Compounds > aluminum sulfate
Page last updated: 2024-11-05

aluminum sulfate

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Description

aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID24850
CHEMBL ID3833402
CHEBI ID74768
MeSH IDM0123153

Synonyms (92)

Synonym
aluminum sulfate (3:2)
dialuminum sulfate
10043-01-3
sulfuric acid aluminum(3+) salt (3:2)
aluminum sulfate
sulfuric acid, aluminum(3+) salt (3:2)
aluminum sulfate (al2(so4)3)
sulfuric acid, aluminum salt (3:2)
aluminum alum
dialuminum trisulfate
aluminum trisulfate
nsc-54563
sulfuric acid, aluminum salt, basic
aluminum sesquisulfate
dialuminum sulphate
aluminum alum (van)
tai-ace s 100
pickle alum
aluminum sulfate anhydrous
pearl alum
filter alum
aluminum sulfate (2:3)
ccris 9170
sulfatodialuminum disulfate (al2(so4)3)
caswell no. 031a
einecs 233-135-0
aluminum(iii) silfate
hi soft c 2
tai-ace s 150
epa pesticide chemical code 013906
cake alum (van)
nsc 54563
hsdb 5067
papermaker's alum
nalco 7530
sulfuric acid, aluminum salt
einecs 233-329-5
stingose (tn)
D07565
sulfuric acid, aluminum salt (1:?)
einecs 259-881-7
ec 233-135-0
unii-i7t908772f
i7t908772f ,
aluminium(iii) sulfate
aluminum(iii) sulfate
CHEBI:74768
al2(so4)3
dialuminium trisulfate
sulfatodialuminium disulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous)
aluminium sesquisulfate
aluminium sulfate (anh.)
aluminium sulfate (2:3)
aluminium sulfate anhydrous
sulfatodialuminum disulfate
sulfuric acid, aluminium salt (3:2)
FT-0622227
FT-0622229
FT-0622228
aluminium sulfate [who-dd]
alum cake
aluminium sulfate, anhydrous [who-ip]
e-520
aluminum sulfate anhydrous [ii]
aluminii sulfas, anhydrous [who-ip latin]
aluminum sulphate anhydrous
aluminum sulfate anhydrous [hsdb]
ins no.520
ins-520
aluminum sulfate [mi]
sulfuric acid, aluminium salt
fertosan
AKOS015903882
DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H
CHEMBL3833402
sulfuric acid,aluminum salt
DTXSID70170784 ,
sulfuric acid,aluminumsalt(3:2),hydrate(2:11)(8ci,9ci)
DTXSID2040317 ,
mfcd00003423
aluminum sulfate, anhydrous
dialuminum;trisulfate
DB11239
aluminumsulfate
aluminum(iii)sulfate
dtxcid0020317
usepa/opp pesticide code: 013906
aluminum sulfate anhydrous (ii)
aluminium sulfate, anhydrous
aluminii sulfas, anhydrous
dtxcid4093275

Research Excerpts

Overview

Aluminum sulfate, alum is a common chemical coagulant used for coagulation.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Aluminum sulfate, alum, is a common chemical coagulant used for coagulation. "( Enhancing phosphate removal from wastewater by using polyelectrolytes and clay injection.
Ozacar, M; Sengil, IA, 2003)		1.76

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The toxic effect of aluminium was less marked when Mg was present at a concentration higher by an order (antagonistic inhibition)."( Inhibition of aluminium toxicity by magnesium and citric acid in tobacco tissue culture.
Kiss, AS; Kursinszki, L; Petri, G; Szöke, E, 1992)		0.28
"Twenty-one male rabbits were administered with alum (aluminum potassium sulfate) for 32 weeks to study the accumulative toxic effects of aluminum in food additives on central nervous system."( [Chronic toxic effects of aluminum on nervous system in rabbits].
Huang, GW; Xu, GS; Zhang, WQ, 1994)		0.29
" 1) No toxic symptoms or death occurred in any treated group."( [A 13-week toxicity study of simultaneous administration of cochineal and aluminum potassium sulfate in rats].
Hasegawa, R; Kawasaki, Y; Kurokawa, Y; Matsushima, Y; Momma, J; Nakaji, Y; Sai, K; Saitoh, M; Tsuda, M; Umemura, T, 1994)		0.29
"Immunogenicity and adverse effects of a novel inactivated hepatitis A vaccine based on virosomes (IRIV-HAV) was compared with a standard vaccine adsorbed to aluminium (Al-HAV)."( Immunogenicity and adverse effects of inactivated virosome versus alum-adsorbed hepatitis A vaccine: a randomized controlled trial.
Althaus, B; Egger, M; Glück, R; Hatz, C; Holzer, BR; Schmidt-Sissolak, D, 1996)		0.29
" These data indicate that alum can be toxic to young broiler chicks, but at levels that would not be expected to be reached through litter consumption, and that alum did not increase intestinal strength."( Evaluation of the toxicity of alum (aluminum sulfate) in young broiler chickens.
Balog, JM; Bayyari, GR; Huff, WE; Moore, PA; Rath, NC, 1996)		0.57
"We have established conditions in which soluble Al is toxic to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae."( A1 toxicity in yeast. A role for Mg?
Gardner, RC; MacDiarmid, CW, 1996)		0.29
" This is the first time that an alum adjuvant with ALM has been in used in humans and the vaccine mixture was safe and induced a strong delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in the study volunteers."( Alum-precipitated autoclaved Leishmania major plus bacille Calmette-Guérrin, a candidate vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis: safety, skin-delayed type hypersensitivity response and dose finding in healthy volunteers.
El-Hassan, AM; Ibrahim, ME; Kamil, AA; Khalil, EA; Modabber, F; Mukhtar, MM; Musa, AM; Sacks, D; Smith, PG; Zicker, F; Zijlstra, EE, )		0.13
" It is apparent from these results that water treatment sludges may be toxic and therefore may impair receiving waters."( Evaluation of water treatment sludges toxicity using the Daphnia bioassay.
Povinelli, J; Rocha, O; Sotero-Santos, RB, 2005)		0.33
" First-generation candidate vaccines for VL [autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM) + BCG] have been found to be safe and immunogenic but not superior to BCG alone."( Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis (Alum-precipitated autoclaved Leishmania major + BCG) in children: an extended phase II study.
El-Hassan, AM; Khalil, EA; Modabber, F; Musa, AM, 2006)		0.33
"Alum/ALM + BCG vaccine is safe and immunogenic in children under field conditions."( Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis (Alum-precipitated autoclaved Leishmania major + BCG) in children: an extended phase II study.
El-Hassan, AM; Khalil, EA; Modabber, F; Musa, AM, 2006)		0.33
", Management Strategies for Toxic Blue Green Algae: Literature Review."( Assessing drinking water treatment systems for safety against cyanotoxin breakthrough using maximum tolerable values.
Bornmann, K; Imhof, L; Izydorczyk, K; Mankiewicz, J; Schmidt, W, 2008)		0.35
" Main outcome measures were the change in immunogenicity at each follow-up visit from baseline, measured using HA inhibition (HI) and virus microneutralisation (MN) assays, and the frequency and nature of adverse events (AEs)."( Phase I and II randomised trials of the safety and immunogenicity of a prototype adjuvanted inactivated split-virus influenza A (H5N1) vaccine in healthy adults.
Basser, RL; Bennet, J; Formica, NT; Hartel, G; Höschler, K; Nolan, TM; Papanaoum, K; Pearce, G; Richmond, PC; Ryan, D; Skeljo, MV; Zambon, MC, 2008)		0.35
"All formulations were well-tolerated; no unexpected serious adverse events were reported."( Phase I and II randomised trials of the safety and immunogenicity of a prototype adjuvanted inactivated split-virus influenza A (H5N1) vaccine in healthy adults.
Basser, RL; Bennet, J; Formica, NT; Hartel, G; Höschler, K; Nolan, TM; Papanaoum, K; Pearce, G; Richmond, PC; Ryan, D; Skeljo, MV; Zambon, MC, 2008)		0.35
" Our results showed that StreptInCor is able to induce robust and safe and long lasting immune response without deleterious reactions in several organs."( HLA class II transgenic mice develop a safe and long lasting immune response against StreptInCor, an anti-group A streptococcus vaccine candidate.
Demarchi, LM; Guerino, MT; Guilherme, L; Kalil, J; Martins, CO; Mundel, LR; Postol, E, 2011)		0.37
"Among the 24 healthy male participants no serious adverse events were reported in the days or weeks after administration."( Safety and immunogenicity of rSh28GST antigen in humans: phase 1 randomized clinical study of a vaccine candidate against urinary schistosomiasis.
Capron, A; Capron, M; Deplanque, D; Libersa, C; Martial, J; Remoué, F; Riveau, G; Schacht, AM; Thiry, M; Vodougnon, H, 2012)		0.38
" NDV-3 at both dose levels was safe and generally well-tolerated."( NDV-3, a recombinant alum-adjuvanted vaccine for Candida and Staphylococcus aureus, is safe and immunogenic in healthy adults.
Edwards, JE; Filler, SG; Fu, Y; Hennessey, JP; Ibrahim, AS; Schmidt, CS; White, CJ; Yeaman, MR, 2012)		0.38
"This study was designed to investigate the reproductive toxicity of aluminium sulphate and the therapeutic effects of administration of zinc sulphate and vitamin E individually or in combination against the toxic effect caused by aluminium (Al) in male albino rats."( Zinc sulphate and vitamin E alleviate reproductive toxicity caused by aluminium sulphate in male albino rats.
Rawi, SM; Seif Al Nassr, FM, 2015)		0.42
"There were no serious adverse events."( A Phase I, randomized, open-label study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an enterovirus 71 vaccine.
Chang, JY; Chang, SC; Cheng, A; Chong, PC; Chou, AH; Fung, CP; Hsieh, SM; Hsieh, YC; Jiang, RH; Lin, YT; Liu, CC; Su, IJ; Tsai, HY, 2013)		0.39
"The 5 μg and 10 μg adjuvanted EV71 vaccines are generally safe and immunogenic in healthy adults."( A Phase I, randomized, open-label study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an enterovirus 71 vaccine.
Chang, JY; Chang, SC; Cheng, A; Chong, PC; Chou, AH; Fung, CP; Hsieh, SM; Hsieh, YC; Jiang, RH; Lin, YT; Liu, CC; Su, IJ; Tsai, HY, 2013)		0.39
" Serious adverse events were reported by 62 of 5117 (1·2%) participants in the vaccine group versus 75 of 5123 (1·5%) in the placebo group (p=0·27)."( Efficacy, safety, and immunology of an inactivated alum-adjuvant enterovirus 71 vaccine in children in China: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.
Ai, X; Chen, QH; Chen, SG; Chen, XQ; Chen, YJ; Chu, K; Dong, YY; Gao, F; Ge, HM; Hu, YM; Ji, YG; Jin, H; Li, JX; Li, XL; Liang, YC; Liang, ZL; Liu, L; Liu, P; Luo, FJ; Mao, QY; Meng, FY; Shen, XL; Shi, NM; Tao, H; Wu, X; Yao, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YT; Zhang, ZY; Zhu, FC; Zhu, LW; Zhu, LY, 2013)		0.39
" coli after being incubated for 3 hr with the toxic compound in buffer solutions."( Toxicity detection of sodium nitrite, borax and aluminum potassium sulfate using electrochemical method.
Dong, S; Yong, D; Yu, D, 2013)		0.39
" Its raphide and agglutinin proteins were toxic components, both could cause significant the release of inflammatory medium."( [Comparative study on pro-inflammatory toxicity of Pinellia pedatiecta before and after being processed with alum].
Li, Z; Shao, C; Wu, H; Yu, HL; Zhang, Q; Zhao, TF, 2013)		0.39
" No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported."( Randomized controlled study of the safety and immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccine formulations containing PhtD and detoxified pneumolysin with alum or adjuvant system AS02V in elderly adults.
Caubet, M; Nilsson, AC; Pascal, TG; Pauksens, K; Poolman, JT; Van Belle, P; Vandepapelière, PG; Verlant, V; Vink, PE, 2014)		0.4
" Pruritus and medications at the start of the immunotherapy and 12 months afterwards were compared and adverse effects were recorded."( Efficacy and safety of rush immunotherapy with alum-precipitated allergens in canine atopic dermatitis.
Hobi, S; Mueller, RS, 2014)		0.4
" The other 19 dogs showed no adverse effects at all during or after RIT."( Efficacy and safety of rush immunotherapy with alum-precipitated allergens in canine atopic dermatitis.
Hobi, S; Mueller, RS, 2014)		0.4
"RIT with alum-precipitated allergens seems to be a safe and efficacious method to treat dogs with atopic dermatitis."( Efficacy and safety of rush immunotherapy with alum-precipitated allergens in canine atopic dermatitis.
Hobi, S; Mueller, RS, 2014)		0.4
" Adverse events were predominantly mild and transient and were similar in the seronegative and seropositive populations."( A Novel multivalent OspA vaccine against Lyme borreliosis is safe and immunogenic in an adult population previously infected with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.
Aichinger, G; Aschoff, R; Barrett, PN; Crowe, BA; Dvorak, T; Esen, M; Jelinek, T; Kollaritsch, H; Kremsner, PG; Livey, I; Naudts, IF; O'Rourke, M; Pöllabauer, EM; Portsmouth, D; Schmitt, B; Schwendinger, MG; Weisser, R; Wressnigg, N; Zeitlinger, M, 2014)		0.4
"Aluminium has toxic effects on many organ systems of the human body."( A histological study of toxic effects of aluminium sulfate on rat hippocampus.
Adıgüzel, E; Çabuş, N; Oğuz, EO; Tufan, AÇ, 2015)		0.42
" The material exhibiting the most toxic response was the iron and aluminum oxide coated engineered material registering a 66-67% 15-min EC50 level for pH 4 and 5 SLEs, respectively."( Screening the toxicity of phosphorous-removal adsorbents using a bioluminescence inhibition test.
Barnhill, DK; Biscardi, PG; Duranceau, SJ, 2016)		0.43
"Aluminum has toxic potential on humans and animals when it accumulates in various tissues."( Role of Exogenous Melatonin on Cell Proliferation and Oxidant/Antioxidant System in Aluminum-Induced Renal Toxicity.
Arda-Pirincci, P; Bayrak, BB; Karabulut-Bulan, O; Sarikaya-Unal, G; Us, H; Yanardag, R, 2015)		0.42
" Solicited reactions were recorded for 7 days and unsolicited adverse events for 30 days after each vaccination."( Safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent recombinant PcpA, PhtD, and PlyD1 pneumococcal protein vaccine in adults, toddlers, and infants: A phase I randomized controlled study.
Brooks, WA; Chang, LJ; Hopfer, R; Sheng, X, 2015)		0.42
" No immediate adverse events, hypersensitivity reactions, or treatment-related serious adverse events were reported."( Safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent recombinant PcpA, PhtD, and PlyD1 pneumococcal protein vaccine in adults, toddlers, and infants: A phase I randomized controlled study.
Brooks, WA; Chang, LJ; Hopfer, R; Sheng, X, 2015)		0.42
"The candidate trivalent PPrV was safe and immunogenic in adults, toddlers, and infants."( Safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent recombinant PcpA, PhtD, and PlyD1 pneumococcal protein vaccine in adults, toddlers, and infants: A phase I randomized controlled study.
Brooks, WA; Chang, LJ; Hopfer, R; Sheng, X, 2015)		0.42
" A comparative study of the effects of two adjuvants in their ability to enhance the efficiency of the detoxified and safe antigens to produce a long lasting immunoprotection is undertaken using Aluminum Hydroxide adjuvant (Alum) or the water-in-oil MF59 adjuvant mixed with Androctonus australis hector (Aah) detoxified venom, and compare their effects on the immune system."( Enhancement of long-lasting immunoprotective effect against Androctonus australis hector envenomation using safe antigens: Comparative role of MF59 and Alum adjuvants.
Laraba-Djebari, F; Nouri, A, 2015)		0.42
"The vaccines were safe and well tolerated, with no vaccine-related serious adverse events."( Safety and Immunogenicity of a Randomized Phase 1 Prime-Boost Trial With ALVAC-HIV (vCP205) and Oligomeric Glycoprotein 160 From HIV-1 Strains MN and LAI-2 Adjuvanted in Alum or Polyphosphazene.
Birx, DL; Cox, J; El-Habib, R; Excler, JL; Gilliam, BL; Jagodzinski, LL; Kim, JH; Liu, M; McNeil, JG; Michael, NL; O'Connell, RJ; Paris, R; Polonis, VR; Ratto-Kim, S; Robb, ML; Tomaras, GD; VanCott, TC; Wieczorek, L, 2016)		0.43
"VLA84 was safe and well tolerated."( Safety, immunogenicity and dose response of VLA84, a new vaccine candidate against Clostridium difficile, in healthy volunteers.
Ayad, A; Bézay, N; Dubischar, K; Firbas, C; Hochreiter, R; Jilma, B; Kiermayr, S; Kiss, I; Pinl, F; Westritschnig, K, 2016)		0.43
" These results suggest that SV1 is a safe vaccine candidate that will elicit antibodies that recognise the vast majority of circulating GAS M-types."( Predicted Coverage and Immuno-Safety of a Recombinant C-Repeat Region Based Streptococcus pyogenes Vaccine Candidate.
Cosh, S; Fane, A; Hafner, LM; Henningham, A; Hofmann, A; Ketheesan, N; McMillan, DJ; McNeilly, C; Nichols, J; Rush, CM; Smeesters, PR; Sriprakash, KS; Vu, T, 2016)		0.43
" Adverse ef¬fects were reported in 15 patients (38%), with bladder spasms representing the most common event (14/40; 35%)."( Safety and efficacy of intravesical alum for intractable hemorrhagic cystitis: A contemporary evaluation.
Boorjian, SA; Linder, BJ; Westerman, ME, )		0.13
" Injection site pain was the most common adverse event, reported by up to 81."( A Randomized, Controlled, Observer-Blinded Phase 1 Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine With or Without Alum Adjuvant.
Aggarwal, N; Dewé, W; Dieussaert, I; Fissette, L; Halperin, SA; Langley, JM; Leyssen, M; McNeil, SA; Toma, A; Toussaint, JF, 2017)		0.46
" The RSV-PreF vaccine elicited rapid RSV neutralizing antibody responses in healthy young men, with an acceptable adverse event profile."( A Randomized, Controlled, Observer-Blinded Phase 1 Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine With or Without Alum Adjuvant.
Aggarwal, N; Dewé, W; Dieussaert, I; Fissette, L; Halperin, SA; Langley, JM; Leyssen, M; McNeil, SA; Toma, A; Toussaint, JF, 2017)		0.46
" Incidence and severity of reactogenicity and adverse events (AEs) were compared."( Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant Staphylococcus aureus α-toxoid and a recombinant Panton-Valentine leukocidin subunit, in healthy adults.
Ellis, MW; Fahim, RE; Fattom, A; Fraser, J; Hospenthal, DR; Kessler, PD; Lalani, T; Landrum, ML; Maguire, JD; Niknian, M; Taylor, K; Tribble, DR; Wilkins, K, 2017)		0.46
"Aluminum sulphate has a significant toxic effects for humans."( Folic acid improve developmental toxicity induced by aluminum sulphates.
George, SM; Mohamed, HK; Yassa, HA, 2017)		0.46
"Results showed no adverse events occurred after immunization of animals."( Safety and efficiency of active immunization with detoxified antigen against scorpion venom: side effect evaluation.
Bachsais, N; Boussag-Abib, L; Laraba-Djebari, F, 2017)		0.46
"This safe vaccine preparation seems to induce a long-term protection without any risk of deleterious inflammatory response."( Safety and efficiency of active immunization with detoxified antigen against scorpion venom: side effect evaluation.
Bachsais, N; Boussag-Abib, L; Laraba-Djebari, F, 2017)		0.46
" Given the water-insoluble property of toxic calcium oxalate raphides in PT, we suggest that a more scientific processing method should be sought."( Metabolomic analysis of raw Pinelliae Rhizoma and its alum-processed products via UPLC-MS and their cytotoxicity.
Chen, XG; He, HK; Sun, LM; Wang, SJ; Wang, YC; Zhang, B, 2019)		0.51
" The study proved that vaccine with increased biomass in reduced dose is safe in local as well as in exotic breeds of cattle."( A novel approach for development, standardization, and safety testing of enriched alum-precipitated vaccine against hemorrhagic septicemia in different breeds of cattle.
Afroz, H; Farooq, MZ; Rasool, A; Sattar, S, 2019)		0.51
" To mitigate this adverse effect, the vaccine adjuvant formulations were modified by adding poly(vinyl alcohol), which allowed gelation, while reducing the amount of Pluronic in the formulation."( Safety and biocompatibility of injectable vaccine adjuvants composed of thermogelling block copolymer gels.
Adams, JR; Haughney, SL; Mallapragada, SK; Narasimhan, B; Senapati, S; Wannemuehler, MJ, 2019)		0.51
"The vaccine was well tolerated and most of the adverse events were mild and of short duration."( A Phase 2/3 double blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy adult participants in Vietnam to examine the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated whole virion, alum adjuvanted, A(H5N1) influenza vaccine (IVACFLU-A/H5N1).
Anh, DD; Chien, VC; Cuong, NP; Duong, TN; Flores, J; Holt, R; Huong, VM; Montomoli, E; Phuong, NTL; Scorza, FB; Tewari, T; Thang, TC; Thiem, VD, 2020)		0.56
"The IVACFLU A/H5N1 was safe and immunogenic."( A Phase 2/3 double blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy adult participants in Vietnam to examine the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated whole virion, alum adjuvanted, A(H5N1) influenza vaccine (IVACFLU-A/H5N1).
Anh, DD; Chien, VC; Cuong, NP; Duong, TN; Flores, J; Holt, R; Huong, VM; Montomoli, E; Phuong, NTL; Scorza, FB; Tewari, T; Thang, TC; Thiem, VD, 2020)		0.56
"Anti-tumour inflammatory cytokines are highly toxic when administered systemically."( Intratumourally injected alum-tethered cytokines elicit potent and safer local and systemic anticancer immunity.
Agarwal, Y; Chang, JYH; Irvine, DJ; Lutz, EA; Melo, MB; Milling, LE; Moyer, TJ; Ni, K; Rodrigues, KA; Santollani, L; Sheen, A; Stinson, J; Tabet, A; Wittrup, KD, 2022)		0.72
" The primary outcome was safety (frequency of adverse events up to day 85) assessed in participants who received at least one vaccination."( Safety and immunogenicity of a novel multivalent OspA-based vaccine candidate against Lyme borreliosis: a randomised, phase 1 study in healthy adults.
Bender, W; Bézay, N; Dubischar, K; Eder-Lingelbach, S; Hochreiter, R; Kadlecek, V; Klingler, A; Larcher-Senn, J; Leroux-Roels, G; Leroux-Roels, I; Wressnigg, N, 2023)		0.91
" VLA15 was safe and well tolerated and the majority of adverse events were mild or moderate."( Safety and immunogenicity of a novel multivalent OspA-based vaccine candidate against Lyme borreliosis: a randomised, phase 1 study in healthy adults.
Bender, W; Bézay, N; Dubischar, K; Eder-Lingelbach, S; Hochreiter, R; Kadlecek, V; Klingler, A; Larcher-Senn, J; Leroux-Roels, G; Leroux-Roels, I; Wressnigg, N, 2023)		0.91
"This novel multivalent vaccine candidate against Lyme borreliosis was safe and immunogenic and paves the way to further clinical development."( Safety and immunogenicity of a novel multivalent OspA-based vaccine candidate against Lyme borreliosis: a randomised, phase 1 study in healthy adults.
Bender, W; Bézay, N; Dubischar, K; Eder-Lingelbach, S; Hochreiter, R; Kadlecek, V; Klingler, A; Larcher-Senn, J; Leroux-Roels, G; Leroux-Roels, I; Wressnigg, N, 2023)		0.91
" Adverse effects, immunological variables and beta-cell function were monitored, with detailed measurements at 5 and 12 months from baseline."( A 1-year pilot study of intralymphatic injections of GAD-alum in individuals with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) with signs of high immunity: No safety concerns and resemblance to juvenile type 1 diabetes.
Balasuriya, C; Björklund, A; Casas, R; Grill, V; Hals, IK; Ludvigsson, J, 2023)		0.91
"Clinical adverse effects were minor and transient and measured laboratory variables were unaffected."( A 1-year pilot study of intralymphatic injections of GAD-alum in individuals with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) with signs of high immunity: No safety concerns and resemblance to juvenile type 1 diabetes.
Balasuriya, C; Björklund, A; Casas, R; Grill, V; Hals, IK; Ludvigsson, J, 2023)		0.91
" All formulations of ZR202-CoV were well-tolerated, with no observed solicited adverse events ≥ Grade 3 within 7 days after vaccination."( Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a CpG/Alum adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine (ZR202-CoV) in healthy adults: Preliminary report of a phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial.
Chen, JJ; Cui, TT; Feng, GW; Han, X; He, P; Hu, ZY; Huang, LL; Huang, Z; Jiang, ZW; Lan, QY; Li, K; Liu, G; Ni, L; Wang, CF; Wang, ZF; Xie, ZQ; Yan, YQ; Yang, Q; Yang, SY; Yang, YZ; Yu, BW; Yuan, L; Zhao, JC; Zhou, LY, 2023)		0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The efficacy of vaccination with Toxoplasma gondii recombinant GRA4 (rGRA4) and ROP2 (rRPO2) proteins and a mix of both combined with alum were evaluated in C57BL/6 and C3H mice."( Recombinant GRA4 or ROP2 protein combined with alum or the gra4 gene provides partial protection in chronic murine models of toxoplasmosis.
Angel, SO; De Roodt, AR; Echeverria, PC; Guarnera, EA; Litwin, S; Martin, V; Supanitsky, A; Tanos, T, 2004)		0.32
" A/J mice were immunized intraperitoneally once, or twice with a 4-week interval, with recombinant PA alone or combined with alum, CpG1826, or CIA07 as adjuvant, and serum anti-PA IgG antibody responses were measured 4 weeks after each immunization."( Enhancement of the immune responses of mice to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen by CIA07 combined with alum.
Cho, YJ; Chun, JH; Kim, HK; Kim, KS; Kim, SH; Kim, YH; Lee, NG; Park, SA, 2008)		0.35
" In the present study, we have investigated the immunogenicity of the Duffy-binding like (DBL)-domain of the Pf332 molecule in combination with different adjuvants in four animal species."( Immunogenicity of the Plasmodium falciparum Pf332-DBL domain in combination with different adjuvants.
Chen, Q; Du, C; Jiang, N; Lu, H; Nilsson, S; Wahlgren, M; Yin, J, 2010)		0.36
" alum, saponin, cationic liposomes and monophosphoryl lipid-A in combination with Autoclaved Leishmania donovani (ALD) antigen against murine visceral leishmaniasis (VL)."( Evaluation of the immunoprophylactic potential of a killed vaccine candidate in combination with different adjuvants against murine visceral leishmaniasis.
Kaur, H; Kaur, S; Thakur, A, 2015)		0.42
" We assessed the effect of cercarial transformation fluid (CTF) singly and in combination with crude cercarial antigen (CCA) using alum as an adjuvant."( Protective capacity of cercarial transformation fluid alone or in combination with crude cercarial antigen against challenge infections of Schistosoma mansoni in mice.
Arafa, FM; El Azzouni, MZ; Elhadidi, A; Gaafar, MR; Mady, RF, 2017)		0.46
" In addition, toxofilin DNA vaccine combined with the individual adjuvants, alum or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), or a mixture of alum-MPLA adjuvant were screened for their ability to enhance antibody responses."( Vaccination with toxofilin DNA in combination with an alum-monophosphoryl lipid A mixed adjuvant induces significant protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii.
Cong, H; Guo, J; Han, Y; Hao, Z; He, S; Lv, G; Song, P; Zhou, A; Zhou, H; Zhou, J, 2017)		0.46
" BALB/c mice were immunized three times with either toxofilin DNA vaccine alone or in combination with the adjuvants such as alum, MPLA or an alum-MPLA mixture."( Vaccination with toxofilin DNA in combination with an alum-monophosphoryl lipid A mixed adjuvant induces significant protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii.
Cong, H; Guo, J; Han, Y; Hao, Z; He, S; Lv, G; Song, P; Zhou, A; Zhou, H; Zhou, J, 2017)		0.46
" Importantly, the co-administration of alum-MPLA adjuvant in combination with the toxofilin DNA vaccine shifted the Th2 immune response to a Th1 response compared with the alum-toxofilin group, and elicited the strongest humoral and Th1 responses among all the groups."( Vaccination with toxofilin DNA in combination with an alum-monophosphoryl lipid A mixed adjuvant induces significant protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii.
Cong, H; Guo, J; Han, Y; Hao, Z; He, S; Lv, G; Song, P; Zhou, A; Zhou, H; Zhou, J, 2017)		0.46
"We aimed to evaluate immune-stimulatory effects of naloxone (NLX), an opioid receptor antagonist, in combination with alum in mice vaccinated with excretory-secretory antigens (E/S) of Fasciola hepatica."( A Survey on the Adjuvant Role of Naloxone Alone or Combined with Alum in Vaccination Against Fasciolosis in BALB/c Mice.
Azizi, H; Bagheri, A; Bazi, A; Elikaee, S; Khamesipour, A; Khatami, M; Mirzaeei, H; Mirzapour, A; Yaghoobi, H, 2019)		0.51

