thymosin profile

Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Thymus	genus	[no description available]	Lamiaceae	The mint plant family. They are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals).[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	44286042
CHEMBL ID	412531
MeSH ID	M0021464

Synonym
thymosin
CHEMBL412531
61512-21-8

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is an actin-sequestering protein that can prevent inflammation in several tissues."	( Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study. He, L; Jiang, X; Long, M; Peng, Z; Su, L; Sun, Z; Yang, C; Zhang, J, 2021)	1.67
"β-thymosin 4 (Tβ4) is a prototypical actin-monomer sequestering protein that plays an important role in mammalian cells and tissues. "	( An Overview on Functional and Structural Properties of Monomeric and Multimeric β-Thymosin in Invertebrates. Deng, H; Gao, L; Huang, M; Pang, Q, 2022)	1.67
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a multifunctional and widely distributed peptide that plays a pivotal role in several physiological and pathological processes in the body, namely, increasing angiogenesis and proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation. "	( Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4. Li, Y; Xing, Y; Ye, Y; Zuo, H, 2021)	2.33
"The thymosin with L-OHP is a main regimen, which shows a significant improvement in clinical responses, antitumor immunity, and with a reasonable security."	( The intrapleural administration with thymic peptides in malignant pleural effusion: A clusteredsystematicreview and meta-analysis. Chen, R; Chen, XF; Fan, TY; Feng, JH; Jiang, H; Li, SG; Shen, YS; Wang, CQ; Xiao, X; Xiao, Z; Yang, P; Yang, XM; Zhan, L, 2022)	1.2
"Thymosin Beta 4 (Tβ4) is a G-actin sequestering peptide involved in many critical biological processes."	( Role of Thymosin Beta 4 in the diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and its relation to Metabolic Syndrome in Egyptian patients. Ahmed, AE; ElGhandour, AM; Ibrahim, WA; Mansour, AMF; Mansour, KA; Nabil, ZM, 2022)	1.88
"Thymosin β4 is a naturally occurring small molecule protein in vivo, which is widely distributed in a variety of body fluids and cells, especially in platelets."	( [Research advances on thymosin β4 in promoting wound healing]. Ba, SJ; Cao, JL; Gao, YX; Li, B; Li, F; Wang, LF; Zhou, B, 2022)	1.76
"Prothymosin α (PTMA) is a phylogenetically conserved polypeptide in male gonads of Vertebrates. "	( First Evidence of the Expression and Localization of Prothymosin α in Human Testis and Its Involvement in Testicular Cancers. Arcaniolo, D; De Sio, M; Minucci, S; Venditti, M, 2022)	1.59
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 43 amino acid multifunctional polypeptide that is involved in wound healing."	( The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis. Jia, W; Wang, W; Zhang, C, 2022)	1.44
"Thymosin α-1 (Tα-1) is an immunomodulating polypeptide of 28 amino acids, which was the first peptide isolated from thymic tissue and has been widely used for the treatment of viral infections, immunodeficiencies, and especially malignancies. "	( Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications. Li, P; Wang, L; Wei, Y; Yan, C; Zhang, Y, 2023)	3.8
"Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) is a highly conserved 28 amino-acid peptide naturally occurring in the thymus and plays critical roles in T cell maturity and differentiation. "	( Thymosin alpha 1 - Reimagine its broader applications in the immuno-oncology era. Mao, L, 2023)	3.8
"Thymosin beta 4 is a small, naturally occurring 43-amino-acid protein that promotes wound healing and reduces corneal inflammation and is currently in Phase 3 human clinical trials for dry eye disease."	( Thymosin beta 4: A potential novel adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis. Berger, EA; Sosne, G, 2023)	3.07
"Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is an immunostimulatory peptide that is commonly used as an immune enhancer in viral infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). "	( Thymosin α1 and Its Role in Viral Infectious Diseases: The Mechanism and Clinical Application. Gao, J; Hu, S; Lv, G; Sun, Q; Tao, N; Xu, X; Ying, Y, 2023)	3.8
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a housekeeping protein that plays important role in cell proliferation, migration and differentiation."	( Antioxioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of Thymosin β4 in Aβ-induced SH-SY5Y cells via the 5-HTR1A/ERK axis. Chin, KL; Pare, R; Yan, SY; Zhang, GH, 2023)	1.89
"Thymosin β4 is a naturally-occurring regenerative protein present in almost all cells and body fluids, including wound fluid. "	( Thymosin β4: potential to treat epidermolysis bullosa and other severe dermal injuries. Kang, S; Kleinman, HK; Sung, J; Yang, WS, 2019)	3.4
"Thymosin β-4(Tβ-4) is a macromolecular protein drug with potential for drug development in wound repair but is limited by the shortcomings of macromolecular protein, such as large volumes, poor membrane permeability, and unstable physicochemical characteristics. "	( Ethosomal Gel for Improving Transdermal Delivery of Thymosin β-4. Fu, X; Huang, Y; Lin, G; Qi, T; Shi, Y; Sun, Q; Wang, H; Zhao, X, 2019)	2.21
"Thymosin β4 is a multifunctional protein in vertebrates that participates in physiological processes, such as wound healing, immune response, cell proliferation and migration. "	( Multiple functions of thymosin β4 in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata suggest its multiple potential roles in artificial pearl culture. Bai, L; Fan, S; He, W; Liu, B; Yu, D; Zhang, D; Zhou, T, 2020)	2.32
"Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is an actin-sequestering peptide that plays important roles in regeneration and remodeling of injured tissues. "	( Ectopic Expression of Human Thymosin β4 Confers Resistance to Legionella pneumophila during Pulmonary and Systemic Infection in Mice. Kim, J; Kim, TJ; Lee, JW; Lee, KM; Moon, EY; Park, B; Park, G; Ryu, YK; Shin, MH, 2021)	2.36
"β-Thymosin 10 (TMSB10) functions as an oncogene or tumor suppressors in cancers, whereas its significance in lung cancer remains unknown."	( PTEN/AKT upregulation of TMSB10 contributes to lung cancer cell growth and predicts poor survival of the patients. Li, H; Li, J; Liu, R; Xu, Y; Zhou, N; Zhou, S, 2021)	1.18
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a small, 44-amino acid polypeptide. "	( Changes in Biomechanical Properties of A375 Cells Due to the Silencing of Battistella, A; Lazzarino, M; Makowiecka, A; Malek, N; Mazur, AJ; Mazurkiewicz, E; Mrówczyńska, E; Nowak, D, 2021)	2.06
"β-Thymosin is a multifunctional peptide ubiquitously expressed in vertebrates and invertebrates. "	( β-Thymosin is an essential regulator of stem cell proliferation and neuron regeneration in planarian (Dugesia japonica). Deng, H; Gao, L; Gao, S; Huang, M; Li, A; Liu, B; Liu, D; Liu, X; Pang, Q; Sun, Z; Zhao, B, 2021)	2.06
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a highly conserved actin binding protein associated with the metastatic potential of tumor cells by stimulating cell migration. "	( Effects of thymosin β4-derived peptides on migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Cha, HJ; Chun, S; Eo, WK; Kang, A; Kim, A; Kim, H; Kim, KH; Ko, EJ; Lee, JY; Ock, MS; Oh, YL; Yoon, HJ, 2021)	2.45
"Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a peptide that has been shown in dermal, corneal, and cardiac preclinical injury models to potentially affect tissue protection, regeneration, and repair. "	( Endogenous Thymosin β4 Expression in Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus Disease: A Retrospective, Immunohistochemical Analysis of Excisional Skin Biopsy Samples. Sahin, S, 2017)	2.29
"Prothymosin alpha (proTα) is a ubiquitous polypeptide first isolated by Haritos in 1984, whose role still remains partly elusive. "	( Prothymosin Alpha: An Alarmin and More... Ioannou, K; Kalbacher, H; Karachaliou, CE; Livaniou, E; Papadopoulos, M; Papaioannou, NE; Pirmettis, I; Samara, P; Tsitsilonis, OE; Voelter, W; Voutsas, IF; Zikos, C, 2017)	1.7
"Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a protein that is linked to a number of important biological actions and recently tumor progression and poor prognosis of some tumors. "	( Thymosin beta-4 overexpression correlates with high-risk groups in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry. Dursun, A; Ekinci, O; Şahin, S; Seçkin, S, 2017)	3.34
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 5K peptide which influences cellular migration by inhibiting organization of the actin-cytoskeleton. "	( Thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke in aged rats. Cheung, WL; Chopp, M; Loi, R; Lu, M; Morris, DC; Zhang, T; Zhang, ZG, 2017)	3.34
"Thymosin α1 (Tα1), is a peptidic hormone, whose immune regulatory properties have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo and approved in different countries for treatment of several viral infections and cancers. "	( Thymosin α1 Interacts with Hyaluronic Acid Electrostatically by Its Terminal Sequence LKEKK. Garaci, E; Mandaliti, W; Nepravishta, R; Paci, M; Pica, F; Vallebona, PS, 2017)	3.34
"Prothymosin α (ProTα) is an acidic protein with a nuclear role related to the chromatin activity through its interaction with histones in mammalian cells. "	( Prothymosin α interacts with SET, ANP32A and ANP32B and other cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins in proliferating cells. Barbeito, P; Covelo, G; Díaz-Jullien, C; Freire, M; Freire-Cobo, C; Moreira, D; Muras, J; Sarandeses, CS, 2017)	1.7
"Prothymosin alpha (PTMA) is a highly acidic, intrinsically disordered protein that was first extracted from rat thymus and characterized as an immunogenic factor but soon detected in a variety of mammalian tissues. "	( Prothymosin alpha expression in the vertebrate testis: a comparative review. Minucci, S; Venditti, M, 2017)	1.7
"Thymosin beta 4 is a peptide with cardioprotective, anti-oxidant and anti-fibrotic properties and we further investigated whether the peptide could attenuate this drug-induced injury by measuring cardiac function and fibrosis."	( Pegylated and liposomal doxorubicin is associated with high mortality and causes limited cardiotoxicity in mice. Koskenvuo, J; Savunen, T; Stark, C; Taimen, P, 2018)	1.2
"Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is an endogenous peptide with protective and regenerative effects in models of cellular and organ injury. "	( Sources of variability in quantifying circulating thymosin beta-4: literature review and recommendations. Chan, MY; Drum, CL; Pakkiri, LS; Purnamawati, K; Tan, SH; Tan, WKY; Yang, X, 2018)	2.18
"Thymosin Beta 4 is an actin binding protein that inhibits the polymerization of G-actin into F-actin and improves mortality when administered intravenously to septic rats."	( Thymosin beta 4 regulation of actin in sepsis. Belsky, JB; Filbin, MR; Lee, PJ; Morris, DC; Rivers, EP, 2018)	2.64
"Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a 43-amino-acid peptide with protective properties in myocardium injury. "	( A dimeric thymosin beta 4 with novel bio-activity protects post-ischemic cardiac function by accelerating vascular endothelial cell proliferation. Hao, Q; He, L; Li, M; Li, W; Ma, X; Pang, Z; Yuan, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y; Zhou, J, 2018)	2.33
"Thymosin-β4 is a peptide that reduces inflammation and fibrosis and has the potential to restore endothelial and epithelial cell injury, biological processes involved in the pathophysiology of CKD."	( Thymosin-β4: A key modifier of renal disease. Long, DA; Riley, PR; Vasilopoulou, E, 2018)	2.64
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a peptide with the potential to promote tissue regeneration and wound healing."	( Thymosin β4 promotes endothelial progenitor cell angiogenesis via a vascular endothelial growth factor‑dependent mechanism. Bi, X; Fu, G; Gao, J; Shen, Z; Song, J; Zhao, Y; Zhu, J, 2018)	2.64
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a multifunctional N-acetylated peptide with distinct activities important at various stages. "	( Highly effective biosynthesis of N-acetylated human thymosin β4 (Tβ4) in Escherichia coli. Cao, S; Chen, W; Dai, H; Fang, H; Fang, T; Liu, Y; Si, X; Sun, X; Xu, J; Yu, R, 2018)	2.17
"Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is an actin sequestering protein and is furthermore involved in diverse biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, wound healing, stem- or progenitor cell differentiation, and modulates inflammatory mediators. "	( The role of Thymosin β4 in angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocytes growth. Gupta, S; Li, L, 2018)	2.3
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a thymic hormone with multiple and different intracellular and extracellular activities affecting wound healing, inflammation, fibrosis and tissue regeneration. "	( Thymosin β4 limits inflammation through autophagy. Bartoli, A; Borghi, M; Costantini, C; Garaci, E; Goldstein, AL; Oikonomou, V; Pariano, M; Renga, G; Romani, L; Stincardini, C, 2018)	3.37
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is an actin monomer binding protein with recognized roles in vascular development, neovascularization and protection against disease."	( Thymosin β4 and the vasculature: multiple roles in development, repair and protection against disease. Dubé, KN; Smart, N, 2018)	2.64
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 5K peptide which influences cellular migration by inhibiting organization of the actin-cytoskeleton. "	( Thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke: neurorestorative or neuroprotective? Chopp, M; Morris, DC; Zhang, ZG, 2018)	3.37
"Prothymosin-α is a small, multifunctional intrinsically disordered protein associated with cell survival and proliferation which binds multiple Zn"	( Zn Burns, CS; Danell, AS; Garapati, S; Kenney, JM; Kostenko, A; Monteith, W; Wilson, C, 2018)	1.1
"Prothymosin-α (PTMA) is a small, acidic protein that is usually transported into the nucleus and involves many cellular and immunological functions. "	( Prothymosin-α enhances phosphatase and tensin homolog expression and binds with tripartite motif-containing protein 21 to regulate Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling in human bladder cancer. Jou, YC; Shiau, AL; Tsai, HT; Tsai, YS; Tzai, TS; Wu, CL, 2019)	1.76
"Thymosinβ-4(Tβ4) is an actin-sequestering protein involved in tumor malignancy. "	( Thymosin β-4 is a novel regulator for primary cilium formation by nephronophthisis 3 in HeLa human cervical cancer cells. Kim, HS; Lee, JW; Moon, EY, 2019)	3.4
"Thymosin β-4 (Tβ4) is a ubiquitous protein, which has been suggested to regulate multiple cell signal pathways and a variety of cellular functions. "	( miR-200a mediates protection of thymosin β-4 in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells as a novel mechanism under hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. Du, A; Li, Y; Liu, X; Yu, B; Zhu, X, 2019)	2.24
"Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is a highly acidic polypeptide, ubiquitously expressed in almost all mammalian cells and tissues and consisting of 109 amino acids in humans. "	( In Vitro Immunodetection of Prothymosin Alpha in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Kalbacher, H; Karachaliou, CE; Livaniou, E; Tsitsilonis, OE; Voelter, W, 2020)	1.47
