triazoles profile

Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	67516
CHEMBL ID	2148102
CHEBI ID	35565
CHEBI ID	35566
MeSH ID	M0021911

Synonym
EN300-27201
1,2,3-triazole
v-triazole
1h-1,2,3-triazole
CHEBI:35565 ,
288-35-7
288-36-8
osotriazole
CHEBI:35566
1,2,3-1h-triazole
inchi=1/c2h3n3/c1-2-4-5-3-1/h1-2h,(h,3,4,5
2h-1,2,3-triazole
1h-1,2,3-triazole, 97%
triazoles
triazol
2h-triazole
T1880
A25412
1h-[1,2,3]triazole
[1,2,3]triazole
unii-em7554254w
em7554254w ,
CHEMBL2148102
1,2,3-triazol
A818904
27070-49-1
AKOS005207098
FT-0601191
AM20090377
AB01140
SY005819
mfcd00014490
triazacyclopentadiene
1h-1,2,3-triazol
1h-(1,2,3)-triazole
1-h-1,2,3-triazole
1h-[1,2,3]-triazole
2h-1, 2, 3-triazole
2h-(1,2,3)-triazole
1,2,3 triazole
2h-[1,2,3]triazole
1h-1,2,3 triazole
racemic triazole
1h1,2,3-triazole
1-h-1, 2, 3-triazole
STR09959
F1905-7135
PS-9378
J-509548
D70752
CS-B1285
BBL103173
2,3-diazapyrrole
STL556983
BCP18903
DTXSID30870495
Q161297
HUH ,
1~{h}-1,2,3-triazole
mfcd00962232
FT-0774760
Z237528494

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Triazoles are a major group of azole fungicides commonly used in agriculture, and veterinary and human medicine. "	( Triazole fungicides induce adipogenesis and repress osteoblastogenesis in zebrafish. Bhattacharya, B; Bondesson, M; Flores, S; Gustafsson, JÅ; Mesmar, F; Muhsen, M; Mukhopadhyay, S; Thrikawala, S; Upadhyay, S; Vergara, L; Williams, C, 2023)	2.35
"Triazoles are a class of aza-heterocycles with broad spectrum of biological importance. "	( A Novel Series of N-aryltriazole and N-acridinyltriazole Hybrids as Potential Anticancer Agents. Darkwa, J; Makhubela, BCE; Meyer, D; Rono, CK, 2019)	1.96

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The triazoles presence has substantially affected the bioavailability of Fe, Cu and Zn in soil."	( Triazole fungicides in soil affect the yield of fruit, green biomass, and phenolics production of Solanum lycopersicum L. Ćavar Zeljković, S; Jakl, M; Jaklová Dytrtová, J; Kovač, I, 2021)	1.1
"Triazoles have been shown to be the most effective fungicide for managing Fusarium spp., but little is known about their specific activity on F."	( Sensitivity of Fusarium culmorum to triazoles: impact of trichothecene chemotypes, oxidative stress response and genetic diversity. Hellin, P; Legrève, A; Munaut, F; Scauflaire, J; Van Hese, V, 2017)	1.45
"The triazoles have been studied for over a century as an important class of heterocyclic compounds and still attract considerable attention due to their broad range of biological activities. "	( Novel 1H-1,2,3-, 2H-1,2,3-, 1H-1,2,4- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives: a patent review (2008 - 2011). Boechat, NA; da Rocha, DR; da Silva, FC; Ferreira, PG; Ferreira, VF; Magalhães, JL, 2013)	0.95

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Amitrole was highly toxic at early larval stages of Drosophila (LD50 is 40 ppm in medium)."	( Mutangenicity and toxicity of amitrole. I. Drosophila tests. Bamford, D; Gripenberg, U; Laamanen, I; Meretoja, T; Sorsa, M, 1976)	0.26
" In contrast, 3-AT pretreatment did not affect the LD50 of DMN or provide any protection against the hepatotoxicity of DMN."	( Effects of pyrazole and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on the metabolism and toxicity of dimethylnitrosamine in the rat. Gangolli, SD; Grasso, P; Lake, BG; Lloyd, AG; Phillips, JC, 1977)	0.26
"Compounds (1), (2), (3), and (4) caused no adverse toxic effects and yielded no evidence of carcinogenic activity in a 2-year feeding study in albino rats at dietary levels up to 1000 ppm."	( Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with FWAs. Calandra, JC; Keplinger, ML; Lyman, FL, 1975)	0.25
" Also the toxic dose to the mothers, 3000 mg/kg, given to rabbits in case of one FWA was without these effects."	( Studies of embryo toxicity in rats and rabbits. Lorke, D; Machemer, L, 1975)	0.25
" It is evident that the drug concentration that reaches the endothelium after topical application has no toxic effect on the cornea, and that the drug should only be used as directed and not used as an anterior chamber perfusate."	( Corneal endothelial toxicity of dapiprazole hydrochloride. Chapman, JM; Cheeks, L; Green, K, 1992)	0.28
" Acute toxicity studies in mice indicated 41 was safe for therapeutic use at 20, 50, and 100 mg/ky/day."	( Antineoplastic activities and cytotoxicity of 1-acyl and 1,2-diacyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-diones in murine and human tissue culture cells. Hall, IH; Izydore, RA; Miller, MC; Simlot, R; Wong, OT, )	0.13
" No clinically relevant drug related adverse events or changes in laboratory or vital parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and ECG were observed."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety profile of the new platelet-activating factor antagonist apafant in man. Adamus, WS; Birke, FW; Brecht, HM; Heuer, HO; Kempe, ER, 1991)	0.28
"IDPH-791, a novel centrally acting muscle relaxant, in doses up to 500 mg/kg (po) for 14 days did not result in any appreciable adverse effect on body weight gain, food or water consumption including biochemical and haematologica parameters in rats."	( Pre-clinical toxicity of IDPH-791: a new centrally acting muscle relaxant in rats. Junnarkar, AY; Krishnamurthy, A; Marathe, MR; Rajasekaran, M; Singh, PP; Thapar, GS; Varma, RK, 1991)	0.28
" During the trial, only mild adverse events were reported in both the loreclezole and the placebo group, nor were any clinically relevant abnormalities seen in the haematological and biochemical analysis."	( A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the efficacy and safety of loreclezole as add-on therapy in patients with uncontrolled partial seizures. de Beukelaar, F; Hulsman, J; Janssen, A; Meijer, J; Overweg, J; Rentmeester, T; Scholtes, F; van der Kleij, B, )	0.13
" Nevertheless, no clinically significant drug-related effects on vital and laboratory parameters or obvious drug-dependent adverse reactions were observed."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacologic activity of multiple doses of the new platelet activating factor antagonist WEB 2086 in human subjects. Adamus, WS; Brecht, HM; Heuer, H; Meade, CJ, 1989)	0.28
" The low toxicity of CAI in vivo combined with the significant difference between toxicity for human and mouse progenitors in vitro suggests a relatively low adverse potential to the bone marrow for this new signal transduction inhibitory agent."	( In vitro and in vivo myelotoxicity of CAI to human and murine hematopoietic progenitor cells. Cole, K; Kohn, EC; Sandeen, MA; Volpe, DA, 1995)	0.29
" Precocene II was also toxic to 72-h cultures, although the effect of the serum-free medium was attenuated."	( Toxicity of precocene II in rat hepatocyte cultures: effects of serum and culture time. Fry, JR; Hammond, AH, 1994)	0.29
" Safety and tolerance assessment involved analyses of adverse events, laboratory tests, vital signs, ophthalmic examinations, and ECGs."	( Safety, tolerance, and preliminary pharmacokinetics of nefazodone after administration of single and multiple oral doses to healthy adult male volunteers: a double-blind, phase I study. Barbhaiya, RH; Gammans, RR; Greene, DS; Marathe, PH; Mayol, RF; Pittman, KA; Robinson, D; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
"Comprehensive review of safety data from approximately 3500 patients who received nefazodone in premarketing clinical trials demonstrates the drug to be very well tolerated, with a favorable side effect profile compared with other antidepressant drugs."	( The safety profile of nefazodone. Kaplita, SB; Marcus, RN; Roberts, DL; Robinson, DS; Seminara, JA; Smith, JM; Stringfellow, JC, 1996)	0.29
" However, side effect profiles and toxicity vary substantially, so the choice of medication depends primarily on tolerability and safety."	( Tolerability and safety: essentials in antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Lader, MH, 1996)	0.29
"Precocene II was more toxic in 24 hour cultures than in 72 hour cultures of rat hepatocytes."	( Mechanism of toxicity of precocene II in rat hepatocyte cultures. Fry, JR; Garle, MJ; Hammond, AH, 1995)	0.29
" The toxic effect was observed only in mice with a cryptococcal infection and was reduced or absent in the early and late stages of disease."	( Acute lethal toxicity following passive immunization for treatment of murine cryptococcosis. Kozel, TR; Lupan, DM; Manalo, PB; Roberts, JS; Savoy, AC; Schlageter, AM; Weinhold, LC, 1997)	0.3
" This study examines whether acetaminophen is toxic to sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC), which might lead to microcirculatory disruption."	( Sinusoidal endothelial cells as a target for acetaminophen toxicity. Direct action versus requirement for hepatocyte activation in different mouse strains. Bart, JA; DeLeve, LD; Kaplowitz, N; Shulman, HM; van der Hoek, A; Wang, X, 1997)	0.3
" The rates for individual side effects with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors, nefazodone, and venlafaxine are presented and compared with the adverse event experience for mirtazapine."	( Safety and tolerability of the new antidepressants. Nelson, JC, 1997)	0.3
" The mechanism of action of antidepressants allows prediction of both adverse effects and therapeutic effects."	( Selecting an antidepressant by using mechanism of action to enhance efficacy and avoid side effects. Stahl, SM, 1998)	0.3
" This article summarizes the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and drug interactions of nefazodone as well as its administration and dosing schedule."	( The antidepressant nefazodone. A review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, dosage, and administration. Khouzam, HR, 2000)	0.31
" The response of test organisms to unmethylated benzotriazole and 4-methylbenzotriazole was similar, whereas 5-methylbenzotriazole was more toxic than either of these two compounds."	( Toxicity of benzotriazole and benzotriazole derivatives to three aquatic species. Cornell, JS; Dufresne, DL; Hernandez, MT; Pillard, DA, 2001)	0.31
" The most common dose-related adverse events were nausea, somnolence, and asthenia/fatigue."	( Efficacy and safety of rizatriptan versus standard care during long-term treatment for migraine. Rizatriptan Multicenter Study Groups. Block, GA; Goldstein, J; Polis, A; Reines, SA; Smith, ME, )	0.13
" The purpose of this research was to study the toxic effects and fate of the two commercially significant benzotriazole isomers used in aircraft deicing fluids (4-, and 5-, methylbenzotriazole [MeBT]) during anaerobic digestion."	( Fate and toxicity of aircraft deicing fluid additives through anaerobic digestion. Dow, SM; Gruden, CL; Hernandez, MT, )	0.13
" Assessments included Clinical Global Impression Scales, Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression and Anxiety, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Patient Global Assessment Scale, in addition to a review of reported adverse events, vital sign measurements, electrocardiograms and clinical laboratory tests."	( A randomized, double-blind controlled comparison of nefazodone and paroxetine in the treatment of depression: safety, tolerability and efficacy in continuation phase treatment. Baldwin, DS; Hawley, CJ; Mellors, K, 2001)	0.31
"To estimate the cumulative incidence of hepatic adverse reactions associated with antidepressants, we used cases of hepatic damage collected via spontaneous reporting and included in the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System database; for exposure, we have used data from drug sales to the Spanish National Health System."	( Hepatotoxicity associated with the new antidepressants. Carvajal García-Pando, A; García del Pozo, J; Lucena, MI; Rueda de Castro, AM; Sánchez, AS; Velasco, MA, 2002)	0.31
"The reported incidence of hepatic adverse reactions to nefazodone seems to be higher than that estimated so far."	( Hepatotoxicity associated with the new antidepressants. Carvajal García-Pando, A; García del Pozo, J; Lucena, MI; Rueda de Castro, AM; Sánchez, AS; Velasco, MA, 2002)	0.31
" Voriconazole was generally safe and well tolerated."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of oral voriconazole in patients at risk of fungal infection: a dose escalation study. Blumer, JL; Lazarus, HM; Romero, A; Schlamm, H; Yanovich, S, 2002)	0.31
" Drug-related adverse events occurred in 35."	( [CGS20267 (Letrozole), a new aromatase inhibitor: late phase II study in postmenopausal women with advanced or recurrent breast cancer (no. 2)--evaluation of efficacy and safety at the recommended clinical dose CGS20267 Study Group]. Ikeda, S; Kimijima, I; Koyama, H; Nomizu, T; Nomura, Y; Ohashi, Y; Sano, M; Takashima, S; Tohge, T; Tominaga, T; Ueo, H, 2002)	0.31
" Primary objectives included assessment of safety and tolerability (measured by adverse events and clinical laboratory monitoring), pharmacokinetics (measured as drug and drug-iron complex), and cumulative net iron excretion (measured by faecal and urine output minus food input)."	( Effectiveness and safety of ICL670 in iron-loaded patients with thalassaemia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial. Alberti, D; Anderson, JR; Giardina, PJ; Grady, RW; Krebs-Brown, AJ; Nathan, DG; Neufeld, EJ; Nisbet-Brown, E; Olivieri, NF; Séchaud, R; Sizer, KC, 2003)	0.32
" The safety and tolerability profile of caspofungin presented with a low incidence of adverse events in clinical trials."	( Review of the safety, tolerability, and drug interactions of the new antifungal agents caspofungin and voriconazole. Ullmann, AJ, 2003)	0.32
" Although published information about the side effects of AIs is scarce, it is likely that they will have adverse effects on bone and possibly also on lipid metabolism."	( Safety issues surrounding the use of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer. Dixon, JM; Jackson, J; Miller, WR, 2003)	0.32
" Posaconazole was well tolerated at all dose levels, and the adverse events were not dose dependent."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oral posaconazole administered in single and multiple doses in healthy adults. Batra, V; Courtney, R; Laughlin, M; Lim, J; Pai, S, 2003)	0.32
" Voriconazole was well tolerated: most treatment-related adverse events (abnormal vision, headache, dizziness) were mild and resolved within an hour of dosing."	( Voriconazole, a novel wide-spectrum triazole: oral pharmacokinetics and safety. Allen, MJ; Greenhalgh, K; Oliver, SD; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
" All adverse events were recorded."	( Coadministration of voriconazole and phenytoin: pharmacokinetic interaction, safety, and toleration. Eve, MD; Fielding, A; Ghahramani, P; Love, ER; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
" All treatments were well tolerated: most adverse events were mild/moderate and transient."	( Coadministration of voriconazole and phenytoin: pharmacokinetic interaction, safety, and toleration. Eve, MD; Fielding, A; Ghahramani, P; Love, ER; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
" This indicates that voriconazole is a safe antifungal agent that may be employed by intravitreal injection in the treatment of fungal endophthalmitis."	( Safety of intravitreal voriconazole: electroretinographic and histopathologic studies. Gao, H; Hariprasad, SM; Holz, ER; Mieler, WF; Pennesi, M; Qiao, X; Shah, K; Wu, SM, 2003)	0.32
"Mirtazapine and nefazadone appear safe in overdose and were associated with minimal features of neurological or cardiovascular toxicity."	( Comparative toxicity of citalopram and the newer antidepressants after overdose. Bateman, DN; Dhaun, N; Good, AM; Kelly, CA; Laing, WJ; Strachan, FE, 2004)	0.32