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Although Al alone failed to produce any deleterious effect on renal function, it significantly increased the bioavailability and nephrotoxicity of CSA."( Aluminum exacerbates cyclosporin induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
al Khader, A; al Sulaiman, M; Morais, C; Sobki, S; Sujata, B; Tariq, M, 1999)		0.3
" The trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) represents an upper concentration limit on THMs formed by chlorination, while bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) is an indicator of the bioavailability of DOM."( Effect of alum treatment on the trihalomethane formation and bacterial regrowth potential of natural and synthetic waters.
Drikas, M; Mulcahy, DE; Page, DW; Spark, KM; van Leeuwen, JA; Withers, N, 2002)		0.31
" This knowledge is important forthe evaluation of the long-term stability and bioavailability of P, which is a necessary prerequisite forthe assessment of the sustainability of intensive poultry operations."( Direct speciation of phosphorus in alum-amended poultry litter: solid-state 31P NMR investigation.
Cho, H; Hunger, S; Sims, JT; Sparks, DL, 2004)		0.32
" To promote extended immunogen bioavailability and to present antigen in a multivalent form, native-HIV Env trimers are modified with short phosphoserine peptide linkers that promote tight binding to aluminum hydroxide (pSer:alum)."( A combined adjuvant approach primes robust germinal center responses and humoral immunity in non-human primates.
Allers, C; Aye, PP; Bick, M; Burton, DR; Carnathan, DG; Crotty, S; Dufour, JP; Eskandarzadeh, S; Fahlberg, M; Gao, H; Georgeson, E; Grasperge, BF; Groschel, B; Hangartner, L; Irvine, DJ; Kaczmarek Michaels, K; Kaur, A; Kubitz, M; Lee, WH; Lopez, PG; Maiorino, L; Marina-Zárate, E; Melo, M; Montefiori, DC; Nedellec, R; Ozorowski, G; Pahar, B; Phung, I; Rodrigues, KA; Schief, WR; Schiro, F; Shen, X; Silvestri, G; Torres, JL; Veazey, RS; Ward, AB, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