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a small peptide composed of 43 amino acids. "	( Production and characterization of highly purified recombinant thymosin beta 4 in Escherichia coli. Huang, H; Li, T; Ma, SY; Nie, LY; Tang, XC, 2013)	2.07
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a novel trophic factor that has antimicrobial effects and the potential to promote tissue repair."	( Thymosin beta-4 promotes mesenchymal stem cell proliferation via an interleukin-8-dependent mechanism. Cho, D; Ik Bang, S; Jeon, BJ; Kyung Shim, S; Yang, HM; Yang, Y, 2013)	2.55
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is an actin-binding peptide involved in tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. "	( Bacterial expression, purification and angiogenesis-promoting activity of human thymosin β4. Bednarek, R; Kozaczuk, A; Selmi, A, 2013)	2.06
"Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is a naturally occurring thymic peptide used worldwide in clinical trials for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. "	( Thymosin α1 activates complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Andreola, F; Garaci, E; Gaziano, R; Moroni, G; Moroni, N; Pica, F; Pierimarchi, P; Serafino, A; Sinibaldi-Vallebona, P; Zonfrillo, M, 2014)	3.29
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a peptide present in almost any tissue and in extracellular media in mammals, having multiple amazing functions as wound healing, stimulation of angiogenesis, and suppression of inflammation. "	( Quantitative analysis of thymosin β4 in whole saliva by capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry using multiple ions monitoring (CE-MIM-MS.). Castagnola, M; Desiderio, C; Iavarone, F; Longhi, R; Martelli, C; Rossetti, DV, 2013)	2.14
"Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is an ubiquitous multi-functional regenerative peptide, related to many critical biological processes, with a dynamic and flexible conformation which may influence its functions and its subcellular distribution. "	( Cellular trafficking of thymosin beta-4 in HEPG2 cells following serum starvation. Cabras, T; Castagnola, M; Coni, P; Di Felice, E; Faa, G; Fanari, MU; Messana, I; Nemolato, S; Pichiri, G; Sanna, A, 2013)	2.14
"Thymosin β4 serves as a specific glutaminyl substrate for guinea pig transglutaminase."	( Thymosin β4 and tissue transglutaminase. Molecular characterization of cyclic thymosin β4. App, C; Hannappel, E; Huff, T; Knop, J; Sticht, H, 2013)	2.55
"Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is an abundant nuclear protein involved in cellular processes intricately linked to development, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. "	( Knockdown of prothymosin α leads to apoptosis and developmental defects in zebrafish embryos. Emmanouilidou, A; Karetsou, Z; Kobayashi, T; Papamarcaki, T; Tzima, E, 2013)	1.36
"Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a peptide with 43 amino acids that is critical for repair and remodeling tissues on the skin, eye, heart, and neural system following injury. "	( A novel dimeric thymosin beta 4 with enhanced activities accelerates the rate of wound healing. Hao, Q; Li, M; Li, WN; Ma, XW; Wang, Q; Xu, TJ; Xue, XC; Zhang, C; Zhang, W; Zhang, YQ; Zhang, Z, 2013)	2.18
"Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a ubiquitous peptide that plays pivotal roles in the cytoskeletal system and in cell differentiation. "	( Thymosin ß4 expression in colorectal polyps and adenomas. Cabras, T; Castagnola, M; Casula, G; Di Felice, E; Faa, G; Fanni, D; Gerosa, C; Messana, I; Nemolato, S; Restivo, A; Zorcolo, L, 2013)	3.28
"Thymosin beta 4 is a pleiotropic actin-sequestering polypeptide that is involved in wound healing and developmental processes. "	( Thymosin β 4 gene silencing decreases stemness and invasiveness in glioblastoma. Florea, AM; Frei, K; Hasenbach, K; Krayenbühl, N; Krishnan, S; Reifenberger, G; Tabatabai, G; Weller, M; Wirsching, HG, 2014)	3.29
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a highly conserved peptide with immunomodulatory properties. "	( Thymosin β4 reduces IL-17-producing cells and IL-17 expression, and protects lungs from damage in bleomycin-treated mice. Conte, E; Cuzzocrea, S; Esposito, E; Fagone, E; Fruciano, M; Genovese, T; Gili, E; Iemmolo, M; Vancheri, C, 2014)	3.29
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4 ) is a multifunctional protein already used clinically to treat various diseases; however, the promoting effect of this protein on tumor malignancy should not be neglected. "	( Thymosin beta-4 knockdown in IEC-6 normal intestinal epithelial cells induces DNA re-replication via downregulating Emi1. Chan, LC; Chao, TC; Chen, KJ; Chen, PM; Su, Y; Tang, MC; Tzeng, CH, 2014)	3.29
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4 ) is a regenerative peptide that we hypothesized would promote healing of fractured bone. "	( Thymosin β4 administration enhances fracture healing in mice. Brady, RD; Grills, BL; McDonald, SJ; Schuijers, JA; Tonkin, BA; Walsh, NC; Ward, AR, 2014)	3.29
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 5K actin binding peptide. "	( A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. Cheung, WL; Chopp, M; Cui, Y; Lu, M; Morris, DC; Zhang, L; Zhang, ZG, 2014)	2.15
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 43-amino-acid peptide involved in many biological processes. "	( Thymosin β4 induces invasion and migration of human colorectal cancer cells through the ILK/AKT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Choi, C; Hong, CS; Jung, MR; Park, YK; Piao, Z, 2014)	3.29
"Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is a peptide initially considered as a thymic hormone, but further studies have shown its wide distribution in different tissues and organs. "	( Overexpression of prothymosin alpha is related to pituitary adenoma recurrence but not to adenoma invasiveness and proliferation. Jaranowska, M; Kunert-Radek, J; Pawlikowski, M; Radek, M; Świętosławski, J; Winczyk, K, 2014)	1.34
"Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a ubiquitous G-actin sequestering protein with diverse biological function and promotes wound healing and modulates inflammatory responses."	( Thymosin Beta 4 protects mice from monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. Gupta, S; Kim, IK; Li, L; Wei, C; Wu, L, 2014)	2.57
"Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is a peptide hormone whose therapeutic application has been approved in several diseases, but the description of a precise receptor for its therapeutic action still remains elusive and some knowledge of the mechanism of interaction with the cell membrane still needs to be clarified. "	( Thymosin α1 inserts N terminus into model membranes assuming a helical conformation. Eliseo, T; Garaci, E; Mandaliti, W; Nepravishta, R; Paci, M; Pica, F; Sinibaldi Vallebona, P, 2015)	3.3
"Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is a conserved mammalian polypeptide with intracellular functions associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis and an extracellular role associated with immunopotentiation. "	( Specific in vitro binding of a new (99m)Tc-radiolabeled derivative of the C-terminal decapeptide of prothymosin alpha on human neutrophils. Kalbacher, H; Karachaliou, CE; Liolios, C; Livaniou, E; Papadopoulos, M; Pirmettis, I; Samara, P; Triantis, C; Tsitsilonis, OE; Voelter, W; Zikos, C, 2015)	1.25
"Prothymosin alpha (PTMA) is a nuclear oncoprotein-transcription factor essential for cell cycle progression and proliferation. "	( Expression of prothymosin alpha predicts early recurrence and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cho, SY; Ha, SY; Hwang, SH; Park, CK; Song, DH, 2015)	1.38
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a growth factor that has been shown to promote angiogenesis and dermal wound repair."	( Thymosin β4 has a major role in dermal burn wound healing that involves actin cytoskeletal remodelling via heat-shock protein 70. Kim, S; Kwon, J, 2017)	2.62
"Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is a thymic peptide that has been associated with immuno-stimulating properties."	( Impact of the immunomodulating peptide thymosin alpha 1 on multiple myeloma and immune recovery after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Baron, F; Baudoux, E; Beguin, Y; Binsfeld, M; Caers, J; Hannon, M; Humblet-Baron, S; Otjacques, E, 2015)	1.41
"Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is a naturally occurring polypeptide that regulates immune cell development and function, and is also capable of interacting with multiple target cells with relevant biological effects. "	( Historical review on thymosin α1 in oncology: preclinical and clinical experiences. Camerini, R; D'Agostini, C; Favalli, C; Garaci, E; Gaziano, R; Mastino, A; Matteucci, C; Miele, MT; Palamara, AT; Pica, F; Serafino, A; Sinibaldi Vallebona, P, 2015)	2.18
"Thymosin α 1 (Tα1) is a peptidic biological response modifier, which plays a significant role in activating and regulating various cells of the immune system. "	( Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases. Camerini, R; Garaci, E, 2015)	2.18
"Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is a small protein that in mammals is known to participate in diverse biological processes including immunomodulation. "	( Tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) prothymosin alpha: Cytokine-like activities associated with the intact protein and the C-terminal region that lead to antiviral immunity via Myd88-dependent and -independent pathways respectively. Sun, L; Zhang, BC, 2015)	1.31
"Prothymosin α (PTMA) is a highly acidic, intrinsically disordered protein, which is widely expressed and conserved throughout evolution; its uncommon features are reflected by its involvement in a variety of processes, including chromatin remodelling, transcriptional regulation, cell proliferation and death, immunity. "	( Prothymosin alpha expression and localization during the spermatogenesis of Danio rerio. Aniello, F; Donizetti, A; Dotolo, R; Ferrara, D; Minucci, S; Pariante, P; Venditti, M, 2016)	1.68
"Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a ubiquitous protein with many properties relating to cell proliferation and differentiation that promotes wound healing and modulates inflammatory mediators. "	( Thymosin β4 Prevents Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Growth by Regulating Wnt/WISP Signaling. Baker, KM; Guleria, RS; Gupta, S; Li, L; Pan, J; Thakur, S; Zhang, CL, 2016)	3.32
"Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a ubiquitous protein with multiple and diverse intracellular and extracellular functions in vertebrates. "	( A thymosin beta-4 is involved in production of hemocytes and immune defense of Hong Kong oyster, Crassostrea hongkongensis. Li, J; Liu, Y; Qu, F; Xiang, Z; Yu, Z; Zhang, Y, 2016)	2.6
"Thymosin α1 is a peptidic hormone already used in the therapy of several diseases. "	( New studies about the insertion mechanism of Thymosin α1 in negative regions of model membranes as starting point of the bioactivity. Garaci, E; Mandaliti, W; Nepravishta, R; Paci, M; Pica, F; Sinibaldi Vallebona, P, 2016)	2.14
"Thymosin α1 is a peptidic hormone with pleiotropic activity and is used in the therapy of several diseases. "	( Thymosin α1 Interacts with Exposed Phosphatidylserine in Membrane Models and in Cells and Uses Serum Albumin as a Carrier. Garaci, E; Mandaliti, W; Nepravishta, R; Paci, M; Pica, F; Sinibaldi Vallebona, P, 2016)	3.32
"Thymosin β4 is a 43 amino acid long peptide with an acetylated N-terminal serin that has a high potential as a remedy for healing ulcers, wounds and burns. "	( Development of the intein-mediated method for production of recombinant thymosin β4 from the acetylated in vivo fusion protein. Esipov, RS; Makarov, DA; Miroshnikov, AI; Stepanenko, VN, 2016)	2.11
"Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) is a powerful modulator of immunity and inflammation. "	( Serum thymosin α 1 levels in patients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Adorno, G; Buè, C; Casalinuovo, IA; Chimenti, MS; Conigliaro, P; Cordero, V; Di Carlo, D; Garaci, E; Gaziano, R; Perricone, R; Pica, F; Triggianese, P; Volpi, A, 2016)	2.36
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a key factor in cardiac development, growth, disease, epicardial integrity, blood vessel formation and has cardio-protective properties. "	( Thymosin β4 impeded murine stem cell proliferation with an intact cardiovascular differentiation. Gao, SJ; Hescheler, J; Hu, XW; Liang, HM; Luo, HY; Masika, J; Nie, L; Zeng, Y; Zhang, LP; Zhao, YN, 2016)	3.32
"β-Thymosins are a family of heat-stable multifunctional polypeptides that are expressed as small proteins of about 5kDa (~45 amino acids) almost exclusively in multicellular animals. "	( Intrinsic, Functional, and Structural Properties of β-Thymosins and β-Thymosin/WH2 Domains in the Regulation and Coordination of Actin Self-Assembly Dynamics and Cytoskeleton Remodeling. Renault, L, 2016)	1.4
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 43-amino acid signature motif peptide that defines the beta-thymosin (βT) family of proteins. "	( Actin-Induced Structure in the Beta-Thymosin Family of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins. Robinson, RC; Xue, B, 2016)	2.15
"Thymosinα1 is a peptidic hormone with pleiotropic activity, which is used in the therapy of several diseases. "	( Mechanism of Action of Thymosinα1: Does It Interact with Membrane by Recognition of Exposed Phosphatidylserine on Cell Surface? A Structural Approach. Garaci, E; Mandaliti, W; Nepravishta, R; Paci, M; Pica, F; Vallebona, PS, 2016)	2.19
"Thymosin alpha 1 (Ta1) is a peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue as the compound responsible for restoring immune function to thymectomized mice. "	( Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment. King, R; Tuthill, C, 2016)	2.19
"Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a small, abundant, naturally occurring regenerative protein that is found in body fluids and inside cells."	( Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing. Kleinman, HK; Sosne, G, 2016)	2.6
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a peptide that is known to play important roles in protection, regeneration, and remodeling of injured tissues in humans, and that shows great promise in a range of clinical applications. "	( A Tobacco-Derived Thymosin β4 Concatemer Promotes Cell Proliferation and Wound Healing in Mice. Chen, L; Gao, L; Janarthini, R; Wang, X; Zhao, L, 2016)	2.21
"Thymosin alpha 1 is a thymic peptide that demonstrates a peculiar ability to restore immune system homeostasis in different physiological and pathological conditions (i.e., infections, cancer, immunodeficiency, vaccination and aging) acting as multitasking protein depending on the host state of inflammation or immune dysfunction."	( Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives. Argaw-Denboba, A; Balestrieri, E; Garaci, E; Grelli, S; Macchi, B; Mastino, A; Matteucci, C; Minutolo, A; Perno, CF; Sinibaldi-Vallebona, P, 2017)	2.62
