Compounds > fumonisin b1
Page last updated: 2024-12-09

fumonisin b1

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Description

fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID2733487
CHEBI ID38221
SCHEMBL ID13555629
MeSH IDM0159544

Synonyms (36)

Synonym
nsc-629151
fumonisin b1
116355-83-0
hsdb 7077
1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 1,1'-(1-(12-amino-4,9,11-trihydroxy-2-methyltridecyl)-2-(1-methylpentyl)-1,2-ethanediyl)ester
1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 1,1'-(1-(12-amino-4,9,11-trihydroxy-2-methyltridecyl)-2-(1-methylpentyl)-1,2-ethanediyl) ester
nsc 629151
ccris 4433
CHEBI:38221
FB1 ,
macrofusine
(r)-3-carboxy-pentanedioic acid mono-{(1s,3s,5r,10r,12s,13s)-13-amino-1-[(1r,2r)-1-((r)-3,4-dicarboxy-butyryloxy)-2-methyl-hexyl]-5,10,12-trihydroxy-3-methyl-tetradecyl} ester
fumonisin b1 from fusarium moniliforme, >=98% (hplc)
fumonisin b(1)
fumonisin-b1
LMSP01080022
3zzm97xz32 ,
unii-3zzm97xz32
SCHEMBL13555629
1,1'-[(1s,2r)-1-[(2s,4r,9r,11s,12s)-12-amino-4,9,11-trihydroxy-2-methyltridecyl]-2-[(1r)-1-methylpentyl]-1,2-ethanediyl-1,2,3-(2r,2'r)-propanetricarboxylic acid ester.
fumonisin b1 [mi]
1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 1,1'-((1s,2r)-1-((2s,4r,9r,11s,12s)-12-amino-4,9,11-trihydroxy-2-methyltridecyl)-2-((1r)-1-methylpentyl)-1,2-ethanediyl) ester, (2r,2'r)-
fumonisin b1 [iarc]
AKOS024457430
DTXSID6020644
fumonisin b1, reference material
1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 1,1'-[(1s,2r)-1-[(2s,4r,9r,11s,12s)-12-amino-4,9,11-trihydroxy-2-methyltridecyl]-2-[(1r)-1-methylpentyl]-1,2-ethanediyl] ester, (2r,2'r)-
Q63395324
HY-N6719
CS-0029116
1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 1,1'-[1-(12-amino-4,9,11-trihydroxy-2-methyltridecyl)-2-(1-methylpentyl)-1,2-ethanediyl] ester, [2s-[1[1r*(s*),2s*(s*),2(s*)],2r*,4s*,9s*,11r*,12r*]]-; fumonisin b1
fumonisin b1 50 microg/ml in acetonitrile/water
GLXC-25523
(2r)-2-[2-[(5r,6r,7s,9s,11r,16r,18s,19s)-19-amino-6-[(3r)-3,4-dicarboxybutanoyl]oxy-11,16,18-trihydroxy-5,9-dimethylicosan-7-yl]oxy-2-oxoethyl]butanedioic acid
19 - fusarium mycotoxins in oats
EX-A8017

