IC501,000.000011
Alpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)IC5015.000011
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)IC504.820011
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)IC5010.200011
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC500.440011
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthaseToxoplasma gondiiIC50500.000011
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50752.500024
Bile salt export pumpRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC501,000.000011
C-terminal-binding protein 2Homo sapiens (human)IC50300.000011
Carbonic anhydraseDicentrarchus labrax (European seabass)Ki5.930011
Carbonic anhydraseMethanosarcina thermophilaKi5,900.000012
Carbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki11,378.6238629
Carbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)Ki116.9493214
Carbonic anhydrase 13Mus musculus (house mouse)Ki121.6993214
Carbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)Ki119.3921214
Carbonic anhydrase 15Mus musculus (house mouse)Ki34,421.566729
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)Ki20,584.7886629
Carbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)Ki116.9779214
Carbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)Ki11,998.8265426
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Ki117.3993214
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Ki117.2850214
Carbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)Ki149.7883318
Carbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)Ki179.4636214
Carbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)Ki118.7136214
Caspase-1Homo sapiens (human)IC503.000011
Chain A, ADP-dependent glucokinasePyrococcus furiosusKi60.000011
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.090013
Chain A, Ermc' MethyltransferaseBacillus subtilisKi33.000011
Chain A, Ermc' Rrna MethyltransferaseBacillus subtilisKi33.000011
Chain A, Fructose-bisphosphataseShigella boydiiKi94.000011
Chain A, Histamine N-MethyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki6.900012
Chain A, Hyaluronidase, phage associatedStreptococcus pyogenesIC501,000.000011
Chain A, NAD-dependent deacetylaseThermotoga maritimaIC501,000.000011
Chain A, P-30 proteinLithobates pipiens (northern leopard frog)Ki590.000011
Chain A, phosphodiesterase-nucleotide pyrophosphataseXanthomonas citri pv. citri str. 306Ki260.000011
Chain A, RIBONUCLEASE PANCREATICBos taurus (cattle)Ki25.286716
Chain A, Saccharopine dehydrogenase [NAD+, L-lysine-formingSaccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast)Ki55.000011
Chain A, Saccharopine dehydrogenase, NAD+, L-lysine-formingSaccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast)Ki55.000011
Chain A, Uroporphyrin-III C-methyltransferasePseudomonas denitrificans (nom. rej.)Ki0.320011
Choline O-acetyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)IC501,800,000,000.000011
CholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)IC501,000.000022
CholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Ki57.865027
Coagulation factor VIIHomo sapiens (human)Ki8,000.000011
Coagulation factor XIIHomo sapiens (human)Ki67.167516
Cocaine esteraseHomo sapiens (human)Ki100.000011
core protein, partialIC5035.984334
Cytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)IC502.600011
Cytochrome P450 3A5Homo sapiens (human)IC5040.000011
Dihydrofolate reductaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50325.000011
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase Schistosoma mansoniIC508.800011
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)IC5034.000011
DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1Homo sapiens (human)IC501.42121010
DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3AHomo sapiens (human)IC5050.000011
DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3BHomo sapiens (human)IC5010.290055
DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)IC5036.100011
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 1Mus musculus (house mouse)IC5050.000011
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 6Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC5050.000011
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2Homo sapiens (human)IC5013.900011
Fatty acid synthaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki150.000011
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC503.300011
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1Homo sapiens (human)IC502.64361111
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1Sus scrofa (pig)IC501.300022
G-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)IC500.306022
Glycine--tRNA ligaseBombyx mori (domestic silkworm)Ki80.000011
green fluorescent protein, partialAequorea victoriaIC5067.588011
Histamine H3 receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC500.800012
Histamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki14.300012
Histone-arginine methyltransferase CARM1Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.630022
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2AHomo sapiens (human)IC501.512022
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EHMT1Homo sapiens (human)IC500.230011
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EHMT2Homo sapiens (human)IC502.640033
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EHMT2Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.570011
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH1Homo sapiens (human)IC506.400011
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2Homo sapiens (human)IC5024.840055
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase KMT5CHomo sapiens (human)IC5010.000011