" Prior to data extraction, concepts like nephrotoxicity, infusion-related adverse events and efficacy (success rate and mortality) were defined."	( [Meta-analysis on safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia]. Ausin, I; Badia, X; Carreras, E; Herrera, L; Roset, M, 2004)	0.32
"8%) of the 39 patients and were the only drug-related adverse events that occurred more than once."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous voriconazole in children after single- or multiple-dose administration. Adamson, P; Arguedas, AG; Arrieta, AC; Blumer, J; Driscoll, T; Karlsson, MO; Lutsar, I; Milligan, P; Saez-Llorens, X; Vora, AJ; Walsh, TJ; Wood, N, 2004)	0.32
"Paclobutrazol is used as a fungicide and as a plant growth regulator, but there are few studies about its potential toxic effects."	( Developmental toxicity potential of paclobutrazol in the rat. Chiorato, S; de Castro, VL; Goes, K, 2004)	0.32
" Safety was determined from adverse event reports and laboratory parameters."	( A phase I study of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of single- and multiple-dose anastrozole in healthy, premenopausal female volunteers. Buraglio, M; Denton, G; Hemsey, G; Tredway, DR, 2004)	0.32
" Clinical trials have begun to define the role of these agents and their unique side-effect profiles."	( Advances in endocrine therapy for breast cancer: considering efficacy, safety, and quality of life. Harwood, KV, 2004)	0.32
" Adverse cutaneous reactions have been reported, namely cheilitis, erythema, discoid lupus erythematosus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme, and photosensitivity reactions."	( Photoaging and phototoxicity from long-term voriconazole treatment in a 15-year-old girl. Hansen, R; Mendelson, D; Park, A; Racette, AJ; Roenigk, HH, 2005)	0.33
" Drug-related adverse events were infrequent in all treatment arms."	( A phase I/II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study evaluating the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of ravuconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis. Conetta, B; Gupta, AK; Leonardi, C; Pierce, PF; Stoltz, RR, 2005)	0.33
" The AIs have differing pharmacological profiles, which may translate into dissimilar adverse event profiles in the adjuvant treatment setting, but patient follow-up in most trials is relatively short to make a valid comparison."	( Safety considerations of adjuvant therapy in early breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Gradishar, WJ, 2005)	0.33
" However, treatment of severe mycotic infections in patients taking co-medication is associated with the risk of severe adverse drug interactions."	( Safety and potential of drug interactions of caspofungin and voriconazole in multimorbid patients. Bauer, M; Graninger, W; Joukhadar, C; Kulemann, V, 2005)	0.33
" No dose-limiting toxicities or serious adverse events occurred, and all adverse events were mild and consistent with the known safety profiles of both drugs."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of coadministered voriconazole and anidulafungin. Baruch, A; Dowell, JA; Foster, G; Schranz, J, 2005)	0.33
" All doses were well tolerated, and no severe or serious adverse events occurred."	( Single-ascending-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the novel broad-spectrum antifungal triazole BAL4815 after intravenous infusions (50, 100, and 200 milligrams) and oral administrations (100, 200, and 400 milligrams) of its prodrug, BAL8557, in healthy Beglinger, C; Brown, T; Heep, M; Roehrle, M; Roos, B; Schleimer, M; Schmitt-Hoffmann, A; Weidekamm, E, 2006)	0.33
" All adverse events reported were mild or moderate, except one severe rhinitis event which was not related to trial medication."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the new antifungal triazole BAL4815 after intravenous infusion and oral administration of its prodrug, BAL8557, in healthy volunteers. Brown, T; Heep, M; Maares, J; Roehrle, M; Roos, B; Schmitt-Hoffmann, A; Spickerman, J; Weidekamm, E, 2006)	0.33
"This study investigated the relationship between plasma voriconazole concentrations (pVC) and risk of visual adverse events (VAEs) or liver function test (LFT) abnormalities using longitudinal logistic regression."	( Investigation of the potential relationships between plasma voriconazole concentrations and visual adverse events or liver function test abnormalities. Brayshaw, N; Tan, K; Tomaszewski, K; Troke, P; Wood, N, 2006)	0.33
" Treatment-related adverse events (occurring in 24% of patients) were mostly gastrointestinal in nature."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of posaconazole in patients with persistent febrile neutropenia or refractory invasive fungal infection. Burchardt, A; Corcoran, G; Cornely, OA; Courtney, R; Hachem, R; Kontoyiannis, DP; Krishna, G; Martinho, M; Raad, I; Töpelt, K; Ullmann, AJ; Wexler, D, 2006)	0.33
" Incidences of treatment-emergent, treatment-related, and serious adverse events and abnormal laboratory parameters were recorded during these studies."	( Safety of long-term oral posaconazole use in the treatment of refractory invasive fungal infections. Afif, C; Bustamante, AB; Cornely, OA; Gaona-Flores, V; Graham, DR; Graybill, JR; Greenberg, RN; Hadley, S; Langston, A; Negroni, R; Pedicone, L; Perfect, JR; Pitisuttithum, P; Raad, II; Restrepo, A; Schiller, G; Ullmann, AJ, 2006)	0.33
"Treatment-emergent, treatment-related adverse events were reported in 38% of the overall patient population."	( Safety of long-term oral posaconazole use in the treatment of refractory invasive fungal infections. Afif, C; Bustamante, AB; Cornely, OA; Gaona-Flores, V; Graham, DR; Graybill, JR; Greenberg, RN; Hadley, S; Langston, A; Negroni, R; Pedicone, L; Perfect, JR; Pitisuttithum, P; Raad, II; Restrepo, A; Schiller, G; Ullmann, AJ, 2006)	0.33
" Long-term therapy did not increase the risk of any individual adverse event, and no unique adverse event was observed with longer exposure to posaconazole."	( Safety of long-term oral posaconazole use in the treatment of refractory invasive fungal infections. Afif, C; Bustamante, AB; Cornely, OA; Gaona-Flores, V; Graham, DR; Graybill, JR; Greenberg, RN; Hadley, S; Langston, A; Negroni, R; Pedicone, L; Perfect, JR; Pitisuttithum, P; Raad, II; Restrepo, A; Schiller, G; Ullmann, AJ, 2006)	0.33
" Posaconazole was safe and well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of oral posaconazole in neutropenic stem cell transplant recipients. Anaissie, EJ; Dong, L; Gubbins, PO; Krishna, G; Martinho, M; Penzak, SR; Sansone-Parsons, A, 2006)	0.33
" Ascidians proved to be good models to study the toxic effects of pesticides since they offered both the convenience of working with an invertebrate species and the tissue sensitivity to chemical compound comparable to vertebrates."	( Toxic effects of two pesticides, Imazalil and Triadimefon, on the early development of the ascidian Phallusia mammillata (Chordata, Ascidiacea). Biggiogero, M; De Bernardi, F; Groppelli, S; Pennati, R; Sotgia, C; Zega, G, 2006)	0.33
" We calculated a risk-benefit analysis using the two global indices for the Women's Health Initiative and for Disease-Free Survival and Serious Adverse Events."	( Comprehensive side-effect profile of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: long-term safety analysis of the ATAC trial. Buzdar, A; Cuzick, J; Distler, W; Hoctin-Boes, G; Houghton, J; Howell, A; Locker, GY; Nabholtz, JM; Wale, C, 2006)	0.33
"At median follow-up of 68 months (range 1-93), treatment-related adverse events occurred significantly less often with anastrozole than with tamoxifen (1884 [61%] vs 2117 [68%]; p<0."	( Comprehensive side-effect profile of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: long-term safety analysis of the ATAC trial. Buzdar, A; Cuzick, J; Distler, W; Hoctin-Boes, G; Houghton, J; Howell, A; Locker, GY; Nabholtz, JM; Wale, C, 2006)	0.33
"Anastrozole is tolerated better than tamoxifen by postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer, and results in fewer serious adverse events."	( Comprehensive side-effect profile of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: long-term safety analysis of the ATAC trial. Buzdar, A; Cuzick, J; Distler, W; Hoctin-Boes, G; Houghton, J; Howell, A; Locker, GY; Nabholtz, JM; Wale, C, 2006)	0.33
" The incidence of hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal adverse experiences was not significantly different between sitagliptin and placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Caria, C; Hanefeld, M; Khatami, H; Raz, I; Williams-Herman, D; Xu, L, 2006)	0.33
"Bone loss may be a potential side effect of implementing aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant setting."	( Bone safety of aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen. Lønning, PE, 2006)	0.33
"Triazole fungicides associated with a range of reported male reproductive effects in experimental animals were selected to assess potential toxic modes of action."	( Disruption of testosterone homeostasis as a mode of action for the reproductive toxicity of triazole fungicides in the male rat. Best, DS; Blystone, CR; Dix, DJ; Goetz, AK; Narotsky, MG; Nichols, HP; Ren, H; Rockett, JC; Schmid, JE; Strader, LF; Thillainadarajah, I; Wolf, DC, 2007)	0.34
" Amide 25 is safe in a battery of in vitro and in vivo tests and may represent a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes."	( Discovery of ((4R,5S)-5-amino-4-(2,4,5- trifluorophenyl)cyclohex-1-enyl)-(3- (trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl)methanone (ABT-341), a highly potent, selective, orally efficacious, and safe dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibi Backes, BJ; Ballaron, SJ; Beno, DW; Fryer, RM; Judd, AS; Kempf-Grote, AJ; Li, X; Longenecker, K; Lubben, TH; Madar, DJ; Mika, AK; Mulhern, M; Pei, Z; Preusser, LC; Reinhart, GA; Sham, HL; Stashko, MA; Stewart, KD; Trevillyan, JM; von Geldern, TW; Yong, H; Zinker, BA, 2006)	0.33
" There was no increased risk of hypoglycemia or gastrointestinal adverse experiences with sitagliptin compared with placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Charbonnel, B; Karasik, A; Liu, J; Meininger, G; Wu, M, 2006)	0.33
" The particular mode of toxic and tumorigenic action for these compounds is not known, however it has been proposed that triadimefon-induced rat thyroid tumors arise through the specific mechanism of increased TSH."	( Toxicity profiles in rats treated with tumorigenic and nontumorigenic triazole conazole fungicides: Propiconazole, triadimefon, and myclobutanil. Allen, JW; Delker, D; George, MH; Hester, SD; Jones, C; Leavitt, S; Moore, T; Nelson, G; Nesnow, S; Roop, BC; Sun, G; Thai, SF; Thibodeaux, J; Winkfield, E; Wolf, DC, 2006)	0.33
"Characterization of the effects of aircraft deicer and anti-icer fluid (ADAF) runoff on aquatic organisms in receiving streams is a complex issue because the identities of numerous toxic additives are proprietary and not publicly available."	( Aquatic toxicity of nine aircraft deicer and anti-icer formulations and relative toxicity of additive package ingredients alkylphenol ethoxylates and 4,5-methyl-1H-henzotriazoles. Corsi, SR; Geis, SW; Loyo-Rosales, JE; Rice, CP, 2006)	0.53
"In an analysis of 28 treatment courses, 6 patients presented with neurological adverse events (hallucination, encephalopathy, and visual disturbance)."	( Neurological adverse events to voriconazole: evidence for therapeutic drug monitoring. Imhof, A; Schaer, DJ; Schanz, U; Schwarz, U, 2006)	0.33
"Our findings demonstrate that elevated sVL is associated with neurological adverse events, and measurement of its serum concentration could improve voriconazole treatment and safety."	( Neurological adverse events to voriconazole: evidence for therapeutic drug monitoring. Imhof, A; Schaer, DJ; Schanz, U; Schwarz, U, 2006)	0.33
" Tamoxifen treatment is limited to 5 years because of the development of de novo and acquired resistance, and an ongoing risk of adverse events, including endometrial cancer, thromboembolic events, and gynecological symptoms with long-term use."	( Aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: Putting safety issues into perspective. Conte, P; Frassoldati, A, )	0.13
" Toxicity assessment of new 1,2,4-triazoles revealed significant differences in their toxic potential, and the results indicate the same sensitivity profile among the assays as observed with the standard compounds."	( Assessing the data quality in predictive toxicology using a panel of cell lines and cytotoxicity assays. Pohjala, L; Samanta, SK; Tammela, P; Vuorela, P; Yli-Kauhaluoma, J, 2007)	0.62
"Data contained in the French national pharmacovigilance database confirm the hepatic, cardiac, visual and cutaneous adverse effects of voriconazole, and the risk of drug interactions."	( Voriconazole: serious adverse effects and interactions. , 2007)	0.34
" This article speculates that cyclosporine eye drops would also be useful for any disease causing ectropion or eclabion of the eye as well as toxic epidermal necrolysis-related eye pathology (in particular corneal scarring)."	( A review of deferasirox, bortezomib, dasatinib, and cyclosporine eye drops: possible uses and known side effects in cutaneous medicine. Scheinfeld, N, 2007)	0.34
" No larvae died and no adverse effects were found on embryonic development at concentrations up to 3125 microg/L."	( Toxicity of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) eggs, larvae and breeding adults. Spear, PA; Sun, L; Wang, Z; Zha, J, 2007)	0.34
" The concordance of in vivo observations and gene expression findings demonstrated the ability of genomics to accurately categorize chemicals, identify toxic mechanisms of action, and predict subsequent pathological responses."	( Toxicogenomic study of triazole fungicides and perfluoroalkyl acids in rat livers predicts toxicity and categorizes chemicals based on mechanisms of toxicity. Ayanoglu, E; Brennan, RJ; Corton, JC; Dix, DJ; Hu, W; Kavlock, RJ; Lau, C; Martin, MT; Ren, H; Wood, CR, 2007)	0.34
"Voriconazole seems to be safe as a fortifying agent for cornea storage medium."	( Efficacy and safety of voriconazole as an additive in Optisol GS: a preservation medium for corneal donor tissue. Dahl, P; Hu, DN; Koplin, RS; Meskin, SW; Perez, W; Ritterband, DC; Seedor, JA; Shah, MK; Yang, R, 2007)	0.34
"The most common adverse effects of voriconazole reported during clinical trials were disturbances of vision (30% of pts."	( Adverse effects of voriconazole: analysis of the French Pharmacovigilance Database. Blayac, JP; Cociglio, M; Djezzar, S; Eiden, C; Hansel, S; Hillaire-Buys, D; Peyrière, H, 2007)	0.34
"To describe voriconazole adverse drug effects (ADEs) after 4 years of the drug's availability in France and determine their occurrence."	( Adverse effects of voriconazole: analysis of the French Pharmacovigilance Database. Blayac, JP; Cociglio, M; Djezzar, S; Eiden, C; Hansel, S; Hillaire-Buys, D; Peyrière, H, 2007)	0.34
" The most frequently reported treatment-related adverse event was vomiting (4/100, 4%) during the early follow-up period (on or before day 105) and elevated hepatic enzymes (3/51, 6%) during the long-term follow-up (after day 105)."	( Safety and efficacy of posaconazole in the long-term treatment of azole-refractory oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in patients with HIV infection. Boparai, N; Isaacs, R; Lennox, JL; Skiest, DJ; Tissot-Dupont, H; Vazquez, JA, )	0.13
" This may pose a risk to benthic and epibenthic organisms and it is crucial that toxicity tests that are available for environmental risk assessment can identify potentially adverse effects of sediment-associated substances on benthic organisms, such as harpacticoid copepods."	( Development and reproduction of the freshwater harpacticoid copepod Attheyella crassa for assessing sediment-associated toxicity. Adolfsson-Erici, M; Bengtsson, BE; Breitholtz, M; Minten, J; Stiernström, S; Turesson, EU, 2007)	0.34