Research Excerpts

Overview

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin that is structurally analogous to sphinganine and sphingosine. It inhibits the biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids by repressing ceramide synthase. It is a common fungal contaminant of maize worldwide.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a fungal metabolite that causes a variety of toxicological effects to human and animals. "( Fumonisin B1 exposure induces apoptosis of human kidney tubular epithelial cells through regulating PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway via disrupting lipid raft formation.
Gao, H; Liu, W; Song, Y; Zang, J; Zhao, Y, 2021)		3.51
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a serious threat to the health of humans and animals. "( Indirect signal amplification strategy with a universal probe-based lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid quantitative detection of fumonisin B1.
An, X; Guo, Y; Li, F; Sun, X; Wei, L; Yang, Q; Zha, C; Zhang, J; Zhang, Q, 2022)		2.37
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a neurodegenerative mycotoxin synthesized by Fusarium spp., but the potential neurobehavioral toxicity effects in organisms have not been characterized clearly. "( Abnormal neurotransmission of GABA and serotonin in Caenorhabditis elegans induced by Fumonisin B1.
Ji, J; Sun, J; Sun, X; Tang, L; Wang, JS; Xu, Y; Ye, Y; Zhang, X, 2022)		2.39
"Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin that is structurally analogous to sphinganine and sphingosine and inhibits the biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids by repressing ceramide synthase. "( Fumonisin B1 as a Tool to Explore Sphingolipid Roles in Arabidopsis Primary Root Development.
Liu, H; Liu, Z; Wang, L; Zhao, Y, 2022)		3.61
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by "( A Novel Cost-Effective Nanobody against Fumonisin B1 Contaminations: Efficacy Test in Dairy Milk and Chickens.
Chen, Y; Haque, MA; He, C; Qu, G; Quan, H; Wang, C; Wang, Y, 2022)		2.43
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a representative form of fumonisin and is widely present in food and feed. "( Effects of FB1 and HFB1 on Autonomous Exploratory and Spatial Memory and Learning Abilities in Mice.
Gao, Y; Huang, H; Huang, Y; Sun, J; Sun, X; Tang, L; Wang, JS; Yang, D; Ye, Y, 2023)		2.35
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin frequently found in agricultural commodities. "( Esophageal cancer in Mozambique: should mycotoxins be a concern?
Cambaza, E; Carrilho, C; Come, J; da Costa, JMC; Ferreira, R; Santos, LL, 2019)		1.96
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin, produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum, and a common fungal contaminant of maize worldwide. "( Involvement of PERK-CHOP pathway in fumonisin B1- induced cytotoxicity in human gastric epithelial cells.
Jia, B; Liu, N; Wu, A; Yang, Y; Yu, S, 2020)		2.28
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin frequently found in agricultural commodities, and poses a considerable risk for human and animal health. "( Assessment of ionic homeostasis imbalance and cytochrome P450 system disturbance in mice during fumonisin B1 (FB1) exposure.
Cao, C; Li, X; Ouyang, H; Wang, K; Zhu, X, 2020)		2.22
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is an important mycotoxin in nature and is a serious threat to human and animal health, but its specific target and molecular mechanism of the toxicity and potential carcinogenicity remain unclear. "( Fumonisin B1 Affects the Biophysical Properties, Migration and Cytoskeletal Structure of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells.
Hu, ZQ; Huang, JT; Liu, JL; Ouyang, Y; Peng, XY; Wang, Y; Zeng, Z; Zhang, JH; Zhang, SC; Zhao, X, 2020)		3.44
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by microscopic fungi (mostly Fusarium species), which may infect our major crops. "( Short-term neuronal effects of fumonisin B1 on neuronal activity in rodents.
Bódi, V; Csikós, V; Dobolyi, Á; Rátkai, EA; Schlett, K; Szádeczky-Kardoss, K; Szűcs, A; Tóth, A; Varró, P; Világi, I, 2020)		2.29
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a contaminant that commonly present in the global environment, especially in food and feed. "( Fumonisin B1 triggers carcinogenesis via HDAC/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in human esophageal epithelial cells.
Jia, B; Liu, N; Wu, A; Yu, D; Yu, S; Zhang, S, 2021)		3.51
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a well-known mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. "( Fumonisin B1 induces poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymer-mediated cell death (parthanatos) in neuroblastoma.
Bhardwaj, M; Chauhan, AK; Jakhar, R; Kang, SC; Paul, S, 2021)		3.51
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a major food-borne mycotoxin commonly found in maize and maize-based products, while cadmium is one of the most common toxic heavy metals found in food, particularly in wheat and rice. "( Glycyrol alleviates the combined toxicity of fumonisin B1 and cadmium in vitro and in vivo.
Fan, L; Hu, H; Liu, X; Yin, S; Zhao, C, 2021)		2.32
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a Fusarium mycotoxin and it is commonly found in contaminated food and feedstuff, posing a potential health hazard to both animals and human."( Fumonisin B1 exposure deteriorates oocyte quality by inducing organelle dysfunction and DNA damage in mice.
Ju, JQ; Liu, JC; Sun, SC; Wang, Y; Xu, Y, 2021)		2.79
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species. "( Identification of Signaling Pathways Targeted by the Food Contaminant FB1: Transcriptome and Kinome Analysis of Samples from Pig Liver and Intestine.
Bailly, JD; Bertrand-Michel, J; Bracarense, APFRL; Cossalter, AM; Gourbeyre, P; Guillou, H; Laffite, J; Lippi, Y; Loiseau, N; Napper, S; Oswald, IP; Pinton, P; Régnier, M, 2017)		1.9
"Fumonisin B1 toxin (FB1) is a well-known competitive inhibitor of ceramide synthase (CS) in yeast. "( The revelation of selective sphingolipid pathway inhibition mechanism on fumonisin toxin binding to ceramide synthases in susceptible organisms and survival mechanism in resistant species.
Ahmed, M; Akhter, Y; Sharma, S, 2018)		1.92
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species contaminating maize. "( Determination of Fumonisin B1 in maize using molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles-based assay.
De Girolamo, A; Garcia-Cruz, A; Karim, K; Lippolis, V; Marote, P; Munawar, H; Pascale, M; Piletsky, SA; Safaryan, AHM, 2019)		2.3
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a well-known liver and kidney carcinogen in rodents and humans. "( Effect of fumonisin B₁ on the cell cycle of normal human liver cells.
Liu, S; Shi, RF; Sun, GJ; Wang, SK; Yang, LG, 2013)		1.83
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1 ) is a cancer-promoting mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species and one of the major food-borne toxins in corn and corn products. "( Development of a single-chain variable fragment antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of fumonisin B₁ in corn samples.
Chen, B; He, Q; Li, Y; Wang, D; Xu, Y; Zou, L, 2014)		1.85
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a Fusarium mycotoxin frequently occurring in corn in combination with deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone. "( Effects of fumonisin B1 alone and combined with deoxynivalenol or zearalenone on porcine granulosa cell proliferation and steroid production.
Caloni, F; Cortinovis, C; Schreiber, NB; Spicer, LJ, 2014)		2.23
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a well-known inhibitor of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, due to its ability to inhibit ceramide synthases (CerS) activity. "( New insights into the organ-specific adverse effects of fumonisin B1: comparison between lung and liver.
Bailly, JD; Bertrand-Michel, J; Cossalter, AM; Dupuy, A; Guillou, H; Kolf-Clauw, M; Levade, T; Loiseau, N; Loy, J; Oswald, IP; Polizzi, A; Puel, O; Rakotonirainy, M; Therville, N; Viadere, JL, 2015)		2.11
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. "( Involvement of oxidative stress in subacute toxicity induced by fumonisin B1 in broiler chicks.
Boeira, SP; Braga, AC; Dilkin, P; Fighera, MR; Furian, AF; Mallmann, CA; Oliveira, MS; Poersch, AB; Royes, LF; Trombetta, F, 2014)		2.08
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a Fusarium mycotoxin frequently occurring in maize-based food and feed. "( Effects of orally administered fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), partially hydrolysed FB₁, hydrolysed FB₁ and N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) FB₁ on the sphingolipid metabolism in rats.
Berthiller, F; Cirlini, M; Dall'Asta, C; Generotti, S; Hahn, I; Krska, R; Malachová, A; Moll, WD; Nagl, V; Reisinger, N; Schwartz-Zimmermann, HE; Schwarz, C; Slavik, V; Varga, E, 2015)		1.86
"Fumonisin B1 is an important mycotoxin, mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides. "( Modification of nanocellulose by poly-lysine can inhibit the effect of fumonisin B1 on mouse liver cells.
Balal Zadeh, MH; Hekmatimoghaddam, S; Jebali, A; Shahdadi, H; Yasini Ardakani, SA, 2015)		2.09
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium sp., a common contaminant of maize. "( Fumonisin B₁ inhibits apoptosis in HepG2 cells by inducing Birc-8/ILP-2.
Chuturgoon, AA; Moodley, D; Phulukdaree, A, 2015)		1.86
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (Nectriaceae) mold that contaminates maize and other agricultural products. "( Role of fumonisin B1 on DNA methylation changes in rat kidney and liver cells.
Alpertunga, B; Demirel, G; Ozden, S, 2015)		2.29
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a Fusarium mycotoxin frequently occurring in maize-based food and feed. "( Global histone modifications in Fumonisin B1 exposure in rat kidney epithelial cells.
Ozden, S; Sancak, D, 2015)		2.14
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a Fusarium spp. "( Fumonisin B1 facilitates seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol in mice.
Braga, AC; de Oliveira Lima, C; Dobrachinski, F; Fighera, MR; Furian, AF; Oliveira, MS; Poersch, AB; Ribeiro, LR; Royes, LF; Soares, FA; Souto, NS; Trombetta, F, )		3.02
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a general inhibitor of ceramide synthases but LOH1 was found to have a much lower Ki than the other isoforms pointing towards the origin of FB1 sensitivity in plants."( Substrate specificity, kinetic properties and inhibition by fumonisin B1 of ceramide synthase isoforms from Arabidopsis.
Cahoon, EB; Luttgeharm, KD; Markham, JE, 2016)		1.4
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by a common fungal contaminant of corn. "( Elevated nuclear sphingoid base-1-phosphates and decreased histone deacetylase activity after fumonisin B1 treatment in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.
Gardner, NM; Gelineau-van Waes, JB; Maddox, JR; Riley, RT; Sachs, AJ; Showker, JL; Voss, KA, 2016)		2.1
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin found in commodities such as corn and corn-originated products. "( [Development of an aptamer/fluorescence dye PicoGreen-based method for detection of fumonisin B1].
Cheng, C; Gui, H; Jin, Q; Shao, C; Song, H; Wang, X; Wei, F; Yang, M; Yang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2015)		2.08
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a Fusarium mycotoxin frequently occurring in corn in combination with deoxynivalenol (DON), α-zearalenol (α-ZEA) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEA)."( Toxicological effects of fumonisin B1 alone and in combination with other fusariotoxins on bovine granulosa cells.
Albonico, M; Caloni, F; Cortinovis, C; Schütz, LF; Spicer, LJ, 2016)		1.46
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a food-borne mycotoxin produced by genus Fusarium and was classified as possible carcinogen to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). "( Effects of fumonisin B1 on HLA class I antigen presentation and processing pathway in GES-1 cells in vitro.
Hua, F; Wang, J; Wang, JL; Xing, LX; Xing, X; Yan, X; Yao, ZG; Zhang, XH, 2011)		2.2