optimum dosage of return sludge was 3010mg/L, when coagulant PACl or aluminum sulfate was employed. When added to a slurry of unbleached softwood kraft fibers, the oxidized β-D-glucan yielded greater increases in tensile strength and folding endurance.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The survival rates at the end of the dosing period were 73."( Chronic toxicity and tumorigenicity study of aluminum potassium sulfate in B6C3F1 mice.
Fujiyoshi, T; Hatanaka, S; Kuriwaki, K; Ohi, Y; Oneda, S; Takasaki, T; Umekita, Y; Yoshida, A; Yoshida, H, )		0.13
" The use of QS21 shifted the dose-response curve, resulting in less MN rgp120 required to achieve equivalent titers to those in the alum formulations."( Immunogenicity and HIV-1 virus neutralization of MN recombinant glycoprotein 120/HIV-1 QS21 vaccine in baboons .
Cleland, JL; Eastman, DJ; Lim, A; Murthy, K; Newman, MJ; Nunberg, JH; Powell, MF; Vennari, JC; Weissburg, RP; Wrin, T, 1994)		0.29
" Our findings suggest that dosage forms which comply with the pharmacopoeia criteria for dissolution can be prepared and selected by factorial design."( 3(3) factorial design-based optimization of the formulation of nitrofurantoin microcapsules.
Ertan, G; Günerï, T; Karasulu, HY, 1996)		0.29
" The activity of apopain (CPP32), an interleukin 1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like cysteine protease specifically associated with apoptosis, was increased following dosing with aluminum."( Elevation of cerebral proteases after systemic administration of aluminum.
Bondy, SC; Guo-Ross, S; Yang, E, 1998)		0.3
" Sediment volumes are slightly lower for flocs produced by PACl than by alum, but the value is proportional to the dosage in all cases."( Properties of flocs produced by water treatment coagulants.
Dupon, V; Gregory, J, 2001)		0.31
"Ferrate is an excellent water treatment agent for its multi-functions in oxidation, disinfection, coagulation and adsorption, but its coagulation ability depends on its dosage and is after its oxidation."( Double catholyte electrochemical approach for preparing ferrate-aluminum: a compound oxidant-coagulant for water purification.
Lei, PJ; Liu, HJ; Qu, JH, 2002)		0.31
" For Cheng-Kung Water Treatment Plant (high DOC, high alkalinity), laboratory tests showed 50% DOC removal with alum dosage of 70-110 mg (-1)."( Removal of dissolved natural organic matter from source water with alum coagulation.
Chen, HW; Kang, SF; Pa, SY; Wang, CS; Yang, HJ, 2002)		0.31
" coagulant-flocculant combination, effective dosage and pH control."( Coagulation-flocculation pretreatment of sanitary landfill leachates.
Matis, KA; Samaras, P; Tatsi, AA; Zouboulis, AI, 2003)		0.32
" In coagulation process with influent color of 1220 true color unit (TCU), the optimum dosage of return sludge was 3010mg/L, when coagulant PACl or aluminum sulfate was employed."( Return sludge employed in enhancement of color removal in the integrally industrial wastewater treatment plant.
Liang, TT; Liu, SS, 2004)		0.52
" The total infectious virus concentration in the suspension of floc particles that eventually formed by dosing with coagulant was measured after the floc particles were dissolved by raising the pH with an alkaline beef extract solution."( Virus inactivation in aluminum and polyaluminum coagulation.
Gojo, T; Inoue, T; Mamiya, T; Matsui, Y; Matsushita, T; Sakuma, S; Suzuoki, H, 2003)		0.32
" Optimum turbidity removal was achieved with a 4 and 20 mg/L dosage for ferric chloride and alum, respectively."( Pilot scale microfiltration-coagulation for treatment of retention pond water.
Abdullah, AG; Aya, H; Nagaoka, H; Noor, MJ; Saed, K; Salim, MR, 2004)		0.32
" However, the ratio of DOC removal rate and UVa removal rate decreased as the coagulant dosage increased."( Evaluating the efficiency of coagulation in the removal of dissolved organic carbon from reservoir water using fluorescence and ultraviolet photometry.
Cheng, WP; Chi, FH; Yu, RF, 2004)		0.32
" The effect of parameters such as pH, ionic strength and optimum dosage of the coagulants were determined in the jar test experiments."( Use of coagulants in treatment of olive oil wastewater model solutions by induced air flotation.
Kasaeian, AB; Meyssami, B, 2005)		0.33
" Sequential alum dosing improved the TSS removal efficiency while it had no effect on TP removal efficiency."( Physical and chemical processes for removing suspended solids and phosphorus from liquid swine manure.
Bromley, D; El-Din, MG; Moawad, AK; Zhu, K, 2004)		0.32
" At a specific pH condition, the applied alum dosage would efficiently decrease the turbidity to 2 NTU follows the order: humic>tannic>p-hydroxybenzoic acid."( Effects of polyelectrolytes on reduction of model compounds via coagulation.
Chang, EE; Chao, SH; Chiang, PC; Hsing, HJ; Tang, WY, 2005)		0.33
" With ferric chloride, low coagulant dosage showed negative turbidity removal."( Particle count and size alteration for membrane fouling reduction in non-conventional water filtration.
Adin, A, 2004)		0.32
" Sequential polymer dosing using either iron or cationic polymer, followed by anionic polymer, was found to improve dewatering."( Sequential polymer dosing for effective dewatering of ATAD sludges.
Abu-Orf, M; Agarwal, S; Novak, JT, 2005)		0.33
" The main issues focused upon were: (1) the appropriate dosage of the alum sludge, (2) the appropriate operating conditions, and (3) the possible mechanisms for enhancement by adding alum sludge."( Re-use of water treatment works sludge to enhance particulate pollutant removal from sewage.
Chen, GH; Guan, XH; Shang, C, 2005)		0.33
"In order to determine the optimal dosage and type of coagulant for the physico-chemical treatment of leachate from the sanitary landfill of Merida, Mexico, a total of 864 jar tests were performed."( Physico-chemical treatment of Merida landfill leachate for chemical oxygen demand reduction by coagulation.
Castillo-Borges, ER; Giacomán-Vallejos, G; Jiménez-Cisneros, B; Méndez-Novelo, RI; Quintal-Franco, CA; Sauri-Riancho, MR, 2005)		0.33
"9% cationic polyelectrolyte by weight, and a decrease of 99%-95% were achieved for CST and SRF, respectively, when this dosage of cationic polyelectrolyte was used."( Improvement of dewatering capacity of a petrochemical sludge.
Buyukkamaci, N; Kucukselek, E, 2007)		0.34
" This research aims to investigate the influence of temperature, humic acid (HA) level and chemical dosing on particle breakthrough in filtration."( Effects of filtration temperature, humic acid level and alum dose on cryptosporidium sized particle breakthrough.
Deng, LY; Fitzpatrick, CS; Xu, GR, 2006)		0.33
"135 mg SiO2/mg Al2O3 when the dosage of coagulants was in the range 30-150 mg/L Al2O3."( Colloidal silica removal in coagulation processes for wastewater reuse in a high-tech industrial park.
Chang, TC; Chuang, SH; Leu, JM; Ouyang, CF, 2007)		0.34
" It was found that dosing of canal water in 200-1 ceramic jars with alum, PAC or PAC followed by hypochlorite provides a high level of treatment for drinking water at the household level in a rural village setting in the Mekong River delta."( Microbial counts and pesticide concentrations in drinking water after alum flocculation of channel feed water at the household level, in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam.
Wrigley, T, 2007)		0.34
" Alum addition produced a charge reversal at dosing above 60 mg/L (18 x 10(-5)M) while ferric chloride did not reverse charge."( Suspended particle destabilization in retained urban stormwater as a function of coagulant dosage and redox conditions.
Kim, JY; Sansalone, JJ, 2008)		0.35
" The factors affecting the removal of pathogenic protozoan from secondary effluent in flocculation process, including type and dosage of flocculant, pH, temperature and other reaction conditions were studied."( [Effect of reaction conditions on the removal of pathogenic protozoan from secondary effluent in flocculation process].
Hu, HY; Wu, QY; Zhang, T; Zong, ZS, 2007)		0.34
" The enhancement of lead removal was approximately 21 to 37% by ferrate pretreatment at a dosage of 1 to 5 mg/L."( Enhanced removal of lead(II) and cadmium(II) from water in alum coagulation by ferrate(VI) pretreatment.
Jun, M; Liang, YM; Liu, W, 2007)		0.34
" Results showed that ferric chloride was effective in natural organic matter removal when coagulant dosage was higher than 15 mg/L, while aluminium was effective at lower dosage."( [Characteristic of natural organic matter removal by ferric and aluminium coagulation].
Li, GB; Sun, LH; Zhang, YJ; Zhou, LL, 2008)		0.35
" At first phase of this examination, the optimum dosage of the coagulants was determined."( Survey of dissolved air flotation system efficiency for reduce of pollution of vegetable oil industry wastewater.
Alidadi, H; Keramati, H; Mahvi, AH; Movahedian, H; Parvaresh, AR, 2008)		0.35
" Effects of flocculants dosage on the colour and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal were examined."( Post-treatment of banknote printing wastewater using polysilicate ferro-aluminum sulfate (PSFA).
He, ZJ; Jiang, WT; Qiu, ZM, 2009)		0.59
" Both coagulants efficiently removed the dye (about 85%) with a relatively low dosage (40 mg/l) in their optimum pH range."( Coagulation/flocculation of dye-containing solutions using polyaluminium chloride and alum.
Arami, M; Moghaddam, MR; Zonoozi, MH, 2009)		0.35
" An optimized dosage of 2 mg L(-1) of the purified bioflocculant was sufficient to remove 80."( Application of a novel biopolymer for removal of Salmonella from poultry wastewater.
Ganguli, A; Ghosh, M; Pathak, S, 2009)		0.35
" The effects of dosage of composite coagulants, composite mass ratios (20:1-5:1) of AS and PDM, intrinsic viscosity values (0."( [Algae-removal effect of AS/PDM composite coagulants to winter Taihu Lake raw water].
Li, XX; Liu, C; Zhang, YJ; Zhao, XL; Zhu, LL, 2009)		0.35
"6 mg-P was removed by 1 g of the alum sludge at a P concentration of 360 mg-P/l and a dosage of 5 g/l."( Phosphorus removal in laboratory-scale unvegetated vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland systems using alum sludge as main substrate.
Babatunde, AO; Zhao, YQ, 2009)		0.35
"20 mg P/L in the supernatant of the sewage sludge while the organic polymer dosage for the conditioning of the mixed sludges would also be significantly reduced."( Two strategies for phosphorus removal from reject water of municipal wastewater treatment plant using alum sludge.
Babatunde, AO; Kearney, P; Yang, Y; Zhao, YQ, 2009)		0.35
" On the other hand, when a small additional dosage of alum was added to the suspension during floc breakage, the size of regrown flocs was higher than that before breakage."( Breakage and regrowth of Al-humic flocs--effect of additional coagulant dosage.
Campos, L; Gregory, J; Yu, WZ, 2010)		0.36
"4%, respectively, however residual COD values were over 200 mg L(-1) even under intensive experimental conditions (high dosage of NaClO and prolonged oxidation time)."( Advanced treatment of the output-stream of biological leachate treatment by appropriate combination of coagulation/flocculation and oxidation.
Donghui, C; Haiying, Z; Hongtao, H; Jingyu, Q; Yi, Z, 2012)		0.38
" Results indicated that, the flocs formed by AS-CBF (AS dosed first) showed the largest size and the best recoverability across the pH range investigated."( Effect of dosing sequence and solution pH on floc properties of the compound bioflocculant-aluminum sulfate dual-coagulant in kaolin-humic acid solution treatment.
Bo, X; Gao, B; Peng, N; Wang, Y; Yue, Q; Zhao, Y, 2012)		0.6
" The effect of dosing sequence was also investigated."( Anionic polymer compound bioflocculant as a coagulant aid with aluminum sulfate and titanium tetrachloride.
Bo, XW; Gao, BY; Kim, JH; Shon, HK; Wang, Y; Yue, QY; Zhao, YX, 2012)		0.62
" Although both are used for similar purposes, they differ in their dosing method - in EC the coagulant is added by electrolytic oxidation of an appropriate anode material, while in CC dissolution of a chemical coagulant is used."( Electrocoagulation versus chemical coagulation: coagulation/flocculation mechanisms and resulting floc characteristics.
Adin, A; Harif, T; Khai, M, 2012)		0.38
"The effects of culture medium pH, flocculant type (FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3, Alum, Ca(OH)2, chitosan, polyacrylamide), dosage and sedimental time on flocculation efficiency of harvesting Scenedesmus sp."( Optimal conditions of different flocculation methods for harvesting Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in an open-pond system.
Chen, L; Wang, C; Wang, W; Wei, J, 2013)		0.39
" Variables in the study were time, aluminium dosage and pH."( Long term in-line sludge storage in wastewater treatment plants: the potential for phosphorus release.
Eikum, AS; Johannessen, E; Krogstad, T, 2012)		0.38
" LA was used in combination with aluminum sulfate or polyaluminum chloride, namely Al-LA (Al was dosed firstly) and LA-Al (LA was dosed firstly), in humic acid water treatment."( Characterization of size, strength and structure of aluminum-polymer dual-coagulant flocs under different pH and hydraulic conditions.
Dong, M; Gao, B; Li, Q; Rong, H; Sun, S; Yue, Q; Zhao, Y, 2013)		0.67
" The highest removal efficiency (COD: 81%; TSS: 79%) was achieved for greywater that did not contain wastewater from the laundry and for Al2(SO4)3×14 H2O dosage of 800 mg L(-1)."( Quantitative and qualitative greywater characterization in Greek households and investigation of their treatment using physicochemical methods.
Antonopoulou, G; Kirkou, A; Stasinakis, AS, 2013)		0.39
" The results indicated (1) that the objective function is more sensitive to design flow rate (Q), (2) the variations in the alum dosage (A), and (3) the sand filter head loss (H)."( Optimization of conventional water treatment plant using dynamic programming.
Bahareh, G; Elahe, D; Mostafa, KS; Pegah, D, 2015)		0.42
" Rheological methods were employed to analyze the internal structural transition between the raw and conditioned WTRs under a typical dosage of WD4960."( Effect of conditioning by PAM polymers with different charges on the structural and characteristic evolutions of water treatment residuals.
Chen, YJ; Wang, YL; Yan, WL, 2013)		0.39
" When added to a slurry of unbleached softwood kraft fibers, in combination with an optimal dosage of aluminum sulfate, the oxidized β-D-glucan yielded greater increases in tensile strength and folding endurance in comparison to untreated β-D-glucan."( TEMPO-mediated oxidation of oat β-D-glucan and its influences on paper properties.
Hubbe, MA; Song, X, 2014)		0.62
" To thoroughly assess vaccine efficacy, full dose-response curves were generated for heroin-induced analgesia in both hot plate and tail immersion tests."( Injection route and TLR9 agonist addition significantly impact heroin vaccine efficacy.
Bremer, PT; Janda, KD; Lively, JM; Schlosburg, JE, 2014)		0.4
" Effects of different dosing sequences, Al dosed first and LA dosed first, were also investigated."( Advanced lignin-acrylamide water treatment agent by pulp and paper industrial sludge: synthesis, properties and application.
Gao, B; Li, Q; Rong, H; Sun, S; Wang, Y; Yang, Z; Yue, Q; Zhao, Y, 2013)		0.39
" Post-treatment total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in the experimental water did not decrease; on the contrary, TN concentrations increased with the increasing dosage of coagulants."( Efficacy of two chemical coagulants and three different filtration media on removal of Aspergillus flavus from surface water.
Al-Gabr, HM; Yu, X; Zheng, T, 2014)		0.4
" NaClO dosing had no adverse impact on the formation of currently regulated disinfection by-product compounds (THMs and HAAs)."( Pre-treatment for ultrafiltration: effect of pre-chlorination on membrane fouling.
Graham, N; Qu, J; Xu, L; Yu, W, 2014)		0.4
" coli) attenuation by Fe-EC in synthetic Bengal groundwater as a function of Fe dosage rate, total Fe dosed, pH, and presence of natural organic matter (NOM)."( Escherichia coli Attenuation by Fe Electrocoagulation in Synthetic Bengal Groundwater: Effect of pH and Natural Organic Matter.
Amrose, SE; Delaire, C; Gadgil, AJ; Nelson, KL; van Genuchten, CM, 2015)		0.42
" In rural and developing countries, this is important because it does not require a sophisticated dosing equipment."( Comparative study between M. oleifera and aluminum sulfate for water treatment: case study Colombia.
Cano, RE; Luna-delRisco, M; Salazar Gámez, LL, 2015)		0.68
"The breakage and regrowth of flocs formed by sweep flocculation were investigated on different flocculation mechanisms using additional dosage coagulant of poly aluminium chloride (PACl) and non-ionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to explore the reversibility after floc breakage."( Breakage and regrowth of flocs formed by sweep coagulation using additional coagulant of poly aluminium chloride and non-ionic polyacrylamide.
Chen, T; Feng, G; Li, S; Nan, J; Wang, Z; Yao, M, 2016)		0.43
" The percentage turbidity removal is greater at higher pH value and increases with increasing the dosage of SRP."( Characterization of water treatment sludge and its reuse as coagulant.
Ahad, A; Ahmad, K; Ahmad, T; Alam, M, 2016)		0.43
" By varying the parameters, such as molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation of chitosan, pH, reaction and settling time, dosage and temperature, self-assembly can be further investigated."( Investigation of Self-Assembly Processes for Chitosan-Based Coagulant-Flocculant Systems: A Mini-Review.
Bhalkaran, S; Wilson, LD, 2016)		0.43
"3%, with optimum dosage and pH of 177."( Growth of microalgae Botryococcus sp. in domestic wastewater and application of statistical analysis for the optimization of flocculation using alum and chitosan.
Abdul Latiff, AA; Gani, P; Matias-Peralta, H; Mohamad Fuzi, SF; Mohamed Sunar, N, 2017)		0.46
" The results indicate that the removal efficiency of GO with alum coagulation can reach 80% with 20 mg/L alum dosage at neutral pH, and will not change significantly with higher concentration of alum."( Removal of graphene oxide nanomaterials from aqueous media via coagulation: Effects of water chemistry and natural organic matter.
Adeleye, AS; Duan, L; Hao, R; He, X; Li, Y; Xu, Z, 2017)		0.46
"A series of experiments were undertaken in order to understand and predict the dosage of powdered activated carbon required to remove taste and odour compounds in an Australian drinking water treatment plant."( Analysis and modelling of powdered activated carbon dosing for taste and odour removal.
Bertone, E; Chang, C; O'Halloran, K; Thiel, P, 2018)		0.48
" Thus, there is a need to develop a formulation which can eliminate the need of frequent dosing and enhance patient's acquiescence."( Hepatitis B Antigen Loaded Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles: Formulation Optimization and In-vivo Immunization in BALB/c Mice.
Dewangan, HK; Maurya, L; Singh, S; Srivastava, A, 2018)		0.48
" More than 140 jar tests on greywater with varying characteristics were conducted in order to determine the optimum coagulant dosage and treated greywater characteristics."( Chemical coagulation of greywater: modelling using artificial neural networks.
Gadekar, MR; Mansoor Ahammed, M; Vinitha, EV, 2018)		0.48
" Specifically, in terms of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), PAC dosing mainly stimulated the production of loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), whereas more tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) were secreted with the presence of AS."( Impact of Al-based coagulants on the formation of aerobic granules: Comparison between poly aluminum chloride (PAC) and aluminum sulfate (AS).
Gao, M; Liu, F; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Wang, J; Zhang, A; Zhou, L, 2019)		0.72
" However, the effects of PAC dosing strategy on the coagulation-flocculation process of water treatment have not been well understood, especially for water with low amounts of inorganic particles."( Effects of powdered activated carbon on the coagulation-flocculation process in humic acid and humic acid-kaolin water treatment.
Huang, X; Shi, B; Shi, J; Wan, Y, 2020)		0.56
" The effects of coagulant dosage (10-60 mg/L) and settling time were investigated for the removal of turbidity, color, and total suspended solids."( Coagulation Treatment of Wastewater: Kinetics and Natural Coagulant Evaluation.
Kweinor Tetteh, E; Precious Sibiya, N; Rathilal, S, 2021)		0.62
"8% with an optimum dosage of alum + CCM for hot alkaline chemical degreasing wastewater bath rinsing."( Assessment of the application of cladode cactus mucilage flocculants for hot chemical degreasing electroplating wastewater treatment and reuse: process efficiency and storage stability.
Chaabane, S; Dörr, M; Jaballah, A; Riahi, K; Werhenin Ammeri, R, 2022)		0.72
" The wastewater treatment tests showed that the best option was the combination of both coagulants, in a 50:50 ratio, resulting in a total coagulant dosage of 3,000 mg/L."( Reducing the pollution load of tannery wastewater and the atmospheric emission of hydrogen sulfide using modified tannin.
de Aquim, PM; Hansen, E; Osório, DM; Uez, DE, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (30 Items)