" 47%) and drug-related adverse experiences (AEs) (15 vs."	( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on glimepiride alone or on glimepiride and metformin. Fanurik, D; Hermansen, K; Khatami, H; Kipnes, M; Luo, E; Stein, P, 2007)	0.34
" Careful postmarketing surveillance for adverse effects, especially among the DPP4 inhibitors, and continued evaluation in longer-term studies and in clinical practice are required to determine the role of this new class among current pharmacotherapies for type 2 diabetes."	( Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Amori, RE; Lau, J; Pittas, AG, 2007)	0.34
" Safety was evaluated on the basis of the occurrence of adverse events."	( Safety, tolerance, and efficacy of posaconazole therapy in patients with nonmeningeal disseminated or chronic pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Catanzaro, A; Cloud, GA; Galgiani, JN; Holloway, M; Johnson, RH; Levine, BE; Lutz, JE; Mirels, LF; Rendon, A; Stevens, DA; Williams, PL, 2007)	0.34
" In general, posaconazole therapy was well tolerated, with 12 of 20 patients reporting adverse events that were possibly or probably related to treatment."	( Safety, tolerance, and efficacy of posaconazole therapy in patients with nonmeningeal disseminated or chronic pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Catanzaro, A; Cloud, GA; Galgiani, JN; Holloway, M; Johnson, RH; Levine, BE; Lutz, JE; Mirels, LF; Rendon, A; Stevens, DA; Williams, PL, 2007)	0.34
" Generally, adverse events with AIs are predictable and manageable, whereas tamoxifen may be associated with life-threatening events in a minority of patients."	( Safety of aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant setting. Perez, EA, 2007)	0.34
" Clinical and laboratory adverse experiences were similar between treatments, with no reported hypoglycemia adverse events with sitagliptin."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Ahmed, T; Davies, MJ; Fujimoto, G; Hirayama, Y; Kakikawa, T; Kato, N; Nonaka, K; Okuyama, K; Sato, A; Stein, PP; Suzuki, H, 2008)	0.35
" Finally, the third CCR5 antagonist vicriviroc also showed long-term potent viral activity in phase II studies as long as it was boosted with low-dose ritonavir, with no significant differences in grade 3 and grade 4 adverse effects compared to placebo."	( CCR5 antagonists: comparison of efficacy, side effects, pharmacokinetics and interactions--review of the literature. Emmelkamp, JM; Rockstroh, JK, 2007)	0.34
"Previous analyses of adjuvant studies of aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen, including the Breast International Group (BIG) 1-98 study, have suggested a small numerical excess of cardiac adverse events (AEs) on aromatase inhibitors, a reduction in the incidence of hypercholesterolemia on tamoxifen, and significantly higher incidence of thromboembolic AEs on tamoxifen."	( Cardiovascular adverse events during adjuvant endocrine therapy for early breast cancer using letrozole or tamoxifen: safety analysis of BIG 1-98 trial. Castiglione-Gertsch, M; Coates, AS; Colleoni, M; Forbes, JF; Gelber, RD; Goldhirsch, A; Keshaviah, A; Mauriac, L; Mouridsen, H; Paridaens, R; Price, KN; Rabaglio, M; Smith, I; Sun, Z; Thürlimann, B, 2007)	0.34
" Compared with placebo, sitagliptin had a neutral effect on body weight and did not significantly increase the risk of hypoglycemia or gastrointestinal adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Alba, M; Amatruda, JM; Chen, Y; Hussain, S; Kaufman, KD; Langdon, RB; Raz, I; Stein, PP; Wu, M, 2008)	0.35
" Both active treatments were generally well tolerated, with no increased risk of hypoglycaemia or gastrointestinal adverse events compared with placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin when added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Davies, MJ; Engel, SS; Loeys, T; Scott, R, 2008)	0.35
" We present nine cases of painful neuromuscular disorders, an unusual and rare side effect of high-dose voriconazole in association with tacrolimus."	( Neuromuscular painful disorders: a rare side effect of voriconazole in lung transplant patients under tacrolimus. Amrein, C; Bergé, MM; Billaud, EM; Boussaud, V; Chevalier, P; Daudet, N; Guillemain, R; Le Beller, C; Lillo-Le Louet, A, 2008)	0.35
" Toxicity and adverse events comprised elevated liver enzymes and visual disturbances."	( Treatment of invasive fungal infections in clinical practice: a multi-centre survey on customary dosing, treatment indications, efficacy and safety of voriconazole. Arenz, D; Böhme, A; Cornely, OA; Kiehl, MG; Kochanek, M; Pankraz, K; Reichert, D; Ullmann, AJ; Vehreschild, JJ, 2008)	0.35
"In our previous toxicity studies using young rats, we showed that an ultraviolet absorber, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)benzotriazole (HDBB), principally affected the liver, and male rats had nearly 25 times higher susceptibility to the toxic effects than females."	( Lack of gender-related difference in the toxicity of 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)benzotriazole in preweaning rats. Ema, M; Hirata-Koizumi, M; Hirose, A; Imai, T; Kamata, E; Matsuyama, T, 2008)	0.35
" There were no serious adverse events in any of these studies, and doses up to 900 mg were generally well tolerated, with postural hypotension being the dose-limiting event."	( Assessment of the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of maraviroc, a novel CCR5 antagonist, in healthy volunteers. Abel, S; Medhurst, CG; Muirhead, GJ; Ridgway, CE; Rosario, MC; Taylor-Worth, RJ; van der Ryst, E, 2008)	0.35
" It does not significantly influence the activity of major drug-metabolizing enzymes and is well tolerated at clinically relevant doses, with most adverse events being mild or moderate."	( Assessment of the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of maraviroc, a novel CCR5 antagonist, in healthy volunteers. Abel, S; Medhurst, CG; Muirhead, GJ; Ridgway, CE; Rosario, MC; Taylor-Worth, RJ; van der Ryst, E, 2008)	0.35
" In accord with its clinical disposition, nefazodone was the most toxic compound of the three, trazodone had relatively modest effects, whereas buspirone showed the least toxicity."	( In vitro assessment of mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity of nefazodone, trazodone, and buspirone. Dunn, MC; Dykens, JA; Jamieson, JD; Marroquin, LD; Nadanaciva, S; Smith, AR; Will, Y; Xu, JJ, 2008)	0.35
" In addition, data on laboratory values, adverse events, sirolimus concentrations, and concomitant drugs, including cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A isoenzyme and P-glycoprotein inhibitors and inducers, were collected for 7 days before, during, and for 14 days after coadministration."	( Concurrent administration of sirolimus and voriconazole: a pilot study assessing safety and approaches to appropriate management. Carver, PL; DePestel, DD; Surowiec, D, 2008)	0.35
" The overall incidence of adverse experiences was generally similar between groups."	( Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic renal insufficiency. Amatruda, JM; Arjona Ferreira, JC; Chan, JC; Davies, MJ; Gonzalez, E; Kaufman, KD; Scott, R; Sheng, D; Stein, PP; Williams-Herman, D, 2008)	0.35
" Propiconazole is a mouse liver hepatotoxicant and a hepatocarcinogen that has adverse reproductive and developmental toxicities in experimental animals."	( Cytotoxic effects of propiconazole and its metabolites in mouse and human hepatoma cells and primary mouse hepatocytes. Chen, PJ; Moore, T; Nesnow, S, 2008)	0.35
" In the interim, 1-year data show that deferasirox was well tolerated, with generally infrequent and mild adverse events."	( A safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation of deferasirox (Exjade, ICL670) in patients with transfusion-dependent anemias and iron-overload: a Phase I study in Japan. Hata, T; Ishikawa, T; Kato, J; Kondo, M; Miyazawa, K; Mori, H; Nakao, S; Ohyashiki, K; Omine, M; Ozawa, K; Rojkjaer, L; Taniguchi, J; Tanii, H; Tatsumi, Y; Urabe, A, 2008)	0.35
" Previously, we showed that male rats had more than a 100 times higher susceptibility to the toxic effects of DBHCB than females."	( Gender-related difference in the toxicity of ultraviolet absorber 2-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole in rats. Ema, M; Hirata-Koizumi, M; Hirose, A; Imai, T; Kamata, E; Matsuyama, T, 2008)	0.35
" However, despite these fatalities it would appear that there is no regular monitoring of such toxicities or of effects such as the accumulation of toxic metals."	( Update on toxicity and efficacy aspects of treatment with deferasirox and its implication on the morbidity and mortality of transfused iron loaded patients. Kontoghiorghes, GJ, 2008)	0.35
" Possible toxic effects and IC50 were evaluated after 24 hours and under conditions of oxidative stress."	( Intravitreal voriconazole: in vitro safety-profile for fungal endophthalmitis. De Kaspar, HM; Kampik, A; Kernt, M; Neubauer, AS, 2009)	0.35
" Clinical application of voriconazole for the treatment of aspergillosis in birds appears to be promising, because this drug has a high effectiveness and wide tissue distribution, and long-term treatment did not cause clinical signs of adverse effects or organ damage in chickens."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue concentrations, and safety of the antifungal agent voriconazole in chickens. Burhenne, J; Haefeli, WE; Hess, M; Scope, A, 2008)	0.35
"Results of the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial have shown that tamoxifen is associated with a significantly higher incidence of gynecologic adverse events than anastrozole."	( A lower incidence of gynecologic adverse events and interventions with anastrozole than with tamoxifen in the ATAC trial. Baum, M; Cuzick, J; Distler, W; Duffy, SR; Howell, A, 2009)	0.35
"This was a retrospective analysis of all gynecologic adverse events and interventions conducted in patients receiving anastrozole or tamoxifen in the main ATAC trial database."	( A lower incidence of gynecologic adverse events and interventions with anastrozole than with tamoxifen in the ATAC trial. Baum, M; Cuzick, J; Distler, W; Duffy, SR; Howell, A, 2009)	0.35
"Women taking tamoxifen experienced significantly more gynecologic adverse events than those taking anastrozole (34."	( A lower incidence of gynecologic adverse events and interventions with anastrozole than with tamoxifen in the ATAC trial. Baum, M; Cuzick, J; Distler, W; Duffy, SR; Howell, A, 2009)	0.35
"The lower incidence of gynecologic adverse events and interventions with anastrozole and the early occurrence of these events provide further support for using anastrozole as the initial adjuvant treatment for early hormone receptor-positive breast cancer."	( A lower incidence of gynecologic adverse events and interventions with anastrozole than with tamoxifen in the ATAC trial. Baum, M; Cuzick, J; Distler, W; Duffy, SR; Howell, A, 2009)	0.35
" Deferasirox is generally well tolerated, with the most common adverse events being gastrointestinal disturbances and rash."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of deferasirox. Cappellini, MD, 2008)	0.35
" Clinical adverse events (AEs) were reported in 23."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes in China, India, and Korea. Amatruda, JM; Kaufman, KD; Langdon, RB; Mohan, V; Noble, L; Son, HY; Stein, PP; Xu, L; Yang, W, 2009)	0.35
"To investigate the safe use of 10% difenoconazole in planting Gentiana scabra."	( [Study on safe use of 10% difenoconazole in GAP of Gentiana scabra]. Chen, F; Liu, HK; Liu, HT; Xue, J; Zhang, BG; Zheng, YL, 2008)	0.35
" scabra collecting in different time were determined by GC with ECD detection, and the half life of difenoconazole in the plant was calculated, and then the safe use method of 10% difenoconazole was formulated."	( [Study on safe use of 10% difenoconazole in GAP of Gentiana scabra]. Chen, F; Liu, HK; Liu, HT; Xue, J; Zhang, BG; Zheng, YL, 2008)	0.35
" Drug-related adverse events were mostly mild to moderate and resolved without discontinuing treatment."	( Efficacy and safety of deferasirox, an oral iron chelator, in heavily iron-overloaded patients with beta-thalassaemia: the ESCALATOR study. Al Jefri, A; Al Zir, K; Daar, S; El-Beshlawy, A; Elalfy, MS; Habr, D; Hmissi, A; Kriemler-Krahn, U; Taher, A, 2009)	0.35
" A high index of suspicion for this adverse reaction in the post-alloHCT setting will prevent misdiagnosis and avoid inappropriate therapy for cGVHD."	( Voriconazole-induced phototoxicity masquerading as chronic graft-versus-host disease of the skin in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Baird, K; Cowen, EW; Gea-Banacloche, J; Mitchell, S; Patel, AR; Pavletic, SZ; Turner, ML; Wise, B, 2009)	0.35
" The incidence of gastrointestinal adverse experiences with the co-administration of sitagliptin and metformin was similar to that observed with metformin alone."	( Efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 54-week study. Amatruda, JM; Davies, MJ; Goldstein, BJ; Johnson, J; Kaufman, KD; Luo, E; Teng, R; Williams-Herman, D, 2009)	0.35
" These recommended initial dosages and subsequent dose adjustment for the target concentration range by therapeutic drug monitoring should avoid adverse events and thus enable continued effective voriconazole therapy for Japanese patients with mycoses."	( Correlation between voriconazole trough plasma concentration and hepatotoxicity in patients with different CYP2C19 genotypes. Abematsu, K; Fukamizu, T; Fukunaga, N; Ikawa, K; Matsumoto, K; Morikawa, N; Nishida, K; Shimodozono, Y; Takeda, Y; Yamada, K, 2009)	0.35
"The main focus of this study was to determine the optimal administration period in terms of toxic effects on ovarian morphological changes."	( Collaborative work on evaluation of ovarian toxicity. 8) Two- or four-week repeated-dose studies and fertility study of Anastrozole in female rats. Furukawa, T; Manabe, S; Matsuyama, T; Saitoh, W; Sakurai, K; Sanbuissho, A; Shirai, M; Teranishi, M, 2009)	0.35
" The patient showed prompt and stable suppression of cryptococcosis and plasma viremia of HIV at long-term follow-up (66 wk), with no significant adverse events."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of TDM-assisted combination of voriconazole plus efavirenz in an AIDS patient with cryptococcosis and liver cirrhosis. Carbonara, S; Ciracì, E; Cusato, M; Heichen, M; Monno, L; Regazzi, M; Stano, F; Villani, P, 2009)	0.35
" Possible toxic effects of voriconazole (10 microg /mL-10mg/mL) in corneal endothelial cells (CEC), primary human trabecular meshwork cells (TMC), and primary human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were evaluated after 24h and under conditions of inflammatory stress by treatment with tumor-necrosis-factor alpha (TNF-alpha), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), or interleukin-6 (IL-6) and hydrogen peroxide."	( Intracameral voriconazole: in vitro safety for human ocular cells. Kampik, A; Kernt, M, 2009)	0.35
" The only adverse effects attributable to deferasirox were rashes in two patients."	( Safety and outcomes of open-label deferasirox iron chelation therapy for mucormycosis. Andes, D; Anglim, A; Bonilla, H; Ibrahim, AS; Mathisen, GE; Perez, M; Spellberg, B; Walsh, TJ, 2009)	0.35
"The authors present materials on experimental basis of approximate safe level of exposure to new anti-flu medication Triazavirin in air of workplace."	( [Basing approximate safe level of exposure to Triazavirin in air of workplace]. Bitti, MA; Cherkashchenko, OS; D'iakova, LI; Lukovnikova, LV; Sidorin, GI; Skhodkina, NI, 2009)	0.35