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species that exerts its toxic effect through interference with the sphingolipid pathway by inhibiting ceramide synthase. "( Toxic effects induced by mycotoxin fumonisin B1 on equine spermatozoa: assessment of viability, sperm chromatin structure stability, ROS production and motility.
Dell'aquila, ME; Filannino, A; Garbetta, A; Lacalandra, GM; Minervini, F; Nicassio, M; Visconti, A, 2010)		2.08
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin found in maize and maize-based foods. "( Extrusion cooking with glucose supplementation of fumonisin-contaminated corn grits protects against nephrotoxicity and disrupted sphingolipid metabolism in rats.
Bianchini, A; Bullerman, LB; Hanna, MA; Jablonski, JE; Jackson, LS; Riley, RT; Ryu, D; Voss, KA, 2011)		1.81
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in cereals due to fungal infection. "( Fumonisin B1 contamination of cereals and risk of esophageal cancer in a high risk area in northeastern Iran.
Aghasi, M; Alizadeh, AM; Ghiasian, SA; Rohandel, G; Roudbarmohammadi, S; Roudbary, M; Semnani, S; Sohanaki, H; Taherkhani, A, 2012)		3.26
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a highly toxic mycotoxin produced by fungal strains belonging to the Fusarium genus, which can be found mainly in maize products, and is gaining interest in food safety. "( Rapid purification method for fumonisin B1 using centrifugal partition chromatography.
Bencsik, O; Kecskeméti, A; Lorántfy, L; Mesterházy, Á; Szécsi, Á; Szekeres, A; Vágvölgyi, C, 2013)		2.12
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a maize mycotoxin. "( Total fumonisins are reduced in tortillas using the traditional nixtamalization method of mayan communities.
Hagler, W; Meredith, FI; Palencia, E; Riley, RT; Torres, O; Williams, LD, 2003)		1.76
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides (formerly F. "( The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 alters the proliferation and the barrier function of porcine intestinal epithelial cells.
Bouhet, S; Fikry, A; Galtier, P; Hourcade, E; Loiseau, N; Martinez, S; Mengheri, E; Oswald, IP; Roselli, M, 2004)		2.13
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides. "( Fumonisin B1-induced hepatocellular and cholangiocellular tumors in male Fischer 344 rats: potentiating effects of 2-acetylaminofluorene on oval cell proliferation and neoplastic development in a discontinued feeding study.
Gelderblom, WC; Hall, Pde L; Kirsch, RE; Lemmer, ER; Marasas, WF; Shephard, EG; Van Schalkwyk, DJ; Van Wijk, RA; Vessey, CJ, 2004)		3.21
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a toxic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, predominantly present in corn. "( The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 transiently activates nuclear factor-kappaB, tumor necrosis factor alpha and caspase 3 via protein kinase Calpha-dependent pathway in porcine renal epithelial cells.
Gopee, NV; Sharma, RP, 2004)		2.13
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides found on corn worldwide. "( Fumonisin B1 hepatotoxicity in mice is attenuated by depletion of Kupffer cells by gadolinium chloride.
He, Q; Kim, J; Sharma, RP, 2005)		3.21
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, which is a common infectant of corn and other cereal grains. "( Oxidative stress induced by fumonisin B1 in continuous human and rodent neural cell cultures.
Elovaara, E; Loikkanen, J; Mikkola, J; Naarala, J; Savolainen, K; Stockmann-Juvala, H, 2004)		2.06
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, a common contaminant of corn worldwide. "( Maternal fumonisin exposure and risk for neural tube defects: mechanisms in an in vivo mouse model.
Aleman, F; Gelineau-van Waes, J; Maddox, J; Riley, RT; Starr, L; Voss, KA; Wilberding, J, 2005)		1.77
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, commonly present in corn and other cereals. "( Lupus-prone NZBWF1/J mice, defective in cytokine signaling, are resistant to fumonisin hepatotoxicity despite accumulation of liver sphinganine.
He, Q; Riley, RT; Sharma, RP, 2005)		1.77
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a rodent liver carcinogen and suspected human carcinogen."( Toxic effects of fumonisin in mouse liver are independent of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.
Anderson, SP; Bacon, CW; Corton, JC; Dunn, C; Liu, J; Miller, JD; Owen, JR; Riley, RT; Voss, KA, 2006)		1.06
"Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, frequently associated with corn. "( Amelioration of fumonisin B1 hepatotoxicity in mice by depletion of T cells with anti-Thy-1.2.
He, Q; Sharma, N; Sharma, RP, 2006)		2.12
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, a fungus that commonly contaminates maize. "( Sex-related differences in the immune response of weanling piglets exposed to low doses of fumonisin extract.
Bailly, JD; Burlacu, R; Lionide, A; Marin, DE; Oswald, IP; Pascale, F; Taranu, I, 2006)		1.78
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides (formerly Fusarium moniliforme) and is found in diverse crops such as corn, wheat, and barley. "( The effects of fumonisin B1 on viability and mitogenic response of avian immune cells.
Bodine, AB; Keck, BB, 2006)		2.13
"Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin prevalent in corn that produces species-, gender-, and organ-specific diseases. "( Mice lacking both TNFalpha receptors show increased constitutive expression of IFNgamma: a possible reason for lack of protection from fumonisin B1 hepatotoxicity.
He, Q; Johnson, VJ; Sharma, RP; Suzuki, H, 2006)		1.98
"Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin that causes lethal pulmonary edema in swine. "( Use of formalin-fixed tissues to determine fumonisin B1-induced sphingolipid alterations in swine.
Constable, PD; Haschek, WM; Hsiao, SH; Tumbleson, ME, 2007)		2.05
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, a fungus that commonly contaminates maize. "( Fumonisin B1 alters cell cycle progression and interleukin-2 synthesis in swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Gouze, ME; Marin, DE; Oswald, IP; Taranu, I, 2007)		3.23
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme, a common fungus which occurs naturally on corn, and other Fusarium species. "( Subchronic feeding study of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 in B6C3F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats.
Bacon, CW; Chamberlain, WJ; Herbert, RA; Norred, WP; Voss, KA; Walters, DB, 1995)		2
"Fumonisin B1 is a sphingolipid-like compound that enhances the accumulation of yeast sphingolipids and 2-hydroxy fatty acids. "( 2-Hydroxyhexadecanoic and 8,9,13-trihydroxydocosanoic acid accumulation by yeasts treated with fumonisin B1.
Bagby, MO; Kaneshiro, T; Peterson, RE; Vesonder, RF, 1993)		1.95
"Fumonisin B1 is an inhibitor of ceramide synthase, a key enzyme in de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis and reacylation of free sphingosine. "( Elevated sphingoid bases and complex sphingolipid depletion as contributing factors in fumonisin-induced cytotoxicity.
Norred, WP; Riley, RT; Showker, J; Yoo, HS, 1996)		1.74
"Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme, a fungus that infects corn and other grains in the U.S. "( The mycotoxin fumonisin induces apoptosis in cultured human cells and in livers and kidneys of rats.
Bucci, TJ; Dooley, KL; Howard, PC; Sheldon, WG; Thurman, JD; Tolleson, WH, 1996)		1.74
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a fungal toxin produced by members of the genus Fusarium. "( Toxicity of fumonisin B1 to B6C3F1 mice: a 14-day gavage study.
Armstrong, CL; Barker, MG; Bondy, GS; Fernie, SM; Hierlihy, SL; Savard, ME; Suzuki, CA, )		1.95
"Fumonisin B1 is a toxic product of Fusarium moniliforme, which inhibits ceramide synthase, leading to accumulation of free sphingoid bases. "( Tumor necrosis factor-alpha as a contributor in fumonisin B1 toxicity.
Dugyala, RR; Riley, RT; Sharma, RP; Tsunoda, M, 1998)		2
"Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme, a common fungus in corn. "( Early fumonisin B1 toxicity in relation to disrupted sphingolipid metabolism in male BALB/c mice.
Riley, RT; Sharma, RP; Tsunoda, M, 1998)		2.22
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a frequently encountered mycotoxin that inhibits ceramide synthase, the enzyme that acylates sphinganine, sphingosine and other "sphingoid" bases. "( Fumonisin B1 consumption by rats causes reversible, dose-dependent increases in urinary sphinganine and sphingosine.
Meredith, FI; Merrill, AH; Riley, RT; Wang, E, 1999)		3.19
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a food-borne mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme. "( The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 transcriptionally activates the p21 promoter through a cis-acting element containing two Sp1 binding sites.
Dickman, MB; Jones, C; Zhang, Y, 1999)		2.11
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme in corn. "( Histopathology and gene expression changes in rat liver during feeding of fumonisin B1, a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme.
Barnard, RA; Cruse, JP; de la Motte Hall, P; Gelderblom, WC; Kirsch, RE; Lemmer, ER; Marasas, WF; Omori, M; Omori, N; Shephard, EG; Thorgeirsson, SS, 1999)		1.98
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a common contaminant of corn worldwide and is responsible for several diseases of animals. "( Fumonisin B1 and hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 (AP1) in tortillas and nixtamalized corn (Zea mays L.) from two different geographic locations in Guatemala.
Meredith, FI; Merrill, AH; Riley, RT; Saenz de Tejada, S; Torres, OR, 1999)		3.19
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme and F. "( In vitro metabolism of fumonisin B1 by ruminal microflora.
Auerbach, H; Caloni, F; Gremmels, JF; Op den Camp, H; Pompa, G; Spotti, M, 2000)		2.06
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a water-soluble fungal metabolite that elicits a wide spectrum of toxicological effects. "( Effect of fumonisin B1 on inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-stimulated J774A.1 cells.
Cavaliere, M; Di Carlo, R; Ferrante, MC; Lucisano, A; Meli, R; Raso, GM, 2000)		2.15
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is an inhibitor of sphinganine N-acyltransferase and the increase in the sphinganine/ sphingosine (Sa/So) ratio in urine or serum has been proposed as a biomarker to evaluate exposure to fumonisins. "( Determination of sphinganine, sphingosine and Sa/So ratio in urine of humans exposed to dietary fumonisin B1.
Liu, X; Qiu, M, 2001)		1.97
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin isolated from Fusarium fungi that contaminate crops worldwide. "( Fumonisin b1 carcinogenicity in a two-year feeding study using F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.
Bucci, TJ; Eppley, RM; Howard, PC; Kovach, RM; Lorentzen, RJ; Stack, ME; Voss, KA; Warbritton, A, 2001)		3.2
"Fumonisin B1(FB1) is a fungal metabolite of Fusarium verticillioides (= F. "( Compensatory regeneration as a mechanism for renal tubule carcinogenesis of fumonisin B1 in the F344/N/Nctr BR rat.
Bucci, TJ; Howard, PC; Kovach, RM; Lorentzen, RJ; Thurman, JD; Voss, KA; Warbritton, A, 2001)		1.98
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides. "( Instability of N-acetylated fumonisin B1 (FA1) and the impact on inhibition of ceramide synthase in rat liver slices.
Meredith, FI; Norred, WP; Plattner, RD; Poling, SM; Riley, RT, 2001)		2.05
"Fumonisin B1 is an inhibitor of ceramide synthase, resulting in an interruption of de novo sphingolipid synthesis."( Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of fumonisin B1 (cas no. 116355-83-0) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies).
, 2001)		1.3
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced primarily by Fusarium verticillioides and related fungi, common contaminants of corn throughout the world. "( Modulation of selected cell signaling genes in mouse liver by fumonisin B1.
Bhandari, N, 2002)		2
"Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin commonly found on corn. "( Pharmacological antagonism of fumonisin B1 cytotoxicity in porcine renal epithelial cells (LLC-PK1): a model for reducing fumonisin-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo.
He, Q; Riley, RT; Sharma, RP, 2002)		2.05