"Prothymosin alpha (PTMA) is a small acidic protein abundantly and ubiquitously expressed in mammals and involved in different biological activities. "	( Evidence for the involvement of prothymosin alpha in the spermatogenesis of the frog Rana esculenta. Aniello, F; d'Istria, M; Ferrara, D; Izzo, G; Liguori, L; Minucci, S, 2009)	1.25
"Thymosin alpha1 is a peptide with a multitude of effects in the organism both from its direct influence on the cells, as well as modulation of the immune system."	( Thymosin alpha1: a promising molecule for important clinical applications. Burazeri, G; Këlliçi, S, 2009)	2.52
"Thymosin alpha1 is a 28-amino acid acetylated peptide used for the treatment of hepatitis B and C. "	( Optimized Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of Thymosin alpha1 by side-chain anchoring onto a PEG resin. Albericio, F; García-Ramos, Y; Giraud, M; Tulla-Puche, J, 2009)	2.06
"Prothymosin alpha (PTMA) is a highly acidic small polypeptide, that is, widely distributed and conserved among mammals. "	( Expression of prothymosin alpha in meiotic and post-meiotic germ cells during the first wave of rat spermatogenesis. Aniello, F; d'Istria, M; Donizetti, A; Ferrara, D; Izzo, G; Minucci, S; Pariante, P, 2010)	1.32
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is an actin-binding peptide overexpressed in several tumors, including colon carcinomas. "	( Thymosin beta4 targeting impairs tumorigenic activity of colon cancer stem cells. Biffoni, M; Circo, R; De Maria, R; de Stefano, MC; di Martino, S; Garaci, E; Merlo, D; Mollinari, C; Pagliuca, A; Pilozzi, E; Ricci-Vitiani, L, 2010)	3.25
"Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is an actin-binding intracellular peptide that promotes wound healing, tissue remodeling, and angiogenesis. "	( Effect of toll-like receptor activation on thymosin beta-4 production by chicken macrophages. Kannan, L; Lay, JO; Liyanage, R; Rath, NC, 2010)	2.07
"Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is an actin-sequestering protein to control cytoskeletal reorganization."	( Actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4, is a novel hypoxia responsive regulator. Im, YS; Kang, JH; Moon, EY; Ryu, YK, 2010)	1.38
"Thymosin β-4 (Tβ4) is an actin-sequestering protein which controls cytoskeletal reorganization."	( Cooperation of actin-sequestering protein, thymosin β-4 and hypoxia inducible factor-1α in tumor cell migration. Im, YS; Moon, EY; Ryu, YK, 2010)	1.34
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a major intracellular G-actin-sequestering peptide. "	( Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts. Fukada, S; Hara, T; Matsuda, R; Nakayama, Y; Nara, N; Tokura, Y; Yamamoto, H, 2011)	2.13
"Prothymosin α (ProTα) is a multifunctional protein that, in mammalian cells, is involved in nuclear metabolism through its interaction with histones and that also has a cytosolic role as an apoptotic inhibitor. "	( The M2-type isoenzyme of pyruvate kinase phosphorylates prothymosin α in proliferating lymphocytes. Barbeito, P; Covelo, G; Díaz-Jullien, C; Freire, M; Moreira, D; Sarandeses, CS, 2011)	1.23
"Thymosin-alpha1 is a polypeptide with powerful immunomodulatory activities."	( Thymosin-alpha1 promotes the apoptosis of regulatory T cells and survival rate in septic mice. Chen, D; Guan, J; Li, G; Li, W; Lin, Z; Liu, X; Shan, H; Shan, Y; Wan, J; Wang, T, 2011)	2.53
"Thymosin beta4 (43 aa) is a highly conserved acidic peptide which regulates actin polymerization in mammalian cells by sequestering globular actin. "	( [Biotechnological production of acetylated thymosin beta4]. Beĭrakhova, KA; Esipov, RS; Miroshnikov, AI; Stepanenko, VN, )	1.84
"Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is an acidic nuclear protein implicated in several cellular functions including cell survival. "	( Regional distribution and cell type-specific subcellular localization of Prothymosin alpha in brain. Halder, SK; Ueda, H, 2012)	1.23
"Prothymosin α (ProTα) is a 12.5-kDa, highly acidic protein widely distributed in different cell types expressed intracellularly and extracellularly. "	( Intracellular and extracellular cytokine-like functions of prothymosin α: implications for the development of immunotherapies. Mosoian, A, 2011)	1.23
"Thymosin-β4 (Tβ4) is a G-actin sequestering peptide involved in regeneration and remodeling of injured tissues. "	( In vitro and in vivo pro-angiogenic effects of thymosin-β4-derived peptides. Conconi, MT; D'Auria, G; Dettin, M; Di Bello, C; Falcigno, L; Ghezzo, F; Guidolin, D; Nico, B; Parnigotto, PP; Ribatti, D; Urbani, L, 2011)	2.07
"Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a ubiquitous protein with diverse functions relating to cell proliferation and differentiation that promotes wound healing and modulates inflammatory responses. "	( Thymosin beta 4 prevents oxidative stress by targeting antioxidant and anti-apoptotic genes in cardiac fibroblasts. Gupta, S; Kumar, S, 2011)	3.25
"Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a member of beta-thymosins, a family of small peptides involved in polymerization of G-actin, and in many critical biological processes including apoptosis, cell migration, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. "	( Expression pattern of thymosin beta 4 in the adult human liver. Cabras, T; Castagnola, M; Cau, F; Faa, G; Fanari, MU; Fanni, D; Gerosa, C; Locci, A; Messana, I; Nemolato, S; Van Eyken, P, 2011)	2.13
"Thymosin β4 appears to be a favorable protein marker showing higher relative levels in adjacent dermis and maturing areas of the wound bed."	( Multiplexed molecular descriptors of pressure ulcers defined by imaging mass spectrometry. Caprioli, R; Nanney, LB; Pollins, AC; Sindona, G; Taverna, D, 2011)	1.09
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a highly conserved G-actin binding polypeptide with multiple intra- and extracellular functions. "	( Thymosin β4 induces folding of the developing optic tectum in the chicken (Gallus domesticus). Brand-Saberi, B; Chernogorova, P; Kretz, O; Morosan-Puopolo, G; Theiss, C; Wirsching, HG, 2012)	3.26
"Thymosins are a family of highly conserved small peptides originally isolated from calf thymus. "	( Thymosins and muscle regeneration. Hara, T, 2011)	3.25
"Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a 43-amino acid factor encoded by an X-linked gene. "	( Thymosin beta 4 is dispensable for murine cardiac development and function. Banerjee, I; Chen, J; Dalton, ND; Evans, SM; Gu, Y; Lange, S; Moore-Morris, T; Peterson, KL; Shen, T; Zhang, J, 2012)	3.26
"Thymosin β 4 (Tβ(4)) is a ubiquitous peptide that plays pivotal roles in the cytoskeletal system and in cell differentiation during embryogenesis. "	( Thymosin β 4 in colorectal cancer is localized predominantly at the invasion front in tumor cells undergoing epithelial mesenchymal transition. Cabras, T; Castagnola, M; Casula, G; Cau, F; Coni, P; Faa, G; Fanari, M; Fanni, D; Gerosa, C; Messana, I; Nemolato, S; Orrù, G; Restivo, A; Zorcolo, L, 2012)	3.26
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a regenerative multifunctional peptide. "	( Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin β4 treatment initiated 6 hours after traumatic brain injury in rats. Chopp, M; Mahmood, A; Meng, Y; Morris, DC; Xiong, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhang, ZG, 2012)	2.08
"Prothymosin α is a mammalian nuclear protein involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. "	( Preliminary methylation analysis of prothymosin α genomic sequences. Álvarez-Fernández, L; Gómez-Márquez, J, 2012)	1.27
"Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a ubiquitous protein with many properties relating to cell proliferation and differentiation that promotes wound healing and modulates inflammatory mediators. "	( Thymosin beta 4 protects cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress by targeting anti-oxidative enzymes and anti-apoptotic genes. Gupta, S; Kim, IK; Kumar, S; Wei, C, 2012)	3.26
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a small, low-molecular-weight peptide ubiquitously expressed in all cells and extracellular fluids. "	( Platelet function and thymosin β4. Kaur, H; Mutus, B, 2012)	2.14
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a peptide with multiple biological functions. "	( Controlled delivery of thymosin β4 for tissue engineering and cardiac regenerative medicine. Chiu, LL; Radisic, M; Reis, LA, 2012)	2.13
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a multifunctional protein that has pleiotropic activities both intracellularly and extracellularly. "	( Thymosin β4 is rapidly internalized by cells and does not induce intracellular Ca2+ elevation. Bednarek, R; Cierniewski, CS; Kryczka, J; Selmi, A; Sobierajska, K, 2012)	3.26
"Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a ubiquitous protein with diverse biological functions. "	( Thymosin β4 and cardiac protection: implication in inflammation and fibrosis. Gupta, S; Kim, IK; Kumar, S; Qin, Y; Sopko, N; Wei, C, 2012)	3.26
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a peptide known for its abilities to protect and facilitate regeneration in a number of tissues following injury. "	( Therapeutic potential of thymosin β4 in myocardial infarct and heart failure. Alastalo, TP; Koskenvuo, J; Pärkkä, J; Saraste, A; Savunen, T; Stark, C; Taimen, P; Tarkia, M, 2012)	2.13
"Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is an immunomodulatory peptide released by the thymus gland in mammals. "	( Thymosin α1 in melanoma: from the clinical trial setting to the daily practice and beyond. Calabrò, L; Danielli, R; Di Giacomo, AM; Fonsatti, E; Maio, M, 2012)	3.26
"Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is an immune-modulating peptide that can be expected to improve response to vaccinations, as stimulated dendritic cells and T cells can act in concert to increase antibody production along with an improved cytotoxic response from the T cells themselves. "	( Thymosin α1 continues to show promise as an enhancer for vaccine response. Camerini, R; De Rosa, A; Rios, I; Tuthill, C, 2012)	3.26
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a naturally occurring peptide that has cardioprotective and antiapoptotic effects."	( Use of the cardioprotectants thymosin β4 and dexrazoxane during congenital heart surgery: proposal for a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Crockford, D; Gormley, A; Leonard, S; Mendeloff, E; Raymond, T; Samuel, D; Stigall, W; Stromberg, D, 2012)	1.39
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a low molecular weight peptide found in several mammalian tissues and is known mainly by its ability to bind cytoskeletal actin, influencing cell migration and differentiation, and promoting tissue repair. "	( Characterization of thymosin β4 in mammals' saliva. Abrantes, J; Amado, F; Castagnola, M; Colaço, B; de Sousa-Pereira, P; Esteves, PJ; Vitorino, R, 2013)	2.16
"Prothymosin α (PTMA) is a highly acidic intrinsically unstructured protein. "	( First evidence of prothymosin α localization in the acrosome of mammalian male gametes. Di Matteo, L; Ferrara, D; Minucci, S; Oko, R; Pariante, P; Serino, I, 2013)	1.33
"Thymosin beta-4 is a known marker in LCLs establishing the utility of this method to discover and identify proteins differentially expressed between cancers and their matched normal counterparts."	( Use of ProteinChip array surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) to identify thymosin beta-4, a differentially secreted protein from lymphoblastoid cell lines. Carter, D; Diamond, DL; Gaiger, A; Smithgall, M; Vedvick, TS; Zhang, Y, 2003)	1.25
"Thymosin beta 4 is a small, 5-kDa protein with a diverse range of activities, including its function as an actin monomer sequestering protein, an antiinflammatory agent, and an inhibitor of bone marrow stem cell proliferation. "	( Thymosin beta 4 interactions. Bubb, MR, 2003)	3.2
"Thymosin beta4 is a ubiquitous 43 amino acid, 5 kDa polypeptide that is an important mediator of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. "	( The actin binding site on thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis. Gho, YS; Hannappel, E; Huff, T; Kleinman, HK; Philp, D, 2003)	2.06
"Thymosin beta4 is a major actin-sequestering protein, yet the structural basis for its biological function is still unknown. "	( Coupling of folding and binding of thymosin beta4 upon interaction with monomeric actin monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance. Bontems, F; Carlier, MF; Coutant, J; Domanski, M; Guittet, E; Gutsche-Perelroizen, I; Hertzog, M; van Heijenoort, C, 2004)	2.04
"Thymosin beta-4 is a small peptide that is known for its actin-sequestering function, and it is associated with the induction of angiogenesis, accelerated wound healing, and metastatic potential of tumor cells."	( Selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce thymosin beta-4 and alter actin cytoskeletal organization in human colorectal cancer cells. Baek, SJ; Eling, TE; Jain, AK; Moore, SM; Yamaguchi, K, 2004)	1.29
"Prothymosin a is a small, acidic, ubiquitous protein, thought to play a role in cell proliferation, carcinogenesis and apoptosis. "	( Prothymosin alpha is localized in mitotic spindle during mitosis. Frangou-Lazaridis, M; Vareli, K, 2004)	1.57
"Thymosin beta(10) is a monomeric actin sequestering protein that regulates actin dynamics. "	( Thymosin {beta}(10) inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth by interfering with Ras function. Kim, YJ; Lee, JH; Lee, SH; Oh, SH; Park, K; Park, MS; Rho, SB; Son, MJ, 2005)	3.21
"Thymosin-beta4 is a highly conserved actin-binding protein that plays an important role in multiple early developmental events and functions in keeping the adult life in vertebrates. "	( Phylogenetic analysis and developmental expression of thymosin-beta4 gene in amphioxus. Huang, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, W, 2005)	2.02
"Thymosin beta4 is a marker of such early events and may even contribute to sclerosis."	( Proteomic patterns and prediction of glomerulosclerosis and its mechanisms. Brown, NJ; Caprioli, RM; Donnert, EM; Fogo, AB; Kon, V; Liang, X; Ma, LJ; Roberts, JD; Shyr, Y; Xu, BJ; Zhang, X, 2005)	1.05
"Thymosin beta4 is a major actin-sequestering molecule. "	( Expression of thymosin beta4 mRNA by activated microglia in the denervated hippocampus. Dong, JH; Liu, X; Ni, ZM; Wang, WY; Wang, Y; Ying, GX; Zhou, CF, 2005)	2.13
"Thymosin beta10 is a cytoplasm G-actin sequestering protein whose functions are largely unknown. "	( Thymosin beta10 inhibits cell migration and capillary-like tube formation of human coronary artery endothelial cells. Chen, C; Li, M; Lin, P; Mu, H; Ohashi, R; Wang, X; Yang, H; Yao, Q, 2006)	3.22
"Prothymosin alpha is an extremely abundant nuclear oncoprotein-transcription factor essential for cell cycle progression and proliferation that has been recently suggested as an anti- apoptotic factor. "	( Surfing on prothymosin alpha proliferation and anti-apoptotic properties. Frangou-Lazaridis, M; Letsas, KP, 2006)	1.32
"Prothymosin alpha is an essential protein in immune stimulation and apoptosis regulation."	( Identification of N-terminal acetylation of recombinant human prothymosin alpha in Escherichia coli. Chang, S; Gong, X; Liu, D; Ma, Q; Wu, J, 2006)	1.09