ItemProcessFrequency
Biscuits and cakescore-ingredient24
Sweet snackscore-ingredient24
Snackscore-ingredient24
Cakescore-ingredient15
Condimentscore-ingredient13
Saucescore-ingredient12
Groceriescore-ingredient11
Pastriescore-ingredient7
Thousand island dressingcore-ingredient6
Salad dressingscore-ingredient6
Pastry helperscore-ingredient6
Cooking helperscore-ingredient6
Cake mixescore-ingredient5
Dessert mixescore-ingredient5
Baking Mixescore-ingredient5
Salted snackscore-ingredient3
Breadscore-ingredient2
Cereals and potatoescore-ingredient2
Plant-based foodscore-ingredient2
Plant-based foods and beveragescore-ingredient2
Burger saucescore-ingredient2
Biscuitscore-ingredient2
Fatscore-ingredient1
Mealscore-ingredient1
Pancake mixescore-ingredient1
Indian saucescore-ingredient1
Tartare saucescore-ingredient1
Egg whitecore-ingredient1
Eggscore-ingredient1
Farming productscore-ingredient1

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
aluminium sulfateAny inorganic sulfate salt resulting from the formal condensation of aluminium hydroxide with 1.5 mol eq. of sulfuric acid.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (1,507)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990118 (7.83)18.7374
1990's166 (11.02)18.2507
2000's462 (30.66)29.6817
2010's584 (38.75)24.3611
2020's177 (11.75)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 69.71

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index69.71 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.42 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.91 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index170.99 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.78 (0.95)

This Compound (69.71)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials78 (4.92%)5.53%
Reviews51 (3.22%)6.00%
Case Studies24 (1.51%)4.05%
Observational1 (0.06%)0.25%
Other1,431 (90.28%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (28)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-label, Single-center, Study of TDENV-PIV and LAV Dengue Vaccine Platforms as Part of a Heterologous Prime-boost Strategy in Healthy Adults in a Nonendemic Region [NCT02239614]Phase 180 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
A Phase I, Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Observer-blinded, Dose-escalation Study to Assess the Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (NBP2001) in Healthy Adults Aged at 19 to 55 Years [NCT04760743]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-17Completed
A 2-Stage, Phase I/II, Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Observer-blinded, Dose-finding Study to Assess the Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine (GBP510) Adjuvanted With Aluminum Hydroxide in He [NCT04742738]Phase 1/Phase 2260 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-20Completed
Immune Response of Individuals Vaccinated With Hypoallergenic Derivatives of the Major Birch Pollen Allergen, Bet v 1 [NCT01353924]Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-08-31Not yet recruiting
A Phase I, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Observer-blind, Two-dose (0-28 Day Schedule) Primary Vaccination Study of Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) Tetravalent Dengue Virus Purified Inactivated Vaccine (TDENV-PIV) in Healthy Adults in a No [NCT01666652]Phase 1100 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Characterisation of Human Disseminated Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses Following Sublingual or Intramuscular Deposition of Antigens [NCT00949572]18 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
Randomised Dose Ranging Observer Blind Single Centre Study to Evaluate Safety and Immunogenicity of Adjuvanted and Non-adjuvanted Influenza H9 Influenza Vaccine in Humans [NCT00814229]Phase 1353 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
A Phase III, 3-Arm, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Investigate the Impact of Diamyd on the Progression of Diabetes in Patients Newly Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (EU) [NCT00723411]Phase 3334 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Terminated(stopped due to The primary endpoint at 15 months was not met.)
Randomized Comparative Open Trial of Occlusive Therapy With a Hydrocolloid or Silicone Versus Conventional Drying Treatment for the Local Care of Acute Lesions Caused by Herpes Zoster. [NCT04258930]36 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-02-26Recruiting
Safety And Immunogenicity Of Novel Candidate Blood-Stage Malaria Vaccine P27A With Alhydrogel® Or GLA-SE As Adjuvant: A Staggered, Antigen And Adjuvant Dose-Finding, Randomized, Multi-Centre Phase Ia/Ib Trial [NCT01949909]Phase 156 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Recombinant HIV Envelope Protein VRC-HIVRGP096-00-VP (Trimer 4571) Vaccine, in HIV-1 Infected Adults on Suppressive ART [NCT04985760]Phase 132 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-30Recruiting
Effects of Recombinant Human Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (rhGAD65) Formulated in Alum (GAD-alum) on the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes in New Onset Subjects [NCT00529399]Phase 2145 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
A Randomized, Safety, Immunogenicity & Efficacy Study of Autoclaved Leishmania Major Plus BCG vs. BCG (Double Blind) or Placebo (Open), in Healthy High Risk Iranian Volunteers With Positive Response to Leishmanin (LST>0) [NCT00429780]Phase 2/Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
A Randomized, Safety, Immunogenicity & Efficacy Study of Autoclaved Leishmania Major Plus BCG vs. BCG (Double Blind) or Placebo (Open), in Healthy High Risk Iranian Volunteers With no Response to Leishmanin [NCT00429715]Phase 2/Phase 3150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
A Phase 1, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, First-in-human Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of SCB 2019, a Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Trimeric S Protein Subunit Vaccine for COVID-19 in Healthy Volunteers. [NCT04405908]Phase 1166 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-06-19Completed
A Phase I/II Trial of a Human Anti-Idiotypic Monoclonal Antibody Vaccine (4B5) Which Mimics the GD2 Antigen, in Patients With Melanoma [NCT00004184]Phase 1/Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional1998-08-31Completed
A Phase I/II Trial of an Allogeneic Cell Based Vaccine and an Anti-Idiotypic Antibody Vaccine Approach for Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Colon or Rectum [NCT00007826]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants Interventional2000-04-30Active, not recruiting
A Phase II Randomized Trial of a Vaccine Combining Tyrosinase/GP100/MART-1 Peptides Emulsified With Montanide ISA 51 With Interleukin-12 With Alum or GM-CSF for Patients With Resected Stages IIB/C, III and IV Melanoma [NCT00031733]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-02-28Completed
A Phase I, Single-Blind Study to Determine the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacodynamic Profiles of a Hepatitis B Antigen Combined With IMP321 Versus the Hepatitis B Antigen Alone and a Reference Vaccine in Healthy Young Male Volunteers [NCT00354861]Phase 148 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-05-31Completed
A Phase I, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Observer-blind, Two-dose (0-28 Day Schedule) Primary Vaccination Study of WRAIR Tetravalent Dengue Virus Purified Inactivated Vaccine (TDENV-PIV) in Healthy Adults in Puerto Rico [NCT01702857]Phase 1100 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
A Booster Dose of Inactivated Vaccine (Vero Cell) Against EV71 in Chinese Children [NCT01734408]Phase 2773 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Pilot Trial to Preserve Residual Insulin Secretion in Children and Adolescents With Recent Onset Type 1 Diabetes by Using GAD-antigen (Diamyd) Therapy in Combination With Vitamin D and Ibuprofen [NCT01785108]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
VRC 018: A Phase I Dose Escalation, Randomized, Open-Label Clinical Trial to Evaluate Dose, Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of a HIV-1 Vaccine, VRC-HIVRGP096-00-VP, With Alum in Healthy Adults [NCT03783130]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-07Completed
A Phase 1 Randomized, Double-Blind, Dose-Escalation Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Inactivated Streptococcus Pneumoniae Whole Cell Vaccine Formulated With Alum (SPWCV+Alum) in Healthy Adults [NCT01537185]Phase 142 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
The Use of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD)and Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid(GABA)in the Treatment of Type I Diabetes. [NCT02002130]Phase 1101 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Study Assessing the Safety, Immunogenicity and Dose Response of VLA15, A New Multivalent Recombinant OspA Vaccine Candidate Against Lyme Borreliosis, In Healthy Adults Aged Below 40 Years [NCT03010228]Phase 1179 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Completed
A Phase 1, Observer-blind, Randomized, Controlled, Dose-finding Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Clover Adjuvanted Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Trimeric S-protein Subunit Vaccine (SCB-2020S) in Adults 18 to 75 Years of Age [NCT05228314]Phase 1153 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-05-30Completed
Phase 1b Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of NDV-3 Formulated With or Without Alum (AlOH) and Administered Either Intramuscular (IM) or Intradermally (ID) to Healthy Adults [NCT01447407]Phase 1164 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00529399 (1) [back to overview]The Primary Outcome is the Area Under the Stimulated C-peptide Curve (AUC) at the One Year Visit
NCT01447407 (7) [back to overview]Immunogenicity - Cervicovaginal Wash Anti-Als3 IgA1
NCT01447407 (7) [back to overview]Immunogenicity - Cervicovaginal Wash Anti-Als3 IgG
NCT01447407 (7) [back to overview]Immunogenicity - Number of Participants Positive for Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) Producing Als3-specific Interferon-gamma (IFN-g)
NCT01447407 (7) [back to overview]Immunogenicity - Number of Participants Positive for Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) Producing Als3-specific Interleukin-17A (IL-17A)
NCT01447407 (7) [back to overview]Immunogenicity - Serum Anti-Als3 IgA1
NCT01447407 (7) [back to overview]Immunogenicity - Serum Anti-Als3 IgG
NCT01447407 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events
NCT01537185 (2) [back to overview]Immunogenicity Determined by the Number of Subjects With >4x Increase in Anti IgG
NCT01537185 (2) [back to overview]Unsolicited Adverse Event Reports
NCT01666652 (8) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) of Neutralizing Antibody Titers Specific to Each DENV Type - According to Protocol Population (ATP)
NCT01666652 (8) [back to overview]Incidence of Any Symptoms (Solicited and Unsolicited) Reported During the 7-day Post Vaccination Period. Total Vaccinated Cohort (TVC)
NCT01666652 (8) [back to overview]Incidence of General Symptoms (Solicited and Unsolicited) Reported During the 7-day Post Vaccination Period, Total Vaccinated Cohort (TVC)
NCT01666652 (8) [back to overview]Incidence of Local Symptoms (Solicited and Unsolicited) Reported During the 7-day Post Vaccination Period, Total Vaccinated Cohort (TVC)
NCT01666652 (8) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Adverse Events Within the 28 Day Follow-up
NCT01666652 (8) [back to overview]Summary of Subjects With Serious Adverse Events
NCT01666652 (8) [back to overview]Number of Subject Showing Monovalent, Bivalent, Trivalent and Tetravalent Response for Neutralizing Antibodies - Total Vaccinated Cohort (TVC)
NCT01666652 (8) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Laboratory Values Within and Outside the Normal Ranges and With Different Grade of Adverse Event From Screening to Day 56 Visit
NCT03783130 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT03783130 (6) [back to overview]Antibody Response to Adjuvanted Trimer 4571 at 2 Weeks After the Final Study Product Administration
NCT03783130 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Abnormal Laboratory Measures of Safety
NCT03783130 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With One or More Unsolicited Non-Serious Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT03783130 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting Local Reactogenicity Signs and Symptoms For 7 Days After Each Product Administration
NCT03783130 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting Systemic Reactogenicity Signs and Symptoms for 7 Days After Each Product Administration

The Primary Outcome is the Area Under the Stimulated C-peptide Curve (AUC) at the One Year Visit

The primary outcome is the area under the stimulated C-peptide curve (AUC) based on data collected at time 0 to 2 hours of a 4-hour mixed meal glucose tolerance test (MMTT) conducted at the primary endpoint visit. The timed measurements are done at: 0, 15, 30 60, 90, and 120 minutes. (NCT00529399)
Timeframe: Based on mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) conducted at the one year visit

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
GAD-alum0.448
GAD-alum Plus Alum0.350
Alum Alone0.418

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Immunogenicity - Cervicovaginal Wash Anti-Als3 IgA1

A secondary objective is to compare the cervicovaginal wash IgA1 immune response between the 2 dose levels, routes of administration, and effects of alum adjuvant, at selected time points up to 90 days post-vaccination. Cervicovaginal wash IgA1 will be evaluated by ELISA on serial-diluted samples, resulting in titer values of reciprocal dilution at which the ELISA readout is three times greater than the assay background value. (NCT01447407)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28, Day 90/Exit

,,,
InterventionTiter (Geometric Mean)
BaselineDay 7Day 14Day 28Day 90/Exit
NDV-3 Vaccine ID341285
NDV-3 Vaccine With Alum35833615
NDV-3 Vaccine Without Alum3729258
Placebo33333

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Immunogenicity - Cervicovaginal Wash Anti-Als3 IgG

A secondary objective is to compare the cervicovaginal wash IgG immune response between the 2 dose levels, routes of administration, and effects of alum adjuvant, at selected time points up to 90 days post-vaccination. Cervicovaginal wash IgG will be evaluated by ELISA on serial-diluted samples, resulting in titer values of reciprocal dilution at which the ELISA readout is three times greater than the assay background value. (NCT01447407)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28, Day 90/Exit

,,,
InterventionTiter (Geometric Mean)
BaselineDay 7Day 14Day 28Day 90/Exit
NDV-3 Vaccine ID33886
NDV-3 Vaccine With Alum24784420
NDV-3 Vaccine Without Alum26262613
Placebo32333

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Immunogenicity - Number of Participants Positive for Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) Producing Als3-specific Interferon-gamma (IFN-g)