Effects

Fumonisin B1 has been shown to inhibit dihydroceramide synthesis and elevate cellular sphinganine levels. It has been suggested to be involved in reproductive failure in pregnant sows.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Fumonisin B1 has been shown to inhibit dihydroceramide synthesis and elevate cellular sphinganine levels in several cultured cell lines. "( Effect of fumonisin B1 on phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Badiani, K; Byers, DM; Cook, HW; Ridgway, ND, 1996)		2.14
"Fumonisin B1 has been associated with fetal toxicity in rats and mice and has been suggested to be involved in reproductive failure in pregnant sows."( Developmental toxicity of purified fumonisin B1 in pregnant Syrian hamsters.
Casteel, SW; Penner, JD; Pittman, L; Rottinghaus, GE; Wyatt, RD, )		1.13

Actions

Fumonisin B1 did not cause accumulation of sphinganine 1-phosphate. Sphingoid bases per se can stimulate DNA synthesis.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Fumonisin B1 did not cause accumulation of sphinganine 1-phosphate; therefore, it appears that sphingoid bases per se can stimulate DNA synthesis."( Disruption of sphingolipid metabolism and stimulation of DNA synthesis by fumonisin B1. A molecular mechanism for carcinogenesis associated with Fusarium moniliforme.
Crane, HM; Liotta, DC; Merrill, AH; Schroeder, JJ; Xia, J, 1994)		1.24
"Fumonisin B1 caused an increase in intracellular free sphinganine which preceded depletion of complex sphingolipids, inhibition of cell growth, and cell death."( Elevated sphingoid bases and complex sphingolipid depletion as contributing factors in fumonisin-induced cytotoxicity.
Norred, WP; Riley, RT; Showker, J; Yoo, HS, 1996)		1.02

Treatment

Fumonisin B1-treated keratinocytes released nucleosomal DNA fragments into the medium. Serum cholesterol and serum urea nitrogen were elevated, but hepatic enzymes were unaffected. Treatment with fumonisins abrogated both ceramide production and TPA-induced apoptosis.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Fumonisin B1-treated keratinocytes released nucleosomal DNA fragments into the medium 2-3 days after exposure to 10(-4) M fumonisin B1 and increased DNA strand breaks were detected in attached keratinocytes exposed to 0-10(-4) M fumonisin B1 using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-based immunochemical assay system."( Apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects of fumonisin B1 in human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, esophageal epithelial cells and hepatoma cells.
Domon, OE; Howard, PC; James, SJ; McGarrity, LJ; Melchior, WB; Morris, SM; Muskhelishvili, L; Tolleson, WH, 1996)		1.28
"In fumonisin B1 treated rats, serum cholesterol and serum urea nitrogen were elevated; however, the activity of hepatic enzymes was unaffected."( Intravenous fumonisin B1 induces cell proliferation and apoptosis in the rat.
Haschek, WM; Lim, CW; Parker, HM; Vesonder, RF, 1996)		1.19
"Treatment with fumonisin B1 and PDMP, inhibitors of sphingolipid and glycosphingolipid syntheses, respectively, increased the susceptibility, while D609, a sphingomyelin synthesis inhibitor, had the opposite effect."( Changes in ganglioside content affect the binding of Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin to detergent-resistant membranes of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
Matsushita, O; Minami, J; Miyata, S; Okabe, A; Shimamoto, S; Tamai, E, 2005)		0.67
"Treatment of fumonisin B1 (FB1)-contaminated corn with calcium hydroxide solution is known to cause large losses of FB1 and formation of the aminopentol AP1 by hydrolysis. "( Determination of hydrolysed fumonisin B1 in alkali-processed corn foods.
Lawrence, GA; Scott, PM, 1996)		0.96
"Treatment with fumonisin B1, a specific natural inhibitor of ceramide synthase, abrogated both ceramide production and TPA-induced apoptosis."( 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells is mediated through ceramide synthase.
Ehleiter, D; Fuks, Z; Garzotto, M; Haimovitz-Friedman, A; Jiang, Y; Kolesnick, R; Liao, WC; White-Jones, M, 1998)		0.64
"Treatment with fumonisin B1 and exogenous sphingomyelinase resulted in decreased levels of host cell sphingomyelin."( Phospholipid composition of purified Chlamydia trachomatis mimics that of the eucaryotic host cell.
Hatch, GM; McClarty, G, 1998)		0.64