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase NSD2Homo sapiens (human)IC5039.100011
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD7Homo sapiens (human)IC5038.500022
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETDB1Homo sapiens (human)IC502.200011
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SUV39H1Homo sapiens (human)IC501.200011
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SUV39H1Homo sapiens (human)Ki4.900011
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SUV39H2Homo sapiens (human)IC5027.000022
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-79 specificHomo sapiens (human)IC500.390044
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-79 specificHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.196733
Hyaluronate lyaseStreptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4IC506,000.000011
Indolethylamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki2.000012
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenaseEscherichia coli K-12Ki450.000011
L-lactate dehydrogenase A chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50500.000022
L-lactate dehydrogenase A chainRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50500.000011
L-lactate dehydrogenase B chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50500.000011
large T antigenBetapolyomavirus macacaeIC507.760011
Liver carboxylesterase 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki71.857927
Liver carboxylesterase 1Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)Ki71.857927
Low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphataseHomo sapiens (human)Ki13.000011
M-phase inducer phosphatase 2Homo sapiens (human)IC5050.000011
Methylosome protein 50Homo sapiens (human)IC500.580022
Monocarboxylate transporter 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki80.000011
N-lysine methyltransferase SMYD2Homo sapiens (human)IC500.180011
N6-adenosine-methyltransferase catalytic subunitHomo sapiens (human)IC500.590011
NAD-dependent histone deacetylase SIR2Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288CIC5050.000011
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase Schistosoma mansoniIC50221.550022
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase HST2Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288CIC5091.000011
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1Homo sapiens (human)IC50130.95001212
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-2Homo sapiens (human)IC5028.22141414
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)IC5078.457177
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-6Homo sapiens (human)IC50173.350044
NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-5, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)IC5058.200033
NAD(+) hydrolase SARM1Homo sapiens (human)IC5043.800011
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)IC5035.300011
Non-structural protein 1 Dengue virusIC500.490011
nonstructural protein 1Influenza A virus (A/California/07/2009(H1N1))IC500.200011
P2X purinoceptor 1Homo sapiens (human)IC5010.000011
Pancreatic alpha-amylaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC5026.500011
Pancreatic alpha-amylaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki43.400011
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseBos taurus (cattle)Ki45.650012
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki14.000011
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50187.007067
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2Mus musculus (house mouse)IC50129.524512
Polyphenol oxidase 2Agaricus bisporusIC501,192.38821517
Prolyl 4-hydroxylaseParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1IC501,000.000011
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1Gallus gallus (chicken)Ki14,000.000011
Protease Human immunodeficiency virus 1Ki0.000211
Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1Homo sapiens (human)IC500.430044
Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.400011
Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 3Homo sapiens (human)IC500.956733
Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5Homo sapiens (human)IC5012.840044
Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 7Homo sapiens (human)IC5025.055022
Protein dpy-30 homologHomo sapiens (human)IC500.724011
Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)IC5015.000011
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase SrcHomo sapiens (human)IC500.100011
Retinoblastoma-binding protein 5Homo sapiens (human)IC500.724011
Riboflavin-binding proteinGallus gallus (chicken)Ki0.350011
rRNA adenine N-6-methyltransferaseStreptococcus pneumoniaeKi40.000022
Set1/Ash2 histone methyltransferase complex subunit ASH2Homo sapiens (human)IC500.724011
Solute carrier family 22 member 20Mus musculus (house mouse)Ki270.076512
Solute carrier family 22 member 6Mus musculus (house mouse)Ki11,961.300012
Solute carrier family 23 member 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50156.000011
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)IC500.616611
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.340011
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3Homo sapiens (human)IC502.951211
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3Homo sapiens (human)Ki2.260011
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1Homo sapiens (human)Ki26,000.000011
TAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)IC5019.952611
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferaseHomo sapiens (human)IC508.800011