A secondary objective is to compare the cellular immune response for Als3-specific production of IFN-g from PBMCs between the 2 dose levels, routes of administration, and effects of alum adjuvant, at selected time points up to 90 days post-vaccination. The IFN-g cellular immune responses will be evaluated by ELISpot using approximately 200,000 PBMCs per well. A positive response was defined as a sample with greater than 20 spot forming units per 10^6 PBMCs. (NCT01447407)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28, Day 90/Exit

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
BaselineDay 7Day 14Day 90/Exit
NDV-3 Vaccine ID5202014
NDV-3 Vaccine With Alum7271925
NDV-3 Vaccine Without Alum9252118
Placebo71059

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Immunogenicity - Number of Participants Positive for Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) Producing Als3-specific Interleukin-17A (IL-17A)

A secondary objective is to compare the cellular immune response for Als3-specific production of IL-17A from PBMCs between the 2 dose levels, routes of administration, and effects of alum adjuvant, at selected time points up to 90 days post-vaccination. The IL-17A cellular immune responses will be evaluated by ELISpot using approximately 200,000 PBMCs per well. A positive response was defined as a sample with greater than 20 spot forming units per 10^6 PBMCs. (NCT01447407)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28, Day 90/Exit

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
BaselineDay 7Day 14Day 90/Exit
NDV-3 Vaccine ID9131623
NDV-3 Vaccine With Alum6221517
NDV-3 Vaccine Without Alum10191715
Placebo128718

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Immunogenicity - Serum Anti-Als3 IgA1

A secondary objective is to compare the serum IgA1 immune response between the 2 dose levels, routes of administration, and effects of alum adjuvant, at selected time points up to 90 days post-vaccination. Serum IgA1 will be evaluated by ELISA on serial-diluted samples, resulting in titer values of reciprocal dilution at which the ELISA readout is three times greater than the assay background value. (NCT01447407)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28, Day 90/Exit

,,,
InterventionTiter (Geometric Mean)
BaselineDay 7Day 14Day 28Day 90/Exit
NDV-3 Vaccine ID5501640935674003641
NDV-3 Vaccine With Alum5737643696164379020656
NDV-3 Vaccine Without Alum4805497349461999910698
Placebo418431429412404

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Immunogenicity - Serum Anti-Als3 IgG

A secondary objective is to compare the serum IgG immune response between the 2 dose levels, routes of administration, and effects of alum adjuvant, at selected time points up to 90 days post-vaccination. Serum IgG will be evaluated by ELISA on serial-diluted samples, resulting in titer values of reciprocal dilution at which the ELISA readout is three times greater than the assay background value. (NCT01447407)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28, Day 90/Exit

,,,
InterventionTiter (Geometric Mean)
BaselineDay 7Day 14Day 28Day 90/Exit
NDV-3 Vaccine ID375874515345133282
NDV-3 Vaccine With Alum3724447446753889820853
NDV-3 Vaccine Without Alum3203070226751922011771
Placebo363365370377347

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Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events

The primary objective of this study is to assess the safety of a single dose of NDV-3 vaccine, administered either IM with or without alum adjuvant at one dose level or ID at a lower dose level, compared to placebo. Clinical evaluations will be assessed on each subject at selected time points up to 90 days post-vaccination. (NCT01447407)
Timeframe: Up to 90 days post-vaccination

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=1 TEAE>=1 severe TEAE>=1 severe drug-related TEAEDIscontinued for >=1 TEAE
NDV-3 Vaccine ID36200
NDV-3 Vaccine With Alum35200
NDV-3 Vaccine Without Alum33000
Placebo30400

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Immunogenicity Determined by the Number of Subjects With >4x Increase in Anti IgG

• Determination of a humoral immune response to whole cell antigen as determined by ELISA of sera collected on Day 0, 28, 56, and 84. (NCT01537185)
Timeframe: 28, 56 and 84 days following initial vaccination

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cohort 1 SPWCV+Alum 100 mcg0
Normal Saline Injection0
Cohort 2 SPWCV+Alum 300 mcg0
Cohort 3 SPWVC+Alum 600 mcg1

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Unsolicited Adverse Event Reports

"Safety and Tolerability assessed by cohort and product received measured by:~•Number of unsolicited AEs within four weeks after each vaccination" (NCT01537185)
Timeframe: within 1 week (0-7 days) following each vaccinations

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cohort 1 SPWCV+Alum 100 mcg7
Normal Saline Injection6
Cohort 2 SPWCV+Alum 300 mcg5
Cohort 3 SPWVC+Alum 600 mcg6

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Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) of Neutralizing Antibody Titers Specific to Each DENV Type - According to Protocol Population (ATP)

"Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) of Neutralizing antibody titers specific to each DENV type were measured by a quantitative microneutralization assay with a titer giving 50% reduction in viral infection (MN50) at specified time points. MN50 is specific and sensitive for the detection of anti-DENV neutralizing antibodies. The cut-off for seropositivity was 1: 10 for neutralizing antibody titers measured by MN50 assay. MN50 assay was used to determine initial DENV antibody status of subjects for inclusion in the ATP cohort.~PRE = Pre-vaccination, Day 0 visit PI(D7) = Post-dose 1, Day 7 visit PI(D28) = Post-dose 1, Day 28 visit PII(D56) = Post-dose 2, Day 56 visit PII(M4) = Post-dose 2, Month 4 visit PII(M7) = Post-dose 2, Month 7 visit PII(M10) = Post-dose 2, Month 10 visit PII(M13) = Post-dose 2, Month 13 visit" (NCT01666652)
Timeframe: up to month 13

,,,,
InterventionGMT (Mean)
MN Ab Den1: PREMN Ab Den1: PI(D7)MN Ab Den1: PI(D28)MN Ab Den1: PII(D56)MN Ab Den1: PII(M4)MN Ab Den1: PII(M7)MN Ab Den1: PII(M10)MN Ab Den1: PII(M13)MN Ab Den2: PREMN Ab Den2: PI(D7)MN Ab Den2: PI(D28)MN Ab Den2: PII(D56)MN Ab Den2: PII(M4)MN Ab Den2: PII(M7)MN Ab Den2: PII(M10)MN Ab Den: PII(M13)MN Ab Den3: PREMN Ab Den3: PI(D7)MN Ab Den3: PI(D28)MN Ab Den3: PII(D56)MN Ab Den3: PII(M4)MN Ab Den3: PII(M7)MN Ab Den3: PII(M10)MN Ab Den3: PII(M13)MN Ab Den4: PREMN Ab Den4: PI(D7)MN Ab Den4: PI(D28)MN Ab Den4: PII(D56)MN Ab Den4: PII(M4)MN Ab Den4: PII(M7)MN Ab Den4: PII(M10)MN Ab Den4: PII(M13)
Placebo5.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.0
TDENV-PIV alum15.05.07.464.317.87.27.37.95.05.05.244.27.95.96.47.25.05.05.365.613.25.86.05.75.05.05.326.05.96.05.85.3
TDENV-PIV alum45.05.016.7180.4129.613.614.513.25.05.818.1159.323.114.09.49.45.05.014.7188.960.413.49.19.55.05.08.2162.712.99.17.17.3
TDENV-PIV AS01E15.05.032.4335.8182.821.535.731.25.05.019.8361.446.619.943.627.35.05.020.0431.5135.421.036.736.75.05.06.7201.717.67.511.09.3
TDENV-PIV AS03B15.05.028.9577.8247.632.824.324.95.05.015.9373.347.222.616.817.15.05.014.1495.5129.629.520.724.05.05.07.4462.329.815.26.88.2

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Incidence of Any Symptoms (Solicited and Unsolicited) Reported During the 7-day Post Vaccination Period. Total Vaccinated Cohort (TVC)

Overall incidence of any symptoms (solicited and unsolicited) reported during the 7-day (days 0-6) post vaccination period in TVC population (NCT01666652)
Timeframe: Days 0-6 post vaccination

,,,,
InterventionAEs (Number)
Dose 1Dose 2
Placebo1311
TDENV-PIV alum187
TDENV-PIV alum4129
TDENV-PIV AS01E11515
TDENV-PIV AS03B12015

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Incidence of General Symptoms (Solicited and Unsolicited) Reported During the 7-day Post Vaccination Period, Total Vaccinated Cohort (TVC)

Incidence of General Symptoms (Solicited and Unsolicited) Reported during the 7-day Post Vaccination Period for TVC population. General symptoms are described as fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, joint pain, muscle aches and increased temperature (oral). (NCT01666652)
Timeframe: Days 0-6 post vaccination

,,,,
InterventionAEs (Number)
Dose 1Dose 2
Placebo1211
TDENV-PIV alum182
TDENV-PIV alum4107
TDENV-PIV AS01E11210
TDENV-PIV AS03B11414

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Incidence of Local Symptoms (Solicited and Unsolicited) Reported During the 7-day Post Vaccination Period, Total Vaccinated Cohort (TVC)

Incidence of Local Symptoms (Solicited and Unsolicited) Reported during the 7-day Post Vaccination Period in TVC population. Local symptoms are described as pain, redness and swelling. (NCT01666652)
Timeframe: Days 0-6 post vaccination

,,,,
InterventionAEs (Number)
Dose 1Dose 2
Placebo22
TDENV-PIV alum165
TDENV-PIV alum476
TDENV-PIV AS01E11514
TDENV-PIV AS03B11712

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Number of Subjects With Adverse Events Within the 28 Day Follow-up

Number of subjects with adverse events occurring within days 0-28 following vaccination (NCT01666652)
Timeframe: Days 0-28

,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Subjects with any AEsUpper respiratory tract infectionNasopharyngitisNeutrophil count decreasedBradycardiaChillsTachycardiaWhite blood cell count increased
Placebo150232022
TDENV-PIV alum1100200000
TDENV-PIV alum492000000
TDENV-PIV AS01E1100000200
TDENV-PIV AS03B1143200000

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Summary of Subjects With Serious Adverse Events

Summary of subjects with serious adverse events through out the study (NCT01666652)
Timeframe: days 0-392

,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
AsthmaMiscarriageWorsening abdominla discomfortGunshot wound
Placebo0000
TDENV-PIV alum10000
TDENV-PIV alum40000
TDENV-PIV AS01E11000
TDENV-PIV AS03B10111

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Number of Subject Showing Monovalent, Bivalent, Trivalent and Tetravalent Response for Neutralizing Antibodies - Total Vaccinated Cohort (TVC)

"Number of subjects showing Monovalent, bivalent, trivalent and tetravalent response for neutralizing antibodies by Microneutralization Titer (giving 50% reduction in viral infection (MN50)) in the TVC population.~PI(D7) = Post-dose 1, Day 7 visit PI(D28) = Post-dose 1, Day 28 visit PII(D56) = Post-dose 2, Day 56 visit PII(M4) = Post-dose 2, Month 4 visit PII(M7) = Post-dose 2, Month 7 visit PII(M10) = Post-dose 2, Month 10 visit PII(M13) = Post-dose 2, Month 13 visit" (NCT01666652)
Timeframe: up to month 13

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
PRE72594622PRE72594623PRE72594624PRE72594626PRE72594625PI(D7)72594622PI(D7)72594624PI(D7)72594626PI(D7)72594623PI(D7)72594625PI(D28)72594623PI(D28)72594626PI(D28)72594625PI(D28)72594622PI(D28)72594624PII(56)72594626PII(56)72594622PII(56)72594623PII(56)72594624PII(56)72594625PII(M4)72594626PII(M4)72594624PII(M4)72594622PII(M4)72594625PII(M4)72594623PII(M7)72594625PII(M7)72594626PII(M7)72594622PII(M7)72594623PII(M7)72594624PII(M10)72594622PII(M10)72594624PII(M10)72594626PII(M10)72594623PII(M10)72594625PII(M13)72594622PII(M13)72594625PII(M13)72594624PII(M13)72594623PII(M13)72594626
NoneMonovalentBivalentTrivalentTetravalent
TDENV-PIV alum120
TDENV-PIV alum419
TDENV-PIV AS01E116
Placebo18
TDENV-PIV alum40
TDENV-PIV alum10
TDENV-PIV AS01E12
TDENV-PIV alum41
TDENV-PIV AS01E10
TDENV-PIV alum114
TDENV-PIV AS03B13
TDENV-PIV AS03B14
TDENV-PIV AS03B15
Placebo0
TDENV-PIV alum17
TDENV-PIV alum418
TDENV-PIV AS01E119
TDENV-PIV AS03B119
Placebo2
TDENV-PIV alum16
TDENV-PIV alum12
TDENV-PIV alum45
TDENV-PIV alum14
TDENV-PIV alum43
TDENV-PIV AS01E17
TDENV-PIV alum13
TDENV-PIV alum410
TDENV-PIV AS01E111
TDENV-PIV AS03B114
TDENV-PIV alum112
TDENV-PIV alum42
TDENV-PIV AS01E11
TDENV-PIV alum15
TDENV-PIV alum44
TDENV-PIV AS01E13
TDENV-PIV AS01E16
TDENV-PIV alum11
TDENV-PIV alum46
TDENV-PIV AS01E15
TDENV-PIV alum115
Placebo17
TDENV-PIV AS03B12
TDENV-PIV AS01E14
TDENV-PIV AS03B11
TDENV-PIV AS03B17
TDENV-PIV AS01E18
TDENV-PIV AS03B10
TDENV-PIV AS03B16

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Number of Subjects With Laboratory Values Within and Outside the Normal Ranges and With Different Grade of Adverse Event From Screening to Day 56 Visit

"The percentage of subjects with hematological and biochemical laboratory values within and outside the normal ranges and with different grade of AE were tabulated with exact 95% CI at baseline and at each specified timepoint. Safety laboratory assays were performed at a WRAIR-designated Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-certified laboratory. All safety-related clinical laboratory values were reviewed and all abnormal values were assessed by the investigators as clinically significant or not, with respect to safety.~PRE = Pre-vaccination, Day 0 visit PI(D7) = Post-dose 1, Day 7 visit PI(D28) = Post-dose 1, Day 28 visit PII(D35) = Post-dose 2, Day 35 visit PII(D56) = Post-dose 2, Day 56 visit PII(M4) = Post-dose 2, Month 4 visit PII(M7) = Post-dose 2, Month 7 visit PII(M10) = Post-dose 2, Month 10 visit PII(M13) = Post-dose 2, Month 13 visit" (NCT01666652)
Timeframe: day 56 visit