Toxicity

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a major food-borne mycotoxin commonly found in maize and maize-based products. Cadmium is one of the most common toxic heavy metals found in food, particularly in wheat and rice.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Fumonisins B1 and B2, produced by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon induce toxic hepatitis and hepatomas in rats and leukoencephalomalacia in horses."( Toxicity of the mycotoxins fumonisins B1 and B2 and Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici toxin (AAL) in cultured mammalian cells.
Abbas, HK; Mirocha, CJ; Shier, WT, 1991)		0.28
" However the toxic effects could not be accounted for by the content of the two toxins measured."( Differential cytotoxicity and mycotoxin content among isolates of Fusarium moniliforme.
Bacon, CW; Norred, WP; Plattner, RD; Vesonder, RF, 1991)		0.28
" Fumonisins B1 and B2 were extracted from the CM by water, but not chloroform/methanol, and were present in the toxic diets at concentrations of 93-139 and 82-147 ppm, respectively."( Comparative studies of hepatotoxicity and fumonisin B1 and B2 content of water and chloroform/methanol extracts of Fusarium moniliforme strain MRC 826 culture material.
Bacon, CW; Norred, WP; Plattner, RD; Voss, KA, 1990)		0.54
" Free sphingoid bases are toxic to most cells, and complex sphingolipids are essential for normal cell growth."( Evidence for disruption of sphingolipid metabolism as a contributing factor in the toxicity and carcinogenicity of fumonisins.
Abbas, H; Merrill, AH; Plattner, RD; Riley, RT; Schroeder, JJ; Smith, ER; Wang, E; Yoo, HS, 1996)		0.29
" FB1 was not toxic to macrophages, hepatocytes, cardiac and skeletal myocytes but toxic to splenocytes and chondrocytes."( Comparative cytotoxicity of fumonisin B1 and moniliformin in chicken primary cell cultures.
Liu, T; Vesonder, RF; Wu, W, 1995)		0.59
"Fumonisins are responsible for many of the toxic effects of the common corn fungus, Fusarium moniliforme."( Fumonisin toxicity and metabolism studies at the USDA. Fumonisin toxicity and metabolism.
Norred, WP; Plattner, RD; Riley, RT; Voss, KA, 1996)		0.29
"Fumonisin B1 is a toxic product of Fusarium moniliforme, which inhibits ceramide synthase, leading to accumulation of free sphingoid bases."( Tumor necrosis factor-alpha as a contributor in fumonisin B1 toxicity.
Dugyala, RR; Riley, RT; Sharma, RP; Tsunoda, M, 1998)		2
" Toxic synergism was obtained by simultaneous administration of FA and fumonisin B1 to chicks in ovo."( Fusaric acid and modification of the subchronic toxicity to rats of fumonisins in F. moniliforme culture material.
Bacon, CW; Meredith, FI; Norred, WP; Porter, JK; Voss, KA, 1999)		0.54
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a potent mycotoxin prevalent in corn and cereals, causes a variety of toxic effects in different mammalian species."( Tolerance to fumonisin toxicity in a mouse strain lacking the P75 tumor necrosis factor receptor.
Bhandari, N; Meredith, FI; Riley, RT; Sharma, RP; Voss, KA, 2000)		1.75
"Our previous studies have indicated that tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is involved in fumonisin B1 (FB1)-induced toxic responses."( Fumonisin hepatotoxicity is reduced in mice carrying the human tumour necrosis factor alpha transgene.
Bhandari, N; Riley, RT; Sharma, RP; Tsunoda, M; Voss, KA, 2000)		0.53
" Of the substances tested, fumonisin B(1) emerged to be the most toxic whereas its N-carboxymethyl analogue was 100-fold less effective."( Toxicity assessment of fumonisins using the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay.
Hartl, M; Humpf, HU, 2000)		0.31
"An investigation of the toxicity of fumonisin B1 (FB1), a toxic metabolite of Fusarium moniliforme, in broiler chicks was conducted."( The toxicity of purified fumonisin B1 in broiler chicks.
Fletchert, OJ; Henry, MH; Wyatt, RD, 2000)		0.89
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides and related fungi infests corn and other cereals, and causes a variety of toxic effects in different mammalian species."( Decreased fumonisin hepatotoxicity in mice with a targeted deletion of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1.
Bhandari, N; He, Q; Riley, RT; Sharma, RP; Voss, KA, 2001)		1.75
" Hepatoma cell lines, on the other hand, undergo cell division in culture and are sensitive to the toxic effects of fumonisins."( Role of proliferation in the toxicity of fumonisin B1: enhanced hepatotoxic response in the partially hepatectomized rat.
Li, W; Norred, WP; Riley, RT; Voss, KA, 2000)		0.57
" The mechanisms that lead to toxic effects, such as immune toxicity, and carcinogenicity are complexe."( Synergistic effects of fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A: are in vitro cytotoxicity data predictive of in vivo acute toxicity?
Baudrimont, I; Borracci, P; Carratù, MR; Chiarappa, P; Creppy, EE; Moukha, S, 2004)		0.63
" After 48 h of exposure, the MTT and trypan blue dye-exclusion tests indicated that NIV was significantly more toxic than DON, and both were significantly more toxic than FB1."( Cytotoxicity induced by nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin B1 in the SF-9 insect cell line.
Fornelli, F; Minervini, F; Mulè, G, )		0.38
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides found on corn worldwide."( Fumonisin B1 hepatotoxicity in mice is attenuated by depletion of Kupffer cells by gadolinium chloride.
He, Q; Kim, J; Sharma, RP, 2005)		3.21
" Fusarium toxins such as, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) have been shown to cause diverse toxic effects in animals and also suspected of disease causation in humans."( Comparative study of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by deoxynivalenol, zearalenone or fumonisin B1 in human intestinal cell line Caco-2.
Baudrimont, I; Creppy, EE; Dano, SD; Kouadio, JH; Mobio, TA; Moukha, S, 2005)		0.78
" In liver, lung, heart, pancreas, spleen, intestines, and lymph nodes, the histopathological effects observed were more severe in the AC + FB group, suggesting that the AC treatment worsened the toxic effects of FB."( Activated carbon does not prevent the toxicity of culture material containing fumonisin B1 when fed to weanling piglets.
Cabassi, E; Casadei, G; Diaz, DE; Galvano, F; Pagliuca, G; Piva, A; Riley, RT; Solfrizzo, M, 2005)		0.56
" Several fumonisins have been isolated through out the years but only fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 are the ones present in naturally contaminated foods, with B1 being the most toxic between them."( Mechanism of action of sphingolipids and their metabolites in the toxicity of fumonisin B1.
Catalá, AI; González, L; Soriano, JM, 2005)		0.79
" Results of this study demonstrate that these two toxins interacted to produce alterations in the toxic responses with a strong additive interaction noted in the cases of F344 rats and mosquitofish."( Comparative acute and combinative toxicity of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in animals and human cells.
Billam, M; Kendall, RJ; McKean, C; Tang, L; Tang, M; Theodorakis, CW; Wang, JS; Wang, Z, 2006)		0.57
" Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) is the most toxic and prevalent fumonisin detected in corn and corn-based foods."( S-adenosylmethionine or 5'-methylthioadenosine are unable to prevent fumonisin B1 hepatotoxicity in mice despite increased oxidation in liver.
He, Q; Sharma, RP; Suzuki, H, )		0.37
" In our previous study, FB1 was confirmed to be toxic to both liver and kidneys, coupled with simultaneous elevation of sphinganine 1-phosphate."( Elevation of sphingoid base 1-phosphate as a potential contributor to hepatotoxicity in fumonisin B1-exposed mice.
Kim, DH; Lee, YM; Lee, YS; Oh, S; Yoo, HS; Yun, YP, 2007)		0.56
" These aspects are important to consider when evaluating the toxic potential of FB(1)."( A review of the toxic effects and mechanisms of action of fumonisin B1.
Savolainen, K; Stockmann-Juvala, H, 2008)		0.59
" These findings suggest that fumonisin, although it is a hydrophilic molecule, permeated the blood-brain barrier of young carp and had a toxic effect on neuronal cells."( Fumonisin B1 neurotoxicity in young carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).
Klarić, MS; Kovacić, S; Pepeljnjak, S; Petrinec, Z, 2009)		1.8
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species that exerts its toxic effect through interference with the sphingolipid pathway by inhibiting ceramide synthase."( Toxic effects induced by mycotoxin fumonisin B1 on equine spermatozoa: assessment of viability, sperm chromatin structure stability, ROS production and motility.
Dell'aquila, ME; Filannino, A; Garbetta, A; Lacalandra, GM; Minervini, F; Nicassio, M; Visconti, A, 2010)		2.08
" They are toxic to animals and exert their effects through mechanisms involving disruption of sphingolipid metabolism."( The low intestinal and hepatic toxicity of hydrolyzed fumonisin B₁ correlates with its inability to alter the metabolism of sphingolipids.
Bracarense, AP; Cossalter, AM; Grenier, B; Kolf-Clauw, M; Moll, WD; Oswald, IP; Schatzmayr, G; Schwartz, HE; Trumel, C, 2012)		0.38
" Results indicate that the levels of Fusarium toxins and bacterial endotoxin reported in this study did not pose adverse human health effects as a result of drinking/consuming banana beer."( Toxicity profile of commercially produced indigenous banana beer.
Lues, RJ; Mukamugema, J; Shale, K; Venter, P, 2012)		0.38
" However, the fate of FB1 during nixtamalisation is not fully understood and potentially toxic reaction products, including matrix-associated "masked" FB1 forms that are not detected by routine analytical methods might remain in nixtamalised corn."( Alkaline cooking (nixtamalisation) and the reduction in the in vivo toxicity of fumonisin-contaminated corn in a rat feeding bioassay.
Burns, TD; Moore, ND; Riley, RT; Voss, KA, 2013)		0.39
" In conclusion, it is suggested that Bt-maize is as safe and nutritious as its nBt control when fed to zebrafish for two generations."( Cross-generational feeding of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)-maize to zebrafish (Danio rerio) showed no adverse effects on the parental or offspring generations.
Bakke, AM; Gu, J; Hemre, GI; Jorgensen, S; Ornsrud, R; Sanden, M; Sissener, NH, 2013)		0.39
" Due to the existence of six mammalian CerS isoforms with a tissue-specific expression pattern, we postulated that the organ-specific adverse effects of FB1 might be due to different CerS isoforms."( New insights into the organ-specific adverse effects of fumonisin B1: comparison between lung and liver.
Bailly, JD; Bertrand-Michel, J; Cossalter, AM; Dupuy, A; Guillou, H; Kolf-Clauw, M; Levade, T; Loiseau, N; Loy, J; Oswald, IP; Polizzi, A; Puel, O; Rakotonirainy, M; Therville, N; Viadere, JL, 2015)		0.66
" The mixtures of AFB1+ZEA and AFB1+DON showed the synergetic toxic effects on BRL 3A cells."( Individual and combined cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1 on BRL 3A rat liver cells.
Gao, X; Krumm, CS; Lei, MY; Li, C; Qi, DS; Sun, LH; Zhang, NY, 2015)		0.64
" It is concluded that AFB1 and FB1 might have combinational (synergistic moreso than additive) toxic effects in situ."( Interaction of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in mice causes immunotoxicity and oxidative stress: Possible protective role using lactic acid bacteria.
Abbès, S; Ben Salah-Abbès, J; Jebali, R; Oueslati, R; Younes, RB, 2016)		0.72
"The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a new mycotoxin inactivator (AdiDetox™) in reducing the toxic effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in the diet of rats."( Efficacy of AdiDetox™ in reducing the toxicity of fumonisin B1 in rats.
Blandon, JC; Casas, J; Denli, M; Guynot, ME; Pérez, JF; Salado, S, 2015)		0.87
" On the basis of the amelioration of FB1 toxicosis, global profile of hepatic protein expressions, and validated toxicological mechanisms, NSCP were concluded as a safe and effective agent for FB1 detoxification."( Evaluation of Efficacy and Toxicity of Exfoliated Silicate Nanoclays as a Feed Additive for Fumonisin Detoxification.
Chen, CC; Chen, SE; Huang, JT; Huang, JW; Huang, SY; Lin, JJ; Tang, PC; Yuan, CW, 2017)		0.46
"Previous studies by us or others have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was activated by fumonisin 1 (FB1) exposure, which is considered to be a critical event in the FB1-induced toxic effect."( Activation of the IRE1α Arm, but not the PERK Arm, of the Unfolded Protein Response Contributes to Fumonisin B1-Induced Hepatotoxicity.
Fan, L; Hu, H; Liu, X; Yin, S; Zhang, E; Zhao, C, 2020)		0.77
" Although predictions about the joint toxic effects of mycotoxins can be made from their individual toxicities, experimental data is still limited to allow a reliable hazard assessment."( Combined cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B
Alvito, P; Loureiro, S; Louro, H; Pinhão, M; Silva, MJ; Tavares, AM, 2020)		0.56
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a major food-borne mycotoxin commonly found in maize and maize-based products, while cadmium is one of the most common toxic heavy metals found in food, particularly in wheat and rice."( Glycyrol alleviates the combined toxicity of fumonisin B1 and cadmium in vitro and in vivo.
Fan, L; Hu, H; Liu, X; Yin, S; Zhao, C, 2021)		2.32
" The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of FB1, provide further evidence about the toxic doses- and exposure time-associated influence of FB1 on mice, especially low levels of FB1 for long-term exposure."( Toxic Effects of Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 at Six Different Doses on Female BALB/c Mice.
Chen, Z; Jiang, L; Sun, H; Zhang, F, 2021)		0.92
"In conclusion, we demonstrated the systemic toxic effects of different doses of FB1 in female BALB/c mice at different times."( Toxic Effects of Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 at Six Different Doses on Female BALB/c Mice.
Chen, Z; Jiang, L; Sun, H; Zhang, F, 2021)		0.92
"Most of the toxic effects of fumonisins can be related to sphingolipid alteration, but there is little sphingolipidomic data in animals fed fumonisins in organs other than the liver."( Targeted sphingolipid analysis in chickens suggests different mechanisms of fumonisin toxicity in kidney, lung, and brain.
Guerre, P; Matard-Mann, M; Nyvall Collén, P, 2022)		0.72
" This review summarizes the occurrence regularity, toxicity, toxic mechanisms and management strategies of FB1."( The natural occurrence, toxicity mechanisms and management strategies of Fumonisin B1：A review.
Gao, Z; Li, S; Liu, C; Luo, K; Peng, J; Wang, X; Zhang, H; Zhu, Q, 2023)		1.14
" The results showed that the co-exposure, especially at high doses, is more toxic due to a more inhibition of all parameters of mitochondrial respiration."( New insights into the combined toxicity of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in HepG2 cells using Seahorse respirometry analysis and RNA transcriptome sequencing.
Abdallah, MF; Chen, X; Grootaert, C; Rajkovic, A; Van Nieuwerburgh, F, 2023)		1.15

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The pharmacokinetic fate of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) was investigated using 4 Holstein cows."( Pilot study on the plasma pharmacokinetics of fumonisin B1 in cows following a single dose by oral gavage or intravenous administration.
Prelusky, DB; Savard, ME; Trenholm, HL, 1995)		0.81

Compound-Compound Interactions

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a Fusarium mycotoxin frequently occurring in corn in combination with deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a Fusarium mycotoxin frequently occurring in corn in combination with deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone."( Effects of fumonisin B1 alone and combined with deoxynivalenol or zearalenone on porcine granulosa cell proliferation and steroid production.
Caloni, F; Cortinovis, C; Schreiber, NB; Spicer, LJ, 2014)		2.23
" Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a Fusarium mycotoxin frequently occurring in corn in combination with deoxynivalenol (DON), α-zearalenol (α-ZEA) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEA)."( Toxicological effects of fumonisin B1 alone and in combination with other fusariotoxins on bovine granulosa cells.
Albonico, M; Caloni, F; Cortinovis, C; Schütz, LF; Spicer, LJ, 2016)		1.65
" Because cancer cells appear to be more susceptible to increased levels of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress than normal cells, herein we tested the hypothesis that FoscanPDT combined with HPR or LCL29 induces FB-sensitive ER stress-associated apoptosis that affects cell survival."( Fumonisin B1 Inhibits Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Associated-apoptosis After FoscanPDT Combined with C6-Pyridinium Ceramide or Fenretinide.
Bielawska, A; Bielawski, J; Boppana, NB; Delor, JS; Korbelik, M; Kraveka, JM; Li, LI; Pierce, JS; Rahmaniyan, M; Separovic, D; Zhang, K, 2017)		1.9