Thymidylate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50500.000011
Tissue factorHomo sapiens (human)Ki8,000.000011
Trans-sialidaseTrypanosoma cruziKi7,300.000022
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2Homo sapiens (human)IC5070.000022
tRNA (cytosine(38)-C(5))-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)IC5015.800011
TyrosinaseHomo sapiens (human)IC502,944.166733
TyrosinaseMus musculus (house mouse)IC50137.885012
UreaseCanavalia ensiformis (jack bean)IC508.590011
WD repeat-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)IC500.724011

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (mM)Bioassay(s)Drugs
2-dehydropantoate 2-reductaseEscherichia coli K-12Kd5,000.000011
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)EC503.709522
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)Kd3.700011
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2Homo sapiens (human)EC503.650022
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1Homo sapiens (human)EC502.939733
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1Homo sapiens (human)Kd3.700011
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)EC505.900011
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1Homo sapiens (human)EC502.939733
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1Homo sapiens (human)Kd3.700011
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2Homo sapiens (human)EC505.900011
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-3Homo sapiens (human)EC505.900011
Adenosine receptor A1Homo sapiens (human)EC500.500011
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC500.000511
Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase small chainAfipia carboxidovorans OM5Kd47.600011
Chain A, 6,7-Dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine SynthaseSchizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast)Kd1.200011
Chain A, a non-biological ATP binding protein with two mutations N32D and D65VunidentifiedKd0.450011
Chain A, abiotic ATP-binding, folding optimized proteinunidentifiedKd0.494011
Chain A, Adenine-n6-dna-methyltransferase TaqiThermus aquaticusKd2.400012
Chain A, Akap18 DeltaHomo sapiens (human)Kd194.000011
Chain A, ATP Binding Protein-DXunidentifiedKd0.215016
Chain A, ATP synthase epsilon chainBacillus sp. PS3Kd1.400011
Chain A, AvidinGallus gallus (chicken)Kd0.300012
Chain A, Biotin [acetyl-CoA-carboxylase] ligaseAquifex aeolicusKd6.450014
Chain A, Biotin transporter BioYLactococcus cremoris subsp. cremoris MG1363Kd0.000311
Chain A, Chloride Channel Protein 5Homo sapiens (human)Kd100.000012
Chain A, Circular Permutant Of AvidinGallus gallus (chicken)Kd0.240011
Chain A, Competence Protein PilmThermus thermophilus HB27Kd1,000.000011
Chain A, Copper-transporting ATPase 1Homo sapiens (human)Kd83.300011
Chain A, Core-streptavidinStreptomyces avidiniiKd0.0300116
Chain A, D-alanine-poly(phosphoribitol) ligaseBacillus cereusKd1,100.000011
Chain A, Dethiobiotin synthetaseHelicobacter pylori 26695Kd1.700013
Chain A, DODECINHalobacterium salinarum R1Kd1.268012
Chain A, DODECINHalorhodospira halophilaKd1.268012
Chain A, FLAVODOXINNitratidesulfovibrio vulgarisKd0.0018111
Chain A, FlavodoxinNitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris str. HildenboroughKd0.002318
Chain A, FLAVODOXINSynechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 = FACHB-805Kd0.0011115
Chain A, GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE BOryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)Kd101.800015
Chain A, Malonyl CoA synthetaseRhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009Kd0.310011
Chain A, Modification Methylase RsriCereibacter sphaeroidesKd8.100012
Chain A, Nadh OxidaseThermus thermophilus HB8Kd0.090011
Chain A, Nitrogen regulatory protein P-IIMycobacterium tuberculosisKd1.930011
Chain A, NITROGEN REGULATORY PROTEIN P-IISynechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 = FACHB-805Kd9.600011
Chain A, Nitrogen regulatory protein P-II (GlnB-2)Archaeoglobus fulgidusKd4.400012
Chain A, Ntpase P4Pseudomonas phage phi12Kd140.000012
Chain A, Protein (fmn-binding Protein)Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris str. 'Miyazaki F'Kd0.000411
Chain A, Protein (streptavidin)Streptomyces avidiniiKd0.000211
Chain A, Protein argonaute 1Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Kd4,990.000014
Chain A, Protein argonaute-2Homo sapiens (human)Kd90.000012
Chain A, Protein hipAEscherichia coliKd18.000012
Chain A, REDOX-SENSING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR REXBacillus subtilisKd70.000011
Chain A, rhizavidinRhizobium etli CFN 42Kd0.215011
Chain A, Ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenasePisum sativum (garden pea)Kd21.200011
Chain A, Ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit N-methyltransferasePisum sativum (garden pea)Kd21.200013
Chain A, StreptavidinStreptomyces avidiniiKd0.0000115
Chain A, Streptavidin Complex With BiotinStreptomyces avidiniiKd0.000011
Chain A, Tamavidin2Pleurotus cornucopiae (cornucopia mushroom)Kd0.087011
Chain A, Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2Homo sapiens (human)Kd1.000014
Chain A, V-type ATP synthase beta chainMethanosarcina mazeiKd28.000011
Chain A, XenavidinXenopus tropicalis (tropical clawed frog)Kd0.000011
Chain A, YuaA proteinBacillus subtilisKd0.020016
Chain B, 6,7-Dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine SynthaseSchizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast)Kd1.200011
Chain B, ADENINE-N6-DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASE TAQIThermus aquaticusKd2.400011
Chain B, ATP synthase epsilon chainBacillus sp. PS3Kd1.400011