"Prothymosin alpha is an acidic protein, reported to be involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis, although its precise function in both processes are still unknown. "	( Apoptotic and proliferating hepatocytes differ in prothymosin alpha expression and cell localization. Barbini, L; Dominguez, F; Gonzalez, R; Vega, F, 2006)	1.2
"Thymosin beta4 is a 43-amino acid actin-binding protein that promotes cell migration and is important in angiogenesis, wound healing, and tumor metastasis. "	( Zyxin is upregulated in the nucleus by thymosin beta4 in SiHa cells. Cha, HJ; Even-Ram, S; Kleinman, HK; Moon, HS, 2006)	2.05
"Prothymosin-alpha is a highly acidic protein consisting of 110 amino acids. "	( Purification and characterization of the central segment of prothymosin-alpha: methodology for handling highly acidic peptides. Burns, CS; Danell, AS; Monteith, WB; Wilson, CL, 2006)	1.19
"beta-thymosins are a family of small actin-binding peptides widely distributed in eukaryotic cells."	( Function of prothymosin alpha in chromatin decondensation and expression of thymosin beta-4 linked to angiogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Gómez-Márquez, J, 2007)	1.15
"Thymosin beta15 is a small actin-binding protein upregulated in highly metastatic rat prostate cancer cells, relative to low metastatic cells. "	( Thymosin beta-NB is the human isoform of rat thymosin beta15. Banyard, J; Hutchinson, LM; Zetter, BR, 2007)	3.23
"Thymosin beta 4 is a small 43-amino-acid molecule that has multiple biological activities, including promotion of cell migration angiogenesis, cell survival, protease production, and wound healing. "	( Thymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiation. Cha, HJ; Elkin, M; Kleinman, HK; Moon, HS; Philp, D; St-Surin, S, 2007)	3.23
"Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is an actin-sequestering protein to control cytoskeletal reorganization. "	( Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-1 alpha stabilization by actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4 (TB4) in Hela cervical tumor cells. Kim, HS; Moon, EY; Oh, JM; Ryoo, IJ; Yang, KH; Yang, Y, 2008)	2.01
"Thymosin beta 4 is also synthesized by rat and mouse spleen cells, and evidence is presented for its release from these cells."	( Synthesis of thymosin beta 4 by peritoneal macrophages and adherent spleen cells. Hannappel, E; Hempstead, J; Horecker, BL; Morgan, J; Xu, GJ, 1982)	1.35
"Thymosine is a preparation isolated from the thymus of calves. "	( [The effect of thymosine on the course of experimental influenza infection and antibody production in laboratory animals]. Chetverikova, LK; Garmashova, LM; Poliak, RIa, )	1.93
"Prothymosin is an acidic protein with an unusual amino acid composition. "	( Prothymosin alpha: a biologically active protein with random coil conformation. Czarnecki, J; Damaschun, G; Damaschun, H; Eckert, K; Gast, K; Maurer, HR; Müller-Frohne, M; Schulze-Forster, K; Zirwer, D, 1995)	1.53
"Prothymosin alpha (ProT) is a polypeptide widely distributed in the organism and expressed by cell types with a high proliferative capacity. "	( Distribution of prothymosin alpha in rat and human adrenal cortex. Beiras, A; Dominguez, F; Forteza, J; Gallego, R; Garcia-Caballero, T; Roson, E; Zalvide, J, 1994)	1.24
"Thymosin beta 4 is a major actin sequestering peptide in vertebrate cells and plays a role in the regulation of actin monomer/polymer ratio. "	( Interaction of G-actin with thymosin beta 4 and its variants thymosin beta 9 and thymosin beta met9. Blanchoin, L; Carlier, MF; Jean, C; Lenfant, M; Pantaloni, D; Rieger, K, 1994)	2.03
"Prothymosin alpha is a widely distributed polypeptide whose function, though unknown, seems to be related to cell proliferation. "	( Prothymosin alpha is phosphorylated in proliferating stimulated cells. Barcia, MG; Castro, JM; Freire, M; Jullien, CD, 1993)	1.53
"Thymosin beta 4 is a major actin monomer binding protein present at high concentration in many vertebrate cells and cell lines. "	( Small actin-binding proteins: the beta-thymosin family. Nachmias, VT, 1993)	2
"Prothymosin alpha is an acidic nuclear protein that is expressed at high levels in a wide variety of cell types. "	( Prothymosin alpha: in search of a function. Smith, MR, 1995)	1.53
"Prothymosin alpha is a widely distributed acidic protein to which an immunological function that involved its secretion was initially assigned. "	( Localization of prothymosin alpha in the nucleus. Barcia, MG; Castro, JM, 1996)	1.24
"Thymosin beta 4 is a protein expressed in most rodent and human tissues, including the brain, and is thought to participate in neurite outgrowth during development by sequestration of G-actin necessary for growth cone extension. "	( Induction of thymosin beta(4) mRNA following focal brain ischemia. Hökfelt, T; Koistinaho, J; Pyykönen, I; Vartiainen, N, 1996)	2.11
"Thymosin-alpha 1 is a biological response modifier that has been used clinically, alone and in combination with interferon-alpha for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B viral infection. "	( Thymosin-alpha 1, but not interferon-alpha, specifically inhibits anchorage-independent growth of hepatitis B viral transfected HepG2 cells. Akkary, S; Dosescu, J; Holtz, TK; Mahakala, K; Merline, JR; Moshier, JA; Mutchnick, MG; Naylor, PH, 1996)	3.18
"Prothymosin alpha is a small, highly acidic, abundant, nuclear, mammalian protein which is essential for cell growth. "	( Turnover of the acyl phosphates of human and murine prothymosin alpha in vivo. Berger, SL; Tao, L; Trumbore, MW; Wang, RH, 1997)	1.17
"Thymosin beta15 is a newly discovered 5300-Da protein that binds actin monomers and inhibits actin polymerization and might thus increase cellular motility. "	( Localization and quantitation of expression of the cell motility-related protein thymosin beta15 in human breast tissue. Bao, L; Ghoussoub, RA; Gold, JS; Rimm, DL; Zetter, BR, 1997)	1.97
"Prothymosin alpha, which is a member of the thymic hormone family, has recently been suggested to act as a nuclear protein participating in the stimulation of cell proliferation."	( Prothymosin alpha promotes cell proliferation in NIH3T3 cells. Lin, CS; Shiau, AL; Wu, CL, 1997)	1.43
"Thymosin alpha-1 is an active polypeptide isolated from thymus. "	( Effects of thymosin alpha-1 on erythrocyte lipid levels and erythrocyte membrane (Na(+)-K+)-ATPase activity in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Ademoğlu, E; Gökkuşu, C; Oz, H; Türkoğlu, UM, 1997)	2.13
"Thymosin beta4 is a major actin-sequestering peptide widely distributed in mammalian tissues, including the nervous system. "	( Expression of thymosin beta4 messenger RNA in normal and kainate-treated rat forebrain. Anadón, R; Carpintero, P; Díaz-Regueira, S; Gómez-Márquez, J, 1999)	2.11
"Prothymosin alpha is a small, acidic, essential nuclear protein that plays a poorly defined role in the proliferation and survival of mammalian cells. "	( Does prothymosin alpha affect the phosphorylation of elongation factor 2? Berger, SL; Enkemann, SA; Pavur, KS; Ryazanov, AG, 1999)	1.36
"Thymosin is a glycoprotein extract obtained from the calf thymus and is a potent immunopotentiating preparation."	( Augmentation of antitumor activity of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine by thymosin fraction 5 in mouse bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Ikemoto, S; Kishimoto, T; Sugimura, K; Wada, S; Yamamoto, K; Yasumoto, R, 1999)	1.26
"Thymosin beta(4) serves as a specific glutaminyl substrate for transglutaminase and can be fluorescently labeled with dansylcadaverine."	( Thymosin beta(4) serves as a glutaminyl substrate of transglutaminase. Labeling with fluorescent dansylcadaverine does not abolish interaction with G-actin. Ballweber, E; Becker, C; Bonk, T; Hannappel, E; Huff, T; Humeny, A; Mannherz, HG; Müller, CS, 1999)	2.47
"Thymosin alpha1 is a cleavage product of prothymosin alpha. "	( Significance of plasma thymosin alpha1 measurements in gastric cancer patients. Fujii, Y; Hattori, K; Kawamura, H; Kuwabara, Y; Mitani, M; Sato, A, 2000)	2.06
"Prothymosin alpha is a small, unfolded, negatively charged, poorly antigenic mammalian protein with a potent nuclear localization signal. "	( Mobility within the nucleus and neighboring cytosol is a key feature of prothymosin-alpha. Berger, SL; Enkemann, SA; Ward, RD, 2000)	1.16
"Prothymosin (ProT alpha) is an acidic nuclear protein, widely distributed in mammalian cells, whose expression is regulated by c-myc and linked to cell proliferation. "	( Prothymosin alpha, a mammalian c-myc-regulated acidic nuclear protein, provokes the decondensation of human chromosomes in vitro. Boán, F; Buceta, M; Domínguez, F; Gómez-Márquez, J; Sánchez, L; Viñas, A, 2001)	1.55
"Thymosin alpha1 is a biological response modifier that has been used clinically for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B viral infection. "	( Thymosin alpha1 accelerates restoration of T cell-mediated neutralizing antibody response in immunocompromised hosts. Akisawa, N; Iwasaki, S; Li, CL; Maeda, T; Nemoto, Y; Onishi, S; Ono, M; Saibara, T; Zhang, T, 2002)	3.2
"Thymosin alpha1 is a highly acidic molecule composed of 28 amino acid residues."	( The chemistry and biology of thymosin. I. Isolation, characterization, and biological activities of thymosin alpha1 and polypeptide beta1 from calf thymus. Goldstein, AL; Low, TL; McAdoo, M; McClure, J; Naylor, PH; Rossio, JL; Thurman, GB, 1979)	1.27
"Thymosin alpha1 is a heat stable, highly acidic molecule composed of 28 amino acid residues."	( Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Chang, D; Goldstein, AL; Harvey, C; Lai, CY; Low, TL; McAdoo, M; McClure, J; Meienhofer, J; Ramel, AH; Rossio, J; Thurman, GB; Wang, SS, 1977)	2.42
"The thymosins are a family of hormone-like products of epithelial cells of the thymus which are important in maintenance and function of the immune system. "	( Effects of thymosin alpha-1 on pituitary hormone release. McCann, SM; Milenkovic, L, 1992)	1.23
"Prothymosin alpha is a highly acidic protein which lacks an amino-terminal signal peptide, yet was once thought to be a precursor for thymosin alpha 1, a putative peptide hormone secreted by the thymus. "	( Nuclear targeting of prothymosin alpha. Berger, SL; Hanover, JA; Manrow, RE; Sburlati, AR, 1991)	1.21
"Parathymosin is a 101-amino acid polypeptide involved in the regulation of cellular immunity. "	( Localization of the gene coding for parathymosin to chromosome 17 in humans. Clinton, M; Horecker, BL; Macera, M; Szabo, P, 1989)	1.1

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"Thymosin alpha 1 has a good protection for the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, by incresing body cellular immune activity."	( [The prophylactic effect of thymosin alpha 1 on the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Cheng, DY; Fan, LL; Xu, G; Yang, W; Yang, Y; Zheng, BX, 2008)	2.08
"Parathymosin alpha has a ubiquitous distribution in the human tissues examined, with levels ranging from 93 (brain) to 1043 (liver) ng of parathymosin alpha(1-30) equivalents/g (wet weight)."	( A radioimmunoassay for parathymosin alpha using antibodies to synthetic N-terminal peptide 1-30. Evangelatos, GP; Felix, AM; Hannappel, E; Haritos, AA; Heimer, EP; Soteriadis-Vlahos, C; Stiakakis, J; Tsitsiloni, OE; Yialouris, PP, 1988)	1.05
"Thymosin β4 has been observed to promote the healing of various wounds, such as burns, diabetic ulcers, pressure ulcers."	( [Research advances on thymosin β4 in promoting wound healing]. Ba, SJ; Cao, JL; Gao, YX; Li, B; Li, F; Wang, LF; Zhou, B, 2022)	1.76
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) has shown therapeutic benefit in preventing fibrosis/scarring in various animal models of fibrosis/scarring."	( Thymosin β4 and the anti-fibrotic switch Goldstein, AL; Kleinman, HK; Kulik, V, 2023)	3.07
"Thymosin‑β 4 (Tβ4) has been reported to exert a pro‑angogenic effect on endothelial cells. "	( Thymosin‑β 4 induces angiogenesis in critical limb ischemia mice via regulating Notch/NF‑κB pathway. Cai, H; Dai, J; Lv, S; Rong, X; Xu, Y; Zheng, L, 2020)	3.44
"Thymosin β10 (TMSB10) has been reported to play a protumorigenic role in a majority of solid cancers. "	( Thymosin β10 promotes tumor-associated macrophages M2 conversion and proliferation via the PI3K/Akt pathway in lung adenocarcinoma. Li, W; Yang, L; Yang, X; Zeng, J; Zheng, Y, 2020)	3.44
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) has been shown to have beneficial effects in a number of pathological processes. "	( Thymosin β4 attenuates liver fibrosis via suppressing Notch signaling. Hong, Y; Yao, Q; Zheng, L, 2017)	3.34
"Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) has been identified as an anti-necrotic factor from the conditioned medium of primary cultured of rat cortical neurons under the serum-free starving condition. "	( [Prothymosinα, as a neuroprotective DAMPs/Alarmins molecule]. Maeda, S; Ueda, H, )	1.31
"Thymosin β 10 (TMSB10) has been demonstrated to be overexpressed and function as an oncogene in most types of human cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). "	( Thymosin β 10 is overexpressed and associated with unfavorable prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Guo, J; Song, C; Su, Z, 2019)	3.4
"Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) has been associated with biological activities in tissue repair and cell migration via interaction with ATP-synthase in vertebrates, while the information of similar thymosin functions in invertebrates is limited."	( β-thymosins and hemocyte homeostasis in a crustacean. Junkunlo, K; Lin, X; Noonin, C; Nupan, B; Phongdara, A; Saelee, N; Söderhäll, I; Söderhäll, K, 2013)	1.83
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) has been shown to enhance the survival of cultured cardiomyocytes. "	( Thymosin β4 increases the potency of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells for myocardial repair. Duval, S; Su, L; Xiong, Q; Ye, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, P, 2013)	3.28
"Thymosin α1 (Tα1) has been tested for cancer therapy for several years, in most cases, the anti-tumor effect of Tα1 was limited, especially when Tα1 was used as a single agent. "	( Thymosin α1 promotes the activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a Lewis lung cancer model by upregulating Arginase 1. Fan, K; Gu, X; Li, X; Liu, Y; Shao, L; Tian, T; Yuan, C; Zhang, B; Zheng, Y, 2015)	3.3
"Thymosins have been highly conserved during evolution. "	( Thymosin From Bombyx mori Is Down-Regulated in Expression by BmNPV Exhibiting Antiviral Activity. Fang, Q; Li, S; Liao, J; Lv, M; Nie, Z; Wang, Y; Xu, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, W, 2016)	3.32
"Thymosin β4 has been reported to play the key roles in tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. "	( Thymosin β4 expression in human tissues and in tumors using tissue microarrays. Cha, HJ; Chang, HK; Jo, JO; Kang, YJ; Kleinman, HK; Ock, MS, 2011)	3.25
"Thymosin-α(1) (TA(1)) has been shown to be effective treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. "	( Effect of thymosin-α(1) on T-helper 1 cell and T-helper 2 cell cytokine synthesis in patients with hepatitis B virus e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Feng, JY; Jiang, YF; Liu, YY; Ma, ZH; Niu, JQ; Pan, Y; Zhao, PW, 2010)	2.21