"Although anastrozole (ANA), an aromatase inhibitor (AI), has been widely used for breast cancer patients; adverse events during ANA therapy in Japanese patients have not been reported."	( Adverse events and bone health during anastrozole therapy in postmenopausal Japanese breast cancer patients. Ando, M; Baba, S; Dokiya, F; Douchi, T; Kosha, S; Matsuyama, Y; Ohi, Y; Rai, Y; Sagara, Y; Tamada, S, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse events during ANA therapy, such as musculoskeletal effects and cerebro- and cardiovascular accidents, were investigated over a 5-year period."	( Adverse events and bone health during anastrozole therapy in postmenopausal Japanese breast cancer patients. Ando, M; Baba, S; Dokiya, F; Douchi, T; Kosha, S; Matsuyama, Y; Ohi, Y; Rai, Y; Sagara, Y; Tamada, S, 2010)	0.36
"Incidence of adverse events during AI therapy in this Japanese postmenopausal population appears to be lower than that of the ATAC trial."	( Adverse events and bone health during anastrozole therapy in postmenopausal Japanese breast cancer patients. Ando, M; Baba, S; Dokiya, F; Douchi, T; Kosha, S; Matsuyama, Y; Ohi, Y; Rai, Y; Sagara, Y; Tamada, S, 2010)	0.36
"Previously, we showed that the toxic susceptibility of male rats to an ultraviolet absorber, 2-(2'-hydroxy- 3',5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)benzotriazole (HDBB), was nearly 25 times higher than that of females."	( Gender-related difference in the toxicity of 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)benzotriazole in rats: relationship to the plasma concentration, in vitro hepatic metabolism, and effects on hepatic metabolizing enzyme activity. Ema, M; Hirata-Koizumi, M; Hirose, A; Kamata, E; Kawabata, M; Matsuno, K; Matsuyama, T; Yajima, K, 2009)	0.35
" Safety evaluations included spontaneously reported adverse events, clinical laboratory test results, electrocardiograms and vital sign measurements."	( Tolerability and safety profile of posaconazole: evaluation of 18 controlled studies in healthy volunteers. Krishna, G; Moton, A; Wang, Z, 2009)	0.35
" The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events reported with posaconazole was similar to that seen with placebo (57% vs."	( Tolerability and safety profile of posaconazole: evaluation of 18 controlled studies in healthy volunteers. Krishna, G; Moton, A; Wang, Z, 2009)	0.35
"Mechanistic and stereoselective based in vitro metabolism assays were utlilized to gain insight into the toxic mode of action of the 1,2,4-triazole fungicide, triadimefon, with black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae."	( Mechanistic approach to understanding the toxicity of the azole fungicide triadimefon to a nontarget aquatic insect and implications for exposure assessment. Kellock, KA; Kenneke, JF; Mazur, CS; Overmyer, JP, 2009)	0.35
" DPP-4 inhibitors are safe and tolerable with no increased risk of adverse events compared to placebo and have a low risk of hypoglycaemia."	( Clinical results of treating type 2 diabetic patients with sitagliptin, vildagliptin or saxagliptin--diabetes control and potential adverse events. Ahrén, B, 2009)	0.35
" Our results confirmed that longterm postoperative therapy with UFT alone was feasible, provided that early adverse events are carefully monitored."	( [Safety and compliance with UFT (tegafur and uracil) alone and in combination with hormone therapy in patients with breast cancer]. Noguchi, S; Taguchi, T, 2009)	0.35
" The adverse event profile in patients who received deferasirox doses of >30 mg/kg per d was consistent with previously published data."	( Efficacy and safety of deferasirox doses of >30 mg/kg per d in patients with transfusion-dependent anaemia and iron overload. Cappellini, MD; Clark, J; Galanello, R; Habr, D; Lawniczek, T; Piga, A; Porter, JB; Taher, A; Vichinsky, E, 2009)	0.35
"We concluded that long-term exposure of astrocytes to ethanol is more toxic than acute exposure."	( Comparison of ethanol and acetaldehyde toxicity in rat astrocytes in primary culture. Lipnik-Stangelj, M; Sarc, L, 2009)	0.35
" These data suggest that fungal prophylaxis with VOR following allogeneic transplantation is safe and effective."	( Voriconazole is safe and effective as prophylaxis for early and late fungal infections following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Damon, L; Guglielmo, BJ; Hwang, J; Kaplan, L; Linker, C; Martin, T; O'Malley, R; Sharma, M; Working, M, 2010)	0.36
" They are involved in therapeutic drug monitoring, particularly for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, prevention and management of drug interactions, and may be called in to identify side effects and adverse events related to drug therapy."	( [Designing a tool to describe drug interactions and adverse events for learning and clinical routine]. Allenet, B; Auzéric, M; Bedouch, P; Bellemère, J; Charpiat, B; Conort, O; Juste, M; Rose, FX; Roubille, R, 2009)	0.35
" The most common adverse effects observed in rufinamide-treated patients in the double-blind studies were somnolence, vomiting, and headache."	( Safety and tolerability of rufinamide in children with epilepsy: a pooled analysis of 7 clinical studies. Conry, J; Krauss, G; LoPresti, A; Mann, A; Narurkar, M; Wheless, JW, 2009)	0.35
" Drug discontinuation because of adverse events occurred in 15 patients (21%) receiving voriconazole and six (11%) receiving itraconazole (P=0."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous voriconazole and intravenous itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Alvarado, G; Blamble, D; Cortes, J; Faderl, S; Hernandez, M; Kantarjian, H; Koller, C; Mattiuzzi, GN; Pierce, S; Verstovsek, S; Xiao, L, 2011)	0.37
" In oral repeated dose toxicity studies using 5- or 6-week-old rats, this chemical induced hepatic histopathological changes, such as hypertrophy accompanied with eosinophilic granular changes and focal necrosis of hepatocytes, and male rats showed nearly 25 times higher susceptibility to the toxic effects than females."	( Disappearance of gender-related difference in the toxicity of benzotriazole ultraviolet absorber in juvenile rats. Ema, M; Hirata-Koizumi, M; Hirose, A; Imai, T; Kamata, E; Matsuyama, T, 2009)	0.35
" Fluconazole, available for over two decades, is safe and effective in patients with cancer; however, the excellent safety profile of fluconazole may not be applicable to the newer triazoles."	( Safety of triazole antifungal drugs in patients with cancer. Chandrasekar, PH; Cronin, S, 2010)	0.55
"During the first 6 weeks of follow-up, only two major adverse cardiac events occurred (one de novo stenosis and one instent-restenosis) in the first 36 patients."	( Safety and efficacy of SITAgliptin plus GRanulocyte-colony-stimulating factor in patients suffering from Acute Myocardial Infarction (SITAGRAMI-Trial)--rationale, design and first interim analysis. Brenner, C; Engelmann, MG; Franz, WM; Henschel, V; Huber, B; Mansmann, U; Reiser, M; Steinbeck, G; Theiss, HD; Wintersperger, B; Zaruba, MM, 2010)	0.36
"Our data demonstrate that the combined application of Sitagliptin and G-CSF seems to be safe on the short term and feasible after acute myocardial infarction and may represent a new therapeutic option in future."	( Safety and efficacy of SITAgliptin plus GRanulocyte-colony-stimulating factor in patients suffering from Acute Myocardial Infarction (SITAGRAMI-Trial)--rationale, design and first interim analysis. Brenner, C; Engelmann, MG; Franz, WM; Henschel, V; Huber, B; Mansmann, U; Reiser, M; Steinbeck, G; Theiss, HD; Wintersperger, B; Zaruba, MM, 2010)	0.36
" Voriconazole therapy with monitoring appears to be reasonably safe for use in HSCT recipients at high risk for invasive fungal infections."	( Hepatic safety of voriconazole after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Amigues, I; Barker, J; Chung, D; Cohen, N; Jakubowski, A; Papanicolaou, GA; Plescia, C; Seo, SK, 2010)	0.36
" The incidence of gastrointestinal-related adverse experiences was substantially lower with sitagliptin (11."	( Efficacy and safety of monotherapy of sitagliptin compared with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Aschner, P; Goldstein, BJ; Guo, H; Katzeff, HL; Kaufman, KD; Sunga, S; Williams-Herman, D, 2010)	0.36
" Although both treatments were generally well tolerated, a lower incidence of gastrointestinal-related adverse experiences was observed with sitagliptin."	( Efficacy and safety of monotherapy of sitagliptin compared with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Aschner, P; Goldstein, BJ; Guo, H; Katzeff, HL; Kaufman, KD; Sunga, S; Williams-Herman, D, 2010)	0.36
" In conclusion, based on a limited number of animals, voriconazole applied at a regimen of 10 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) q24h seems to be a safe and effective antimycotic drug to eliminate CANV infections in bearded dragons."	( Voriconazole, a safe alternative for treating infections caused by the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Baert, K; Beernaert, L; de Backer, P; Haesebrouck, F; Hellebuyck, T; Martel, A; Pasmans, F; van Rooij, P; Van Waeyenberghe, L, 2010)	0.36
" The incidences of gastrointestinal adverse experiences were generally lower in the sitagliptin group and similar between the metformin monotherapy and combination groups."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin and metformin as initial combination therapy and as monotherapy over 2 years in patients with type 2 diabetes. Amatruda, JM; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, G; Johnson, J; Kaufman, KD; Teng, R; Williams-Herman, D, 2010)	0.36
" Except for nausea in 9 patients, no clinical adverse event or laboratory abnormality could be attributed to posaconazole."	( Efficacy, safety, and breakthrough infections associated with standard long-term posaconazole antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients. Bartoni, K; Schiller, GJ; Territo, MC; Winston, DJ, 2011)	0.37
"0 introduced the collection of attribution of adverse events (AEs) to study drug."	( Evaluation of the value of attribution in the interpretation of adverse event data: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group and American College of Surgeons Oncology Group investigation. Ballman, KV; Bot, B; Buckner, JC; DeMatteo, RP; Hillman, SL; Mandrekar, SJ; Nelson, H; Perez, EA; Sargent, DJ, 2010)	0.36
" Voriconazole therapy was safe and well tolerated in pediatric and adult patients."	( Voriconazole pharmacokinetics and safety in immunocompromised children compared to adult patients. Basara, N; Bierbach, U; Frenzel, K; Lange, T; Mauz-Körholz, C; Michael, C; Niederwieser, D; Preiss, R, 2010)	0.36
"As Voriconazole is being used more frequently in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, we aimed to describe the adverse events associated with voriconazole treatment in this population."	( Voriconazole inhibition of vitamin A metabolism: are adverse events increased in cystic fibrosis patients? Cheng, MP; Lands, LC; Ovetchkine, P; Paquette, K; Quach, C; Théoret, Y, 2010)	0.36
"Significant adverse effects of voriconazole were noted in all treated CF patients."	( Voriconazole inhibition of vitamin A metabolism: are adverse events increased in cystic fibrosis patients? Cheng, MP; Lands, LC; Ovetchkine, P; Paquette, K; Quach, C; Théoret, Y, 2010)	0.36
" The most frequent adverse events with exenatide and sitagliptin were nausea (n=38, 24%, and n=16, 10%, respectively) and diarrhoea (n=29, 18%, and n=16, 10%, respectively); upper-respiratory-tract infection (n=17, 10%) and peripheral oedema (n=13, 8%) were the most frequent events with pioglitazone."	( Efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus sitagliptin or pioglitazone as an adjunct to metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes (DURATION-2): a randomised trial. Bergenstal, RM; Macconell, L; Malloy, J; Malone, J; Porter, LE; Walsh, B; Wilhelm, K; Wysham, C; Yan, P, 2010)	0.36
" After 12 weeks, the incidences of clinical adverse experiences (AEs), drug-related AEs and gastrointestinal AEs in the sitagliptin group (48."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin monotherapy compared with voglibose in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind trial. Amatruda, JM; Arjona Ferreira, JC; Iwamoto, Y; Kadowaki, T; Nishii, M; Nonaka, K; Tajima, N; Taniguchi, T, 2010)	0.36
" The most common treatment-related adverse event was increased gamma glutamyl transpeptidase levels."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of voriconazole in immunocompromised children. Arrieta, AC; Driscoll, T; Groll, AH; Jafri, H; Klein, NJ; Lutsar, I; Milligan, PA; Schlamm, H; Walsh, TJ; Wood, ND, 2010)	0.36
" Exposure-adjusted rates of adverse events were similar with maraviroc or placebo."	( Two-year safety and virologic efficacy of maraviroc in treatment-experienced patients with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection: 96-week combined analysis of MOTIVATE 1 and 2. Fätkenheuer, G; Goodrich, J; Gulick, RM; Hardy, WD; Heera, J; Mayer, H; Nelson, M; Rajicic, N, 2010)	0.36
" For this purpose, in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing and the development of efficient and safe treatment protocols are required."	( Developing a safe antifungal treatment protocol to eliminate Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis from amphibians. Baert, K; Debacker, P; Ducatelle, R; Garner, TW; Haesebrouck, F; Martel, A; Pasmans, F; Van Rooij, P; Van Waeyenberghe, L; Vercauteren, G; Woeltjes, T, 2011)	0.37
" Maraviroc recipients had greater CD4 increases (+ 212 vs + 171 cells/mm(3)) and fewer adverse event discontinuations (6."	( Efficacy and safety of maraviroc versus efavirenz, both with zidovudine/lamivudine: 96-week results from the MERIT study. Burnside, R; Craig, C; Di Perri, G; Frank, I; Goodrich, J; Heera, J; Mayer, H; McCracken, J; Pontani, D; Saag, M; Sierra-Madero, J; Wood, R, )	0.13
" Both treatments were generally well tolerated; incidence and types of adverse events were comparable between groups."	( Efficacy and safety of saxagliptin in combination with metformin compared with sitagliptin in combination with metformin in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Charpentier, G; Gause-Nilsson, I; Hellqvist, A; Ostgren, CJ; Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
"We performed a case-control genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with musculoskeletal adverse events (MS-AEs) in women treated with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) for early breast cancer."	( Genome-wide associations and functional genomic studies of musculoskeletal adverse events in women receiving aromatase inhibitors. Batzler, A; Chapman, JA; Ellis, MJ; Flockhart, DA; Goetz, MP; Goss, PE; Ingle, JN; Jenkins, GD; Kubo, M; Liu, M; Mushiroda, T; Nakamura, Y; Pater, J; Pritchard, KI; Rohrer, DC; Schaid, DJ; Shepherd, L; Stearns, V; Wang, L; Weinshilboum, RM, 2010)	0.36
" Cases were matched to two controls and were defined as patients with grade 3 or 4 MS-AEs (according to the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3."	( Genome-wide associations and functional genomic studies of musculoskeletal adverse events in women receiving aromatase inhibitors. Batzler, A; Chapman, JA; Ellis, MJ; Flockhart, DA; Goetz, MP; Goss, PE; Ingle, JN; Jenkins, GD; Kubo, M; Liu, M; Mushiroda, T; Nakamura, Y; Pater, J; Pritchard, KI; Rohrer, DC; Schaid, DJ; Shepherd, L; Stearns, V; Wang, L; Weinshilboum, RM, 2010)	0.36