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
ALAT: SCR72594622ALAT: SCR72594623ALAT: SCR72594624ALAT: SCR72594626ALAT: SCR72594625ALAT: PRE72594624ALAT: PRE72594626ALAT: PRE72594622ALAT: PRE72594625ALAT: PRE72594623ALAT: PI(D7)72594624ALAT: PI(D7)72594625ALAT: PI(D7)72594622ALAT: PI(D7)72594626ALAT: PI(D7)72594623ALAT: PI(D28)72594623ALAT: PI(D28)72594625ALAT: PI(D28)72594622ALAT: PI(D28)72594626ALAT: PI(D28)72594624ALAT: PII(D35)72594622ALAT: PII(D35)72594625ALAT: PII(D35)72594623ALAT: PII(D35)72594624ALAT: PII(D35)72594626ALAT: PII(D56)72594622ALAT: PII(D56)72594624ALAT: PII(D56)72594623ALAT: PII(D56)72594625ALAT: PII(D56)72594626AP: SCR72594622AP: SCR72594623AP: SCR72594625AP: SCR72594624AP: SCR72594626AP: PRE72594624AP: PRE72594622AP: PRE72594623AP: PRE72594625AP: PRE72594626AP: PI(D7)72594622AP: PI(D7)72594626AP: PI(D7)72594624AP: PI(D7)72594623AP: PI(D7)72594625AP: PI(D28)72594622AP: PI(D28)72594626AP: PI(D28)72594625AP: PI(D28)72594623AP: PI(D28)72594624AP: PII(D35)72594625AP: PII(D35)72594626AP: PII(D35)72594622AP: PII(D35)72594623AP: PII(D35)72594624AP: PII(D56)72594624AP: PII(D56)72594622AP: PII(D56)72594623AP: PII(D56)72594625AP: PII(D56)72594626ASAT: SCR72594624ASAT: SCR72594625ASAT: SCR72594626ASAT: SCR72594622ASAT: SCR72594623ASAT: PRE72594625ASAT: PRE72594622ASAT: PRE72594626ASAT: PRE72594623ASAT: PRE72594624ASAT: PI(D7)72594624ASAT: PI(D7)72594625ASAT: PI(D7)72594622ASAT: PI(D7)72594626ASAT: PI(D7)72594623ASAT: PI(D28)72594625ASAT: PI(D28)72594624ASAT: PI(D28)72594622ASAT: PI(D28)72594626ASAT: PI(D28)72594623ASAT: PII(D35)72594623ASAT: PII(D35)72594625ASAT: PII(D35)72594624ASAT: PII(D35)72594622ASAT: PII(D35)72594626ASAT: PII(D56)72594623ASAT: PII(D56)72594624ASAT: PII(D56)72594622ASAT: PII(D56)72594625ASAT: PII(D56)72594626BUN: SCR72594624BUN: SCR72594622BUN: SCR72594625BUN: SCR72594623BUN: SCR72594626BUN: PRE72594622BUN: PRE72594626BUN: PRE72594624BUN: PRE72594623BUN: PRE72594625BUN: PI(D7)72594625BUN: PI(D7)72594626BUN: PI(D7)72594622BUN: PI(D7)72594623BUN: PI(D7)72594624BUN: PI(D28)72594624BUN: PI(D28)72594626BUN: PI(D28)72594623BUN: PI(D28)72594622BUN: PI(D28)72594625BUN: PII(D35)72594623BUN: PII(D35)72594624BUN: PII(D35)72594625BUN: PII(D35)72594622BUN: PII(D35)72594626BUN: PII(D56)72594624BUN: PII(D56)72594623BUN: PII(D56)72594626BUN: PII(D56)72594622BUN: PII(D56)72594625Creatinine: SCR72594622Creatinine: SCR72594626Creatinine: SCR72594625Creatinine: SCR72594623Creatinine: SCR72594624Creatinine: PRE72594625Creatinine: PRE72594626Creatinine: PRE72594622Creatinine: PRE72594624Creatinine: PRE72594623Creatinine: PI(D7)72594622Creatinine: PI(D7)72594623Creatinine: PI(D7)72594626Creatinine: PI(D7)72594625Creatinine: PI(D7)72594624Creatinine: PI(D28)72594622Creatinine: PI(D28)72594623Creatinine: PI(D28)72594624Creatinine: PI(D28)72594625Creatinine: PI(D28)72594626Creatinine: PII(D35)72594624Creatinine: PII(D35)72594622Creatinine: PII(D35)72594623Creatinine: PII(D35)72594625Creatinine: PII(D35)72594626Creatinine: PII(D56)72594622Creatinine: PII(D56)72594623Creatinine: PII(D56)72594625Creatinine: PII(D56)72594624Creatinine: PII(D56)72594626Eosinophils: SCR72594622Eosinophils: SCR72594625Eosinophils: SCR72594623Eosinophils: SCR72594624Eosinophils: SCR72594626Eosinophils: PRE72594626Eosinophils: PRE72594625Eosinophils: PRE72594623Eosinophils: PRE72594624Eosinophils: PRE72594622Eosinophils: PI(D7)72594623Eosinophils: PI(D7)72594622Eosinophils: PI(D7)72594626Eosinophils: PI(D7)72594624Eosinophils: PI(D7)72594625Eosinophils: PI(D28)72594624Eosinophils: PI(D28)72594622Eosinophils: PI(D28)72594623Eosinophils: PI(D28)72594626Eosinophils: PI(D28)72594625Eosinophils: PII(D35)72594622Eosinophils: PII(D35)72594624Eosinophils: PII(D35)72594626Eosinophils: PII(D35)72594623Eosinophils: PII(D35)72594625Eosinophils: PII(D56)72594622Eosinophils: PII(D56)72594624Eosinophils: PII(D56)72594625Eosinophils: PII(D56)72594623Eosinophils: PII(D56)72594626Hemoglobin: SCR72594622Hemoglobin: SCR72594624Hemoglobin: SCR72594626Hemoglobin: SCR72594625Hemoglobin: SCR72594623Hemoglobin: PRE72594623Hemoglobin: PRE72594624Hemoglobin: PRE72594622Hemoglobin: PRE72594625Hemoglobin: PRE72594626Hemoglobin: PI(D7)72594622Hemoglobin: PI(D7)72594623Hemoglobin: PI(D7)72594624Hemoglobin: PI(D7)72594625Hemoglobin: PI(D7)72594626Hemoglobin: PI(D28)72594623Hemoglobin: PI(D28)72594626Hemoglobin: PI(D28)72594622Hemoglobin: PI(D28)72594625Hemoglobin: PI(D28)72594624Hemoglobin: PII(D35)72594623Hemoglobin: PII(D35)72594625Hemoglobin: PII(D35)72594622Hemoglobin: PII(D35)72594624Hemoglobin: PII(D35)72594626Hemoglobin: PII(D56)72594622Hemoglobin: PII(D56)72594623Hemoglobin: PII(D56)72594624Hemoglobin: PII(D56)72594626Hemoglobin: PII(D56)72594625Lymphocytes: SCR72594623Lymphocytes: SCR72594624Lymphocytes: SCR72594626Lymphocytes: SCR72594625Lymphocytes: SCR72594622Lymphocytes: PRE72594623Lymphocytes: PRE72594625Lymphocytes: PRE72594622Lymphocytes: PRE72594624Lymphocytes: PRE72594626Lymphocytes: PI(D7)72594622Lymphocytes: PI(D7)72594623Lymphocytes: PI(D7)72594626Lymphocytes: PI(D7)72594624Lymphocytes: PI(D7)72594625Lymphocytes: PI(D28)72594622Lymphocytes: PI(D28)72594624Lymphocytes: PI(D28)72594625Lymphocytes: PI(D28)72594623Lymphocytes: PI(D28)72594626Lymphocytes: PII(D35)72594623Lymphocytes: PII(D35)72594625Lymphocytes: PII(D35)72594624Lymphocytes: PII(D35)72594622Lymphocytes: PII(D35)72594626Lymphocytes: PII(D56)72594623Lymphocytes: PII(D56)72594624Lymphocytes: PII(D56)72594622Lymphocytes: PII(D56)72594626Lymphocytes: PII(D56)72594625Neutrophils: SCR72594622Neutrophils: SCR72594623Neutrophils: SCR72594624Neutrophils: SCR72594625Neutrophils: SCR72594626Neutrophils: PRE72594624Neutrophils: PRE72594625Neutrophils: PRE72594626Neutrophils: PRE72594622Neutrophils: PRE72594623Neutrophils: PI(D7)72594622Neutrophils: PI(D7)72594623Neutrophils: PI(D7)72594624Neutrophils: PI(D7)72594625Neutrophils: PI(D7)72594626Neutrophils: PI(D28)72594625Neutrophils: PI(D28)72594622Neutrophils: PI(D28)72594624Neutrophils: PI(D28)72594626Neutrophils: PI(D28)72594623Neutrophils: PII(D35)72594624Neutrophils: PII(D35)72594622Neutrophils: PII(D35)72594625Neutrophils: PII(D35)72594623Neutrophils: PII(D35)72594626Neutrophils: PII(D56)72594622Neutrophils: PII(D56)72594624Neutrophils: PII(D56)72594623Neutrophils: PII(D56)72594625Neutrophils: PII(D56)72594626Platelets: SCR72594623Platelets: SCR72594625Platelets: SCR72594626Platelets: SCR72594624Platelets: SCR72594622Platelets: PRE72594622Platelets: PRE72594624Platelets: PRE72594625Platelets: PRE72594623Platelets: PRE72594626Platelets: PI(D7)72594625Platelets: PI(D7)72594623Platelets: PI(D7)72594626Platelets: PI(D7)72594622Platelets: PI(D7)72594624Platelets: PI(D28)72594623Platelets: PI(D28)72594624Platelets: PI(D28)72594622Platelets: PI(D28)72594625Platelets: PI(D28)72594626Platelets: PII(D35)72594622Platelets: PII(D35)72594623Platelets: PII(D35)72594625Platelets: PII(D35)72594626Platelets: PII(D35)72594624Platelets: PII(D56)72594622Platelets: PII(D56)72594625Platelets: PII(D56)72594623Platelets: PII(D56)72594624Platelets: PII(D56)72594626White blood cells: SCR72594626White blood cells: SCR72594622White blood cells: SCR72594624White blood cells: SCR72594623White blood cells: SCR72594625White blood cells: PRE72594622White blood cells: PRE72594623White blood cells: PRE72594624White blood cells: PRE72594626White blood cells: PRE72594625White blood cells: PI(D7)72594624White blood cells: PI(D7)72594626White blood cells: PI(D7)72594622White blood cells: PI(D7)72594623White blood cells: PI(D7)72594625White blood cells: PI(D28)72594622White blood cells: PI(D28)72594623White blood cells: PI(D28)72594626White blood cells: PI(D28)72594624White blood cells: PI(D28)72594625White blood cells: PII(D35)72594623White blood cells: PII(D35)72594624White blood cells: PII(D35)72594625White blood cells: PII(D35)72594622White blood cells: PII(D35)72594626White blood cells: PII(D56)72594622White blood cells: PII(D56)72594623White blood cells: PII(D56)72594624White blood cells: PII(D56)72594625White blood cells: PII(D56)72594626Total bilibrubin: SCR72594623Total bilibrubin: SCR72594624Total bilibrubin: SCR72594626Total bilibrubin: SCR72594622Total bilibrubin: SCR72594625Total bilirubin: PRE72594623Total bilirubin: PRE72594624Total bilirubin: PRE72594622Total bilirubin: PRE72594626Total bilirubin: PRE72594625Total bilirubin: PI(D7)72594624Total bilirubin: PI(D7)72594625Total bilirubin: PI(D7)72594622Total bilirubin: PI(D7)72594623Total bilirubin: PI(D7)72594626Total bilirubin: PI(D28)72594622Total bilirubin: PI(D28)72594624Total bilirubin: PI(D28)72594626Total bilirubin: PI(D28)72594623Total bilirubin: PI(D28)72594625Total bilirubin: PII(D35)72594623Total bilirubin: PII(D35)72594626Total bilirubin: PII(D35)72594622Total bilirubin: PII(D35)72594624Total bilirubin: PII(D35)72594625Total bilirubin: PII(D56)72594625Total bilirubin: PII(D56)72594623Total bilirubin: PII(D56)72594626Total bilirubin: PII(D56)72594622Total bilirubin: PII(D56)72594624
Grade 1-2Above ULNBelow LLNNormalMissingGrade 3 or more
TDENV-PIV AS01E11
TDENV-PIV AS01E119
TDENV-PIV AS03B118
TDENV-PIV AS03B12
TDENV-PIV alum120
TDENV-PIV AS01E120
TDENV-PIV AS03B117
TDENV-PIV AS03B11
TDENV-PIV AS03B10
TDENV-PIV alum119
TDENV-PIV alum11
TDENV-PIV alum400
TDENV-PIV alum10
TDENV-PIV alum420
TDENV-PIV AS01E10
TDENV-PIV alum40
TDENV-PIV alum419
TDENV-PIV alum41
TDENV-PIV alum418
TDENV-PIV AS01E12
TDENV-PIV AS03B120
TDENV-PIV alum416
TDENV-PIV AS01E118
TDENV-PIV AS03B119
TDENV-PIV alum42
TDENV-PIV alum118
TDENV-PIV alum417
TDENV-PIV alum12
TDENV-PIV AS03B13
TDENV-PIV AS03B116
TDENV-PIV alum415
TDENV-PIV alum44
Placebo0
TDENV-PIV alum43
TDENV-PIV AS01E117
Placebo18
Placebo2
Placebo15
TDENV-PIV AS01E13
Placebo5
Placebo20
Placebo17
Placebo3
Placebo19
Placebo1

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Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

SAEs were recorded from receipt of the study product administration through the last expected study visit at Week 40. The relationship between a SAE and the study product was assessed by the investigator based on clinical judgment and the definitions outlined in the protocol. A participant with multiple experiences of the same event is counted once using the event of worst severity. (NCT03783130)
Timeframe: Through 40 weeks after the first study product administration

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group 1: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) IM With Alum0
Group 2: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) SC With Alum0
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum0
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum0
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)0

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Antibody Response to Adjuvanted Trimer 4571 at 2 Weeks After the Final Study Product Administration

Trimer 4571-specific antibody titers were measured by Electrochemiluminescence (ECLIA) using a Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) platform. Serum samples collected at baseline and at 2 weeks after the third product administration were tested in the assay. Since there is no standard/calibration curve available for interpolation of this raw response, area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each serum sample tested in the 8-fold serial dilutions. The AUC measurement is calculated for each single timepoint sample (baseline or week 22, 2 weeks after the final vaccination). The AUC is calculated with Graphpad Prism™ using the trapezoid rule from the raw sample response (ECL response) over an 8-fold dilution series (Dilution Factor) for each sample. Group geometric mean AUCs and 95% Confidence Intervals are reported. (NCT03783130)
Timeframe: Baseline through Study Week 22, at 14 days after the final study product administration.

,,,
InterventionAUC (ECL response units/Dilution Factor) (Geometric Mean)
Antibody Response at BaselineAntibody Response to Adjuvanted Trimer 4571 at 2 Weeks after the Final Study Product Administration
Group 1: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) IM With Alum81674
Group 2: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) SC With Alum53924
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum622529
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum501368

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Number of Participants With Abnormal Laboratory Measures of Safety

Any abnormal laboratory results recorded as unsolicited adverse events (AEs) are summarized. Labs included hematology (hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelets, white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil counts) and chemistry (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine). Complete blood count (CBC) with differential, creatine and ALT results were collected at screening, Day 0 prior to the first study product administration (baseline), and Weeks 1-2 after the 1st administration, Week 8 (2nd product administration), and Weeks 9-10 after the 2nd administration, Week 20 (3rd product administration), and Weeks 21-22 after the 3rd administration. Institutional laboratory normal ranges as well as the DAIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events, Corrected Version 2.1 were used. (NCT03783130)
Timeframe: Through 40 weeks after the first study product administration

,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
ALTNeutrophil count
Group 1: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) IM With Alum10
Group 2: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) SC With Alum00
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum01
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum00
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)11

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Number of Participants With One or More Unsolicited Non-Serious Adverse Events (AEs)

"Unsolicited AEs and attribution assessments were recorded in the study database from receipt of each study product administration through the visit scheduled at 28 days (or 4 weeks) after each study product administration. At other time periods greater than the 28-day (or 4-week) post product administration visit, only serious AEs (SAEs reported as a separate outcome and in the AE module), and new chronic medical conditions that required ongoing medical management were recorded through the last study visit. The relationship between an AE and the study product was assessed by the investigator based on clinical judgment and the definitions outlined in the protocol. A participant with multiple experiences of the same event is counted once using the event of worst severity.~If a participant had several AEs and some were evaluated as related and some as unrelated to study product, the participant is counted once as having the related event." (NCT03783130)
Timeframe: Through 28 days after each study product administration, up to Week 24

,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Related to Study ProductUnrelated to Study Product
Group 1: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) IM With Alum01
Group 2: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) SC With Alum20
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum30
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum21
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)72

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Number of Participants Reporting Local Reactogenicity Signs and Symptoms For 7 Days After Each Product Administration

"Participants recorded the occurrence of solicited symptoms on a diary card for 7 days after each study product administration and reviewed the diary card with clinic staff at a follow up visit. Participants were counted once for each symptom at the worst severity if they indicated experiencing the symptom more than one time at any severity during the reporting period. The number reported for Any Local Symptom is the number of participants reporting any local symptom at the worst severity. Reactogenicity grading (Mild, Moderate, Severe) was done using the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS (DAIDS) Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events, Corrected Version 2.1." (NCT03783130)
Timeframe: 7 days after study product administration, at approximately Week 1, Week 9 and Week 21

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pain/Tenderness72116455Pain/Tenderness72116456Pain/Tenderness72116457Pain/Tenderness72116458Pain/Tenderness72116454Swelling72116454Swelling72116455Swelling72116456Swelling72116458Swelling72116457Redness72116456Redness72116457Redness72116454Redness72116458Redness72116455Bruising72116454Bruising72116456Bruising72116457Bruising72116458Bruising72116455Any Local Symptom72116456Any Local Symptom72116457Any Local Symptom72116458Any Local Symptom72116454Any Local Symptom72116455
NoneMildModerateSevere
Group 1: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) IM With Alum1
Group 2: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) SC With Alum1
Group 1: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) IM With Alum2
Group 2: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) SC With Alum2
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)14
Group 1: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) IM With Alum3
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)12
Group 1: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) IM With Alum0
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum3
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)11
Group 2: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) SC With Alum3
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum5
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum5
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)16
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)0
Group 2: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) SC With Alum0
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum0
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)2
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum4
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum4
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)10
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum1
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum0
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)3
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum1
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)1

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Number of Participants Reporting Systemic Reactogenicity Signs and Symptoms for 7 Days After Each Product Administration