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) has been suggested to regulate multiple cell signal pathways and a variety of cellular functions such as cell migration, proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. "	( Thymosin β4 activates integrin-linked kinase and decreases endothelial progenitor cells apoptosis under serum deprivation. Fu, G; Qiu, F; Xu, S; Yu, L; Zhao, Y, 2011)	3.25
"Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) has been shown to have beneficial effects on numerous immune system parameters, but little is known about the effects of Tα1 on patients with gastric carcinoma. "	( Effect of thymosin alpha-1 on subpopulations of Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. Fu, XL; He, HY; Lan, YZ; Li, J; Li, JT; Liu, KJ; Ni, B; Qian, F; Shen, ZG; Tian, Y; Wu, YZ; Yang, X; Yin, Y; Zhang, J, 2012)	2.22
"Thymosin beta4 (Tβ4) has been shown to have an important role in healing of damaged tissues and promoting cardiomyocyte survival in acute coronary syndromes. "	( Thymosin beta4 levels after successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Açıkel, S; Akdemir, R; Aksoy, M; Balcı, M; Erden, G; Karakurt, O; Karasu, B; Kılıç, H; Sarı, M; Yeşilay, AB, 2011)	3.25
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) has been found to have several biological activities related to antiscarring and reduced fibrosis. "	( Protective effects of thymosin β4 in a mouse model of lung fibrosis. Conte, E; Crimi, N; Cuzzocrea, S; Esposito, E; Fagone, E; Fruciano, M; Genovese, T; Gili, E; Iemmolo, M; Pistorio, MP; Vancheri, C, 2012)	2.14
"Thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1) has been used as an immune potentiator for treatment of immune deficiency diseases by injection administration. "	( Thymosin alpha-1-transformed Bifidobacterium promotes T cell proliferation and maturation in mice by oral administration. Huang, Y; Liang, W; Shao, C; Tian, G; Wang, H; Wei, C; Wei, J; Yang, C; Zeng, W; Zheng, H, 2013)	3.28
"Thymosin beta4 has been previously reported to localise intracellularly to the cytoplasm as detected by immunofluorescence."	( Nuclear localisation of the G-actin sequestering peptide thymosin beta4. Ballweber, E; Hannappel, E; Huff, T; Mannherz, HG; Müller, CS; Otto, AM; Rosorius, O, 2004)	1.29
"Thymosin-beta-4 (TB4) has been known as actin-sequestering protein and functions in tumor metastasis."	( ERK activation by thymosin-beta-4 (TB4) overexpression induces paclitaxel-resistance. Gil, JE; Kim, JH; Moon, EY; Oh, SY; Song, JH; Yeom, YI, 2006)	1.39
"Thymosin fraction 5 has been used in most clinical trials reported to date, including children with immunodeficiency disease and patients with autoimmune diseases and cancer."	( Thymosins: structure, function and therapeutic applications. Goldstein, AL; Low, TL, 1984)	2.43
"Prothymosin alpha has been purified from calf thymus and its amino acid sequence determined. "	( The amino acid sequence of bovine thymus prothymosin alpha. Horecker, BL; Panneerselvam, C; Wellner, D, 1988)	1.16
"Parathymosin has been purified from calf liver and its primary sequence established, except for a segment containing approximately 11 amino acid residues in the central part of the polypeptide chain. "	( Bovine parathymosin: amino acid sequence and comparison with rat parathymosin. Clinton, M; Horecker, BL; Panneerselvam, C; Wellner, D, 1988)	1.22
"Parathymosin has been isolated from rat thymus and from rat liver. "	( The primary structure of rat parathymosin. Chang, M; Haritos, AA; Horecker, BL; Komiyama, T; Pan, LX; Pan, YC; Rogers, I; Wideman, JW, 1986)	1.11
"Prothymosin alpha has been purified from human thymus and its amino acid sequence determined, except for a 15 amino acid segment including 10 glutamyl residues near the middle of the molecule. "	( Human prothymosin alpha: amino acid sequence and immunologic properties. Chang, M; Haritos, AA; Horecker, BL; Komiyama, T; Pan, LX; Salvin, SB; Stein, S; Wideman, J, 1986)	1.31
"Thymosin beta 4 has been determined by a simple and fast one-step procedure in different tissues of rats. "	( One-step procedure for the determination of thymosin beta 4 in small tissue samples and its separation from other thymosin beta 4-like peptides by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Hannappel, E, 1986)	1.97

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"Thymosin β4 promotes faster repair in various chronic human wounds, including pressure ulcers, stasis ulcers, and epidermolysis bullosa lesions."	( Thymosin β4: potential to treat epidermolysis bullosa and other severe dermal injuries. Kang, S; Kleinman, HK; Sung, J; Yang, WS, 2019)	2.68
"Thymosin-β4 (Tβ4) promotes cell survival, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration and reduces inflammation. "	( Thymosin-β4 prevents cardiac rupture and improves cardiac function in mice with myocardial infarction. Carretero, OA; Dai, X; Peng, H; Peterson, EL; Rhaleb, NE; Xu, J; Yang, XP, 2014)	3.29
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) promotes CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) plasticity and neurovascular remodeling leading to neurological recovery in a range of neurological diseases. "	( Thymosin β4 as a restorative/regenerative therapy for neurological injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Chopp, M; Zhang, ZG, 2015)	3.3
"Thymosin β4 can increase blood flow and reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury; the study was undertaken to investigate the effect of thymosin β4 on the survival of random skin flaps."	( Effect of Thymosin β4 on the Survival of Random Skin Flaps in Rats. Cao, B; Huang, G; Lin, B; Lin, D; Lin, Y, 2015)	1.54
"β-thymosin plays important roles in the development of the lymphatic system and the central nervous system in vertebrates. "	( Molecular and Physiological Characterization of Two Novel Multirepeat β-Thymosins from Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Chen, K; Kang, Z; Lü, P; Ma, S; Xia, H; Yang, Y; Yao, Q, 2015)	1.37
"Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) plays an essential role in cardiac vessel development and is currently being developed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) in some experimental studies. "	( Thymosin beta 4 is associated with collateral development in coronary artery disease. Açikel, S; Akdemir, R; Biçer, A; Demirbağ, R; Erden, G; Karakurt, Ö; Kiliç, H; Özcan, Ö; Sezen, Y; Yildiz, A, 2011)	3.25
"Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) plays a role in fibrosis, inflammation, and in the reparative process of injured cells and tissues. "	( Protective effects of thymosin β4 on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Arellanes-Robledo, J; Lakshman, MR; Reyes-Gordillo, K; Rojkind, M; Shah, R, 2012)	2.14
"Thymosin alpha 1 can enhance the cellular immune function of the elderly patients with malignant tumor."	( [Effect of thymosin alpha 1 on cellular immune function in elderly patients with malignant tumor]. Huang, WD; Lu, XY; Shen, MY; Yang, YM, 2003)	2.15
"Thymosin was found to cause a significant increase in T-lymphocyte rosette formation in patients with Burkitt's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease but not in those with hepatocellular carcinoma and cancer of the breast."	( Effect of thymosin on T-lymphocyte rosette formation in Nigerian patients with different types of cancer. Odesanmi, WO; Olusi, SO; Oluwole, SF, )	1.26
"Calf thymosin is shown to enhance the one-way MLR of CBA thymocytes cultured with allogeneic mitomycin-C- treated C57BL/J6 spleen cells. "	( Thymosin-induced differentiation of murine thymocytes in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte cultures. Cohen, GH; Goldstein, AL; Hopper, JA, 1975)	2.21
"Thymosin was shown to increase the killer activity of the lymph node cells of normal mice CBA, syngeneic chimerae CBA leads to CBA, but not of B-mice."	( [Thymosin activation of T-killer precursors for hematopoietic stem cells]. Arion, VIa; Chermeneva, LM; Gladysheva, TV; Khaitov, RM; Petrov, RV, 1978)	1.89
"Thymosin was found to enhance interferon synthesis in response to induction with NDV, PHA, and SEA in the period of marked inhibition of splenocyte function as a result of stress."	( [Thymosin restoration of the interferon-synthesizing capacity of the splenocytes in mice undergoing stress exposure]. Ershov, FI; Nosik, NN; Parshina, OV; Sukhikh, GT; Tepelina, OM, )	1.76

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"Prothymosin-alpha treatment in the absence of ischemia caused mild activation, proliferation, and migration of retinal microglia, whereas the ischemia-induced microglial activation was inhibited by prothymosin-alpha preconditioning."	( Prothymosin-alpha preconditioning activates TLR4-TRIF signaling to induce protection of ischemic retina. Halder, SK; Ishii, KJ; Matsunaga, H; Ueda, H, 2015)	1.55
"Thymosin β4 treatment initiated 6 hours postinjury provides both neuroprotection and neurorestoration after TBI, indicating that Tβ4 has promising therapeutic potential in patients with TBI. "	( Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin β4 treatment initiated 6 hours after traumatic brain injury in rats. Chopp, M; Mahmood, A; Meng, Y; Morris, DC; Xiong, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhang, ZG, 2012)	2.08
"As thymosin-alpha1 treatment is relatively free from adverse effects, future controlled trials are needed, with a longer follow-up, in order to fully evaluate the role of the combination therapy of thymosin-alpha1 with other emerging therapeutic agents."	( Thymosin in the treatment of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Ozden, N; Saruc, M; Yuceyar, H, 2003)	2.28
"Thymosin treatment alone did not result in induction of interferon."	( Effect of thymosin fraction 5 on the production of murine gamma interferon. Mansfield, JM; Sonnenfeld, G, 1982)	1.39
"When thymosin-treated mononuclear cells were mitogen-activated; patients, but not the controls, showed a marked increase in suppressor activity (P less than 0.001)."	( Increased thymic hormone responsive suppressor T lymphocyte function in chronic active hepatitis. Goldstein, AL; Mutchnick, MG; Prieto, JA; Schaffner, JA; Weller, FE, 1983)	0.72
"Thymosin treatment resulted in decreased graft-vs.-host reaction (p = 0.01) and increased suppressor effect on normal mitogen response to Con-A (p = 0.17)."	( Prospective evaluation of thymosin fraction V immunotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving vindesine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (VAP) chemotherapy. Bedikian, AY; Bodey, GP; Carr, DT; Hersh, EM; Murphy, WK; Patt, YZ; Umsawasadi, T; Valdivieso, M, 1984)	1.29
"Thymosin treatment of sham-operated, sham-operated irradiated, or thymectomized nonirradiated mice did not significantly elevate the number of metastases compared to the respective controls."	( Immunomodulation of murine B16 melanoma metastasis: thymosin, thymectomy and irradiation. Bhakoo, HS; Goldstein, AL; Naylor, PH; Paolini, NS; Rosen, F, 1983)	1.24
"Thymosin treatment impaired the resistance to L."	( Alteration of cell-mediated immunity to Listeria monocytogenes in protein-malnourished mice treated with thymosin fraction V. Chien, G; Petro, TM; Watson, RR, 1982)	1.2
"In thymosin-alpha1-treated animals (group IV), most of the lipid plaques were replaced by fibrous tissue."	( Thymosin alpha-1: evidence for an antiatherogenic effect. Ademoglu, E; Gökkuşu, C; Oz, B, 1998)	2.26
"Thymosin-alpha1 treatment had no side effects."	( A randomized, controlled study of thymosin-alpha1 therapy in patients with anti-HBe, HBV-DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B. Airoldi, A; Bettale, G; Franzone, JS; Ideo, G; Severini, R; Tempini, S; Tinelli, C; Zavaglia, C, 2000)	1.31
"The thymosin treatment was followed by a decline in the BCG counts for the lungs and spleens of the THXB mice, whereas the saline-treated controls showed no such decline with time."	( Restoration of T-cell responsiveness by thymosin: expression of anti-tuberculous immunity in mouse lungs. Collins, FM; Morrison, NE, 1979)	1.01
"Thymosin-treated ThyXBM mice responded to footpad testing at a level that was 62% greater than the response seen in non-thymosin-treated ThyXBM mice."	( Thymosin restoration of cellular immunity to Blastomyces dermatitidis in T-cell-depleted mice. Cozad, GC; Longley, RE, 1979)	2.42
"Thymosin treatment reversed the progressive weight loss seen in BCG-infected THXB mice and prevented their death due to the ongoing mycobacteriosis that developed in the T-cell-depleted animal."	( Restoration of T-cell responsiveness by thymosin: development of antituberculous resistance in BCG-infected animals. Collins, FM; Morrison, NE, 1976)	1.24
"Thymosin treatment of normal mice potentiated the footpad responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes by as much as 50% over that of untreated controls."	( Restoration of delayed hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes by thymosin treatment of T-cell-depleted mice. Collins, FM; Morrison, NE, 1976)	1.21
"Thymosin F5 treatment caused a significant increase in erythrocyte glutathione levels."	( Effect of thymosin fraction 5 (F5) on erythrocyte glutathione and lipid peroxide levels in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Gökkuşu, C; Oz, H, 1991)	1.41
"Thymosin F5 treatment caused a significant decrease in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid levels whereas membrane-bound (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity was increased significantly."	( Influence of thymic fraction 5 on erythrocyte (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Gökkuşu, C; Oz, H, 1990)	1
"Thymosin treatment, when started at the time of castration and continued through life, abolished the rise in anti-DNA."	( Effect of partial testosterone replacement or thymosin on anti-DNA in castrated (NZB X NZW)F1 males. Bellanti, JA; Deleargyros, N; Goldstein, AL; Melez, KA; Smathers, P; Steinberg, AD, 1987)	1.25
"Thymosin treatment was associated with significant improvements in relapse-free and overall survival, which was most pronounced for patients with nonbulky tumors."	( A randomized trial to evaluate the immunorestorative properties of synthetic thymosin-alpha 1 in patients with lung cancer. Alabaster, O; Cleary, PA; Cox, JW; Goldstein, AL; Lloyd, MJ; Mai, DA; Palaszynski, SR; Schulof, RS, 1985)	1.22
"Thymosin alpha 1 treatment prevented the damage by such combined treatment."	( Thymosin alpha 1 exerts protective effect against the 5-FU induced bone marrow toxicity. Ohta, Y; Tamura, S; Tezuka, E; Yagi, Y, 1985)	2.43
"Treatment with thymosin beta 4 or transfection with microRNA-34a inhibitor enhanced cell viability, reduced apoptosis, abated oxidative stress, and attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction in endothelial progenitor cells exposed to advanced glycation endproducts."	( Inhibition of microRNA-34a mediates protection of thymosin beta 4 in endothelial progenitor cells against advanced glycation endproducts by targeting B-cell lymphoma 2. Chen, Q; Li, Q; Liu, Y; Mao, Y; Mei, M; Qiu, F; Shen, Z; Wang, M, 2019)	1.11
"Treatment with thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) reduces infarct volume and preserves cardiac function in preclinical models of cardiac ischemic injury. "	( Cardioprotection by Thymosin Beta 4. Pipes, GT; Yang, J, 2016)	1.11