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Based on plasma and excretion data, systemic bioavailability following IG dosing was estimated to be a very limited 3-6%."( Pharmacokinetic fate of 14C-labelled fumonisin B1 in swine.
Prelusky, DB; Savard, ME; Trenholm, HL, 1994)		0.56
" Following oral administration of the toxin, no FB1 or known metabolites could be found in the plasma, indicating no or very limited bioavailability in ruminants."( Pilot study on the plasma pharmacokinetics of fumonisin B1 in cows following a single dose by oral gavage or intravenous administration.
Prelusky, DB; Savard, ME; Trenholm, HL, 1995)		0.55
" FB1 is the most important of the group and, although poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, its action is at the cellular level, affecting sphingolipid metabolism."( Fumonisins, mycotoxins of increasing importance: their nature and their effects.
Dutton, MF, 1996)		0.29
" FB1 is poorly absorbed and rapidly eliminated in feces."( An overview of rodent toxicities: liver and kidney effects of fumonisins and Fusarium moniliforme.
Bacon, CW; Collins, TF; Hansen, DK; Howard, PC; Meredith, FI; Norred, WP; Plattner, RD; Porter, JK; Riley, RT; Voss, KA, 2001)		0.31
" Cholestyramine was tested in vivo to evaluate its capacity to reduce the bioavailability of fumonisins (FBs) in rats fed diet contaminated with toxigenic Fusarium verticillioides culture material."( In vitro and in vivo studies to assess the effectiveness of cholestyramine as a binding agent for fumonisins.
Avantaggiato, G; Chulze, S; Solfrizzo, M; Torres, A; Visconti, A, 2001)		0.31
" Some studies suggest that esterified glucomannan derived from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is effective in reducing the bioavailability of at least some of the mycotoxins occurring in contaminated feed."( Efficacy of a commercial mycotoxin binder in alleviating effects of ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, moniliformin and zearalenone in adult mink.
Bursian, SJ; Choi, I; Fernadez, G; Fernandez, G; Fitzgerald, SD; Leefers, K; Mitchell, RR; Moran, L; Murphy, PA; Rottinghaus, GE; Yamini, B, 2004)		0.55
" Although FB(1 )is poorly absorbed and metabolized in the intestine, it induces intestinal disturbances (abdominal pain or diarrhea) and causes extra-intestinal organ pathologies (pulmonary edema, leukoencephalomalacia, or neural tube defects)."( The intestine as a possible target for fumonisin toxicity.
Bouhet, S; Oswald, IP, 2007)		0.34
"The ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to bind fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1, FB2) in fermented foods and feeds and in the gastrointestinal tract could contribute to decrease their bioavailability and toxic effects on farm animals and humans."( Cell wall component and mycotoxin moieties involved in the binding of fumonisin B1 and B2 by lactic acid bacteria.
Aboab, B; Boudra, H; Lemaire, M; Morgavi, DP; Niderkorn, V, 2009)		0.59
" Moreover, earlier studies have shown conclusively that NS reduces the bioavailability of AF and the findings from this study suggest that NS clay also reduces the bioavailability FB₁."( Calcium montmorillonite clay reduces urinary biomarkers of fumonisin B₁ exposure in rats and humans.
Afriyie-Gyawu, E; Ankrah, NA; Johnson, NM; Jolly, PE; Marroquin-Cardona, A; Mitchell, NJ; Nachman, RJ; Phillips, TD; Robinson, A; Strey, A; Taylor, JF; Wang, JS; Williams, JH, 2012)		0.38
" UPSN significantly reduced bioavailability of both AFB1 and FB1 when in combination; suggesting that it can be utilized to reduce levels below their respective thresholds for affecting adverse biological effects."( Calcium montmorillonite clay reduces AFB1 and FB1 biomarkers in rats exposed to single and co-exposures of aflatoxin and fumonisin.
Brown, KA; Elmore, SE; Gelderblom, WC; Lin, S; Marroquin-Cardona, A; Mitchell, NJ; Phillips, TD; Romoser, A; Tang, L; Wang, JS; Xue, KS, 2014)		0.4
" Fumonisins (FBs) in general have a very limited oral bioavailability in healthy animals."( Chronic exposure to deoxynivalenol has no influence on the oral bioavailability of fumonisin B1 in broiler chickens.
Antonissen, G; Croubels, S; De Baere, S; Devreese, M; Hessenberger, S; Martel, A; Van Immerseel, F, 2015)		0.64

Dosage Studied

Nanosilicate platelets (NSP) is a form of natural silicate clay that was exfoliated from montmorillonite (MMT) NSP is widely used as a feed additive for its high non-specific binding capacity with mycotoxins. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) stimulates rapid, transient activation of MAPK.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Pigs dosed IV with FB1, developed mild intermittent respiratory abnormalities, while those fed screenings developed respiratory distress within 5 days."( Characterization of fumonisin toxicity in orally and intravenously dosed swine.
Beasley, VR; Hall, WF; Harlin, KS; Haschek, WM; Motelin, G; Ness, DK; Peterson, RE; Vesonder, RF, 1992)		0.28
" After intraperitoneal dosing to rats (7."( Initial studies on the toxicokinetics of fumonisin B1 in rats.
Shephard, GS; Sydenham, EW; Thiel, PG, 1992)		0.55
" Using information on diet, animal weights, and feeding practices, estimates of total fumonisin B1 dosage were determined."( Fumonisin B1 levels associated with an epizootic of equine leukoencephalomalacia.
Nelson, HA; Noon, TH; Osweiler, GD; Owens, DL; Pickrell, JW; Plattner, RD; Reggiardo, C; Rice, LG; Ross, PF; Wilson, TM, 1990)		1.95
"Each of two horses was dosed by stomach tube with culture material on maize of Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826."( Leukoencephalomalacia in a horse induced by fumonisin B1 isolated from Fusarium moniliforme.
Coetzer, JA; Gelderblom, WC; Kellerman, TS; Marasas, WF; Thiel, PG; van der Lugt, JJ, 1988)		0.54
"To examine the effects of acute exposure to fumonisin-containing culture material (FCCM), 15 crossbred wether lambs were dosed intraruminally with FCCM containing 0 (CONTROL, n = 3), 11."( Acute hepatic and renal toxicity in lambs dosed with fumonisin-containing culture material.
Edrington, TS; Elissalde, MH; Harvey, RB; Kamps-Holtzapple, CA; Kubena, LF; Rottinghaus, GE, 1995)		0.29
"Groups of 5-6 pregnant F344/N rats were dosed (po) from d 8 to 12 of gestation with 30 or 60 mg purified fumonisin B1 (FB1)/kg body weight, or with a fat-soluble extract of Fusarium proliferatum/corn culture derived from an amount of corn culture that would provide approximately 60 mg FB1/kg."( Fumonisin B1 is fetotoxic in rats.
Bal, H; Hendrich, S; Hopmans, E; Lebepe-Mazur, S; Murphy, P, 1995)		1.95
"The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) was dosed as 14C-labelled FB1, to male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) both by intravenous (i."( Fate of a single dose of 14C-labelled fumonisin B1 in vervet monkeys.
Savard, ME; Shephard, GS; Sydenham, EW; Thiel, PG, 1995)		0.92
" To investigate the effect of purified (> or = 99% purity) FB1, to compare the effects of FB1 in males and females, and to obtain dose-response information for FB1, three rats per sex were fed diets containing 0, 15, 50 or 150 FB1 for 4 weeks."( Subchronic toxicity of fumonisin B1 to male and female rats.
Bacon, CW; Chamberlain, WJ; Norred, WP; Riley, RT; Voss, KA, )		0.44
" Dosing with DEN significantly increased the number of PGST-(+) hepatocytes compared to the uninitiated groups."( Fusarium proliferatum-fermented corn stimulates development of placental glutathione S-transferase-positive altered hepatic foci in female rats.
Hendrich, S; Lebepe-Mazur, S; Wilson, T, 1995)		0.29
" We examined the temporal and dose-response features of FB1 toxicosis in male weanling crossbred pigs fed nutritionally balanced diets, containing corn screenings naturally contaminated with fumonisins, for 14 days."( Temporal and dose-response features in swine fed corn screenings contaminated with fumonisin mycotoxins.
Beasley, VR; Hall, WF; Harlin, KS; Haschek, WM; Motelin, GK; Ness, DK; Schaeffer, DJ, 1994)		0.29
"50 mg/kg); separate groups of pigs underwent bile cannulation prior to dosing (groups IV/B and IG/B, respectively)."( Pharmacokinetic fate of 14C-labelled fumonisin B1 in swine.
Prelusky, DB; Savard, ME; Trenholm, HL, 1994)		0.56
" After iv dosing (2."( Pharmacokinetic fate and pathological effects of 14C-fumonisin B1 in laying hens.
Ayroud, M; Miller, JD; Prelusky, DB; Trenholm, HL; Vudathala, DK, 1994)		0.54
" A transmission study using four cows dosed with pure FB1 either orally (1."( Determination of fumonisins in milk.
Delgado, T; Miller, JD; Prelusky, DB; Scott, PM; Trenholm, HL, 1994)		0.29
" In a third study, rats were dosed intragastrically 3 times at 24 hr intervals, and killed at intervals up to 144 hr after the first dose."( Distribution and excretion of [14C]fumonisin B1 in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
Chamberlain, WJ; Norred, WP; Plattner, RD, 1993)		0.56
" Based on the feed intake records the effective dosage level (EDL) for cancer initiation over a period of 21 days is 14."( Fumonisin B1 dosimetry in relation to cancer initiation in rat liver.
Cawood, ME; Gelderblom, WC; Marasas, WF; Snyman, SD, 1994)		1.73
" The respective aminopolyols exhibited a higher cytotoxicity than did the parent compounds, while tricarballylic acid (TCA) exhibited no dose-response effect despite the fact that it had a higher background cytotoxicity compared with the control."( Structure-activity relationships of fumonisins in short-term carcinogenesis and cytotoxicity assays.
Cawood, ME; Gelderblom, WC; Marasas, WF; Snyman, SD; Vleggaar, R, 1993)		0.29
"20 mg kg-1), the plasma Sa/So ratio was increased marginally in the one dosed cow, due essentially to a transient increase in Sa concentrations, which rose by approximately 60-65% over average predose levels; So levels remained relatively constant."( Pilot study on the plasma pharmacokinetics of fumonisin B1 in cows following a single dose by oral gavage or intravenous administration.
Prelusky, DB; Savard, ME; Trenholm, HL, 1995)		0.55
" moniliforme-contaminated corn, corn cultures of this fungus, and purified fumonisin B1 (FB1) in rats and mice were systematically studied to determine target organs, characterize organ-specified lesions, and obtain dose-response data."( Subchronic toxic effects of Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisin B1 in rats and mice.
Bacon, CW; Chamberlain, WJ; Norred, WP; Riley, RT; Voss, KA, 1996)		0.77
" Dose-response effects of the fumonisins on the induction of early neoplastic lesions in both long- and short-term animal experiments have been established."( Hepatotoxicity and -carcinogenicity of the fumonisins in rats. A review regarding mechanistic implications for establishing risk in humans.
Abel, S; Gelderblom, WC; Huber, W; Knasmüller, S; Lebepe-Mazur, S; Marasas, WF; Smuts, CM; Snyman, SD; Van der Westhuizen, L; Victor, TC, 1996)		0.29
" We also observed that: (1) fumonisin B1 stimulates rapid, transient activation of MAPK; and (2) the dose-response curve for fumonisin B1-stimulated activation of MAPK is similar to the dose-response curve for the mitogenic effects of fumonisin B1."( Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by the carcinogenic mycotoxin fumonisin B1.
Badria, FA; Shier, WT; Wattenberg, EV, 1996)		0.82
" All three mycotoxins caused moderate increases of the MN frequencies at low concentrations (< or = 1 microgram/ml), but no clear dose-response effects were seen and at higher exposure levels the MN frequencies declined."( Genotoxic effects of three Fusarium mycotoxins, fumonisin B1, moniliformin and vomitoxin in bacteria and in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes.
Bresgen, N; Eckl, PM; Gelderblom, W; Kassie, F; Knasmüller, S; Mersch-Sundermann, V; Zöhrer, E, 1997)		0.55
" By the end of the dosing period there were no significant changes in food consumption."( Gavage administration of the fungal toxin fumonisin B1 to female Sprague-Dawley rats.
Armstrong, CL; Barker, MG; Bondy, GS; Fernie, SM; Hierlihy, SL; Mueller, RW; Savard, ME; Suzuki, CA, 1998)		0.56
" Fertile chicken eggs (Cobb x) were dosed with FB1 on day 2 of incubation by the injection of 100 microliters of aqueous solution into the air space of each egg."( The use of the chicken embryo screening test and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassays to assess the toxicity of fumonisin B1 mycotoxin.
Beck, MM; Bullerman, LB; Hlywka, JJ, )		0.34
"This is the first report of sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) levels determined in serum and urine of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) dosed with pure fumonisin B(1) (FB(1))."( The effect of a single gavage dose of fumonisin B(1) on the sphinganine and sphingosine levels in vervet monkeys.
Shephard, GS; van der Westhuizen, L; van Schalkwyk, DJ, )		0.13
" In this study the disruption in sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) levels in plasma and urine was measured in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) dosed with repeated gavages of 1mg fumonisin B1 (FB1)/kg body weight three times/week continuously over a 51-day period."( The effect of repeated gavage doses of fumonisin B1 on the sphinganine and sphingosine levels in vervet monkeys.
Shephard, GS; van der Westhuizen, L; van Schalkwyk, DJ, 2001)		0.77
" Development of fumonisin-induced hepatotoxicity and pulmonary edema in orally dosed swine: morphological and biochemical parameters."( Species and organ specificity of fumonisin-induced endothelial alterations: potential role in porcine pulmonary edema.
Constable, PC; Gumprecht, LA; Haschek, WM; Smith, GW, 2001)		0.31
" We therefore examined whether the same dosage schedule of fumonisin B(1) produced a similar effect in calves."( Fumonisin B(1) increases serum sphinganine concentration but does not alter serum sphingosine concentration or induce cardiovascular changes in milk-fed calves.
Constable, PD; Eppley, RM; Haschek, WM; Mathur, S; Morin, DE; Smith, GW; Tranquilli, WJ; Tumbleson, ME, 2001)		0.31
"05) increase in the level of oxidative damage was also noticed in the liver of the rats of high dosage dietary group."( Toxicological effects in rats chronically fed low dietary levels of fumonisin B(1).
Abel, S; Gelderblom, WC; Kriek, NP; Lebepe-Mazur, S; Marasas, WF; Snijman, PW; Swanevelder, S, 2001)		0.31
" The most sensitive adverse response in rats, nephrotoxic lesions, was used for the dose-response analysis."( A quantitative risk assessment for fumonisins B1 and B2 in US corn.
Bolger, M; Carrington, C; Humphreys, SH, 2001)		0.31
" verticillioides in vervet monkeys and the dosage levels of fumonisins to be used in long-term studies in nonhuman primates."( Toxicity of culture material of Fusarium verticillioides strain MRC 826 to nonhuman primates.
Gelderblom, WC; Marasas, WF; Seier, JV; Shephard, GS; Snijman, PW; Van Schalkwyk, DJ, 2001)		0.31
" A previous study demonstrated that FB1 promoted preneoplastic foci in initiated rats and induced hepatocellular carcinomas in BD IX rats at 50 parts per million (ppm), but fundamental dose-response data were not available to assist in setting regulatory guidelines for this mycotoxin."( Fumonisin b1 carcinogenicity in a two-year feeding study using F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.
Bucci, TJ; Eppley, RM; Howard, PC; Kovach, RM; Lorentzen, RJ; Stack, ME; Voss, KA; Warbritton, A, 2001)		1.75
" Subsequent chemical analyses of the fumonisin B (FB) mycotoxin content in the culture material used and long-term carcinogenesis studies with purified FB1 provide information about dose-response effects, relevance of hepatotoxicity during FB1-induced carcinogenesis, and the existence of a no-effect threshold."( Fumonisin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis: mechanisms related to cancer initiation and promotion.
Abel, S; Gelderblom, WC; Lemmer, ER; Marasas, WF; Marnewick, J; Ramljak, D; Smuts, CM, 2001)		0.31
" Rats were dosed intraperitoneally with fumonisin B1 (FB1) 24 h after sham operation or partial hepatectomy (PH) and were killed 24 h later."( Role of proliferation in the toxicity of fumonisin B1: enhanced hepatotoxic response in the partially hepatectomized rat.
Li, W; Norred, WP; Riley, RT; Voss, KA, 2000)		0.84
" The various concentrations of FB1 and moniliformin in the amended rations produced well-defined dose-response lesions in all groups in all four trials."( Comparative pathologic changes in broiler chicks on feed amended with Fusarium proliferatum culture material or purified fumonisin B1 and moniliformin.
Bennett, GA; Buck, WB; Bunte, RM; Côté, LM; Dombrink-Kurtzman, MA; Javed, T; Richard, JL, 2005)		0.54
" To further investigate this hypothesis a dietary dosage which initiates and promotes liver cancer (250 mg FB(1)/kg) was fed to male Fischer rats for 21 days and the lipid composition of plasma, microsomal, mitochondrial and nuclear subcellular fractions determined."( Altered lipid parameters in hepatic subcellular membrane fractions induced by fumonisin B1.
Abel, S; Burger, HM; Gelderblom, WC; Snijman, PW; Swanevelder, S, 2007)		0.57
" This study characterized the conversion of HFB1 and HFB2 by ceramide synthase to their respective N-acylated metabolites using rat liver microsomes and palmitoyl-CoA or nervonoyl-CoA as cosubstrates, and examined animals that had been dosed with hydrolyzed fumonisins to ascertain if acylation occurs in vivo."( Hydrolyzed fumonisins HFB1 and HFB2 are acylated in vitro and in vivo by ceramide synthase to form cytotoxic N-acyl-metabolites.
Allegood, JC; Humpf, HU; Merrill, AH; Seiferlein, M; Sullards, MC; Voss, KA; Wang, E, 2007)		0.34
" Dose-response curves for each mycotoxin were generated."( Effects of four Fusarium toxins (fumonisin B(1), alpha-zearalenol, nivalenol and deoxynivalenol) on porcine whole-blood cellular proliferation.
De Luna, R; Luongo, D; Russo, R; Severino, L, 2008)		0.35
"Nanosilicate platelets (NSP), the form of natural silicate clay that was exfoliated from montmorillonite (MMT), is widely used as a feed additive for its high non-specific binding capacity with mycotoxins such as fumonisin B1 (FB1), and has been evaluated its safety for biomedical use including cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and lethal dosage (LD)."( Inhibition of fumonisin B1 cytotoxicity by nanosilicate platelets during mouse embryo development.
Chen, LR; Chen, SE; Huang, SY; Liao, YJ; Lin, JJ; Tang, PC; Wu, SJ; Yang, JR, 2014)		0.95
" However, it is unknown whether the lower dosage of FB1 aggravates the toxicity of other mycotoxins."( Non-cytotoxic dosage of fumonisin B1 aggravates ochratoxin A-induced nephrocytotoxicity and apoptosis via ROS-dependent JNK/MAPK signaling pathway.
Gan, F; Huang, K; Kang, W; Li, H; Lin, Z; Wang, M, 2021)		0.93
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
metaboliteAny intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
carcinogenic agentA role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (4)