" These findings provide a focus for further research to identify patients at risk for MS-AEs and to explore the mechanisms for these adverse events."	( Genome-wide associations and functional genomic studies of musculoskeletal adverse events in women receiving aromatase inhibitors. Batzler, A; Chapman, JA; Ellis, MJ; Flockhart, DA; Goetz, MP; Goss, PE; Ingle, JN; Jenkins, GD; Kubo, M; Liu, M; Mushiroda, T; Nakamura, Y; Pater, J; Pritchard, KI; Rohrer, DC; Schaid, DJ; Shepherd, L; Stearns, V; Wang, L; Weinshilboum, RM, 2010)	0.36
" It is generally well tolerated, with a similar side-effect profile to placebo in controlled studies."	( Hepatic safety and tolerability in the maraviroc clinical development program. Alston, S; Ayoub, A; Goodrich, J; Heera, J; Hoepelman, AI; Lalezari, J; Mayer, H; Mchale, M; Nelson, M; van der Ryst, E, 2010)	0.36
" Secondary endpoints included an incidence of other adverse drug events."	( Evaluation of hepatotoxicity with off-label oral-treatment doses of voriconazole for invasive fungal infections. Esterly, JS; Fotis, M; Gorski, E; Postelnick, M; Scheetz, MH; Trifilio, S, 2011)	0.37
" Frequently reported adverse effects of voriconazole include visual disturbance (21 %), elevated liver enzymes (15."	( Severe phototoxicity associated with long-term voriconazole treatment. Höger, PH; Ott, H; Schrum, J; Vöhringer, S, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse reactions were observed in 12 patients (15%) (nausea in 5, rash in 5, headache in 1, and lethargy in 1), leading to withdrawal of treatment for 9 patients."	( Efficacy and safety of posaconazole for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Baxter, C; Denning, DW; Felton, TW; Hope, WW; Moore, CB; Roberts, SA, 2010)	0.36
"Posaconazole is a safe and partially effective treatment for CPA."	( Efficacy and safety of posaconazole for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Baxter, C; Denning, DW; Felton, TW; Hope, WW; Moore, CB; Roberts, SA, 2010)	0.36
" Twenty-six of 264 patients died during the study, 53 patients experienced a serious adverse event (five treatment related), and 10 withdrew due to all-causality adverse events (AEs)."	( Utilisation, efficacy and safety of voriconazole: prospective, non-interventional study on treatment of IFIs in clinical practice. Böhme, A; Heinz, WJ; Silling, G, 2011)	0.37
" Voriconazole-induced hepatotoxicity is a well known dose-dependent adverse drug reaction."	( Management of voriconazole hepatotoxicity in a lung transplant patient. Bedouch, P; Belaiche, S; Pison, C; Quetant, S; Roustit, M; Saint-Raymond, C, 2011)	0.37
" Safety endpoints included adverse events (AEs) and hypoglycaemia."	( Efficacy and safety of insulin detemir once daily in combination with sitagliptin and metformin: the TRANSITION randomized controlled trial. Hollander, P; Liutkus, JF; Raslova, K; Råstam, J; Skjøth, TV, 2011)	0.37
" Further acute toxicity evaluation indicated low toxic effect of the (N-dodecylcarbamoyl)methyl enone glyceroside α-anomer and of the carbamoylmethyl dienepyranosides N-protected with propargyl or benzyl groups."	( Synthesis of sugars embodying conjugated carbonyl systems and related triazole derivatives from carboxymethyl glycoside lactones. Evaluation of their antimicrobial activity and toxicity. Chambert, S; Goulart, M; Justino, J; Neves, A; Queneau, Y; Rauter, AP; Xavier, NM, 2011)	0.37
"Therapy with deferasirox is safe in paediatric patients with thalassaemia major."	( Safety and efficacy of deferasirox in multitransfused Indian children with β-thalassaemia major. Chandra, J; Chaudhary, H; Dutta, AK; Pemde, H; Singh, V, 2011)	0.37
"Many varieties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) show resistance to herbicides; while this ability was frequently attributed to alterations in the target sites of the herbicide's action of the plant or to an efficient oxidative metabolism, little attention has been paid to glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), which are a family of detoxifying enzymes involved in the inactivation of many toxic compounds."	( Glutathione S-transferases of italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum): activity toward some chemicals, safener modulation and persistence of atrazine and fluorodifen in the shoots. Del Buono, D; Ioli, G, 2011)	0.37
" The safety profile of voriconazole includes transient visual adverse events (VAEs) that resolve while undergoing treatment or after its discontinuation."	( Long-term visual safety of voriconazole in adult patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. de Queiroz-Telles, F; Fraunfelder, FT; Goodrich, J; Laties, AM; Moreira, AT; Sato, MT; Tomaszewski, K, 2010)	0.36
" Strict adherence to photoprotective measures can prevent the side effect of phototoxic eruption or prevent recurrence in patients who develop this adverse reaction without having to discontinue voriconazole."	( Voriconazole-associated phototoxicity. Cohen, PR; Riahi, RR, 2011)	0.37
" Exenatide once-weekly was generally well tolerated and adverse events were predominantly mild or moderate in intensity."	( DURATION-2: efficacy and safety of switching from maximum daily sitagliptin or pioglitazone to once-weekly exenatide. Bergenstal, R; Malloy, J; Malone, J; Taylor, K; Walsh, B; Wysham, C; Yan, P, 2011)	0.37
" Their potentially toxic effects on biota, particularly aquatic organisms, are of considerable concern."	( Acute toxicity of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers on freshwater crustacean (Daphnia pulex). Chang, KH; Isobe, T; Kim, JW; Tanabe, S, 2011)	0.37
" The toxic ratios of 48 h EC(50) (neonate)/48 h LOEC (embryo) for 5 PGRs were 19-512 times."	( Evaluation of acute toxicity and teratogenic effects of plant growth regulators by Daphnia magna embryo assay. Chang, SH; Lu, CY; Wang, KS, 2011)	0.37
" These data demonstrate that the parent forms of leflunomide and A77 1726 are more toxic to hepatocytes than their poorly characterized metabolites, indicating that the metabolic process of leflunomide is a detoxification step rather than an initiating event leading to toxicity."	( Hepatic cytochrome P450s attenuate the cytotoxicity induced by leflunomide and its active metabolite A77 1726 in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Greenhaw, J; Salminen, WF; Shi, Q; Yang, X, 2011)	0.37
" The most common reasons for discontinuation were withdrawal of consent (23·8%), lost to follow-up (9·2%) and adverse events (AEs) (7·6%)."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of deferasirox (Exjade) for up to 5 years in transfusional iron-overloaded patients with sickle cell disease. Bernaudin, F; Coates, T; Deng, W; Forni, GL; Gardner, R; Giannone, V; Griffel, L; Hassell, K; Heeney, MM; Inusa, B; Kutlar, A; Lane, P; Mathias, L; Porter, J; Tebbi, C; Vichinsky, E; Wilson, F, 2011)	0.37
"7%) discontinued because of adverse events."	( Iron chelation with deferasirox in adult and pediatric patients with thalassemia major: efficacy and safety during 5 years' follow-up. Agaoglu, L; Aydinok, Y; Bejaoui, M; Canatan, D; Cappellini, MD; Capra, M; Clark, J; Cohen, A; Dong, V; Drelichman, G; Economou, M; Fattoum, S; Griffel, L; Kattamis, A; Kilinc, Y; Perrotta, S; Piga, A; Porter, JB, 2011)	0.37
" These calculations permitted the establishment of theoretical reference limit values for human consumption of fish and the establishment of safe limits for the water pesticide concentration."	( Acute toxicity and bioconcentration of fungicide tebuconazole in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Andreu-Sánchez, O; Carrasco, JM; Jonsson, CM; Paraíba, LC, 2012)	0.38
" They provide lesser effect on PPG, similar reduction in body weight, and result in a potentially favorable adverse event profile compared with exenatide twice daily."	( Efficacy and safety of long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists compared with exenatide twice daily and sitagliptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hurren, KM; Pinelli, NR, 2011)	0.37
" The DFX treatment-related adverse events were observed."	( [Curative effects and safety of deferasirox in treatment of iron overload in children with β-thalassemia major]. Chen, GF; Chen, JJ; Gao, HY; Li, CG; Li, Q, 2011)	0.37
" Serum liver transaminase elevation was the most common adverse effect, followed by non-progressive elevation in serum creatinine level."	( [Curative effects and safety of deferasirox in treatment of iron overload in children with β-thalassemia major]. Chen, GF; Chen, JJ; Gao, HY; Li, CG; Li, Q, 2011)	0.37
" Serum liver transaminase elevation and non-progressive elevation in serum creatinine level are major adverse effects in DFX treatment."	( [Curative effects and safety of deferasirox in treatment of iron overload in children with β-thalassemia major]. Chen, GF; Chen, JJ; Gao, HY; Li, CG; Li, Q, 2011)	0.37
" Cytotoxicity tests demonstrated the dose-dependent toxic effect of voriconazole on HCECs."	( Cytotoxicity of voriconazole on cultured human corneal endothelial cells. Han, SB; Hyon, JY; Shin, YJ; Wee, WR, 2011)	0.37
" The aim of this study was to analyze risk factors for voriconazole-related severe adverse events (SAEs)."	( Voriconazole-related severe adverse events: clinical application of therapeutic drug monitoring in Korean patients. Choi, JH; Choi, SM; Han, S; Kim, SH; Kwon, EY; Kwon, JC; Lee, DG; Park, C; Park, SH; Yim, DS; Yoo, JH, 2011)	0.37
" A numerically higher incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events and a significantly lower incidence of oedema were observed with SITA/MET vs."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin and the fixed-dose combination of sitagliptin and metformin vs. pioglitazone in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. Engel, SS; Goldstein, BJ; Kaufman, KD; Lee, MA; Pérez-Monteverde, A; Seck, T; Sisk, CM; Williams-Herman, DE; Xu, L, 2011)	0.37
" The most common treatment-related adverse events were transient elevated liver function tests."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and safety of voriconazole intravenous-to-oral switch in immunocompromised children and healthy adults. Arrieta, A; Baruch, A; Blumer, J; Bradfield, SM; Driscoll, TA; Frangoul, H; Graham, ML; Krance, RA; Liu, P; Nemecek, E; Yu, LC, 2011)	0.37
" Treatment-related adverse events were reported for 18% (22/119) of patients."	( An observational efficacy and safety analysis of the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis using voriconazole. Aoun, M; Gadisseur, A; Jacobs, F; Selleslag, D; Sonet, A, 2012)	0.38
" Adverse effect of DFX included diarrhea, maculopapular skin rash and transient proteinuria that necessitated temporary stoppage of medication."	( Efficacy and safety of deferasirox for reducing total body and cardiac iron in thalassemia. Ahmed, J; Jankharia, B; Krishnan, P; Merchant, R, 2012)	0.38
" The most common adverse effects were nausea and vomiting, which occurred in three of the patients (13%)."	( Efficacy and safety of oral deferasirox treatment in the posttransplant period for patients who have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). Bahcebasi, S; Cetin, M; Deniz, K; Eser, B; Kaynar, L; Kurnaz, F; Ozturk, A; Pala, C; Sivgin, S; Unal, A; Uzer, E, 2012)	0.38
" Several kinds of adverse effects have been reported, including acute and chronic cutaneous adverse effects, mainly due to a phototoxicity mechanism."	( Phototoxicity and photocarcinogenesis associated with voriconazole. Blanche, S; Chosidow, O; Epaulard, O; Leccia, MT; Lortholary, O; Mamzer-Bruneel, MF; Ravaud, P; Thiebaut, A; Villier, C, 2011)	0.37
"Maraviroc is a generally safe and well-tolerated medication for the treatment of HIV-1 infection with a unique mechanism of action."	( Drug safety evaluation of maraviroc for the treatment of HIV infection. Hardy, WD; Rockstroh, JK; Wasmuth, JC, 2012)	0.38
"93 mg l(-1) while 1H-BT showed no adverse effects."	( Acute and chronic toxicity of benzotriazoles to aquatic organisms. Fries, E; Kiss, A; Oehlmann, J; Oetken, M; Seeland, A, 2012)	0.66
" However, it cannot be excluded that in winter with a higher usage of ADAFs environmental concentrations may well exceed the level that is considered safe for aquatic organisms."	( Acute and chronic toxicity of benzotriazoles to aquatic organisms. Fries, E; Kiss, A; Oehlmann, J; Oetken, M; Seeland, A, 2012)	0.66
" Common adverse events were as follows: EQW, nausea (11."	( Efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus metformin, pioglitazone, and sitagliptin used as monotherapy in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-4): a 26-week double-blind study. Boardman, MK; Chan, M; Cuddihy, RM; González, JG; Hanefeld, M; Kumar, A; Russell-Jones, D; Wolka, AM, 2012)	0.38
"Health-related quality of life (HRQOL), symptoms of depression, and adverse events (AEs) were compared between Japanese postmenopausal patients with hormone-sensitive breast cancer (BC) who received adjuvant tamoxifen, exemestane, or anastrozole in an open-labeled, randomized, multicenter trial designated as the National Surgical Adjuvant Study of Breast Cancer (N-SAS BC) 04 substudy of the Tamoxifen Exemestane Adjuvant Multinational (TEAM) trial."	( Health-related quality of life, psychological distress, and adverse events in postmenopausal women with breast cancer who receive tamoxifen, exemestane, or anastrozole as adjuvant endocrine therapy: National Surgical Adjuvant Study of Breast Cancer 04 (N- Hozumi, Y; Ohashi, Y; Ohsumi, S; Shimozuma, K; Suemasu, K; Takehara, M; Takei, H, 2012)	0.38
" Despite the short duration of exposure, worsening of renal function or newly emerged renal adverse events were reported in 53% of amphotericin B-treated patients compared to 39% of voriconazole-treated patients."	( Safety and tolerability of voriconazole in patients with baseline renal insufficiency and candidemia. Kullberg, BJ; Oude Lashof, AM; Pappas, PG; Rex, JH; Ruhnke, M; Schlamm, HT; Sobel, JD; Viscoli, C, 2012)	0.38
" The adverse event (AE) profile was compared with the active and placebo arms of the maraviroc phase III clinical trials MOTIVATE 1 and 2, where the OBT did not include these agents."	( Safety profile of maraviroc in patients coinfected with HIV-1 and hepatitis B or C included in the maraviroc expanded access program. Heera, J; Lazzarin, A; Mukwaya, G; Than, S; Valluri, SR, )	0.13
"The combination therapy with sitagliptin and low dosage sulphonylureas was safe and effective for glycaemic control."	( Sitagliptin add-on to low dosage sulphonylureas: efficacy and safety of combination therapy on glycaemic control and insulin secretion capacity in type 2 diabetes. Aono, M; Fukushima, T; Harashima, SI; Inagaki, N; Koizumi, T; Murata, Y; Ogura, M; Seike, M; Tanaka, D; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Results for Headline® however suggest that although the AI is toxic to tadpoles at environmentally relevant concentrations, adjuvant(s) in the Headline® formulation also contribute to mortality, making it the most toxic of the fungicides studied."	( Acute toxicity of three strobilurin fungicide formulations and their active ingredients to tadpoles. Belden, JB; Hooser, EA; McMurry, ST; Smith, LM, 2012)	0.38
" We recorded baseline characteristics, drug administration details, and potential adverse effects related to either drug."	( Safety of posaconazole and sirolimus coadministration in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Antin, JH; Armand, P; Baden, LR; Hammond, SP; Koo, S; Kubiak, DW; Marty, FM, 2012)	0.38
" Serum ferritin (SF) was measured monthly, and safety assessment included monitoring of adverse events during treatment and of liver and renal parameters."	( Deferasirox treatment for myelodysplastic syndromes: "real-life" efficacy and safety in a single-institution patient population. Alimena, G; Breccia, M; Colafigli, G; Federico, V; Finsinger, P; Latagliata, R; Loglisci, G; Petrucci, L; Salaroli, A; Santopietro, M; Serrao, A, 2012)	0.38