"Treatment of thymosin alpha 1 increased the number of CD4 cells and improved the NK activity, and also improved the quality of life of the elderly patients with malignant tumor. "	( [Effect of thymosin alpha 1 on cellular immune function in elderly patients with malignant tumor]. Huang, WD; Lu, XY; Shen, MY; Yang, YM, 2003)	1.08
"Treatment with Thymosin Fraction V further increased the resistance of protein-malnourished mice to i.p."	( Resistance to L1210 mouse leukemia cells in moderately protein-malnourished BALB/c mice treated in vivo with thymosin fraction V. Petro, TM; Watson, RR, 1982)	0.82
"Treatment with thymosin was based on the hypothesis of a T-suppressor defect in these autoimmune disorders."	( Thymosin administration in autoimmune disorders. Daniels, JC; Goldstein, AL; Lavastida, MT, 1981)	2.05
"Treatment with thymosin was able to significantly improve the cell-mediated immune resistance to L."	( Alteration of cell-mediated immunity to Listeria monocytogenes in protein-malnourished mice treated with thymosin fraction V. Chien, G; Petro, TM; Watson, RR, 1982)	0.82
"Pretreatment with thymosin alpha 1 also prevented the increased susceptibility to C."	( Increase of mouse resistance to Candida albicans infection by thymosin alpha 1. Bistoni, F; Bonmassar, E; Frati, L; Garaci, E; Marconi, P, 1982)	0.83
"Treatment with thymosin fraction 5 in three children with AIDS resulted in only transient clinical and immunologic improvement."	( Circulating thymulin and thymosin-alpha 1 activity in pediatric acquired immune deficiency syndrome: in vivo and in vitro studies. Bernstein, LJ; Goldstein, AL; Incefy, GS; Naylor, PH; Novick, BE; Rubinstein, A; Sicklick, MJ, 1986)	0.91
"Treatment with thymosin during the first days of life resulted in suppressed adrenal function in adult athymic and normal mice."	( Evidence for thymus involvement in development of adrenal and gonadal endocrine functions in mice. Chesnokova, VM; Grutenko, EV; Ignatyeva, EV; Ivanova, LN, 1987)	0.61

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" Thymosin alpha 1 was well tolerated and there were no serious adverse events."	( A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 in augmenting immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. Chadwick, D; Gotch, F; Imami, N; Paton, NI; Pido-Lopez, J; Pires, A; Ravindran, S; Villacian, JS, 2003)	1.49
" All adverse drug reactions were mild and most involved the fluctuation of liver enzymes, which was most likely related to the positive immune effects caused by the response to Talpha1 treatment."	( The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha-1 in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis B; results from a randomized clinical trial. Iino, S; Kakumu, S; Kiyosawa, K; Kumada, H; Martins, EB; Sata, M; Suzuki, H; Toyota, J, 2005)	0.63
" When review safety data show no-dose-limiting adverse events, a new group will be enrolled."	( Thymosin beta-4 and venous ulcers: clinical remarks on a European prospective, randomized study on safety, tolerability, and enhancement on healing. Camerini, R; DE Rosa, A; Guarnera, G, 2007)	1.78
" No obvious adverse events which were probably related to the drugs were observed in this study."	( [Effectiveness and safety of bicyclol combined with thymosin in treatment of chronic viral hepatitis B]. Gu, XJ; Hou, SR; Qiu, J; Xie, BH; Yan, XM, 2007)	0.59

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" Cmax concentrations of 30 to 80 microg/l and AUC(0-infinity) from 95 to 267 microg x h/l did not differ between single- and multiple-dose administration of all drugs."	( Pharmacokinetics of thymosin alpha1 after subcutaneous injection of three different formulations in healthy volunteers. Herrmann, WM; Horwitz, DL; Masayuki, F; Rost, KL; Tuthill, CW; Wierich, W, 1999)	0.63
" Results demonstrated that PEGylated sites and regions influenced the conformations and pharmacokinetic profiles of the peptide greatly with following order: alpha-helix, beta-turn, random coil and terminals, but little on the immunoactivity."	( Studies of bioactivity, conformation and pharmacokinetic profiles of site-specific PEGylated thymosin alpha 1 derivatives. Dong, S; Liu, K; Ma, J; Qi, C; Qie, J; Sun, H; Wang, L; Xie, J; Xu, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X; Zheng, J; Zhou, W, 2007)	0.56
" The pharmacokinetic data of rHSA-L-Talpha1 and rHSA-Talpha1 administered in rats showed an improved pharmacokinetic profile with a conspicuous prolonged half life."	( Bioactivity and pharmacokinetics of two human serum albumin-thymosin alpha1-fusion proteins, rHSA-Talpha1 and rHSA-L-Talpha1, expressed in recombinant Pichia pastoris. Chen, J; Chen, JH; Cheng, DS; Jiang, YT; Tang, L; Wang, M; Yan, LY; Yin, YW; Zhang, XG, 2010)	0.6

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"To analyze the efficacy and safety of bicyclol combined with thymosin in treatment of chronic viral hepatitis B (CHB)."	( [Effectiveness and safety of bicyclol combined with thymosin in treatment of chronic viral hepatitis B]. Gu, XJ; Hou, SR; Qiu, J; Xie, BH; Yan, XM, 2007)	0.83
"To evaluate the therapeutic effect of ulinastatin combined with thymosin α1 in the treatment of severe sepsis in rats."	( [Ulinastatin combined with thymosin α1 for treatment of severe sepsis: a histopathological observation in rats]. Deng, Q; Guo, J; Guo, X; He, Z; Lin, H; Liu, S; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.91
"This study was purposed to evaluate the safety and curative effect of autologous cytokine induced killer cells (CIK) combined with low-dose IL-2 regimen containing immune enhancement of thymic peptide on elderly patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL)."	( [Short-term curative efficacy of autologous cytokine induced killer cells combined with low-dose IL-2 regimen containing immune enhancement by thymic peptide in elderly patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia]. Cai, LL; Cao, JP; Chi, XH; Dai, HR; Fan, H; Han, WD; Li, SX; Lin, J; Liu, Y; Lu, XC; Ran, HH; Tuo, CW; Tuo, S; Wang, Y; Yang, B; Yang, Y; Yao, SQ; Yu, RL; Zhang, F; Zhang, WY; Zhu, HL, 2012)	0.38
"To explore the role of human immunoglobulin (Ig) and thymosin α1 therapy for severe sepsis through comparison between bundles combined with human immunoglobulin (Ig) and thymosin α1 therapy group (A group) and bundles group (B group)."	( The Therapeutic Effects of Thymosin α1 Combined with Human Immunoglobulin (Ig) and Bundles on Severe Sepsis: a Retrospective Study. Li, CS; Li, Y, 2015)	0.96
"A total of 526 subjects with severe sepsis in the ICU were divided into two groups: bundles combined with human immunoglobulin (Ig) and thymosin α1 therapy (A group) and bundles (B group)."	( The Therapeutic Effects of Thymosin α1 Combined with Human Immunoglobulin (Ig) and Bundles on Severe Sepsis: a Retrospective Study. Li, CS; Li, Y, 2015)	0.92
"Bundles combined with human immunoglobulin (Ig) and thymosin α1 therapy may reduce APACHE II and SOFA scores, shorten the time of artificial ventilation and length of ICU stay, and improve the prognosis of subjects with severe sepsis."	( The Therapeutic Effects of Thymosin α1 Combined with Human Immunoglobulin (Ig) and Bundles on Severe Sepsis: a Retrospective Study. Li, CS; Li, Y, 2015)	0.96
"To assess the effects of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) ulinastatin combined with thymosin alpha1 (Tα1) on sepsis."	( Effect of ulinastatin combined with thymosin alpha1 on sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Chinese and Indian patients. Chen, Y; Fu, H; Liu, D; Wan, B; Xin, F; Yin, J; Yu, Z; Zhang, H, 2017)	0.96
"Treatment of UTI combined with Tα1 (UTI+Tα1) decreased the short-term mortality rate in septic patients by 36%, 35%, and 31% for 28, 60, 90 days, respectively."	( Effect of ulinastatin combined with thymosin alpha1 on sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Chinese and Indian patients. Chen, Y; Fu, H; Liu, D; Wan, B; Xin, F; Yin, J; Yu, Z; Zhang, H, 2017)	0.73
"The goal of this study is to assess the therapeutic effect of Xuebijing combined with thymosin (XBJ-T) for the treatment of patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)."	( Therapeutic effect of Xuebijing combined with thymosin on hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis. Li, CM; Sun, Q, 2020)	1.04
"A case-control study is performed in this paper to explore various possible effects and clinical value of the photodynamic therapy combined with thymosin for the treatment process of the condyloma acuminatum (CA) in the anal canal."	( A Case-Control Study of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Thymosin in the Treatment of Condyloma Acuminatum in Anal Canal. Hong, K; Hu, Y; Wang, XQ, 2022)	1.16

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" Thymosin alpha1 was well absorbed with a mean t(max) between 1-2 hours from all galenic formulations."	( Pharmacokinetics of thymosin alpha1 after subcutaneous injection of three different formulations in healthy volunteers. Herrmann, WM; Horwitz, DL; Masayuki, F; Rost, KL; Tuthill, CW; Wierich, W, 1999)	1.54

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The optimum dosage of thymosin seemed to be in the 200- to 500-mug range, and multiple injections were essential for a significant response."	( Restoration of delayed hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes by thymosin treatment of T-cell-depleted mice. Collins, FM; Morrison, NE, 1976)	0.8
" Thymosin-5 introduction during 3 days after birth in the dosage of 50 g proved to eliminate the epithelial canals of rat thymus in 3, 7 days of the postnatal period."	( [Epithelial canaliculi of the thymus gland--thymosin-dependent structures]. Iakhnitsa, AG; Malyzhev, VA; Voloshin, NA, 1991)	1.45
" The dose-response curve displayed a biphasic bell-shaped superoxide generation profile with two specific concentration optima for each individual blood donor, but with variations in optimal concentrations between the donors."	( Superoxide anion generation by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to prothymosin alpha. Aliverti, A; Galaris, D; Tsolas, O, 1995)	0.51
" The dose-response relationship for these effects is not linear and may be bimodal."	( Thymosin alpha-1 as adjunct for conventional therapy of malignant tumors: a review. Bepler, G, 1994)	1.73
" Our experiments did not show any great differences in the overall efficacy of the two drugs, although they showed quite a different dose-response effect."	( Effect of synthetic thymic hormones on the cocaine-induced inhibition of the primary immune response in mice. Di Francesco, P; Falchetti, R; Favalli, C; Garaci, E; Gaziano, R; Lanzilli, G; Ravagnan, G, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response studies demonstrated that 10 micrograms/ml of TF5 was the lowest concentration capable of enhancing IL-6 production."	( Thymosin stimulates interleukin-6 production from rat spleen cells in vitro. Attia, WY; Badamchian, M; Goldstein, AL; Spangelo, BL, )	1.57
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of thymosin alpha-1 (TA1) are reviewed."	( Thymosin alpha-1. Ancell, CD; Phipps, J; Young, L, 2001)	1.97
" Daily dosing of 100 mg reduces serum HBV-DNA to below detectable levels within 6 weeks."	( Treatment of chronic hepatitis B: case selection and duration of therapy. Leung, N, 2002)	0.31
"6 mg subcutaneously (sc), twice a week] and interferon alpha-2b (10 MIU sc, three times per week) for 26 weeks, subsequently followed by interferon alpha-2b monotherapy at the same dosage for an additional 26 weeks."	( Long-term outcomes of thymosin-alpha 1 and interferon alpha-2b combination therapy in patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) negative chronic hepatitis B. Ayhan, S; Hock, LM; Ozden, N; Saruc, M; Turkel, N; Tuzcuoglu, I; Yuceyar, H, 2003)	0.63
" A general mechanism is proposed to explain this effect, and the first quantitative dose-response curve for the effect of profilin on Ac facilitates its evaluation."	( Effects of profilin and thymosin beta4 on the critical concentration of actin demonstrated in vitro and in cell extracts with a novel direct assay. Bubb, MR; Yarmola, EG, 2004)	0.63
" After 3 or 24h of recovery in culture medium containing 1 microg/ml Tbeta(4), a dosage that has been demonstrated effective in several published studies, DNA synthesis was measured using a colorimetric BrdU incorporation assay."	( Thymosin beta4 inhibits benzalkonium chloride-mediated apoptosis in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro. Albeiruti, AR; Ellenberg, D; Hollis, B; Kurpakus-Wheater, M; Siddiqi, A; Sosne, G, 2006)	1.78
"6 mg per day for 7 days (as treatment group 1, adopted in the first trial), or double dosage of the above agents (as treatment group 2, adopted in the second trial)."	( [Clinical trial with a new immunomodulatory strategy: treatment of severe sepsis with Ulinastatin and Maipuxin]. Lin, HY, 2007)	0.34
" Dose-response studies suggested the possibility of improving the efficacy of this molecule reducing the overall toxic."	( Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside. Bistoni, F; Favalli, C; Garaci, E; Mastino, A; Matteucci, C; Palamara, AT; Pica, F; Pierimarchi, P; Rasi, G; Romani, L; Serafino, A; Sinibaldi Vallebona, P, 2007)	1.78
" As to in vivo studies, treatment of rh-T alpha 1 at either dosage did not significantly alter the liver weight."	( Effect of recombinant human thymosin-alpha1, an immuno-modulating peptide with 28 amino acids, on the activity of cytochrome P450s. He, F; Huang, M; Lin, Y; Wang, B; Zhou, SF, 2007)	0.63
"5 mj/cm2) or high dosage (100 mj/cm2) UVB exposure."	( Protection of thymosin beta-4 on corneal endothelial cells from UVB-induced apoptosis. Chen, KH; Ho, JH; Lee, OK; Su, Y, 2010)	0.72
" The purpose of this study was to perform a dose-response study of Tβ4 to determine the optimal dose of neurological improvement in a rat model of embolic stroke."	( A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. Cheung, WL; Chopp, M; Cui, Y; Lu, M; Morris, DC; Zhang, L; Zhang, ZG, 2014)	0.71
"5% were determined, and it was found that the frequency of dosing at 2 times per day was the most effective for healing."	( Thymosin β4 significantly reduces the signs of dryness in a murine controlled adverse environment model of experimental dry eye. Kim, C; Kleinman, HK; Sosne, G, 2015)	1.86
" It is promising that appropriate dosing regimens that rely on this axis could serve as a new therapeutic strategy for alleviating organ fibrosis in the early and late stages."	( The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis. Jia, W; Wang, W; Zhang, C, 2022)	0.72

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID112098	In vivo induction of Thyl+ antigen expression on murine bone marrow cells (Fraction B).(Control group)	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 34, Issue:5	(Benzoylphenyl)piperidines: a new class of immunomodulators.
AID112097	In vivo induction of Thyl+ antigen expression on murine bone marrow cells (Fraction A).(Treated)	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 34, Issue:5	(Benzoylphenyl)piperidines: a new class of immunomodulators.
AID112099	In vivo induction of Thyl+ antigen expression on murine bone marrow cells (Fraction B).(Treated)	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 34, Issue:5	(Benzoylphenyl)piperidines: a new class of immunomodulators.