"Participants recorded the occurrence of solicited symptoms on a diary card for 7 days after the study product administration and reviewed the diary card with clinic staff at a follow up visit. Participants were counted once for each symptom at the worst severity if they indicated experiencing the symptom more than one time at any severity during the reporting period. The number reported for Any Systemic Symptom is the number of participants reporting any systemic symptom at the worst severity. Reactogenicity grading (Mild, Moderate, Severe) was done using the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS (DAIDS) Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events, Corrected Version 2.1." (NCT03783130)
Timeframe: 7 days after study product administration, at approximately Week 1, Week 9 and Week 21

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Malaise72116454Malaise72116457Malaise72116458Malaise72116455Malaise72116456Myalgia72116454Myalgia72116456Myalgia72116457Myalgia72116458Myalgia72116455Headache72116456Headache72116457Headache72116458Headache72116454Headache72116455Chills72116457Chills72116454Chills72116455Chills72116456Chills72116458Nausea72116456Nausea72116458Nausea72116454Nausea72116455Nausea72116457Temperature72116455Temperature72116456Temperature72116457Temperature72116454Temperature72116458Any Systemic Symptom72116458Any Systemic Symptom72116457Any Systemic Symptom72116456Any Systemic Symptom72116454Any Systemic Symptom72116455
ModerateNoneSevereMild
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum3
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum2
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)4
Group 1: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) IM With Alum2
Group 1: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) IM With Alum1
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)6
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum4
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum4
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)11
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum1
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum1
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)5
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)0
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum5
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum5
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)16
Group 3: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) IM With Alum0
Group 2: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) SC With Alum2
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)14
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)1
Group 2: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) SC With Alum1
Group 1: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) IM With Alum3
Group 2: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) SC With Alum3
Group 1: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) IM With Alum0
Group 2: Trimer 4571 (100 mcg) SC With Alum0
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum2
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum3
Overall Incidence Trimer 4571 (100 mcg and 500 mcg)10
Group 4: Trimer 4571 (500 mcg) SC With Alum0