" AFB was selective toxic towards the human hepatocytes and relatively noncytotoxic towards 3T3 cells both in the presence and absence of the hepatocytes."	( Definition of metabolism-dependent xenobiotic toxicity with co-cultures of human hepatocytes and mouse 3T3 fibroblasts in the novel integrated discrete multiple organ co-culture (IdMOC) experimental system: results with model toxicants aflatoxin B1, cyclo LaForge, YS; Li, AP; Uzgare, A, 2012)	0.38
" Our experience suggests that Rufinamide can be effective in reducing focal seizure frequency in children with drug resistant epilepsy, and that it can be considered as a safe drug."	( Rufinamide efficacy and safety as adjunctive treatment in children with focal drug resistant epilepsy: the first Italian prospective study. Capuano, A; Curatolo, P; Cusmai, R; Fusco, L; Moavero, R; Specchio, N; Vigevano, F, 2012)	0.38
" Adverse effects were observed in young and adult male offspring from the group exposed to the highest dose of the mixture."	( Persistent developmental toxicity in rat offspring after low dose exposure to a mixture of endocrine disrupting pesticides. Axelstad, M; Berthelsen, LO; Boberg, J; Christiansen, S; Hass, U; Isling, LK; Jacobsen, PR; Mandrup, KR; Vinggaard, AM, 2012)	0.38
"Breast cancer is the leading cause of neoplasia-related deaths among women, but no data are available in the literature on the safe use of oncological treatments in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient patients."	( Safe chemotherapy and hormone therapy for treating early breast cancer in a glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient patient: case report. Bramati, A; Farina, G; Girelli, S; La Verde, N; Mihali, D; Moretti, A; Piva, S; Sburlati, P, 2012)	0.38
" Changes in body weight and the rates of adverse events overall, hypoglycemia, and gastrointestinal adverse events were similar in the sitagliptin and placebo groups during the 54-week study."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin and rosiglitazone combination therapy in a randomized placebo-controlled 54-week trial in patients with type 2 diabetes. Amatruda, JM; Aschner, P; Chen, Y; Dobs, AS; Duran, L; Ferreira, JC; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Hill, JS; Horton, ES; Kaufman, KD; Langdon, RB; Umpierrez, GE; Williams-Herman, DE, 2013)	0.39
"Blood levels of voriconazole, a first line therapy for invasive aspergillosis, may correlate with adverse events and treatment response."	( The effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on safety and efficacy of voriconazole in invasive fungal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Choe, PG; Jang, IJ; Kim, KH; Kim, NH; Kim, NJ; Lee, SH; Nam, WS; Oh, MD; Park, WB; Song, KH; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2012)	0.38
" Voriconazole-related adverse events were monitored, and treatment response was assessed three months after the initiation of therapy."	( The effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on safety and efficacy of voriconazole in invasive fungal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Choe, PG; Jang, IJ; Kim, KH; Kim, NH; Kim, NJ; Lee, SH; Nam, WS; Oh, MD; Park, WB; Song, KH; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2012)	0.38
" While the incidence of adverse events was not different between the TDM group and the non-TDM group (both 42%; P = ."	( The effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on safety and efficacy of voriconazole in invasive fungal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Choe, PG; Jang, IJ; Kim, KH; Kim, NH; Kim, NJ; Lee, SH; Nam, WS; Oh, MD; Park, WB; Song, KH; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2012)	0.38
"Routine TDM of voriconazole may reduce drug discontinuation due to adverse events and improve the treatment response in invasive fungal infections."	( The effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on safety and efficacy of voriconazole in invasive fungal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Choe, PG; Jang, IJ; Kim, KH; Kim, NH; Kim, NJ; Lee, SH; Nam, WS; Oh, MD; Park, WB; Song, KH; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2012)	0.38
" The posaconazole oral tablet was safe and well tolerated, although mild, transient elevations in liver function were reported in some patients."	( A new solid oral tablet formulation of posaconazole: a randomized clinical trial to investigate rising single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety in healthy volunteers. Krishna, G; Ma, L; Martinho, M; O'Mara, E; Preston, RA, 2012)	0.38
"Nephrotoxicity is the most frequent side effect of lipid formulations of Amphotericin B, which may cause a reduced clearance of the renally eliminated calcineurin inhibitors used for the control of Graft Versus Host Disease."	( Safety and interactions of new antifungals in stem cell transplant recipients. Girmenia, C; Iori, AP, 2012)	0.38
" However, the use of both anastrozole and letrozole appears to be safe with concomitant RT, without increasing the risk of pulmonary fibrosis."	( Comparison of the effects of aromatase inhibitors and tamoxifen on radiation-induced lung toxicity: results of an experimental study. Acar, H; Ata, O; Toy, H; Yavas, C; Yavas, G; Yuce, D, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events were reported in 41% of the patients of which fatigue was most frequent (24%)."	( Rufinamide in children with refractory epilepsy: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety. Dahlin, MG; Ohman, I, 2012)	0.38
" The common adverse events were visual disturbances (17 patients, 23."	( Efficacy and safety of voriconazole in the treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: experience in Japan. Fujiuchi, S; Kato, T; Kawabata, M; Kuba, M; Kurashima, A; Ogawa, K; Saito, T; Sakatani, M; Sasaki, Y; Suzuki, K; Tada, A; Tao, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The most common adverse events (≥ 10 % of all patients) with suspected drug relationship were diarrhea (n = 25, 46 %), nausea (n = 13, 24 %), upper abdominal pain (n = 8, 15 %), serum creatinine increase (n = 16, 30 %) and rash (n = 5, 9 %)."	( Results from a 1-year, open-label, single arm, multi-center trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of oral Deferasirox in patients diagnosed with low and int-1 risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and transfusion-dependent iron overload. Baier, M; Gattermann, N; Giagounidis, A; Haase, D; Höchsmann, B; Hofmann, WK; Junkes, A; Leismann, O; Lübbert, M; Lück, A; Nolte, F; Platzbecker, U; Schrezenmeier, H; Schumann, C; Taupitz, M, 2013)	0.39
"Rizatriptan was generally safe and well tolerated in the long-term acute treatment of migraine in pediatric patients aged 12-17 years and demonstrated a consistent treatment effect over time."	( Long-term open-label safety study of rizatriptan acute treatment in pediatric migraineurs. Assaid, C; Bachman, R; Ceesay, P; Connor, KM; Dupre, N; Hämäläinen, M; Harper Mozley, L; Hewitt, DJ; Ho, TW; Lewis, D; Lines, C; Mahoney, E; Michelson, D; Pearlman, E; Strickler, N, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) and laboratory parameters were monitored throughout."	( Efficacy and safety of deferasirox at low and high iron burdens: results from the EPIC magnetic resonance imaging substudy. Aydinok, Y; Chan, LL; El-Beshlawy, A; Elalfy, MS; Habr, D; Lee, SH; Martin, N; Porter, JB; Sutcharitchan, P; Taher, AT, 2013)	0.39
" The incidences of reported adverse events were generally similar between the treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin and pioglitazone combination therapy in a randomized, placebo-controlled, 26-week trial in patients with type 2 diabetes. Fonseca, V; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kaufman, KD; Morgan, JD; Shentu, Y; Staels, B; Steinberg, H, )	0.13
" None of the patients presented any serious adverse effects and the treatment was well tolerated."	( Safety and efficacy of 4 years of deferasirox treatment for sickle cell disease patients. Bekiari, E; Mainou, M; Tsapas, A; Vetsiou, E; Vlachaki, E, 2013)	0.39
" There was a lower incidence of symptomatic hypoglycemia adverse events (AEs) with sitagliptin versus glipizide (6."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin versus glipizide in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic renal insufficiency. Arjona Ferreira, JC; Barzilai, N; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Guo, H; Kaufman, KD; Marre, M; Sisk, CM, 2013)	0.39
" Patient-level data were used in this analysis of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including ischaemic events and cardiovascular deaths."	( Cardiovascular safety of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled analysis. Davies, MJ; Engel, SS; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Kaufman, KD; Shapiro, D, 2013)	0.39
" There was no increased risk of adverse effects with this dose of gemigliptin compared with sitagliptin 100 mg qd."	( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor gemigliptin compared with sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Chung, CH; Jang, HC; Kim, JA; Kim, SW; Lee, WY; Min, KW; Nam-Goong, IS; Rhee, EJ; Shivane, VK; Sosale, AR, 2013)	0.39
" Plasma concentration observed at 15 mg/kg was well above that expected for this dose (40-50 μmol/L), although no adverse clinical events were observed."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of deferasirox in subjects with chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis. Batty, KT; Ferrari, P; Maker, GL; Olynyk, JK; Siva, B; Trengove, RD, 2013)	0.39
"This paper mainly discusses the safety profile of posaconazole, its adverse effects and drug-drug interaction."	( Safety of posaconazole. Chandrasekar, P; Jacinto, PL, 2013)	0.39
"Posaconazole is generally safe and well tolerated."	( Safety of posaconazole. Chandrasekar, P; Jacinto, PL, 2013)	0.39
" The most common adverse event was hypoglycemia, and the most common adverse event responsible for discontinuation was constipation."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of sitagliptin in the treatment of Japanese Type 2 diabetes (ASSET-K1) to a target of HbA1c <7%. Kanamori, A; Kubota, A; Maeda, H; Matsuba, I; Tanaka, Y; Terauchi, Y, 2013)	0.39
" All treatments and combinations were well tolerated, with no grade 3 or 4 adverse events observed during treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics and short-term safety of etravirine in combination with fluconazole or voriconazole in HIV-negative volunteers. Aharchi, F; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Nijs, S; Smedt, GD; Van Solingen-Ristea, R; Vyncke, V; Witek, J, 2013)	0.39
" We compared the effect of therapeutic levels on clinical outcomes and evaluated the relationship between drug levels and adverse events."	( Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring: retrospective cohort study of the relationship to clinical outcomes and adverse events. Chu, HY; Fredricks, DN; Jain, R; Pottinger, P; Xie, H, 2013)	0.39
"7%) patients experienced adverse events."	( Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring: retrospective cohort study of the relationship to clinical outcomes and adverse events. Chu, HY; Fredricks, DN; Jain, R; Pottinger, P; Xie, H, 2013)	0.39
" It is possible that the utility of voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring to improve clinical efficacy or decrease adverse events may be limited to a subset of high-risk patients."	( Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring: retrospective cohort study of the relationship to clinical outcomes and adverse events. Chu, HY; Fredricks, DN; Jain, R; Pottinger, P; Xie, H, 2013)	0.39
" More patients treated with levofloxacin than with solithromycin experienced treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) during the study (45."	( Randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase 2 study comparing the efficacy and safety of oral solithromycin (CEM-101) to those of oral levofloxacin in the treatment of patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Clark, K; Craft, JC; Das, A; Fernandes, P; Jamieson, BD; Oldach, D; Schranz, J; Scott, D, 2013)	0.39
" However, data on the long-term exposure to these therapeutic options are needed, and a handful of case reports are emerging, reporting rare but potentially life-threatening adverse hepatic events in patients with hepatitis co-infection or taking other hepatotoxic drugs."	( Hepatoxicity of new antiretrovirals: a systematic review. Lacombe, K; Surgers, L, 2013)	0.39
" The most common adverse events were Grade 1 and 2 diarrhea, fatigue, nausea or vomiting."	( A first in human, safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity phase I study of once weekly administration of the Hsp90 inhibitor ganetespib (STA-9090) in patients with solid malignancies. Bradley, R; Chen, Y; El-Hariry, I; Goldman, JW; Gordon, GA; Guo, W; Inoue, T; Karol, MD; Raju, RN; Rosen, LS; Teofilivici, F; Vukovic, VM, 2013)	0.39
" The primary end point was adverse event (AE) assessment."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of preladenant in subjects with fluctuating Parkinson's disease. Cantillon, M; Factor, SA; Hauser, RA; Ho, TW; Huyck, S; Pourcher, E; Togasaki, DM; Wolski, K, 2013)	0.39
"A record 4113 fatalities were reported in 2012 in a postmarketing surveillance of patients treated with deferasirox, despite warnings of life-threatening toxic side effects, and the need for regular monitoring and prophylactic measures."	( A record number of fatalities in many categories of patients treated with deferasirox: loopholes in regulatory and marketing procedures undermine patient safety and misguide public funds? Kontoghiorghes, GJ, 2013)	0.39
" The reduction of prescribed sulfonylurea dose in DPP-4 patients following the safety alert coincided with a decrease of adverse event reports."	( Effects of a sitagliptin safety alert on prescription behaviour for oral antihyperglycaemic drugs: a propensity score-matched cohort study of prescription receipt data in Japan. Kimura, H; Masuda, S; Sato, D; Sato, Y, 2013)	0.39
" However, frequent repeated dosing is required, and hepatic and cardiac adverse events may occur."	( A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, dose-ranging study to investigate the efficacy and safety of 4 dose regimens of oral albaconazole in patients with distal subungual onychomycosis. Malahias, S; Raterink, K; Sigurgeirsson, B; van Rossem, K, 2013)	0.39
" Most adverse events were mild or moderate, and treatment-related adverse events were all ≤3%."	( A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, dose-ranging study to investigate the efficacy and safety of 4 dose regimens of oral albaconazole in patients with distal subungual onychomycosis. Malahias, S; Raterink, K; Sigurgeirsson, B; van Rossem, K, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse event (AE) and treatment-related AE incidence was 91."	( Safety and immunovirologic outcomes with maraviroc combination regimens in patients with a history of past treatment failures and virologic resistance in Brazil: an open-label, multicenter phase 3b study. Bicudo, EL; Cassoli, LM; da Eira, M; de Andrade Neto, JL; Furtado, J; Leite, OH; Lewi, DS; Lima, MP; Lopes, MI; Machado, AA; Madruga, JV; Miranda, AF; Netto, EM; Pedro, Rde J; Portsmouth, S; Santini-Oliveira, M; Santos, BR; Tupinambas, U; Wajsbrot, DB, 2013)	0.39
" Overall adverse events (AEs) were similar in both groups."	( Efficacy and safety of adding pioglitazone or sitagliptin to patients with type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Chen, WC; Chien, KL; Leung, CH; Liu, SC; Wang, CH, )	0.13