ClassDescription
fumonisinA family of toxins produced by several species of Fusarium moulds which occur mainly in maize.
primary amino compoundA compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group.
diesterA diester is a compound containing two ester groups.
triolA chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (1,405)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19903 (0.21)18.7374
1990's401 (28.54)18.2507
2000's513 (36.51)29.6817
2010's360 (25.62)24.3611
2020's128 (9.11)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 40.70

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index40.70 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.31 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.91 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index59.75 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (40.70)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials14 (0.94%)5.53%
Reviews77 (5.19%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (0.07%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other1,392 (93.80%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
3-chloroalanine
3-chloroalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-chloroalanine : A chloroalanine obtained by replacement of one of the methyl hydrogens of alanine by a chloro group.		2.6930chloroalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.4110amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		210hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.0810monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.1106-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.940azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
beta-alanine
[no description available]		2.6930amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0310benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		1.9910fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		2.4420amino-acid anion
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.0710monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
carnitine
[no description available]		7.6930amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		7.0110catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		210alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		2.4220cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		8.680monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		210benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate
nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.		1.9910aryl phosphatemouse metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		1.9910catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
cytosine
[no description available]		2.0110aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		7.77302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
ethanolamine
[no description available]		6.9910ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.0310aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.4120alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		210alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
indole
[no description available]		7.1110indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.1110indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
malonic acid
malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.		2.2110alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		7.7130alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		7.2110inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.7130cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		2.420acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		5.02150long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		1.9910phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		1.9910divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		210sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.1110uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.730isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		7.0410p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets		2.0110
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.0710aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.		2.0210isocoumarins;
organochlorine compound		geroprotector;
serine protease inhibitor
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.0810aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
3-methoxytyramine
3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.		1.9810monomethoxybenzene;
phenols;
phenylethylamine;
primary amino compound		biomarker;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.3920guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		2.3920indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine
5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.		2.0310aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
tryptamines		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
serotonergic agonist
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		1.9810N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		2.0310
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.4320aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		1.9910benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4120aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		1.9810organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		210cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
clofibric acid
Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.		210aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
conduritol epoxide
conduritol epoxide: conduritol C epoxide refers to the (epi & neo)-isomers; structure. conduritol epoxide : An epoxide resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of a conduritol.		2.420cyclitol;
epoxide;
tetrol
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.0110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		2.4120dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
1-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol
1-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol: a sphingolipid analog; inhibits the enzyme activity in infected erythrocytes. N-[1-hydroxy-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl]hexadecanamide : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of palmitic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol.		3.1250benzyl alcohols;
fatty amide;
morpholines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.0510
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		1.9810alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		1.9810chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
fusaric acid
Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.		8.0950aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.4320dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		3.0810
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		1.9910phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		210monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		2.7230dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indole-3-carbinol
indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.		2.1110indolyl alcoholantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
ioversol
[no description available]		2.0310amidobenzoic acid
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		210catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		2.0110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.0410chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		1.9910ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
nocodazole
[no description available]		1.9910aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		2.0310nitrobenzoic acid
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		2.0510aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
patulin
Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.		4.3230furopyran;
gamma-lactone;
lactol		antimicrobial agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.7130aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		2.0210oxopurine
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0410barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
o-phthalaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.		2.9340benzaldehydes;
dialdehyde		epitope
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.0210benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		210phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.0110naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		1.9810quaternary ammonium ion
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.0310aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.0810glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		2.420pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		7.93402-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
idoxuridine
[no description available]		210organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		3.0950nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		3.8130chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		8.150alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		3.2460L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide
4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.		210C-nitro compound;
quinoline N-oxide		carcinogenic agent
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		3.2660glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		2.420ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.4120pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.3920D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.0110ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		7.6320amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		1.9910nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		2.420aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		3.1150antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		6.9710chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.12504-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
mannitol
[no description available]		2.4320mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		2.0110amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		1.9710L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.7430amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		7.7330alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.4320aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		1.9910fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
gibberellic acid
gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.		2.4420C19-gibberellin;
gibberellin monocarboxylic acid;
lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		3.5110acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.0110amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		2.2510organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		7.4620monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		1.9810xanthene
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.1110pyrrole;
secondary amine
scoparone
scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.		2.0310aromatic ether;
coumarins		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antilipemic drug;
immunosuppressive agent;
plant metabolite
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.0310anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
copper phthalocyanine
copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.		1.9910
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		2.0110cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		3.1450cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.69301,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.75301,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
aminoimidazole carboxamide
Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.		2.0410aminoimidazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide		mouse metabolite
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		1.9910carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
carvacrol
carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).		2.0610botanical anti-fungal agent;
p-menthane monoterpenoid;
phenols		agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
flavouring agent;
TRPA1 channel agonist;
volatile oil component
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.91120dialdehydebiomarker
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		2.4220hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.830acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		210cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
nitrosobenzylmethylamine
nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure		1.9910
lead sulfide
lead sulfide: surma refers to fine powder-like mascara, applied to conjunctival surfaces of eyes; originally contained antimony sulfide (derived from Urdu word for antimony); recently lead sulfide has been used due to scarcity of antimony; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-S; galena is the principal ore of lead sulfide. Black kohl stone and red-brown kohl stone are widely used in eye cosmetics in the Middle East, Asia and Africa		2.1510
molybdenum disulfide
[no description available]		2.2510sulfide salt
tricarballylic acid
tricarballylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. tricarballylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the beta-hydrogens is substituted by a carboxy group.		2.4420tricarboxylic acid
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.9140alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.0310organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		2.0410benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane: used to immobilize carbonic anhydrase into mesoporous supports; structure in first source		2.110
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		1.9910fluorescein isothiocyanate
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		1.9910carbon oxoanion
ochratoxin b
ochratoxin B: structure given in first source. ochratoxin B : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid. Ochratoxin B differs from the more naturally abundant ochratoxin A in the absence of the dihydroisocoumarin chlorine atom. It has cytotoxic effects on kidney and liver cells in vitro but only minor effects in vivo, due to its rapid metabolism and excretion. It inhibits cell proliferation of human liver HepG2 cells at doses as low as 1 mug/ ml but lacks the genotoxic activity of ochratoxin A, even at higher concentrations.		2.5420isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		1.9910diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
norleucine
Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.		2.01102-aminohexanoic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		210beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		7.0410cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
lanthanum
[no description available]		2.4110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.0210elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		2.2510chromium group element atommicronutrient
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		2.1510elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.6320copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		7.520cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		2.2510f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		7.0210f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		4.65220copper group element atom;
elemental gold
ytterbium
Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.		2.0810f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		2.0810d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		1.9910magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.0310N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		1.9810sodium phosphate
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.3970delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		2.3920benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
menthone
menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).		7.0410menthone
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		3.6190acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
1-deoxynojirimycin
1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.		2.45202-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol;
piperidine alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		2.9140aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		2.0310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		1.99103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		1.9910
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.0710glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
bikaverin
bikaverin : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 10H-benzo[b]xanthene-7,10,12-trione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 11, methoxy groups at positions 3 and 8 and a methyl group at position 1.		1.9810
3-fluoroalanine
3-fluoroalanine: antibacterial agent active against gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria; generated by C-fluorination of key component of bacterial cell wall; synthesized by photofluorination of D-alanine; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure		2.6830
deoxynivalenol
deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.		8.15790cyclic ketone;
enone;
primary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
trichothecene;
triol		mycotoxin
moniliformin
moniliformin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with plant product, moniliformin		7.41361
metalaxyl
metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.		2.1110alanine derivative;
aromatic amide;
carboxamide;
ether;
methyl ester
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		2.0310acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		2.4520piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		3.1150delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.110delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		210aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
temoporfin
temoporfin: used as PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY		2.1510
irinotecan
[no description available]		2.6930carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.4720adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		7.0210gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
4-propionyloxy-4-phenyl-n-methylpiperidine
4-propionyloxy-4-phenyl-N-methylpiperidine: causes parkinsonism; structure in first source		1.9910
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.7830D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.71302-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4110
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0110
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0210organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
5-methylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.		2.0110methylcytosine;
pyrimidines		human metabolite
aica ribonucleotide
AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.		2.04101-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole		cardiovascular drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)
tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II): a fluorescent dye; structure in first source		2.1510ruthenium coordination entityfluorochrome
isocoumarins
Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.		2.0210isocoumarins
2,5-anhydromannitol
2,5-anhydromannitol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants		1.9910
fludioxonil
fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.		2.1110benzodioxoles;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
pyrroles		androgen antagonist;
antifungal agrochemical;
estrogen receptor agonist
coenzyme a
[no description available]		210adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
7-ketocholesterol
7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.		2103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
7-oxo steroid;
cholestanoid		neuroprotective agent
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		2.1510
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate		2.0210nucleoside triphosphate analogue
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.4320amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methylglucoside
[no description available]		2.0110
4-hydroxyphenylglycine
4-hydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine molecule carrying a 4-hydroxyphenyl substituent.		2.0110hydroxy-amino acidbacterial metabolite
2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid
2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy fatty acid comprising a C16 straight chain carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 2.		1.98102-hydroxy fatty acid;
hydroxypalmitic acid		human metabolite
arabitol
arabitol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. arabinitol : A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.. D-arabinitol : The D-enantiomer of arabinitol.		2.0810arabinitol
2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde
2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde: used in colorimetric determination of cholesterol; RN from CA Form Index Vol 90; N1 same as NM		2.730
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.3110methyladenosine
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		2.0510
beauvericin
beauvericin: 18-membered cyclodepsipeptides. beauvericin : A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.		9.29180
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		2.3110proanthocyanidin
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		2.0710hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		1.99102-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol
RV 538: noninactivating inhibitor of ceramide-UDPG glucosyltransferase; RN given for unspecified HCl; structure given in first source		3.8110
silicon phthalocyanine pc4
[no description available]		2.9540
deepoxy-deoxynivalenol
deepoxy-deoxynivalenol: metabolite of deoxynivalenol		2.1510
sr 33557
fantofarone: structure given in first source		1.9910
aminopentol
aminopentol: metabolite of fumonisin B1		3.6290
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.0410fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phytosphingosine
phytosphingosine: differ with an additional hydroxyl at C-4 & no double bond between C-4 & C-5		3.0440amino alcohol;
sphingoid;
triol		mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole
[no description available]		1.9810
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		2.0410nitrogen oxoacid
tetrahydrocurcumin
tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.		7.0610beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
polyphenol		metabolite
2-(n-myristoylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol
2-(N-myristoylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol: ceramidase inhibitor; RN given for ((R*,S*)-(+-))-isomer; structure in first source		2.0210alkylbenzene
4-(n,n-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole
4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole: structure given in first source		1.9810
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		210amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-3-methylisocoumarin-7-carboxylic acid
5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-3-methylisocoumarin-7-carboxylic acid: hydrolysate of ochratoxin A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.5820
phytol
[no description available]		2.0710
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		1.9910oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
silver phosphate
silver phosphate: for chloride analysis in cystic fibrosis patch test		7.610
enniatin b
enniatins: cyclohexadepsipeptides containing valine, isoleucine & valeric acid from Fusarian; form complexes with cations & cellular membranes; there are at least three different enniatins H, B & C; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PEPTIDES, CYCLIC (76-86); see also record for enniatin D, E, F. enniatin B : An enniatin obtained from formal cyclocondensation of three N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl]-N-methyl-L-valine units.		2.7730enniatinantimicrobial agent
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		7.4820biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.4620imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
sb 216763
[no description available]		2.0310indoles;
maleimides
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.4520divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		10.81874aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.7230acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
indole-3-acetonitrile
indole-3-acetonitrile: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-acetonitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.1110indoles;
nitrile		auxin;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
nsc 141537
diacetoxyscirpenol: mycotoxin belonging to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; structure		2.7130trichothecene
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.0310inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.1110
amylopectin
Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.		7.0210
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		2.43203,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
mannosamine
mannosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. D-mannosamine : The D-enantiomer of mannosamine.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranose : A D-mannosamine in cyclic pyranose form.		210D-mannosamine
nivalenol
nivalenol: RN given refers to 3alpha,4beta,7alpha-isomer		10.08130trichothecene
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		2.730cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		8.15660isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
fengycin
fengycin: lipopeptide from Bacillus subtilis		7.0510cyclodepsipeptide
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		3.2960cyclodextrin
ergosterol
[no description available]		2.94403beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		2.1110antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		7.9140icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0710farnesolplant metabolite
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		6.9810retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		2.1710microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
palmitoleic acid
hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.9310hexadec-9-enoic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.8840octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.0610butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.08102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		2.0510prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		210N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		210actinomycinmutagen
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		210carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		1.9910L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
camalexin
camalexin : An indole phytoalexin that is indole substituted at position 3 by a 1,3-thiazol-2-yl group.		2.49201,3-thiazoles;
indole phytoalexin		metabolite
dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate
dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*))-isomer. sphinganine 1-phosphate : A sphingoid 1-phosphate that is the monophosphorylated derivative of sphinganine.		3.6690sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.		2.420tetrapeptideprotease inhibitor
fludarabine
[no description available]		210purine nucleoside
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.0310
isoeugenol
trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.		2.0610isoeugenolplant metabolite
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		8.0640aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
penicillic acid
Penicillic Acid: A mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity produced by various strains of PENICILLIUM and ASPERGILLUS. It has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn.		2.0510
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		2.0810one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		3.1150cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
aflatoxin b
aflatoxin B2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. aflatoxin B2 : An aflatoxin having a hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		4.6861aflatoxin
aflatoxin g2
[no description available]		2.9440coumarins
fumonisin b2
fumonisin B2: produced by Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting ability. fumonisin B2 : A fumonisin that is (2S,3S,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,14,15-triol in which the hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 have each been esterified by condensation with the 1-carboxy group of 3-carboxyglutaric acid (giving a 3-carboxyglutarate ester group with R configuration in each case).		11.962382diester;
diol;
fumonisin;
primary amino compound		Aspergillus metabolite;
carcinogenic agent
tamoxifen
[no description available]		1.9910stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
6-aminoquinolyl-n-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate
6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate: structure given in first source		2.4420
zeranol
Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.		3.74100macrolide
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4620aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		7.610
safingol
safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R*,S*))-isomer		9.31041amino alcohol
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		1.9910
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.6930
epoxiconazole
epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.		2.610epoxide;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
triazoles
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.0210
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0310benzenes;
thiadiazolidine		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
d 609
[no description available]		2.7130
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		2.420
australifungin
australifungin: contains a combination of alpha-diketone and beta-ketoaldehyde groups; from Sporormiella australis; inhibits sphinganine N-acyltransferase (ceramide synthetase); structure given in first source. australifungin : A carbobicyclic compound that is 4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1(4H)-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 5 and 8, a (2Z)-3-hydroxyprop-2-enoyl group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4 and 7 and a 2R-octan-2-yl group at position 3 (the 4S,4aR,5S,7R,8R,8aS stereoisomer). It is isolated from the fermentation extracts of Sporormiella australis and exhibits antifungal activity by interfering with the fungal lipid metabolism.		3.1110carbobicyclic compound;
enol;
enone;
secondary alcohol		antifungal agent;
EC 2.3.1.24 (sphingosine N-acyltransferase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor;
metabolite
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		11.071561sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.420biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.9240prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
sterigmatocystin
[no description available]		3.5420sterigmatocystinsmetabolite
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.9640octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		210prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
genistein
[no description available]		2107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
erucic acid
[no description available]		3.0810docosenoic acid
jasmonic acid
jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.		2.9840oxo monocarboxylic acidjasmonates;
plant metabolite
zearalenone
Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.		8.3780macrolide;
resorcinols		fungal metabolite;
mycoestrogen
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		7.420ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
n,n-dimethylsphingenine
N,N-dimethylsphingosine: a sphingosine kinase inhibitor. N,N-dimethylsphingosine : A sphingoid that is sphingosine in which the two amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.730aminodiol;
sphingoid;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
n-oleoylethanolamine