AID112096	In vivo induction of Thyl+ antigen expression on murine bone marrow cells (Fraction A).(Control group)	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 34, Issue:5	(Benzoylphenyl)piperidines: a new class of immunomodulators.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	755 (30.22)	18.7374
1990's	451 (18.05)	18.2507
2000's	529 (21.18)	29.6817
2010's	632 (25.30)	24.3611
2020's	131 (5.24)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	120 (4.53%)	5.53%
Reviews	277 (10.46%)	6.00%
Case Studies	34 (1.28%)	4.05%
Observational	2 (0.08%)	0.25%
Other	2,216 (83.65%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	1.98	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.41	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
adenine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	1.98	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	9.05	4	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	2	1	0	amino-acid anion
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.03	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.37	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.01	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.54	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	1.98	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	1.97	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.55	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	2	1	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.67	3	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.07	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
histamine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.38	2	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	7.04	1	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
indole [no description available]	2.13	1	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	3.81	2	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.52	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.01	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.05	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.03	1	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	3.17	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	2	1	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
spermidine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
thymine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.04	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.47	2	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	7.37	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
phenytoin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	7.17	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	1.96	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	9.31	3	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
theophylline [no description available]	3.21	6	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	9.27	4	1	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	9.93	12	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	1.97	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2.65	3	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.96	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	7.69	2	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	2.38	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dapsone [no description available]	8.34	1	1	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2	1	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
brl 42810 [no description available]	6.84	6	1	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	6.98	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	3.58	9	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.05	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.38	2	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ifosfamide [no description available]	4.3	2	2	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	3.84	12	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	2.37	2	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	3.53	2	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	1.95	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.65	3	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.02	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
lomustine [no description available]	3.34	1	1	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	1.97	1	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.15	1	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
nocodazole [no description available]	2.68	3	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
monodansylcadaverine monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.	2	1	0	aminonaphthalene; primary amino compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; protective agent
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	1.97	1	0
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	1.96	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.45	2	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	6.98	1	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.39	2	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	3.34	1	1	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	1.96	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	7.11	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	3.06	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	3.06	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
urethane [no description available]	2	1	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	3.4	1	1	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	5.01	13	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	3.75	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
thymidine [no description available]	4.04	15	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	2	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.36	2	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	1.98	1	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	1.96	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.65	3	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	1.98	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
idoxuridine [no description available]	2.64	3	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.31	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.38	2	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	3.04	4	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	7.38	2	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.68	3	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	1.97	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	7.89	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.03	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.88	4	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	4.88	11	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine [no description available]	3.46	2	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.42	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	2.25	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	3.75	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	1.96	1	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	4.19	5	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.17	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.49	8	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	1.98	1	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
cytarabine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	2.47	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	4.36	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	7.41	2	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.21	1	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	3.85	3	0	fluoroalcohol
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.39	2	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
acrylamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2	1	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.03	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	7.39	2	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	6.99	1	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.13	1	0	xanthene
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.01	1	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
sym-trinitrobenzene Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.	1.96	1	0	trinitrobenzene	explosive
dodecyltrimethylammonium dodecyltrimethylammonium: used to determine thermal stability of DNA; RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one dodecyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	7	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.31	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.06	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	1.97	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.13	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.31	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	3.38	7	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	1.95	1	0	organic cation
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	7.1	1	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	1.96	1	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
cuprizone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	6.84	6	1	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.7	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.69	3	0	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	3.15	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2.36	2	0
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	1.97	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
maleimide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.75	3	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.4	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	1.99	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.07	1	0
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.01	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	1.99	1	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
deoxycytidine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	1.99	1	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.02	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.77	3	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium 3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.9	2	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	6.99	1	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.01	1	0	2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	4.41	1	1	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.01	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
thioflavin t thioflavin T cation : A benzothiazolium ion obtained by methylation of the thiazole nitrogen of 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-6-methyl-1,3-benzothiazole; the cationic component of thioflavin T.	5.37	4	1	benzothiazolium ion
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	2	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.73	3	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.	3.22	6	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	2.07	1	0	manganese group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.44	2	0	manganese group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.02	4	0	titanium group element atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.36	2	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	1.99	1	0	sodium phosphate
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.59	2	0	dihydrogen
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.02	1	0
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.37	2	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.05	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	8.16	18	1	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	3.77	11	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	2	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	1.98	1	0	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
iodine [no description available]	2	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	7.07	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	2.47	2	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
carbamide peroxide Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.	2.04	1	0	mixture	disinfectant; oxidising agent; reagent
tridemorph tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.	2.43	2	0	morpholines; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	7.91	4	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	7.05	1	0
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.1	1	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2.05	1	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	10.54	3	2	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	3.14	5	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	9.83	4	2	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2.39	2	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	9.39	13	3	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
butyl(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine butyl(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine: urinary metabolite of butyl(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine; structure. N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-carboxybutyl substituents. It is the principal metabolite of the bladder carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BHBN-4).	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.08	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	1.97	1	0
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	2.06	1	0
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.46	2	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
azimexon [no description available]	3.05	1	0
pimonidazole pimonidazole: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
liarozole liarozole: inhibits all-trans-retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase; effective against hormone-dependent and hormone-independent tumors; R 75251 is chlorohydrate of R 61405; a potent inhibitor of retinoic acid metabolism; USAN name - liarozole fumarate	1.99	1	0	benzimidazoles
lamivudine [no description available]	9.49	17	4	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	3.1	1	0	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	3.1	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.66	3	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
coomassie brilliant blue r kenacid blue: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.07	1	0
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	2.87	4	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.1	1	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.03	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
n-acetylserine acetyl-L-serine : An acetyl-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is L-serine.. N-acetyl-L-serine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is L-serine. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	1.97	1	0	acetyl-L-serine; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	human metabolite
goralatide goralatide: from fetal calf bone marrow; exerts a high inhibitory activity on the proliferation of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells. goralatide : A tetrapeptide that is Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro in which the N-terminal amino group carries an acetyl group. It is selective inhibitor of primitive haematopoietic cell proliferation and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties.	7.08	23	0	oligopeptide; tetrapeptide	anti-inflammatory agent; pro-angiogenic agent
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2.41	2	0	1,2,3-triazole
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	1.96	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	3.46	2	0
lf 1695 LF 1695: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
1-hydroxybenzotriazole 1-hydroxybenzotriazole: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	benzotriazoles
propagermanium propagermanium: inhibits the calcium inward currents & the potassium outward currents	3.1	1	0	organogermanium compound
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	1.99	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.92	4	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
3-maleimidobenzoyl n-hydroxysuccinimide 3-maleimidobenzoyl N-hydroxysuccinimide: coupling reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
2-amino-5-hydroxyvaleric acid 2-amino-5-hydroxyvaleric acid: a specific marker of oxidized arginine and proline residues in proteins; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.01	1	0	alpha-amino acid
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.21	1	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.08	1	0	oligopeptide
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.43	2	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	1.97	1	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
icrf 193 4,4'-(1,2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-2,6-piperazinedione: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. ICRF-193 : An N-alkylpiperazine that is butane which is substituted by a 3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl group at positions 2 and 3. The meso isomer.	2	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	1.98	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,5-aedans 5-[(2-acetamidoethyl)amino]naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : An aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid fluorophore with a structure consisting of ethylenediamine substituted on the nitrogens with acetyl and 5-sulfonyl-1-naphthyl groups.	2	1	0	aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
n-benzyloxycarbonylprolylprolinal N-benzyloxycarbonylprolylprolinal: inhibitor of prolyl endopeptidase	2.02	1	0
astragaloside a [no description available]	2.25	1	0
myelopeptide 1 myelopeptides: RN refers to myelopeptide 1; immune system peptides from bone marrow; act as analgesics and immunoregulators; MP-1 to MP-4 have been sequenced	2.38	2	0
methotrexate [no description available]	5.36	4	1	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.1	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
carbapenems [no description available]	3.43	1	1
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.72	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diquafosol diquafosol: purinoceptor P2Y(2) receptor agonist. P(1),P(4)-bis(uridin-5'-yl) tetraphosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate compound having 5'-uridinyl residues at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.	2.17	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	mouse metabolite; P2Y2 receptor agonist
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	2.4	2	0
n-acetylthreonine N-acetyl-L-threonine : A N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-threonine.	1.97	1	0	L-threonine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	1.96	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	1.97	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	1.99	1	0	carbodiimide
lysylproline lysylproline: third & fourth amino acid in substance P sequence. Lys-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-proline residues.	3.15	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.44	2	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	5.67	5	1	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
1-nitrohydroxyphenyl-n-benzoylalanine 1-nitrohydroxyphenyl-N-benzoylalanine: structure	2.6	1	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	3.1	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
sorafenib [no description available]	2.52	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
alpha-(trichloromethyl)-4-pyridineethanol alpha-(trichloromethyl)-4-pyridineethanol: activates caspase-3	2.42	2	0	pyridines
wortmannin [no description available]	2.76	3	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	3.06	1	0
carboplatin [no description available]	3.4	1	1
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.68	3	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.73	3	0	peptide
elastin [no description available]	6.96	1	0	oligopeptide
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	1.98	1	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	1.99	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	3.38	7	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	1.99	1	0	tripeptide
actinonin actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure	2.13	1	0
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	1.96	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.37	7	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	1.98	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
latrunculin a latrunculin A: 16-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin B; structure given in first source. latrunculin A : A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.	2.4	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	7.38	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amide
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	7.91	16	1	oligopeptide
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.24	6	0	actinomycin	mutagen
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	2.1	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	3.27	6	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
picibanil Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.	1.96	1	0	penicillinate anion
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.38	2	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.46	2	0	S-glycosyl compound
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.38	2	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	1.96	1	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
2-mercaptobenzimidazole 2-mercaptobenzimidazole: purine synthesis antimetabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.31	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.36	2	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.02	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	2	1	0	macrolide
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.46	2	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	7.69	3	0	alkali metal atom
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.13	1	0
cystine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	7.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
thymosterin thymosterin: thymus extract which seems to be of steroidic nature	1.95	1	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	1.99	1	0
thymic factor, circulating thymalin: see also thymarin	4.27	3	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.39	2	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.04	1	0
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	1.95	1	0
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	3.14	5	0
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	3.92	13	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.67	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	1.97	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	1.99	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	3.5	1	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	2	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.	2	1	0
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	1.96	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	1.97	1	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.41	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.48	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	7.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	7.38	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
oregon green 488 carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	xanthene dye	epitope; fluorochrome
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.02	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	3.11	5	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
malealdehyde malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer	2.05	1	0	but-2-enedial
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	1.99	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.06	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.4	2	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	7.63	2	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.04	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.01	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	3.1	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
diacetylmonoxime diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.	2	1	0
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.02	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
aspartyllysine aspartyllysine: from feces of axenic mice. Asp-Lys : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-lysine residues.	3.15	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
asialo gm1 ganglioside [no description available]	1.98	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	2.25	1	0
perfosfamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.44	2	0	ammonium ion derivative
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.25	1	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.04	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.04	1	0
bicyclol bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.	8.42	1	1
jasplakinolide jasplakinolide: cyclodepsipeptide isolated from marine sponge Jaspis; active against Candida; RN refers to 2S-(2R,4E,6S,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source. jaspamide : A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.	2.43	2	0	cyclodepsipeptide; phenols	actin polymerisation inducer; animal metabolite; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; marine metabolite; neuroprotective agent
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.98	4	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
thymic humoral factor gamma 2 thymic humoral factor gamma 2: synthetic octapeptide thymic hormone which repairs immunodeficiency of mice cured of plasmacytoma by melphalan	4.7	5	0
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	fatty acid ester
(2s,3as,7as)-1-(((r,r)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)carbonyl)-2-((thiazolidin-3-yl)carbonyl)octahydro-1h-indole S 17092-1: structure in first source; inhibits proline endopeptidase	2.02	1	0
tetramethylrhodamine tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure	2	1	0	xanthene dye
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	1.98	1	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	2.21	1	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.31	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	4.19	5	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	3.08	5	0	benzoxazole
sar 1118 lifitegrast: An LFA-1 (LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1) antagonist that is used in the treatment of DRY EYE SYNDROMES.. lifitegrast : An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-[2-(1-benzofuran-6-carbonyl)]-5,7-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-(methanesulfonyl)-L-phenylalanine. Used for treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome).	2.17	1	0	1-benzofurans; isoquinolines; L-phenylalanine derivative; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 antagonist
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.17	1	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	1.98	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.75	3	0
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	2.06	1	0
thymalfasin Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.	21.78	494	73	polypeptide
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	1.97	1	0	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	7.37	2	0
peptide f peptide F: pro-enkephalin intermediate	2.06	1	0
thymosin beta(4) thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity	18.42	757	9
thymopoietin iii thymopoietin III: 48 AA monomeric peptide isolated from bovine spleen; thymopoietins I & II are from thymus; structure in first source	1.97	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.02	1	0
peptide phi Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.	1.97	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	3.05	1	0
desacetylthymosine alpha(1) desacetylthymosine alpha(1): thymosine alpha1 analog with biological activity	3.05	5	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.45	2	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for tributylin: 688-73-3	2.05	1	0	inorganic molecular entity
nsc 23766 NSC 23766 trihydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of NSC 23766 with 3 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride. An inhibitor of the signalling G-protein known as RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1).. Rac1 inhibitor : Any inhibitor of Rac1.	2.11	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.6.5.2 (small monomeric GTPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist
chitosan [no description available]	2.77	3	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.06	5	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sarkosyl sarkosyl: RN given is for sarkosyl L, the parent cpd; structure	2	1	0
gdc 0449 HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity	2.17	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist; teratogenic agent
dynorphins dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)	2.06	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	9.35	4	1
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	7.89	4	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	3.5	1	1	polypeptide
tuftsin Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.	8.07	1	0	peptide
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.37	2	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.39	2	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	3.5	1	1
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	9.32	18	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	2	1	0
thymic factor, circulating Thymic Factor, Circulating: A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.	10.07	40	2
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	2.49	2	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.01	1	0
mycalolide b mycalolide B: structure given in first source; isolated from the marine sponge Mycale	2.31	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.72	3	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.36	2	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	1.95	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.54	2	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.93	4	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	1.97	1	0
thymosin beta(9) thymosin beta(9): amino acid sequence given in first source; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	6.72	18	1
peptide t Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)-L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor.	6.97	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	1.96	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.7	3	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	2.11	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	8.64	1	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	5.36	11	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.49	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine [no description available]	6.97	1	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	2.39	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
neopterin [no description available]	3.06	1	0
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	6.33	4	3	dacarbazine
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.02	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.49	2	0	guanosines	biomarker
inosine pranobex Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.	3.47	2	0
npt 15392 NPT 15392: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	3.46	2	0
ridostin ridostin: Russian drug; inhibits HIV-1 replication in MT-4 & CEM cultures	1.99	1	0
eye [no description available]	9.95	4	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	5.18	49	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	1.99	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	1.95	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.39	2	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	3.41	6	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	10.07	94	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	3.08	4	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	3.41	6	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	3.08	4	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	2.31	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	2.31	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	7.33	23	1
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	0	2.31	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	0	7.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	5.76	11	2
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	13.16	69	14
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	5.76	11	2
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	13.16	69	14
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	17.58	76	46
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	4.02	2	1
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	17.58	76	46
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	9.02	2	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	16.41	47	1
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	0	3.16	5	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	0	2.82	2	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	11.41	47	1
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	0	9.68	5	1
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	0	3.16	5	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Aura [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	0	2.31	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	2.31	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	14.98	96	6
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	19.98	96	6
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	5.4	22	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	5.37	20	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	5.4	22	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	7.42	2	0
Diathesis [description not available]	0	4.16	6	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	0	2.41	1	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	0	2.41	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	9.8	7	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	0	3.33	1	0
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) [description not available]	0	2.93	3	0
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.	0	7.93	3	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	3.13	5	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	4.71	11	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	3.13	5	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	4.71	11	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	2.41	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	3.31	5	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	6.43	16	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	6.43	16	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	7.41	1	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	0	3.31	5	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	0	4.72	6	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	1	11.72	6	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	0	8	9	1
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	1	10	9	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	9.12	38	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	1	11.12	38	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.41	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	4.66	6	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	0	15.87	59	25
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	10.8	27	6
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	10.8	27	6
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	15.87	59	25
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	0	2.6	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	5.95	10	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	4.67	3	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	0	12.01	10	2
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	9.67	3	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	0	7.01	10	2
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	0	3.78	3	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	0	2.46	2	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	0	2.91	3	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	0	2.91	3	0
Cranial Nerve V Diseases [description not available]	0	3.8	1	1
Corneal Dystrophies [description not available]	0	3.8	1	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	10.3	73	2
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.52	1	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	0	3.52	1	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	0	8.52	1	0
Capillary Rarefaction [description not available]	0	3.52	1	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	3.47	2	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	5.22	5	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	8.47	2	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	0	2.6	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	3.16	4	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	3.16	4	0
chronic COVID syndrome [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	0	4.22	6	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	0	4.22	6	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	9.4	25	1
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	9.4	25	1
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	4.98	5	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	4.98	5	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	3.28	6	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	3.28	6	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	8.16	25	1
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	13.16	25	1
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	3.79	11	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	5.21	4	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	5.21	4	1