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.811amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.0210monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.9340monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		2.0310aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		5.37131azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		1.9610acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		3.1150halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		3.3160alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		2.6730cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		3.4880tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		8.111160halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.7830chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.3920trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		2.4220gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		2.13102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		5.071302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.110sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		6.1191aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.5320alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		3.7621carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		2.5120aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		210elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.1510dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.0610alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		2.1110acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.0510metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		3.3670monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		2.1510nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.4620monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		2.0810gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		3.1250oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid
Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.		2.0610C4-dicarboxylic acid;
oxo dicarboxylic acid		geroprotector;
metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.1110phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		2.9440phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		1.9710phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		1.9710glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		3.3270azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		1.9710pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		2.0310divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.0210alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		3.1150sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		5.0140uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.0210aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine
N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.		2.0710aralkylamine;
carboxamidine;
primary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.3320monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		2.420aluminium coordination entity
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		2.1310quaternary ammonium ion
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.520aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		1.9710aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		3.3911aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.940acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.		2.0210chlorophenylethylene;
monochlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.0310benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		1.9710pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
epinastine
epinastine: RN given refers parent cpd. epinastine : A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.		2.0410benzazepine;
guanidines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
ophthalmology drug
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		1.9910
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		1.97101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.3920dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		2.5220benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.0710aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.0410cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.13101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		2.3110benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.		2.110carboxamidine;
imidazolines;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		2.08101,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		3.7821inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
4-aminobenzoic acid
para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.		2.1310aminobenzoate;
aromatic amino-acid anion		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		1.9210benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		591fluoride saltmutagen
tetrahydrozoline
tetrahydrozoline: used as nasal decongestant; Visine is a form of eye drops; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.9340carboxamidine;
imidazolines		nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		2.4220inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		2.110mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.071016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		2.420pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.01104-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		1.98102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.1710alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		1.9910aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.0310glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.071017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		2.0810tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.110pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.110phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.7530ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.3820amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		1.9610quaternary ammonium salt
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		2.1710nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		2.4620psoralensplant metabolite
mannitol
[no description available]		5.9591mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		2.0610nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		2.0110non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		2.520amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		1.9710erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.3920benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.0810primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		1.9810alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		2.0810acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		2.610alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
picric acid
picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		1.9210C-nitro compoundantiseptic drug;
explosive;
fixative
quinoline
[no description available]		2.0710azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		1.9310
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.0410xanthene
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.0210benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
4-bromophenacyl bromide
4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure		1.9610
terephthalic acid
terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.		2.0410benzenedicarboxylic acid
dimethyldioctadecylammonium
dimethyldioctadecylammonium: a cationic lipid analog; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1710
gamma-valerolactone
gamma-valerolactone: metabolite of n-hexane; RN given refers to cpd with methyl moiety in position 5. gamma-valerolactone : A butan-4-olide that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 5. It has been found in the urine samples of humans exposed to n-hexane.		2.1510butan-4-olideflavouring agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.0410diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.0410naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
aluminum acetate
[no description available]		1.9910
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.0710dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.730catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.1510isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
perfluorooctane
perfluorooctane: used in the treatment of giant retinal tears with proliferative vitreoretinopathy		2.610fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.		2.6120fluoroalkanoic acidcarcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
surfactant;
xenobiotic
perflexane
perfluorohexane : A fluoroalkane that is hexane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		2.610fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
radioopaque medium
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		3.3160calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		2.4820carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.0410
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		3.0450organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		1.9710
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		210gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		210organic molecular entity
cellobiose
beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.		2.0210cellobioseepitope
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		1.9910amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.7230dialdehydebiomarker
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9810long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.0510arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate
Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.		2.0310toluene meta-diisocyanateallergen;
hapten
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		2.0410aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
3,5-dichlorophenol
3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.		2.0810dichlorophenol
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		2.2110
2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone
2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 have been replaced by chlorines. A highly toxic and carcinogenic disinfection by-product found in drinking water.		2.08101,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
poison
carmine
Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.		2.3520
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		2.4120
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		2.0510alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.1850alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.4920zinc molecular entity
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		2.0710hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.		2.0510inorganic hydroxy compoundfood acidity regulator
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		4.4360alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride
glycidyl trimethylammonium: causes dermatitis on contact; structure given in first source; RN given refers to chloride		2.1710
levanol fast cyanine 5rn
Levanol Fast Cyanine 5RN: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.5320D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		2.4820carbon oxoanion
lanthanum
[no description available]		2.4320f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		1.9610elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		2.1310elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		2.1710chromium group element atommicronutrient
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		3.1650copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		2.2110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		8.4670titanium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.5120cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.5920f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		2.7830chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		1.9910f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.830copper group element atom;
elemental gold
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		8.1350titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		12.21470aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		2.730magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		210mercury coordination entitysensitiser
titanium tetrachloride
titanium tetrachloride: RN given refers to TiCl4		7.9840
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		2.110chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
zirconium oxychloride
zirconium oxychloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zirconyl chloride : A zirconium coordination entity consisting of zirconium(IV) bound to oxygen via a double bond and to two chlorines.		2.1710
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		5.7770iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		2.0510nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		10.56161iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		2.0210diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		4.3941metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		4.0931inorganic sodium salt
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		210calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		210calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		3.8330calcium phosphate
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		4.551metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		3.5220inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		2.9440calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
potassium sulfate
potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4		2.3110inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		3.76100diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
molybdate ion
molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid		2.1710divalent inorganic anion;
molybdenum oxoanion		Escherichia coli metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate
Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).		4.5220calcium phosphate
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		2.0110
poloxalene
Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).		2.4120epoxide
zirconium chloride
zirconium tetrachloride : A zirconium coordination entity comprising four chlorine atoms bound to a central zirconium atom.		2.2110inorganic chloride;
zirconium coordination entity		catalyst
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		3.73100elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
ferric sulfate
ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.		10.83350iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		astringent;
catalyst;
mordant
thallium sulfate
thallium sulfate: RN given refers to unspecified Tl salt. thallium sulfate : A metal sulfate in which the counterion is thallium and the ratio of thallium to sulfate is 2:1. It is a rodenticide used to control rats, squirrels, mice, moles, prairie dogs, ants and cockroaches. It is no longer registered for pesticide use in the United States.		210metal sulfate;
thallium molecular entity		insecticide;
rodenticide
chlorine dioxide
chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant		2.7530chlorine dioxide
lead nitrate
lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate		1.9810inorganic nitrate salt;
lead coordination entity
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		210cadmium coordination entity
cadmium sulfate
cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4		2.1310cadmium salt
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.31101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		3.1750titanium oxidesfood colouring
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.46206-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		1.9610organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
fluorides
[no description available]		5.18111halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		2.1510chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.2560benzenes;
phenyl acetates
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		2.420
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		2.4320organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.420glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
allura red ac dye
Allura Red AC Dye: new monoazo dye proposed as color additive in various food products; RN given refers to di-Na salt; structure		1.9610
poly-n,n-dimethyl-n,n-diallylammonium chloride
diallyldimethylammonium chloride: structure in first source		2.0510
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		1.9710inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		1.9710pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
nigericin
Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.		2.5420polycyclic etherantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
metalaxyl
metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.		2.1710alanine derivative;
aromatic amide;
carboxamide;
ether;
methyl ester
ethylcholine aziridinium
ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits		1.9910
antineoplaston a10
antineoplaston A10: peptide analogue isolated from human urine		2.610
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.1310imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.0710adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		1.9910gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		2.1710trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dolomite
calcium magnesium carbonate: mineral recommended by lay periodicals as a desirable source of calcium & magnesium, but found to be also a source of potentially toxic heavy metals		2.2110
aluminum phosphate
aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt		8.4170
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.5220D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0510organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
1,2-distearoyllecithin
[no description available]		2.0310
fluorophosphate
fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.3811fluorine molecular entity;
phosphoric acid derivative
lithium sulfate
lithium sulfate : A metal sulfate in which the counterion is lithium and the ratio of lithium to sulfate is 2:1.		2.2110metal sulfateantidepressant
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.11101,2,3-triazole
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		1.9710anthocyanidin chloride
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		2.0210
gallocyanine
gallocyanine: structure; gallocyanine-chrome alum is used as a nuclear stain to quantitate nucleic acids. gallocyanin : An organic chloride salt composed of 1-carboxy-7-(dimethylamino)-3,4-dihydroxyphenoxazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A histological dye used in solution with an iron alum mordant as a hematoxylin substitute in the H&E stain.		1.9310
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		2.1710cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.		2.8730perfluoroalkanesulfonic acidantilipemic drug;
persistent organic pollutant
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.81303-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.0310
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		1.9910
3beta-(n-(n',n'-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl)cholesterol
3-(N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl)cholesterol: used to prepare sonicated liposomes		2.0410
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.1110fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		2.4720fullerenegeroprotector
interleukin-1beta (163-171)
interleukin-1beta (163-171): nonapeptide which has in vivo immunostimulating activity		2.0210
6,6'-dicorynomycolyl trehalose
[no description available]		2.0310
ectoine
[no description available]		2.11101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
monocarboxylic acid;
zwitterion		osmolyte
tripalmitoyl cysteine
tripalmitoyl cysteine: synthetic analog of N-terminal lipid part of bacterial lipoprotein		1.9910
phytol
[no description available]		2.0810
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.4110amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.4220oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
resiquimod
S 28463: structure given in first source		2.1310imidazoquinoline
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		3.2960
potassium ferrate
potassium ferrate: oxidizing agent		2.4320
platycodin d
platycodin D: triterpenoid saponin from a root of Platycodon grandiflorum; RN refers to (2beta,3beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0510triterpenoid saponinmetabolite
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		210
galactosucrose
galactosucrose: a non-digestible trisaccharide produced from lactose and sucrose by beta-fructofuranosidase		2.0310
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		2.9940
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.1710divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
psyllium
Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.		2.0610very long-chain fatty acid
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		4.2911bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.0510
stearyl tyrosine
stearyl tyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd (L)-isomer		1.9810
elastin
[no description available]		2.4110oligopeptide
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		2.5720
diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.		2.03102,6-diaminopimelic acid;
amino acid zwitterion		Escherichia coli metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		210myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		210tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0210cellotriose
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.0710arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.0310cinnamic acidplant metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.4320retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.610icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ferric hydroxide
ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9		2.1510
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.1110benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		2.1110prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
roflumilast
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.0310
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		1.99103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		2.4110L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
shikonin
shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities		2.610hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		1.9910flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.4720
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.7130one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		9.3331triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		2.0610
picibanil
Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.		2.1710penicillinate anion
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		1.9910flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.0610aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
indigo carmine
Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.		1.9610
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.110thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		2.110aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		2.610
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source		2.1110
krn 7000
KRN 7000: has an alpha-galactosylceramide structure; structure given in first source. alpha-galactosylceramide : A galactosylceramide in which the galactosyl residue has alpha anomeric conofiguration.. 1-O-(alpha-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine : A glycophytoceramide having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the O-1 position and a hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.0610glycophytoceramide;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylphytosphingosine		allergen;
antigen;
antineoplastic agent;
epitope;
immunological adjuvant
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		2.0410
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		1.9910
metaphosphoric acid
metaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to cpd with structure HPO3. phosphonate(1-) : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the two OH groups in phosphonic acid.		2.0310
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		2.0210
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		5.8860
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.0410organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.2110biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		1.9910prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		3.3611monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		1.9710D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		1.9810carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
rosin
rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.		3.3510
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.3110D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.73011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		1.9710
prostaglandin f2 methyl ester
prostaglandin F2 methyl ester: has ocular hypotensive effect; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15S)-isomer		3.3611prostanoid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		3.4260morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
enprostil
Enprostil: A synthetic PGE2 analog that has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, a mucoprotective effect, and a postprandial lowering effect on gastrin. It has been shown to be efficient and safe in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers.		1.9710
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.3920cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.9740carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		210metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		2.610alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		10.31282boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		2.4620metal atom;
pnictogen
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		210boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.4770metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.0340cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		1.9910chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.4620cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		11.86800monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		2.7530boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		2.5420morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins		2.0210
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.610ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		2.9430chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.4220chalcogen;
metalloid atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		2.4110
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source		1.9910
chlorophyll
chlorophyll a': RN refers to (SP-4-2-(3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21alpha)))-isomer		2.1110
ganglioside, gd2
[no description available]		4.4811
beta-escin
[no description available]		8.74321
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		1.9910imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
leucyl-leucine-methyl ester
leucyl-leucine-methyl ester: RN given refers to all L-isomer		2.830peptide
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		11.22292dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
gw 4064
[no description available]		2.1510stilbenoid
ginsenoside rb1
[no description available]		2.0210ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
anti-obesity agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
zeolites
[no description available]		3.6590
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		2.0310alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		3.8100
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate		1.9610
n-t-butyl-n'-tetradecyl-3-tetradecylaminopropionamidine
N-t-butyl-n'-tetradecyl-3-tetradecylaminopropionamidine: an amphiphile that forms hydrophobic stable complexes with plasmid DNA, rendering it resistant to DNase I		2.0710
struvite
Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.		2.0310hydrate;
phosphate mineral		fertilizer
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.1310
abt-737
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic amine;
aryl sulfide;
biphenyls;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
vx 765
belnacasan: a NSAID		2.1310dipeptide
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		2.08101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
cinobufagin
cinobufagin: isolated from Chinese medicinal preparation ch'an su; derived from toad venom		2.1310steroid lactone
pyrostatin a
pyrostatin A: inhibits N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source. 5-hydroxyectoine : A carboxamidine heterocycle which is obtained by formal condensation of 4-amino-L-allothreonine with acetic acid.		2.11101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
iminium betaine;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol
thiosuccinic acid
thiosuccinic acid: inhibits fibrinolysin		2.0210
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.0710
murabutide
murabutide: adjuvant devoid of pyrogenicity		2.110
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.0610organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		1.9910
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.610tannin
myelin proteolipid protein (178-191)
myelin proteolipid protein (178-191): amino acid sequence given in first source		2.1310
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		2.0710
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		3.811peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		3.4311
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		7.11290
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		3.2960
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		10.14108
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		5.7861glycoside
sodium borate
borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.		2.0810
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.44201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.9940chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
aluminum lactate
aluminum lactate: RN given refers to compound with unknown number of aluminum atoms		7.3620aluminium coordination entity;
lactate salt
tris(acetylacetonate) aluminum(iii)
[no description available]		210
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		1.9910
chitosan
[no description available]		7.04231
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		3.2660inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sodium bisulfite
sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.		2.0310inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		allergen;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
mutagen;
reducing agent
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		1.9310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		2.0810inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
sodium iodate
sodium iodate: RN given refers to iodic acid, Na salt		1.9710organic molecular entity
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		1.9310
aniline blue
aniline blue: fluorochrom widely used by botanists		2.0610
mannans
[no description available]		3.0240
4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl acetic acid
(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		210monocarboxylic acid anion
glycolipids
[no description available]		5.7561
abt-199
venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.		2.1510aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
oxanes;
pyrrolopyridine		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.9340ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.1510
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		310benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
paquinimod
[no description available]		2.110
pf 3512676
ProMune: an anticancer adjuvant and immunostimulant		2.0310
quil a
Quil A: produces antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus		3.6290
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		3.83110aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		3.5480
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		4.3441
qs 21
[no description available]		3.81110
sorbitan monolaurate
sorbitan monolaurate: span type materials are artificial esters of the common fatty acids & hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol		2.0110
saf-m
[no description available]		1.9710
aluminum hydroxyphosphate
[no description available]		2.1110
g(m3) ganglioside
G(M3) Ganglioside: A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) : A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).		4.9921alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide;
sialodiosylceramide;
sialotriaosylceramide		mouse metabolite
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.7330
indolicidin
[no description available]		2.1310
mica
[no description available]		2.0410
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		2.1710
maxadilan protein, insect
maxadilan protein, insect: peptide from salivary glands of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis; has 500 times the vasodilator avtivity of calcitonin gene-related peptide		2.1510
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.420
2-methylisoborneol
2-methylisoborneol: structure. 2-methylisoborneol : An bornane monoterpenoid comprising isoborneol carrying a 2-methyl substituent (the 1R,2R,4R-diastereomer).		2.0210
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55)
[no description available]		2.1310
tomatine
Tomatine: An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed). tomatine : A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose.		210
ettringite
ettringite: synthesis of ettringite from acid wastewaters of the aluminium anodising industry is a possible route of reducing the emissions to the environment, recovering at the same time resource materials as a useful marketable mineral		2.4920
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.4320
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.9540
cord factors
Cord Factors: Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.		2.7230
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.0510
factor a
factor A: structure in first source		2.6920
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.94403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.1510folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.520
celestine blue
Celestine Blue: structure. Celestin blue B : An organic chloride salt composed of 1-carbamoyl-7-(diethylamino)-3,4-dihydroxyphenoxazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A histological dye used in solution with an iron alum mordant as a hematoxylin substitute in the H&E stain.		1.9310
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.0110
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid
[no description available]		2.4520cyclic purine dinucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		immunomodulator;
signalling molecule
quillaja saponins
Quillaja Saponins: Natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. They vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose.		3.6290
n-glycolylneuraminyllactosylceramide
N-glycolylneuraminyllactosylceramide: influenza A virus receptor which mediates the adsorption-fusion process of viral infection. N-glycolylneuraminyllactosylceramide : A sialotriaosylceramide in which the triaosyl group is 3,5-dideoxy-5-(2-hydroxyacetamido)-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranonosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide. A tumour antigen found in solid tumors such as breast carcinoma, nonsmall cell lung cancer, and melanoma, but not usually detected in normal human cells.		4.9921sialotriaosylceramidetumour antigen
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		2.4420
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		210
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		1.9610
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		05.1391
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		05.1391
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		07.88920
Grippe
[description not available]		012.583222
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		012.583222
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		03.8121
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		03.711
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		03.711
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		05.43141
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		02.5920
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		014.073421
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		014.073421
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		07.37101
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		07.37101
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		011.09462
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		07.09190
Euglenozoa Infections
Infections with the protozoa of the phylum EUGLENOZOA.		02.3110
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		02.6620
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.71270
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		02.6620
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		09.71270
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		02.4110
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		03.7290
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		03.7290
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		04.8732
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1.5
[description not available]		04.2821
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
Autoimmune diabetes in adults with slowly progressive PANCREATIC BETA CELL failure and the presence of circulating autoantibodies to PANCREATIC ISLETS cell antigens.		04.2821
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		04.8732
HPV Infection
[description not available]		09.45130
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		02.4110
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4110
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		09.45130
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		03.9721
Hydrophobia
[description not available]		04.4541
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		05.03150
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		03.9240
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		05.03150
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		03.9240
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.6120
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		04.52230
Insect Bites
[description not available]		02.9340
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		04.52230
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.		02.9340
Cane-Cutter Fever
[description not available]		02.9340
Leptospirosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.		02.9340
Prediabetes
[description not available]		02.4110
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.4110
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease
[description not available]		03.5520
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.		03.5520
Arthritis, Spinal
[description not available]		02.610
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.730
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.610
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.610
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		03.4270
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		03.4270
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		02.9630
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory
[description not available]		09.44150
Whooping Cough
A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.		09.44150
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		03.2560
Shingles
[description not available]		02.610
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		03.2560
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.610
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		02.610
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		02.610
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8220
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.8220
Aujeszky Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		03.9911
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		05.4622
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		05.4622
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		03.9911
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		03.2340
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		03.2340
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		02.610
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		04.42200
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		04.42200
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		02.5420
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		02.5420
Toxoplasmosis, Animal
Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.		03.6790
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		06.4582
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		06.4582
Onchocerciasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.		02.2110
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		03.1650
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		03.1650
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		04.89130
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		04.89130
AIDS, Simian
[description not available]		03.0440
Bacillus anthracis Infection
[description not available]		03.78110
Anthrax
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.		03.78110
Allergy, Wheat
[description not available]		02.2510
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		02.9640
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		02.9640
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		03.7730
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		03.7730
Fibroid
[description not available]		02.3110
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		02.3110
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		07.3110
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		02.3110
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis
[description not available]		02.3110
Neonatal Sepsis
Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.		02.3110
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.2510
Avian Flu
[description not available]		02.4820
Influenza in Birds
Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.		02.4820
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.9540
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		03.140
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		03.140
Infections, Meningococcal
[description not available]		04.921
Meningococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.		04.921
Genital Herpes
[description not available]		04.5990
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.		04.5990
Envenomation, Snakebite
[description not available]		02.1510
Aphthae
[description not available]		02.1510
Stomatitis, Aphthous
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)		02.1510
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin
[description not available]		02.1510
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.9240
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.1510
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.5420
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.5420
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		02.1510
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.1510
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.4220
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		05.4951
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		05.4951
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		013.06176
Ache
[description not available]		010.77121
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		010.77121
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		013.06176
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		02.4420
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.1510
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.1510
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.4820
Pyrexia
[description not available]		04.0850
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.1510
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		04.0850
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		02.1510
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.4820
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		02.1510
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		02.1510
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		02.1510
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		02.1510
Allergy, Peanut
[description not available]		02.1710
Peanut Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.		02.1710
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		06.08103
Hypersensitivity, Type III
[description not available]		02.4520
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		06.08103
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		03.1250
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		03.1250
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		04.6761
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		04.6761
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic
[description not available]		02.1510
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1510
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic
A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.		02.1510
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.1510
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A
[description not available]		02.7430
Meningitis, Meningococcal
A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)		02.7430
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		04.7521
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		04.7521
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		02.3720
Fasciola Infection
[description not available]		02.5920
Fascioliasis
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.		02.5920
Bleeding
[description not available]		04.91140
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		04.7870
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		04.91140
Proctocele
[description not available]		02.5520
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		03.2960
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		03.2960
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		03.320
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		02.1710
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		04.8171
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		04.8171
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		02.5420
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		02.5420
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.7330
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		06.02101
Bacteremia, Hemorrhagic
[description not available]		03.8721
Black Death
[description not available]		02.2110
Plague
An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.		02.2110
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.6530
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.2110
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.2110
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.2110
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.2110
Chickungunya Fever
[description not available]		02.5220
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.7930
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7930
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		02.7830
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.0810
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		02.0810
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		02.9440
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		02.9440
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		05.8222
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		04.7921
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		04.7921
Recrudescence
[description not available]		05.5732
Anus Prolapse
[description not available]		03.3820
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.9940
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.9940
Angiostrongylus Infections
[description not available]		02.9440
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.4220
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.4220
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		02.0810
Black Fever
[description not available]		04.3541
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		04.3541
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		02.110
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		02.110
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.1831
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		02.110
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		02.110
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		05.6332
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		04.4122
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		05.6332
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		04.4122
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.110
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.6130
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.6130
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.110
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.110
Elaeophoriasis
[description not available]		03.0240
Filariasis
Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.		03.0240
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		03.71100
Balanitis
Inflammation of the head of the PENIS, glans penis.		03.511
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		04.1760
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.1110
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		06.21121
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		06.21121
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		06.1162
Encephalitis, Japanese B
[description not available]		03.0310
Encephalitis, Japanese
A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)		03.0310
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4420
Congenital Immunodeficiency Disease
[description not available]		02.1110
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
Genetic immunologic deficiency diseases and syndromes due to mutations in genes involved in IMMUNITY generally characterized by an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. They are often associated with AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE manifestations.		02.1110
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		02.4420
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		02.110
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		02.110
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		02.110
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		02.110
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.6630
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		03.0310
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		03.0310
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		03.6230
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		03.0310
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		03.0310
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.1110
Fasciitis
Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.		02.1110
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		02.1110
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		02.1110
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		02.1110
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.7230
Allergic Conjunctivitis
[description not available]		02.9740
Conjunctivitis, Allergic
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.		02.9740
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.1310
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.1310
Caliciviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.		02.1110
Envenomation, Scorpion
[description not available]		02.1110
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		02.4220
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7430
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.1110
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.1110
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.1110
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.1110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.2660
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.6730
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.6730
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		02.3720
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		02.3720
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		04.4790
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		04.4790
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		04.6621
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		04.6621
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		05.5732
Infections, Paramyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.4720
Paramyxoviridae Infections
Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.		02.4720
Asialia
[description not available]		02.1310
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		02.1310
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.1310
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		02.1310
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		02.1310
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.7830
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		02.7830
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.9740
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.9740
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.5320
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.4620
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.4620
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.4620
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
[description not available]		02.1310
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola
A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.		02.1310
Cacosmia
[description not available]		02.1510
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		04.2470
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		04.2470
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		02.4620
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		02.4620
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.1310
Entamoeba histolytica Infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.1510
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.1510
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		03.4311
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		03.4311
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		03.4311
Hay Fever
[description not available]		03.260
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		03.260
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.0410
Mumps
An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)		02.0410
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.0410
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		02.0410
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.0410
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.4120
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.4120
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)		02.0410
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		02.4320
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Hepatitis E
Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.		02.0510
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		02.0510
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.7430
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.4620
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.4620
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		02.7430
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		02.4620
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.4620
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.4620
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris
[description not available]		02.0510
Corynebacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.		01.9210
Botulism, Infantile
[description not available]		02.3620
Botulism
A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)		02.3620
Caprine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0610
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		02.0510
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.9240
Abnormalities, Musculoskeletal
[description not available]		02.0510
Enterotoxemia
Disease caused by the liberation of exotoxins of CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS in the intestines of sheep, goats, cattle, foals, and piglets. Type B enterotoxemia in lambs is lamb dysentery; type C enterotoxemia in mature sheep produces struck, and in calves, lambs and piglets it produces hemorrhagic enterotoxemia; type D enterotoxemia in sheep and goats is pulpy-kidney disease or overeating disease.		01.9210
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.3320
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.		01.9210
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.6930
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.6930
Prolapse
The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.		02.0510
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.9810
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.9810
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.0610
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.0610
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.0610
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		02.0610
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.0610
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		02.0610
Anguilluliasis
[description not available]		02.4720
Strongyloidiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.		02.4720
Rachitis
[description not available]		03.1250
Pervasive Child Development Disorders
[description not available]		02.0610
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.		02.0610
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.0710
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.0710
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		02.0710
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		02.0710
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0710
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.0710
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.0810
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		02.0810
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.0710
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.0710
Schistosoma haematobia Infection
[description not available]		04.3711
Schistosomiasis haematobia
A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.		04.3711
Alpha Virus Infections
[description not available]		02.0710
Fungemia
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.		02.0710
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		03.3520
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		03.3520
Primate Diseases
Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.		02.0710
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		02.0710
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.0710
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.0710
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		02.0710
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.0710
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.0710
Congenital Stiff-Man Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4711
Stiff-Person Syndrome
A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)		03.4711
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.7130
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.420
Arterivirus Infections
Infections caused by viruses of the genus ARTERIVIRUS.		02.0110
Aspiculariasis
[description not available]		01.9310
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		04.0431
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		04.0431
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		02.8540
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		02.8540
Adipocere
[description not available]		01.9310
Dermatitis, Poison Ivy
[description not available]		02.3420
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		01.9310
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		01.9410
Dermatomycoses
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.		01.9410
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9410
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		01.9410
Rubeola
[description not available]		01.9310
Measles
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.		01.9310
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		05.5692
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		05.5692
Abortion, Veterinary
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.		01.9210
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		01.9310
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		01.9310
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		02.0210
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		02.0210
Cyst
[description not available]		02.0210
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe
[description not available]		02.4320
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.		02.4320
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.7221
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		03.411
Infections, Hantavirus
[description not available]		02.0210
Hantavirus Infections
Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.		02.0210
Liver Diseases, Parasitic
Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).		02.0210
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.0110
Anasarca
[description not available]		0531
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		0531
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		05.6941
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.0210
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.4420
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.0210
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.4420
Bacteroidaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.		02.0210
Autoimmune Experimental Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		02.0310
Plasmodium vivax Malaria
[description not available]		02.4220
Malaria, Vivax
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.		02.4220
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.0310
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)		02.0310
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		06.3153
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		03.4211
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		06.3153
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		03.4211
Bites
[description not available]		02.0310
Vaccinia
The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.		02.0310
Infections, Poxviridae
[description not available]		02.0310
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.0310
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.0310
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.4220
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		02.0310
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		01.9210
External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		01.9210
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		01.9210
Palsy
[description not available]		01.9210
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		01.9210
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		01.9210
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		01.9210
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		01.9210
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		04.6332
Infections, Taenia
[description not available]		01.9810
Taeniasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.		01.9810
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		03.3120
Briquet Syndrome
[description not available]		02.910
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		02.910
Somatoform Disorders
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)		02.910
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		02.910
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		01.9810
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		01.9810
Demineralization, Tooth
[description not available]		01.9810
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		01.9810
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.3920
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		01.9810
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.3920
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.910
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		03.320
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.910
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		01.9810
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		01.9810
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.6830
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		02.3920
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		02.3920
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		03.3711
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		03.3711
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.3820
Ascariasis
Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.		01.9910
Calculus, Dental
[description not available]		03.3811
Gingival Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.		03.3811
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		01.9910
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		03.7921
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		01.9910
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		01.9910
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		01.9910
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		03.3811
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		03.3811
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		0210
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		0210
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.420
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.420
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		0210
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		0210
Dermatitis, Irritant
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.		0210
Exanthem
[description not available]		0210
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		0210
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		0210
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		05.8891
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		0450
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		0450
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		0210
Rectovaginal Fistula
An abnormal anatomical passage between the RECTUM and the VAGINA.		0210
Allergy, Milk
[description not available]		0210
Milk Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.		0210
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		0210
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		0210
Lassitude
[description not available]		04.311
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		04.311
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		04.311
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		04.311
Schistosoma japonicum Infection
[description not available]		0210
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		0210
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		0210
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		04.7121
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		0210
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		04.7121
ATLL
[description not available]		04.311
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		04.311
EBV Infections
[description not available]		0210
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		0210
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		0210
Pericementitis
[description not available]		0210
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		0210
Bleb
[description not available]		0210
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		0210
Dermatoses
[description not available]		0210
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		0210
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		0210
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		0210
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.3820
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.3820
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.3820
Facial Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.		02.0110
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		02.0110
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.0110
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		02.0110
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		01.9810
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		01.9810
AIDS, Murine
[description not available]		01.9810
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		01.9710
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		01.9710
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9710
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		01.9710
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		01.9710
Congenital Foot Deformities
[description not available]		01.9710
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		03.3511
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		03.3511
Infections, Retroviridae
[description not available]		01.9710
Retroviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.		01.9710
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		01.9710
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		01.9710
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		01.9710
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		01.9710
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		01.9710
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		01.9610
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		01.9710
Infections, Respirovirus
[description not available]		01.9710
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		01.9710
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		01.9610
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		01.9610
Poisoning, Fluoride
[description not available]		01.9610
Fluoride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.		01.9610
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		01.9610
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		01.9610
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		01.9610
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		01.9610