N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.		1.9910endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-acylethanolamine 18:1		EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		3.98130sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
n-palmitoylsphingosine
N-palmitoylsphingosine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (R*,S*-(E))-isomer. N-hexadecanoylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).		2.9440Cer(d34:1);
N-acylsphingosine;
N-palmitoyl-sphingoid base		human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.0610antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
brefeldin a
[no description available]		3.2760macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		8.2860monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.43201-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
calyculin a
calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R*(1S*,3S*,4S*,5R*,6R*,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R*),7beta(E(S*)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer		2.4120
neoglycyrol
neoglycyrol: structure given in first source; from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. glycyrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 9, a methoxy group at position 3 and a prenyl group at position 2 respectively.		2.3110aromatic ether;
coumestans;
delta-lactone;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.1510carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		210alkali metal atom
isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine: structure		2.0110benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.		2.2510trichotheceneepitope;
mycotoxin
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		2.39201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		2.1510boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
fumonisin a1
fumonisin A1: structure given in first source		4.0240fumonisin
n-acetylsphingosine
N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.		4.3270N-acylsphingosine
n-caproylsphingosine
N-(hexanoyl)sphing-4-enine : An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.		3.2760N-acylsphingosine
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.2510cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
salubrinal
salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).		2.0810aminal;
organochlorine compound;
quinolines;
secondary carboxamide;
thioureas
zearalenol
zearalenol: RN given refers to (3S-(3R*,7S*,11E))-isomer		3.74100
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2		2.0310naphthalenes
am-356
methanandamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (all-Z)-(+-)-isomer		2.0510fatty amide
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		2.4620chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.1510chalcogen;
metalloid atom
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		1.9910amidobenzoic acid
hygromycin a
hygromycin A: a cinnamide derivative produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure differs from HYGROMYCIN B		1.9810hydroxycinnamic acidmetabolite
fusarin c
fusarin C: structure given in first source		3.7730sesquiterpenoid
thermozymocidin
thermozymocidin: a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor; FTY720 is an analog		5.76270alpha-amino fatty acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sphingoid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ganglioside, gd1b
[no description available]		1.9810
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide
Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.		2.6930galactosylceramide sulfate;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
fusaproliferin
fusaproliferin: isolated from Fusarium proliferatum; structure in first source		8.1150
fm1 43
FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source		210organic bromide salt;
pyridinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt;
tertiary amine		fluorochrome
beta-escin
[no description available]		1.9910
sb 269970
SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310sulfonamide
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.0210cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		3.1410enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
jwh-133
1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC: a CB2 receptor agonists; no further information available on 8/2001. JWH-133 : A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.		2.0410benzochromene;
dibenzopyran;
organic heterotricyclic compound		analgesic;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
CB2 receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
vasodilator agent
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		2.7330ammonium ion derivative
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.0210
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic ether
khafrefungin
khafrefungin: inhibits inositol phosphoceramide synthase in fungi; structure in first source		3.1110
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.0510aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
yw 3548
YW 3548: inhibits glycosylphosphatidylinositol synthesis; structure in first source. YW3548 : A terpene lactone that is obtained from Codinea simplex and acts as an inhibitor of glycerophosphoinositol biosynthesis.		210olefinic compound;
terpene lactone;
tertiary alcohol		fungal metabolite;
glycerophosphoinositol synthesis inhibitor
zeolites
[no description available]		2.0510
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		3.5180alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
interferons
euglobal G1: inhibits Epstein-Barr virus activation; isolated from Eucalyptus grandis; structure given in first source		210
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.0210
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-15. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 3-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.		2.2510trichotheceneepitope;
mycotoxin
cgs 24012
CGS 24012: adenosine agonist with both high affinity & selectivity for the adenosine A2 receptor		2.0110
ucn 1028 c
calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		210
r-106
[no description available]		3.1110
scyphostatin
scyphostatin: a neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor isolated from Trichopeziza mollissima; structure in first source		2.0710cyclohexenones
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		2.4420nystatins
chlorophyll b
[no description available]		2.0210chlorophyllcofactor
aflatoxin g1
aflatoxin G1: RN given refers to (7aR-cis)-isomer & is from 9th CI Form Index		4.0440
2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid
2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid: inhibits salicylic acid synthesis		2.110
aflatoxin m1
Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0810aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
tertiary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.5120
picogreen
PicoGreen: a DNA-specific dye; has strong affinity for double-stranded DNA and is designed to quantify these molecules in solution; a UV-excitable dye; no further information available 6/96. PicoGreen : A cyanine dye that is 1-phenylquinoline which is substituted at position 2 by a bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino group and at position 4 by a (3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium-2-yl)methylene group. The counter ion is not stated. A fluorochrome that selectively binds double-stranded DNA and has characteristics similar to that of SYBR-Green I.		7.1110benzothiazoles;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
gw 4869
GW 4869: inhibits neutral sphingomyelinase; structure in first source		2.9840
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.4720
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.5220glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		3.51801,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
n-hexanoyldihydrosphingosine
N-hexanoyldihydroceramide : A dihydroceramide in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as hexanoyl.		2.0210N-acylsphinganine
n-(7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole))-6-aminocaproyl sphingosine
N-(7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole))-6-aminocaproyl sphingosine: fluorescent ceramide analog; structure given in first source. N-{6-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl}sphingosine : An N-acylsphingosine that is sphingosine with the amino nitrogen converted into a 6-{[N-(7-nitrobenzo-2,1,3-oxadiazol-4-yl)amino]}hexananamido group.		1.9910N-acylsphingosinefluorescent probe
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.420chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
dihydroceramide
dihydroceramide: lacks the 4-5 trans double bond of the sphingosine moiety of ceramides; structure in first source. N-acylsphinganine : A ceramide consisting of sphinganine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a fatty acyl group.. dihydroceramide : An N-acylsphingoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any fatty acid with the amino group of any dihydrosphingoid base.		2.7130
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		2.0110
sphingosine kinase
[no description available]		3.75100
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.420
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		2.4420
chitosan
[no description available]		2.1510
sodium bisulfite
sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.		1.9910inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		allergen;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
mutagen;
reducing agent
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		210inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
hygromycin b
[no description available]		1.9810
mannans
[no description available]		2.0210
fumonisin b4
fumonisin B4: from Fusarium moniliforme; has cancer-promoting activity. fumonisin B4 : A fumonisin that is fumonisin B2 that is lacking hydroxy group located gamma- to the amino substituent.		5.2290diester;
fumonisin;
primary amino compound;
secondary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite
glycolipids
[no description available]		10.88310
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.9640
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.110ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		210monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.4320benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
tenuazonic acid
Tenuazonic Acid: 3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin.. tenuazonic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is 5-(butan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione carrying an additional acetyl group at position 3. A mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi.		1.9810
citrinin
Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.		4.0420
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.6930
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		8.0840
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		210
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.9140ketal
pyrethrins
[no description available]		3.5110
globotriaosylceramide
globotriaosylceramide: receptor for Shigella. alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide : A glycotriaosylceramide having alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl component attached to the primary hydroxy function of a ceramide with undefined sphingoid base.		2.0510
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.0210
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.6930
majonoside r2
majonoside R2: a major saponin constituent of Vietnamese ginseng; structure given in first source		1.9910
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		1.9910
g(m3) ganglioside
G(M3) Ganglioside: A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) : A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).		2.7130alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide;
sialodiosylceramide;
sialotriaosylceramide		mouse metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		3.2860
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		1.9910
fumonisin b3
fumonisin B3: structure given in first source; produced by Fusarium moniliforme		9.4731
gibberellins
[no description available]		2.7130
t-2 toxin
T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.		6.3270
ht-2 toxin
HT-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin.		2.7930
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		3.1210
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		210
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		2.0210
apyrase
Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.		2.0210
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		2.01105-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.0110purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.0210guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		10.0270folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
3-methyladenine
N3-methyladenine: structure in first source		2.110
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate)
[no description available]		2.0210nucleoside diphosphate analogue
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.420
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		210nitroso compoundalkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.0110guanosinesbiomarker
remazol black b
Remazol black B: RN given refers to the tetrasodium salt. remazole black-GR : A bis(azo) compound with two aryldiazenyl moieties placed at positions 2 and 7 of a multi-substituted naphthalene.		2.2110
5-methyltetrahydrofolate
5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.		1.9910
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		210
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.730
filipin
Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.		2.0110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		013.3612
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		07.07301
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.4110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.88120
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		07.4110
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		03.88120
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		07.07301
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		08.01281
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		03.0540
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		03.6590
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.4770
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.4770
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		04.94100
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		04.94100
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		02.610
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.4920
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.4920
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		08.4120
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		09.53311
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		09.53311
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.2510
Metastase
[description not available]		02.2510
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.2510
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.2510
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.9940
Neurovisceral Storage Disease with Vertical Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		02.2510
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C
An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that is characterized by accumulation of CHOLESTEROL and SPHINGOMYELINS in cells of the VISCERA and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Type C (or C1) and type D are allelic disorders caused by mutation of the NPC1 gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol transport from LYSOSOMES. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly and chronic neurological symptoms. Type D is a variant in people with a Nova Scotia ancestry.		02.2510
Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.1710
Marasmus
[description not available]		03.1710
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		03.1710
Disseminated Fusariosis
[description not available]		03.2450
Fusariosis
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.		03.2450
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		011.04101
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		08.63201
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		06.04101
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		08.63201
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		06.12111
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		07.7220
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		04.3270
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		04.3270
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		02.4620
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		02.1510
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.1710
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.1710
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.5230
Fungus Poisoning
[description not available]		07.14112
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.2110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		06.07150
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		06.53210
Enzootic Pneumonia of Pigs
[description not available]		02.5120
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		011.53210
Rida
[description not available]		02.0810
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		02.7630
Acrania
[description not available]		05.21110
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		02.7630
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		05.21110
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		03.2760
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.1310
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4620
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.1310
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.4620
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		03.5280
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		03.4170
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		02.8130
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.4170
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		02.8130
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.5320
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.5320
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		06.74260
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.7630
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.7630
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		05.83220
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.4520
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.4820
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.4520
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.4820
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		02.1310
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		03.150
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		03.150
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		02.7530
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.830
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.830
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.1510
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.1510
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.0410
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		02.0410
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		07.0410
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		06.09291
MODS
[description not available]		02.0510
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		02.0510
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		07.0510
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.0510
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		02.0510
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		02.0510
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		02.0510
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.0510
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.0510
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		03.4311
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		03.4311
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		03.821
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.71100
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		02.0510
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		02.4320
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.0510
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		02.0510
Balkan Endemic Nephropathy
[description not available]		02.0510
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		08.05205
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		02.0510
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.4420
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.7130
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.4420
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.7130
Acroosteolysis, Giaccai Type
[description not available]		02.0510
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies
A group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of dorsal root and autonomic ganglion cells, and clinically by loss of sensation and autonomic dysfunction. There are five subtypes. Type I features autosomal dominant inheritance and distal sensory involvement. Type II is characterized by autosomal inheritance and distal and proximal sensory loss. Type III is DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL. Type IV features insensitivity to pain, heat intolerance, and mental deficiency. Type V is characterized by a selective loss of pain with intact light touch and vibratory sensation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, pp142-4)		02.0510
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4
[description not available]		02.0610
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute
A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.		02.0610
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.0610
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.0610
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		02.4820
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		02.4820
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.0710
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.0710
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.0610
Co-infection
[description not available]		02.0610
Bordetella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.		02.0610
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		02.0610
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		02.0710
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.0710
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.0710
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.0710
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		02.0710
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.730
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.4420
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		02.0710
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		03.150
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.4420
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		02.0710
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		04.7970
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		04.7970
Adenoma, Hepatocellular
[description not available]		02.4420
Cholangioma
[description not available]		02.4120
Adenoma, Bile Duct
A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.		02.4120
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0810
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.0810
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.9240
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.4611
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.4611
CACH Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9910
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.420
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.420
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.3370
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		05.3370
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.6930
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.9340
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.9340
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.0110
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.0110
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.0110
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.6930
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.4220
Aujeszky Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders
[description not available]		02.0110
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.730
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.730
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		02.0210
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.0210
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.0210
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		02.0210
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		02.0210
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.9440
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		02.9440
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		02.4320
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.9310
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.9310
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		02.9310
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0210
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.0210
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.4120
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		02.0210
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.0210
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		02.7230
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.4120
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		02.0210
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		02.0210
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		02.0210
Lupus Vulgaris
A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.		02.0210
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		02.0210
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.0210
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.0310
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses
A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.		02.0310
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		02.0210
Newcastle Disease
An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.		03.4111
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.0310
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.0310
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		06.08210
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.9510
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.0410
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.0410
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0410
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.0410
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.0410
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.0410
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.0410
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		01.9810
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		01.9810
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		01.9810
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		01.9810
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		01.9810
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		02.6830
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.3920
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9810
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		01.9810
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.340
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		03.0950
Hydrothorax
A collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		08.5930
Cerebromalacia
[description not available]		06.13220
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		02.910
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		01.9810
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		01.9810
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		01.9810
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		01.9810
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		01.9810
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9910
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		01.9910
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		01.9910
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9910
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		01.9910
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		01.9910
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		01.9910
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9910
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		01.9910
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.9140
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.420
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.9140
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.420
Animal Diseases
Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.		02.910
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated
[description not available]		01.9910
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic
A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)		01.9910
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		01.9910
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		01.9910
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		01.9910
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		01.9910
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		02.6930
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		02.420
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		07.6930
Embryopathies
[description not available]		01.9910
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		01.9910
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		01.9910
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		01.9910
Angioma, Sclerosing
[description not available]		01.9910
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		01.9910
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous
A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)		01.9910
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.6930
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.6930
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		0210
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		0210
(pPNET) Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
[description not available]		0210
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral
A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.		0210
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		0710
E chaffeensis Infection
[description not available]		0210
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		0210
Gaucher Disease
An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.		0210
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		0210
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		0210
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		0210
Niemann-Pick Disease
[description not available]		0210
Niemann-Pick Diseases
A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.		0210
Acidosis, Respiratory
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.		0210
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		0210
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		0210
Bleeding
[description not available]		0210
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		0210
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.9210
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		02.0110
Aura
[description not available]		02.0110
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.0110
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.0110
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.0110
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		01.9810
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		01.9810
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		01.9810
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		01.9710