" The Fisher's Exact test was used to compare the frequency of subjects who experienced at least one SCA-related adverse event (AE) or serious adverse event (SAE) in each arm and to compare event rates."	( Pain and other non-neurological adverse events in children with sickle cell anemia and previous stroke who received hydroxyurea and phlebotomy or chronic transfusions and chelation: results from the SWiTCH clinical trial. Alvarez, O; Aygun, B; Bonner, M; Flanagan, J; Lockhart, A; Miller, ST; Mueller, BU; Owen, W; Schultz, W; Scott, JP; Ware, RE; Yovetich, NA, 2013)	0.39
"Results of this pilot indicate that treatment with sitagliptin alone or in combination with basal insulin is safe and effective for the management of hyperglycemia in general medicine and surgery patients with T2D."	( Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin therapy for the inpatient management of general medicine and surgery patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot, randomized, controlled study. Farrokhi, F; Gianchandani, R; Jacobs, S; Lathkar-Pradhan, S; Newton, C; Pasquel, F; Peng, L; Reyes, D; Smiley, D; Umpierrez, GE; Wesorick, DH, 2013)	0.39
" Combination therapy was generally well tolerated; adverse events (AEs) of hypoglycaemia were reported with similar incidence (7."	( Efficacy and safety of initial combination treatment with sitagliptin and pioglitazone--a factorial study. Chou, MZ; Fonseca, VA; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Henry, RR; Kaufman, KD; Langdon, RB; Staels, B; Steinberg, H; Teng, R, 2014)	0.4
" Safety endpoints included hypoglycemia and any adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin as add-on therapy on glycemic control and blood glucose fluctuation in Japanese type 2 diabetes subjects ongoing with multiple daily insulin injections therapy. Araki, E; Furukawa, N; Goto, R; Ichimori, S; Iwashita, S; Kawashima, J; Kondo, T; Maeda, T; Matsumura, T; Matsuo, T; Matsuo, Y; Motoshima, H; Nishida, K; Sekigami, T; Shimoda, S, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) secondary to drug administration were reported in 26."	( Efficacy and safety of deferasirox compared with deferoxamine in sickle cell disease: two-year results including pharmacokinetics and concomitant hydroxyurea. Barrette, S; Files, B; Habr, D; Minniti, CP; Torres, M; Vichinsky, E; Zhang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Efinaconazole was well tolerated in both studies; no drug-related adverse events were reported."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of efinaconazole 10% solution in healthy volunteers and patients with severe onychomycosis. Jarratt, M; Kodera, N; Pillai, R; Siu, WJ; Smith, K; Yamakawa, E, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin compared with placebo and sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin monotherapy: a randomised trial. Canovatchel, W; Davidson, J; Januszewicz, A; Lavalle-González, FJ; Meininger, G; Qiu, R; Tong, C, 2013)	0.39
"We have developed a new safe and easy route for the synthesis of 1,3-dimethyl-1,2,3-triazolium derivatives."	( Safe and easy route for the synthesis of 1,3-dimethyl-1,2,3-triazolium salt and investigation of its anticancer activities. Chang, CW; Shrestha, JP, 2013)	0.39
"It appears to be safe and feasible to perform two consecutive ovarian stimulation cycles to increase the oocyte/embryo yield for fertility preservation."	( Safety and feasibility of performing two consecutive ovarian stimulation cycles with the use of letrozole-gonadotropin protocol for fertility preservation in breast cancer patients. Bedoschi, G; Moy, F; Oktay, K; Turan, V, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise: findings from the 52-week CANTATA-M study. Alba, M; Canovatchel, W; Cefalu, WT; Edwards, R; Jodar, E; Kim, KA; Meininger, G; Stenlöf, K; Tong, C, 2014)	0.4
" Regarding serious adverse events (AEs), there are data indicating an increase in cardiovascular AEs and bone fractures but a lower incidence of thromboembolic phenomena and endometrial cancer with AIs vis-à-vis tamoxifen."	( Postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: balancing benefit and toxicity from aromatase inhibitors. Ingle, JN, 2013)	0.39
" Physicochemical and toxic properties were predicted with quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), and uncertainty in the predictions was quantified with use of the data underlying the QSARs."	( Assessing predictive uncertainty in comparative toxicity potentials of triazoles. Cassani, S; Golsteijn, L; Hendriks, HW; Huijbregts, MA; Iqbal, MS; Kovarich, S; Papa, E; Rorije, E; Sahlin, U, 2014)	0.64
" Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 63."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of empagliflozin, sitagliptin, and metformin: an active-controlled, parallel-group, randomized, 78-week open-label extension study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Berk, A; Broedl, UC; Ferrannini, E; Hach, T; Hantel, S; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" Under foliage application or soil irrigation application, S-(+)-triadimefon was preferentially degraded, resulting in relative enrichment of the more toxic R-(-)-enantiomer in tomato, cucumber, and soil."	( Chiral fungicide triadimefon and triadimenol: Stereoselective transformation in greenhouse crops and soil, and toxicity to Daphnia magna. Dong, F; Han, Y; Li, Y; Liu, X; Xu, J; Zheng, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Two independent authors assessed data from extracted randomized trials for efficacy and safety in the measurements of serum ferritin (SF), live iron concentration (LIC), myocardial iron content (MIC), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and adverse events (AEs)."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of deferoxamine, deferiprone and deferasirox on severe thalassemia: a meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials. Huang, L; Jiang, H; Xia, S; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
"Findings indicated that the most effective and safe iron chelators remains to be proven, and further large-scale, long-term studies are needed."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of deferoxamine, deferiprone and deferasirox on severe thalassemia: a meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials. Huang, L; Jiang, H; Xia, S; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
" The most common adverse events were skin rash and gastrointestinal disturbance."	( Efficacy and safety of deferasirox in β-thalassemia major patients in Iran: a prospective study from a single referral center in Iran. Abdollah Gorji, F; Alavi, S; Arzanian, MT; Ebadi, M; Ghazizadeh, F; Shamsian, B, 2014)	0.4
"Deferasirox proved as an efficient and safe chelating agent in our patients, specifically in mild to moderate iron overloaded patients."	( Efficacy and safety of deferasirox in β-thalassemia major patients in Iran: a prospective study from a single referral center in Iran. Abdollah Gorji, F; Alavi, S; Arzanian, MT; Ebadi, M; Ghazizadeh, F; Shamsian, B, 2014)	0.4
" No toxic serum level of voriconazole or its metabolites could be identified."	( Voriconazole metabolism, toxicity, and the effect of cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype. Bennett, JE; Childs, R; Murayama, N; Natarajan, V; Palmore, T; Skinner, J; Yamazaki, H; Zonios, D, 2014)	0.4
"Maraviroc was generally safe in treatment-experienced participants for >5 years."	( Five-year safety evaluation of maraviroc in HIV-1-infected treatment-experienced patients. Burnside, R; Fatkenheuer, G; Goodrich, J; Gulick, RM; Hardy, WD; Heera, JR; Mukwaya, G; Nelson, MR; Portsmouth, S, 2014)	0.4
" There are limited available oral drugs to treat hyperglycaemia in this population owing to reduced renal function, potential interactions with immunosuppressive drugs and adverse effects such as hypoglycaemic events that may increase the cardiovascular risk."	( Short-term efficacy and safety of sitagliptin treatment in long-term stable renal recipients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Åsberg, A; Hartmann, A; Jenssen, T; Strøm Halden, TA; Vik, K, 2014)	0.4
" No serious adverse events were observed."	( Short-term efficacy and safety of sitagliptin treatment in long-term stable renal recipients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Åsberg, A; Hartmann, A; Jenssen, T; Strøm Halden, TA; Vik, K, 2014)	0.4
" The short-term treatment was well tolerated, and sitagliptin seems safe in this population."	( Short-term efficacy and safety of sitagliptin treatment in long-term stable renal recipients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Åsberg, A; Hartmann, A; Jenssen, T; Strøm Halden, TA; Vik, K, 2014)	0.4
"02) and grade III-IV adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of Trastuzumab added to standard treatments for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients. Chen, ML; Li, K; Zhang, J; Zhu, ZL, 2013)	0.39
" Of note, more adverse events will occur followed the use of trastuzumab, especially cardiac toxicity, with two treatment regimens."	( Efficacy and safety of Trastuzumab added to standard treatments for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients. Chen, ML; Li, K; Zhang, J; Zhu, ZL, 2013)	0.39
"In each study, investigators reported serious and non-serious adverse events that occurred during the study, and serious adverse events occurring within 14 days following the last dose of study drug."	( Safety of sitagliptin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of 25 clinical studies. Davies, MJ; Engel, SS; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Kaufman, KD; Round, EM, 2014)	0.4
"Summary measures of adverse events overall were similar between the sitagliptin and non-exposed (active comparator or placebo) groups, except for higher incidences of deaths and drug-related adverse events in the non-exposed group."	( Safety of sitagliptin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of 25 clinical studies. Davies, MJ; Engel, SS; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Kaufman, KD; Round, EM, 2014)	0.4
" Overall adverse event (AE) incidence over 52 weeks was 69."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin over 52 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin and pioglitazone. Forst, T; Goldenberg, R; Guthrie, R; Meininger, G; Stein, P; Vijapurkar, U; Yee, J, 2014)	0.4
" Cutaneous adverse reactions to these drugs have been rarely reported in the literature."	( Cutaneous adverse effects of hormonal adjuvant therapy for breast cancer: a case of localised urticarial vasculitis following anastrozole therapy and a review of the literature. Bock, VL; Friedlander, M; Kossard, S; Waring, D; Wood, GK, 2014)	0.4
" Of 84 patients who discontinued deferasirox therapy, 22 died during the trial, and 28 withdrew due to an adverse event (AE)."	( Deferasirox for transfusion-dependent patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: safety, efficacy, and beyond (GIMEMA MDS0306 Trial). Alimena, G; Angelucci, E; Borin, L; Caocci, G; Cilloni, D; Di Tucci, AA; Fazi, P; Fenu, S; Finelli, C; Latte, G; Molteni, A; Piciocchi, A; Quaresmini, G; Quarta, G; Rivellini, F; Salvi, F; Sanpaolo, G; Santini, V; Storti, S; Tura, S; Vallisa, D; Vignetti, M; Volpe, A; Voso, MT, 2014)	0.4
" The frequency of serious adverse effects was investigated."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily maraviroc plus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in pretreated HIV-infected patients in a real-life setting. Bancalero, P; Chueca, N; García, C; Jiménez, P; Macías, J; Márquez, M; Merino, D; Muñoz, L; Ojeda, G; Pasquau, J; Pineda, JA; Recio, E, 2014)	0.4
" Reasons for starting MVC plus DRV/r were: adverse effects in 38 individuals (63%), simplification in 15 (25%) and virological failure in seven (12%)."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily maraviroc plus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in pretreated HIV-infected patients in a real-life setting. Bancalero, P; Chueca, N; García, C; Jiménez, P; Macías, J; Márquez, M; Merino, D; Muñoz, L; Ojeda, G; Pasquau, J; Pineda, JA; Recio, E, 2014)	0.4
"Most individuals starting MVC plus DRV/r qd because of simplification or adverse effects maintained HIV suppression after 48 weeks of follow-up."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily maraviroc plus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in pretreated HIV-infected patients in a real-life setting. Bancalero, P; Chueca, N; García, C; Jiménez, P; Macías, J; Márquez, M; Merino, D; Muñoz, L; Ojeda, G; Pasquau, J; Pineda, JA; Recio, E, 2014)	0.4
" So, Sitagliptin in combination with CSII therapy can be a new safe and effective therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2diabetes."	( Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin in combination with transient continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Dong, S; Jia, J; Mao, C; Qian, W; Tang, B; Wang, D; Yang, L; Ye, J; Yu, S; Yuan, G; Zhang, C; Zhou, L; Zhu, T, 2014)	0.4
"A Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction method followed by liquid chromatography-(Orbitrap) high resolution mass spectrometry was developed for the simultaneous determination of five benzotriazole, four benzothiazole and five benzenesulfonamide derivates in sewage sludge."	( A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe extraction method followed by liquid chromatography-(Orbitrap) high resolution mass spectrometry to determine benzotriazole, benzothiazole and benzenesulfonamide derivates in sewage sludge. Borrull, F; Herrero, P; Marcé, RM; Pocurull, E, 2014)	0.4
" Over 1 year, 362 (69%) of 521 patients treated with suvorexant experienced any adverse events compared with 164 (64%) of 258 treated with placebo."	( Safety and efficacy of suvorexant during 1-year treatment of insomnia with subsequent abrupt treatment discontinuation: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Benca, RM; Chengan-Liu, M; Cohn, M; Herring, WJ; Hutzelmann, J; Krystal, AD; Lines, C; Michelson, D; Paradis, E; Roth, T; Snavely, DB; Snyder, E; Walsh, JK, 2014)	0.4
"Our findings show that suvorexant was generally safe and well tolerated over 1 year of nightly treatment in patients with insomnia, with efficacy noted for subjective measures of sleep onset and maintenance."	( Safety and efficacy of suvorexant during 1-year treatment of insomnia with subsequent abrupt treatment discontinuation: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Benca, RM; Chengan-Liu, M; Cohn, M; Herring, WJ; Hutzelmann, J; Krystal, AD; Lines, C; Michelson, D; Paradis, E; Roth, T; Snavely, DB; Snyder, E; Walsh, JK, 2014)	0.4
" Imeglimin was generally well tolerated, with a safety profile comparable to placebo and no related treatment-emergent adverse events."	( The efficacy and safety of imeglimin as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with sitagliptin monotherapy. Bailey, CJ; Diamant, M; Fouqueray, P; Inzucchi, SE; Lebovitz, HE; Pirags, V; Schernthaner, G, 2014)	0.4
"This review considers the pharmacokinetic profile, adverse effects and drug interactions of DPP-4 inhibitors."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" However, DPP-4 inhibitors have certain differences in their pharmacokinetic properties that may be associated with different clinical effects and adverse event profiles."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
"This experimental study aims to investigate whether radiotherapy (RT) plus trastuzumab (T) followed by subsequent hormonotherapy increase the cumulative toxic effect on cardiac functions in rats."	( The effects of hormonotherapy administered concurrent radiotherapy and trastuzumab on cardiac toxicity in rats. Arsav, V; Benderli Cihan, Y, 2014)	0.4