Chain B, Circular Permutant Of AvidinGallus gallus (chicken)Kd0.240011
Chain B, Exotoxin APseudomonas aeruginosaKd59.566719
Chain B, GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE BOryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)Kd85.333313
Chain B, Nitrogen regulatory protein P-IIMycobacterium tuberculosisKd1.930011
Chain B, Nitrogen regulatory protein P-II (GlnB-2)Archaeoglobus fulgidusKd4.400012
Chain B, Protein (fmn-binding Protein)Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris str. 'Miyazaki F'Kd0.000411
Chain B, Protein (streptavidin)Streptomyces avidiniiKd0.000211
Chain B, REDOX-SENSING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR REXBacillus subtilisKd70.000011
Chain B, StreptavidinStreptomyces avidiniiKd0.000014
Chain B, Tamavidin2Pleurotus cornucopiae (cornucopia mushroom)Kd0.087011
Chain B, V-type ATP synthase beta chainMethanosarcina mazeiKd28.000011
Chain B, YuaA proteinBacillus subtilisKd0.020014
Chain C, DODECINHalorhodospira halophilaKd1.268012
Chain C, Ntpase P4Pseudomonas phage phi12Kd140.000012
Chain C, Nuclear protein SNF4Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288CKd55.000013
Chain D, Circularly Permuted Core-streptavidin E51/a46Streptomyces avidiniiKd0.043911
Chain D, Core-streptavidinStreptomyces avidiniiKd0.0300116
Chain D, StreptavidinStreptomyces avidiniiKd0.000019
Chain E, DODECINHalorhodospira halophilaKd1.268012
Chain H, Immunoglobulin Igg1 Heavy chainHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.001811
Chain L, Immunoglobulin Igg1 Lambda Light ChainHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.001811
G-protein coupled receptor 35Homo sapiens (human)EC500.071011
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-79 specificHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.255022
insulin-degrading enzyme isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)EC502.449522
L-lactate dehydrogenase A chainHomo sapiens (human)Kd650.000022
L-lactate dehydrogenase A chainRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd650.000011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7Homo sapiens (human)Kd245.000022
Nitric oxide synthase, brainHomo sapiens (human)Kd1.120011
NPYLR7BAedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito)EC500.508011
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2Homo sapiens (human)EC502.800011
P2X purinoceptor 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC503.000011
P2X purinoceptor 2Homo sapiens (human)EC5039.500011
P2X purinoceptor 4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50219.000011
P2Y purinoceptor 1Homo sapiens (human)EC504.350012
P2Y purinoceptor 1Meleagris gallopavo (turkey)EC503.150012
P2Y purinoceptor 11Homo sapiens (human)EC5017.250011
P2Y purinoceptor 2Homo sapiens (human)EC501.892512
Protease Human immunodeficiency virus 1Kd0.001111
Riboflavin-binding proteinGallus gallus (chicken)Kd0.022944
StreptavidinStreptomyces avidiniiKd0.000011
tRNA (cytosine(38)-C(5))-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd13.600011
tRNA (guanine-N(1)-)-methyltransferaseMycobacterium tuberculosis H37RvKd10.100011
tRNA (guanine-N(1)-)-methyltransferasePseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1Kd5.900011
tRNA (guanine-N(1)-)-methyltransferaseStaphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus NCTC 8325Kd3.300011

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (mM)Bioassay(s)Drugs
5-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine deaminaseThermotoga maritima MSB8Km210.000011
5'-nucleotidaseHomo sapiens (human)Km14.000011
Adenosine deaminase-like proteinHomo sapiens (human)Km32.800011
AdenosylhomocysteinaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Km9.700011
AdenosylhomocysteinaseThermotoga maritima MSB8Km21.000011
Adenylate kinase 2, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Km380.000011
Adenylate kinase 2, mitochondrialRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Km85.000022
Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1Homo sapiens (human)Km175.000011
Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Km580.000011
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozymeHomo sapiens (human)Km441.000011
Catechol O-methyltransferaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kis36.300011
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Km14.000011
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), mitochondrialPlasmodium falciparum 3D7Km16,333,333.333333
Egl nine homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)Km180.000011
GTP:AMP phosphotransferase AK3, mitochondrialRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Km85.000022
Histamine N-methyltransferaseCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Kis18.100011
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitorHomo sapiens (human)Km260.000011
Monocarboxylate transporter 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Km1,755.000022
Monocarboxylate transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)Km25.000011
Monocarboxylate transporter 4Homo sapiens (human)Km153,000.000011
Polyphenol oxidase 2Agaricus bisporusKm920.000011
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)Km300.000011
Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2Homo sapiens (human)Km170.000011
Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3Homo sapiens (human)Km140.000011
Pyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)Km34.450012
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase betaHomo sapiens (human)Kis780.443323
Thymidylate synthaseLacticaseibacillus caseiSubstrate10.000011