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	5.63	6	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	4.62	9	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	5.63	6	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	9.62	9	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	3.2	5	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	8.2	5	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	0	3.86	2	1
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	0	3.59	1	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	0	3.86	2	1
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	0	8.59	1	1
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	0	2.74	3	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	4.43	4	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	4.43	4	0
Acantholysis Bullosa [description not available]	0	4.17	3	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.	1	6.17	3	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	0	2.21	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	9.04	2	1
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	6.02	11	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Ache [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	9.14	3	1
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	2.25	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	7.79	3	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	6.02	11	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	5.35	12	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	4.09	15	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	4.09	15	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	0	3.32	6	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	3.02	4	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	3.02	4	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	2.66	2	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	2.66	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	3.9	12	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	2.44	2	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	3.08	4	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	0	2.86	3	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	2.83	3	0
Non-communicable Chronic Diseases [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	4.62	6	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	4.37	4	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	4.62	6	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	0	4.37	4	1
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.	0	7.25	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	2.92	4	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	7.92	4	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	11.14	31	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	2.25	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	6.8	19	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	7.25	1	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.25	1	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	0	8.64	1	1
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	0	3.64	1	1
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	0	2.31	1	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	0	2.31	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	0	2.31	1	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	0	2.93	3	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	5.2	18	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	7.09	12	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	7.09	12	1
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	0	2.31	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	9.14	27	4
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	9.14	27	4
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	5.19	18	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	5.19	18	0
Metastase [description not available]	0	9.23	38	2
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	4.85	12	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	9.23	38	2
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	4.85	12	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	0	8.85	11	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	3.82	11	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	3.82	11	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	2.31	1	0
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	0	2.31	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	3.47	2	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	3.47	2	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	3.21	5	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	3.21	5	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	4.08	5	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	4.08	5	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	9.18	18	4
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	9.71	23	4
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	9.18	18	4
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	9.71	23	4
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	4.09	5	0
Pilonidal Cyst [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Pilonidal Sinus A hair-containing cyst or sinus, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region.	0	7.15	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	9.86	30	2
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	9.86	30	2
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	0	2.73	3	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	0	2.73	3	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	0	2.15	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	0	2.15	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	3.24	6	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	0	2.51	2	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	0	2.41	2	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	7.37	10	1
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.15	1	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	7.37	10	1
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	3.02	4	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	0	3.02	4	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	0	2.52	2	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.15	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	6.35	7	2
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	11.35	7	2
DNA Virus Infections Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.	0	2.54	2	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	0	4.12	3	1
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	0	4.12	3	1
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	2.17	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	6.86	14	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	11.86	14	1
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	5.55	6	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	10.55	6	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	5.77	11	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	2.17	1	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	2.17	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	3.38	7	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	8.38	7	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	3.47	2	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	3.47	2	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	0	5.26	6	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	4.18	3	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	4.18	3	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	7.89	25	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	9.03	5	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	4.89	8	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	4.89	8	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	3.68	10	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	0	3.05	4	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	0	3.05	4	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	2.17	1	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	0	7.21	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	0	2.21	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	2.49	2	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	2.21	1	0
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	0	2.21	1	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	0	2.21	1	0
Infarct [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	0	3.51	8	0
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Craniopharyngioma A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)	0	7.08	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	0	3.51	8	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	3.58	3	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	3.63	9	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	3.63	9	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	5.18	18	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	0	2.08	1	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	0	2.08	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	8.1	5	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	0	2.08	1	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	0	7.08	1	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	3.66	3	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	7.94	11	3
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	2.1	1	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	0	2.1	1	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2.08	1	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	7.1	1	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Granuloma, Respiratory Tract Granulomatous disorders affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract.	0	2.1	1	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	0	2.89	4	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Polyploid [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	0	2.1	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	2.42	2	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	7.51	2	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	2.47	2	0
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	6.5	17	1
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.13	5	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	0	3.72	10	0
Nodular Goiter [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	6.5	17	1
Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.	0	2.1	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	0	3.72	10	0
Cardiac Rupture, Post-Infarction [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	0	2.1	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	0	2.1	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	5.79	21	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	0	2.11	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	6.44	16	1
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	11.44	16	1
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.1	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	7.1	1	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	2.1	1	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	0	2.11	1	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	7.71	3	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	9.78	25	7
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	9.78	25	7
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	7.11	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	0	7.03	6	2
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	0	7.03	6	2
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	5.08	7	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	5.08	7	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	6.26	8	1
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	6.26	8	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	6.64	37	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	6.64	37	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	0	2.11	1	0
BLV Infections [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	9.13	10	3
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	9.13	10	3
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	0	5.84	4	2
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	5.42	5	1
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	1	7.84	4	2
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	0	5.42	5	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	5.97	5	2
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	10.97	5	2
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	0	11.29	25	8
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	0	8.03	1	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	0	3.03	1	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	11.29	25	8
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	0	2.11	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	0	2.11	1	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	0	4.86	5	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	0	4.86	5	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	5.33	2	2
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	5.33	2	2
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	7.46	10	2
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	7.46	10	2
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	0	2.77	3	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	3.92	4	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	2.11	1	0
Breast Cancer, Male [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Breast Neoplasms, Male Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.	0	2.11	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	2.47	2	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	0	2.13	1	0
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	0	8.5	1	1
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	0	3.5	1	1
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	0	2.13	1	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	0	2.13	1	0
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	0	3.51	1	1
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	1	5.51	1	1
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.33	2	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	11.24	72	3
Infection [description not available]	0	5.08	7	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	0	11.24	72	3
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	0	5.08	7	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	5.28	4	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	5.28	4	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	0	4.8	5	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	0	4.8	5	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	0	2.49	2	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	3.81	4	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	3.81	4	0
MODS [description not available]	0	4.77	2	1
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	4.77	2	1
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	0	2.9	4	0
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.15	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	2.4	2	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	2.68	3	0
Avulsed Tooth [description not available]	0	4.75	2	1
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	5.6	3	2
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	4.67	3	2
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	0	3.43	1	1
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	0	3.43	1	1
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	0	3.43	1	1
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	5.6	3	2
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	9.67	3	2
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	5.6	17	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	5.6	17	0
Adenoma, Pleomorphic A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	0	2.46	2	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	3.07	5	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	2.95	4	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	2.95	4	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	0	2.05	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	0	3.84	2	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	0	3.84	2	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	2.91	4	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	0	4.39	8	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	4.39	8	0
Root Resorption Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.96	1	0
Cancer of the Ureter [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Ureteral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.	0	2.45	2	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Abnormalities, Teeth [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	0	3.83	2	1
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	0	3.83	2	1
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	0	2.44	2	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	7.05	1	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	0	2.47	2	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	2.05	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	0	7.05	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	0	7.05	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	0	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	0	2.7	3	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Herpes Zoster, Ocular [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.	0	2.05	1	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	0	3.39	2	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	0	3.39	2	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	3.83	2	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	0	2.97	1	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	3.83	2	0
Arenaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ARENAVIRIDAE.	0	2.05	1	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	5.2	4	1
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	5.2	4	1
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.67	3	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	0	2.06	1	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	0	2.06	1	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	0	5.18	6	2
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	0	5.18	6	2
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	2.06	1	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	0	2.06	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	0	2.06	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	8.37	2	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	0	2.06	1	0
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	0	2.06	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	0	6.7	9	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	0	6.7	9	1
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	0	2.47	2	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	2.68	3	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	0	2.4	2	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	0	2.47	2	0
Corneal Endothelial Cell Damage [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	5.06	10	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	5.06	10	1
Grippe [description not available]	0	5.39	5	1
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	5.39	5	1
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	2.06	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	0	7.06	1	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	0	2.38	2	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	2.44	2	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	2.7	3	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	0	3.32	2	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	9.17	17	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	2.06	1	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	2.06	1	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
DDPAC [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	0	2.07	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	0	2.99	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	0	3.58	3	0
Bleeding [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	2.07	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	0	2.07	1	0
Chronic Delta Hepatitis [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Infections, Soft Tissue [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Soft Tissue Infections Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)	0	2.08	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	0	2.48	2	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	0	2.07	1	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	0	7.07	1	0
Fibro-Odontoma [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Maxillary Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.	0	2.08	1	0
Mandibular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.	0	2.08	1	0
Ameloblastoma An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.	0	7.08	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	0	7.08	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	2.08	1	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	2.08	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	0	2.01	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	2.01	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	0	2.01	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.23	6	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	2.68	3	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	0	3.23	6	0
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	0	2.01	1	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	7.93	4	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	0	2.93	4	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	0	2.01	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	2.66	3	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	0	2.01	1	0
Aural Cholesteatoma [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	0	2.93	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	3.6	3	0
MEA 2a [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Ductal Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.5	9	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	0	2.01	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.	0	2.01	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	0	6.17	5	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	0	6.17	5	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	0	2.43	2	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	0	2.02	1	0
Cavernitis, Fibrous [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Dupuytren's Contracture [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Dupuytren Contracture A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.	0	2.02	1	0
Penile Induration A condition characterized by hardening of the PENIS due to the formation of fibrous plaques on the dorsolateral aspect of the PENIS, usually involving the membrane (tunica albuginea) surrounding the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis). This may eventually cause a painful deformity of the shaft or constriction of the urethra, or both.	0	2.02	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	3.81	2	1
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	3.81	2	1
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	0	4.44	5	1
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	3.32	2	0
Bradykinesia [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.	0	2.02	1	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	0	2.02	1	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	0	7.02	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	0	2.4	2	0
Infections, Hepadnaviridae [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hepadnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.	0	2.02	1	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	0	2.02	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	3.09	5	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	0	2.02	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Axonotmesis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Trauma, Nervous System Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.	0	2.02	1	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	0	2.41	2	0
Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)	0	2.02	1	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	0	2.02	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	0	2.03	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	0	2.03	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	3.41	1	1
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	3.41	1	1
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	5.66	7	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	10.66	7	1
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	0	2.03	1	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	0	2.03	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	0	2.4	2	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	1	5.41	1	1
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	0	2.03	1	0
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Thyroid Nodule A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).	0	2.03	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.03	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	4.5	3	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	0	4.22	2	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	9.5	3	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	0	4.22	2	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	0	4.39	8	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	1	6.39	8	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	0	2.95	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	2.03	1	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	0	3.42	1	1
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	0	3.42	1	1
B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	0	7.44	11	5
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	0	7.44	11	5
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	2.36	2	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	6.96	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	11.3	21	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	0	4.04	3	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	6.1	22	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	4.76	5	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	6.1	22	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	0	2.87	1	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	0	5.18	4	1
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	0	5.18	4	1
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	2.66	3	0
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	0	1.96	1	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	0	3.46	8	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	8.46	8	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	4.62	6	1
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	0	4.62	6	1
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	0	7.35	19	1
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	0	7.35	19	1
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	0	4.96	3	1
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.88	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	0	4.96	3	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	4.12	6	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	4.12	6	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	0	4.85	8	1
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	0	4.85	8	1
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	0	3.28	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	0	3.28	2	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	0	3.34	7	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	0	6.4	16	1
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	0	6.4	16	1
Infections, Reoviridae [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.85	8	0
DiGeorge Syndrome Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.	0	4.85	8	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	0	1.96	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	3.76	2	1
Hay Fever [description not available]	0	8.35	1	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	0	3.35	1	1
Hyperplasia of Thymus Gland [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	0	3.35	1	1
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	3.35	1	1
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	0	1.96	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	0	8.06	5	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	4.85	8	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	0	2.87	1	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	0	3.34	1	1
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	0	8.34	1	1
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	0	2.38	2	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	0	2.66	3	0
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	0	6.96	1	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	0	6.96	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	0	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Farmer's Lung A form of alveolitis or pneumonitis due to an acquired hypersensitivity to inhaled antigens associated with farm environment. Antigens in the farm dust are commonly from bacteria actinomycetes (SACCHAROPOLYSPORA and THERMOACTINOMYCES), fungi, and animal proteins in the soil, straw, crops, pelts, serum, and excreta.	0	1.96	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	1.96	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Nanism [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	0	1.96	1	0
Marasmus [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	0	2.37	2	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	0	1.96	1	0
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.	0	1.96	1	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	6.95	1	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	0	7.88	4	0
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	0	1.96	1	0
Dysgammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by selective deficiencies of one or more, but not all, classes of immunoglobulins.	0	2.36	2	0
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	0	6.96	1	0
Hypergammaglobulinemia An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.	0	1.96	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	0	2.65	3	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	0	3.29	2	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	0	2.36	2	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	0	4.59	6	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	0	4.59	6	0
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy [description not available]	0	6.96	1	0
Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy A disorder characterized by proliferation of arborizing small vessels, prominent immunoblastic proliferations and amorphous acidophilic interstitial material. Clinical manifestations include fever, sweats, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy and frequently hepatosplenomegaly.	0	6.96	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	1.96	1	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Candidiasis, Cutaneous Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.36	2	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	0	1.95	1	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	6.96	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	2.37	2	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	0	1.96	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	2.65	3	0
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.36	2	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	0	2.36	2	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	2.65	3	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	0	1.98	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	0	4.61	6	1
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	2.4	2	0
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	0	1.98	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	1.98	1	0
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	0	2.38	2	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	0	1.98	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	0	1.98	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	0	2.39	2	0
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	6.98	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	0	4.68	2	1
Amazon Black Fever [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Hepatitis D INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	8.37	1	1
Carcinoma, Lobular A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.	0	2.39	2	0
Cancer of ILEUM [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Cecum [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	0	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	0	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.99	1	0
(pPNET) Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.	0	1.99	1	0
Germinoma A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)	0	2	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	2	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	7.41	2	0
Salpingitis Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)	0	2	1	0
Aujeszky Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	0	1.99	1	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	0	1.99	1	0
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.	0	1.99	1	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	2	1	0
Aldrich Syndrome [description not available]	0	10.05	7	0
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.	0	10.05	7	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	1.95	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	2.36	2	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	0	1.95	1	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Disgerminoma [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	0	4.81	4	2
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	3.74	2	1
Dysgerminoma A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)	0	1.95	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	0	4.81	4	2
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	0	3.74	2	1
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.44	5	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	0	4.44	5	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	7.36	2	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	0	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	0	2.64	3	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	0	2.86	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Corynebacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.	0	1.95	1	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	0	1.95	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	7.36	2	0
Empyema, Pleural, Tuberculous [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	0	2.36	2	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	0	1.95	1	0
Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy.	0	1.95	1	0
Slow Virus Diseases Diseases of viral origin, characterized by incubation periods of months to years, insidious onset of clinical manifestations, and protracted clinical course. Though the disease process is protracted, viral multiplication may not be unusually slow. Conventional viruses produce slow virus diseases such as SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL), and AIDS. Diseases produced by unconventional agents were originally considered part of this group. They are now called PRION DISEASES.	0	1.95	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Brain Ventricular Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	1.95	1	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	0	1.95	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	5.51	3	2
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	2.36	2	0
Granulomas [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Tuberculosis, Bovine An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.	0	1.95	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	1.95	1	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	1.95	1	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	0	1.95	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	7.36	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	0	2.36	2	0
Coloboma Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation.	0	1.95	1	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	0	6.98	1	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	0	1.97	1	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	0	1.97	1	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.89	1	0
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available]	0	2.89	1	0
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	0	2.89	1	0
Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.	0	2.89	1	0
Androgenization [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.89	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	0	1.97	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	0	6.97	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	1.96	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	6.97	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	6.97	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	0	7.37	2	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	0	7.37	2	0
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	0	3.76	2	1
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	0	3.76	2	1
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	0	1.97	1	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	0	1.97	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	0	1.97	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	1.97	1	0
Gonadal Agenesis The complete failure of gonadal development.	0	1.96	1	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	0	1.96	1	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	0	1.96	1	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
ARC [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
AIDS-Related Complex A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.	0	7.37	2	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	0	1.97	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	2.88	1	0
Oophoritis Inflammation of the OVARY, generally caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix.	0	1.97	1	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	0	6.96	1	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	0	6.96	1	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	1.96	1	0
Enteropathy, Exudative [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Intestinal Lymphangiectasis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Protein-Losing Enteropathies Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	1.96	1	0

thymosin

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