"At the end of the study, no loss and adverse effects were seen in any group."	( The effects of hormonotherapy administered concurrent radiotherapy and trastuzumab on cardiac toxicity in rats. Arsav, V; Benderli Cihan, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Rates of serious adverse events in the albiglutide group were similar to comparison groups."	( HARMONY 3: 104-week randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of albiglutide compared with placebo, sitagliptin, and glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes taking metformin. Ahrén, B; Cirkel, DT; Feinglos, MN; Johnson, SL; Perry, C; Stewart, M; Yang, F, 2014)	0.4
"Sitagliptin for the treatment of NAFLD with type2 DM was safe and showed similar antidiabetic effects as reported for type 2 DM, suggesting that tight glycemic control would contribute to the improvement of NAFLD based from the findings of correlation between the changes of HbA1c and transaminases."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aikata, H; Chayama, K; Fujino, H; Fukuhara, T; Hiramatsu, A; Honda, Y; Hyogo, H; Imamura, M; Kan, H; Kawakami, Y; Kawaoka, T; Miyaki, D; Naeshiro, N; Ochi, H; Tsuge, M, )	0.13
" Adverse reactions occurred in 37."	( Efficacy and safety of rufinamide in children under four years of age with drug-resistant epilepsies. Accorsi, P; Balestri, P; Coppola, G; Dontin, SD; Gobbi, G; Grosso, S; Parisi, P; Pruna, D; Verrotti, A, 2014)	0.4
"The present study concludes that rufinamide may be a safe and effective drug for a broad range of seizures and epilepsy syndromes in infants and young children and represents a valid therapeutic option in this population."	( Efficacy and safety of rufinamide in children under four years of age with drug-resistant epilepsies. Accorsi, P; Balestri, P; Coppola, G; Dontin, SD; Gobbi, G; Grosso, S; Parisi, P; Pruna, D; Verrotti, A, 2014)	0.4
"This paper describes a novel, rapid, and sensitive analytical method for monitoring four triazolone herbicides in cereals (wheat, rice, corn, and soybean), using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample extraction procedure followed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry."	( A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the simultaneous detection of four triazolone herbicides in cereals combined with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Chen, Z; Cheng, Y; Dong, F; Liu, N; Liu, X; Tao, Y; Xu, J; Zheng, Y, 2014)	0.4
" However, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a warning about the potential adverse events associated with DFX in 2010."	( Safety of deferasirox: a retrospective cohort study on the risks of gastrointestinal, liver and renal events. Chou, HC; Hsiao, FY; Huang, WF; Tsai, YW, 2014)	0.4
" The risks of different adverse events were individually analyzed by Cox proportional hazards models and adjusted by age, sex, concomitant medications, and prior medical conditions."	( Safety of deferasirox: a retrospective cohort study on the risks of gastrointestinal, liver and renal events. Chou, HC; Hsiao, FY; Huang, WF; Tsai, YW, 2014)	0.4
" More researches are warranted to evaluate the association between DFX use and potential adverse events."	( Safety of deferasirox: a retrospective cohort study on the risks of gastrointestinal, liver and renal events. Chou, HC; Hsiao, FY; Huang, WF; Tsai, YW, 2014)	0.4
" MVC was well tolerated with no grade 3/4 adverse events; all subjects maintained viral suppression to the end of the study."	( Switching safely: pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of switching efavirenz to maraviroc twice daily in patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Back, D; Boffito, M; Else, L; Gazzard, B; Jackson, A; Nelson, M; Newell, S; Rockwood, N; Waters, L, 2015)	0.42
" The most commonly reported adverse events were 'reproductive system disorders' in the tamoxifen group (17."	( A prospective, randomized study on hepatotoxicity of anastrozole compared with tamoxifen in women with breast cancer. Chen, D; Deng, Y; Feng, G; He, P; Hu, R; Huang, T; Li, E; Li, L; Li, Y; Liang, Z; Lin, Y; Liu, J; Lu, Y; Ma, R; Su, F; Sun, S; Tong, Z; Wang, S; Wang, X; Wu, Y; Xu, Z; Zhang, H; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2014)	0.4
" efavirenz experienced treatment-related adverse events (68."	( Efficacy and safety of maraviroc vs. efavirenz in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1: 5-year findings. Botes, M; Burnside, R; Clumeck, N; Cooper, DA; Dejesus, E; Heera, J; Ive, P; Lazzarin, A; Mukwaya, G; Saag, M; van Der Ryst, E; Walmsley, S, 2014)	0.4
" Drug-related adverse events, reported in 17 patients (56."	( Phase IV open-label study of the efficacy and safety of deferasirox after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Batlle, M; Belloch, V; Duarte, R; Hernández, D; Jarque, I; Jiménez, M; Jiménez, S; López, J; Rovira, M; Sampol, A; Solano, C; Valcárcel, D; Vallejo, C; Vázquez, L, 2014)	0.4
" Treatment associated adverse events in the efinaconazole 10% solution group were similar to vehicle and limited to local site reactions (2%)."	( The efficacy and safety of efinaconazole 10% solution for treatment of mild to moderate onychomycosis: a pooled analysis of two phase 3 randomized trials. Elewski, BE; Gupta, AK; Ieda, C; Kang, R; Kawabata, H; Olin, JT; Pillai, R; Sugarman, JL; Watanabe, S, 2014)	0.4
" Results of safety assessments were similar between groups, and most adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate."	( Efficacy and safety of the once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist albiglutide versus sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment: a randomized phase III study. Carr, MC; Handelsman, Y; Jones-Leone, A; Leiter, LA; Scott, R; Stewart, M; Yang, F, 2014)	0.4
" Nephrotoxicity is the most serious and frequent adverse effect of deferasirox treatment."	( Deferasirox nephrotoxicity-the knowns and unknowns. Díaz-García, JD; Gallegos-Villalobos, A; Gonzalez-Espinoza, L; Ortiz, A; Sanchez-Niño, MD; Villarrubia, J, 2014)	0.4
" The recent results from the HARMONY 3 and HARMONY 6 trials suggest that albiglutide is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Diabetes: safety and efficacy of albiglutide-results from two trials. Derosa, G; Maffioli, P, 2014)	0.4
" Most common adverse effects were sleepiness, vomiting, mood changes, nausea, and loss of appetite."	( Safety and retention rate of rufinamide in 300 patients: a single pediatric epilepsy center experience. Bergin, AM; Bolton, J; Bourgeois, BF; Harini, C; Kadish, NE; Kapur, K; Kothare, SV; Libenson, M; Loddenkemper, T; Olson, H; Peters, J; Poduri, A; Ramgopal, S; Rotenberg, A; Sánchez Fernández, I; Takeoka, M; Thome-Souza, S, 2014)	0.4
" To date, there has been no attempt to evaluate systematically the risks of adverse events with rufinamide."	( Exposure to rufinamide and risks of CNS adverse events in drug-resistant epilepsy: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Alsaad, AM; Koren, G, 2014)	0.4
"We performed a quantitative risk analysis of central nervous system (CNS) adverse events of rufinamide from all randomized, double-blind, add-on, placebo-controlled trials."	( Exposure to rufinamide and risks of CNS adverse events in drug-resistant epilepsy: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Alsaad, AM; Koren, G, 2014)	0.4
"The risk of CNS adverse events appears to be increased in patients exposed to rufinamide as well as the treatment discontinuation rates."	( Exposure to rufinamide and risks of CNS adverse events in drug-resistant epilepsy: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Alsaad, AM; Koren, G, 2014)	0.4
" Their adverse side effect on blood lipid is well documented."	( Coadministrating luteolin minimizes the side effects of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. Chan, FL; Chen, S; Cheung, WH; Chow, S; Leung, LK; Li, F; Lin, SM; Wong, TY, 2014)	0.4
"The toxicological relevance of effects observed at molecular stage, which occur at dose levels well below classical no-observed adverse effect levels is currently subject to controversial scientific debate."	( Hepatotoxic effects of (tri)azole fungicides in a broad dose range. Haider, W; Heise, T; Knebel, C; Kneuer, C; Marx-Stoelting, P; Niemann, L; Pfeil, R; Rieke, S; Schmidt, F, 2015)	0.42
" Nevertheless, this approach is still associated with many challenges, ranging from the recurrence of breast cancer to considerable interindividual variability in the tolerability of anastrozole, which may cause adverse effects, such as musculoskeletal symptoms, and lead to the withdrawal of many patients from treatment."	( The influence of genetic polymorphisms on the efficacy and side effects of anastrozole in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Abubakar, MB; Gan, SH; Wei, K, 2014)	0.4
" The most commonly encountered adverse event (incidence ≥ 5% and at least twice the rate of placebo) as identified in product labelling is somnolence, with NNH values vs."	( Suvorexant for insomnia: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved hypnotic - what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed? Citrome, L, 2014)	0.4
" There was no apparent relationship between adverse event frequency or intensity and doravirine dose."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of doravirine, a novel HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, after single and multiple doses in healthy subjects. Ancona, JK; Anderson, MS; Butterton, JR; Cilissen, C; De Lepeleire, I; Dockendorf, MF; Gilmartin, J; Guo, Y; Liu, R; Tetteh, E; Van Bortel, L; Wagner, JA, 2015)	0.42
" We have previously shown that PBZ also affects the rates of zebrafish embryonic survival and hatching, and causes developmental failure of the head skeleton and eyes; here, we further show that PBZ has embryonic toxic effects on digestive organs of zebrafish, and describe the underlying mechanisms."	( Aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 mediates the toxicity of Paclobutrazol on the digestive system of zebrafish embryos. Chen, GT; Hsu, HJ; Wang, WD; Wu, CY, 2015)	0.42
"There is a probable causal relationship between the study medication and the reported serious adverse events."	( Phase II study evaluating efficacy and safety of everolimus with letrozole for management of advanced (unresectable or metastatic) non-small cell lung cancer after failure of platinum-based treatment: a preliminary analysis of toxicity. Brown, MP; Singhal, N; Vatandoust, S, 2015)	0.42
" The primary outcomes of interest were treatment success, microbiological success, breakthrough infection, drug-related adverse events (AEs), withdrawals due to AEs, and all-cause mortality."	( Efficacy and safety of echinocandins versus triazoles for the prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections: a meta-analysis of RCTs. Fan, H; Wang, JF; Xue, Y; Zhu, XB, 2015)	0.68
" The data for safety in part 1 show that 29/72 subjects had ≥1 adverse event."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety study of posaconazole intravenous solution administered peripherally to healthy subjects. Caceres, M; Kersemaekers, WM; Nassander, U; O'Mara, E; van Iersel, ML; van Iersel, T; Waskin, H, 2015)	0.42
" Rat embryo-fetal and perinatal pup lethality was the most sensitive (NOAEL=5mg/kg/day) efinaconazole developmental toxicity and was noted at maternally toxic doses."	( Efinaconazole: Developmental and reproductive toxicity potential of a novel antifungal azole. Glynn, M; Jo, W; Matsuuchi, H; Minowa, K; Mutter, L; Nejishima, H; Okamura, H; Pillai, R; Sanada, H, 2015)	0.42
" The frequency of adverse events was similar in arm A (n = 22; 55%), arm B (n = 18; 45%), and arm D (n = 22; 58%), but higher in arm C (n = 29; 71%)."	( A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of three dosing regimens of isavuconazole compared with fluconazole in patients with uncomplicated esophageal candidiasis. Azie, N; Ghannoum, M; Schmitt-Hoffmann, AH; Viljoen, J, 2015)	0.42
" The testicular effects were the most sensitive adverse effect and were used to derive a benchmark dose (BMD) of 70 mg/kg-d with a 10% effect level (BMDL10) of 40 mg/kg-d."	( Oral toxicity of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one in rats. Crouse, LC; Leach, GJ; Lent, EM, )	0.13
"DFP/DFX combination proved superior in improving cardiac T2*, treatment compliance, and patients satisfaction with no greater adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of a novel combination of two oral chelators deferasirox/deferiprone over deferoxamine/deferiprone in severely iron overloaded young beta thalassemia major patients. Adly, AM; Elalfy, MS; Elhenawy, YI; Samir, A; Tony, S; Wali, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Okra samples harvested after the estimated PHIs were found safe for human consumption."	( Residue analysis of fipronil and difenoconazole in okra by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and their food safety evaluation. Ahammed Shabeer, TP; Banerjee, K; Hingmire, S; Oulkar, DP; Utture, SC, 2015)	0.42
" The adverse events in five patients in the low-dose cohort and in eight patients in the high-dose cohort were considered to be drug related."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole as antifungal prophylaxis in acute myeloid leukemia patients with neutropenia: results of a phase 2, dose escalation study. Böhme, A; Cornely, OA; Schmitt-Hoffmann, A; Ullmann, AJ, 2015)	0.42
" The toxicological interaction of five organophosphorus pesticides was evaluated using the concentration addition model, the combination index-isobologram equation and the toxic unit approach."	( Binary combinations of organophosphorus pesticides exhibit differential toxicity under oxidised and un-oxidised conditions. Arora, S; Kumar, A, 2015)	0.42
" DFX was temporarily skipped for adverse events in seven patients (7."	( Efficacy and safety of deferasirox estimated by serum ferritin and labile plasma iron levels in patients with aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, or acute myeloid leukemia with transfusional iron overload. Bae, SH; Chung, JS; Hyun, MS; Joo, YD; Kim, H; Kim, HG; Kim, IH; Kim, SH; Kim, YS; Kwon, KY; Lee, GW; Lee, HS; Lee, SM; Lee, WS; Lim, SN; Moon, JH; Park, KT; Ryoo, HM; Sohn, SK, 2015)	0.42
"3%) adverse events (AEs) were of mild or moderate severity with few grade 3/4 events, discontinuations, or temporary discontinuations/dose reductions due to AEs or serious AEs."	( The maraviroc expanded access program - safety and efficacy data from an open-label study. Craig, C; Heera, J; Lazzarin, A; Molina, JM; Mukwaya, G; Reynes, J; Sierra-Madero, JG; Valluri, S; van der Ryst, E, )	0.13
" The most commonly reported adverse events were mild diarrhea and mild headache, and no significant differences were noted between hepatically impaired subjects and healthy controls."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Solithromycin in Subjects with Hepatic Impairment. Ciric, S; Fernandes, P; Jamieson, BD, 2015)	0.42
" Local irritation was the primary adverse event associated with terconazole, whereas systemic side effects were associated with fluconazole; however, these effects were minimal."	( A randomized clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of terconazole vaginal suppository versus oral fluconazole for treating severe vulvovaginal candidiasis. Fan, S; Li, T; Liang, Y; Liu, X; Xu, H; Zhu, Y, 2015)	0.42
" No subjects met protocol-defined liver stopping criteria and there were no cases of Hy's law or treatment-related hepatobiliary serious adverse events."	( Hepatic safety in subjects with HIV-1 and hepatitis C and/or B virus: a randomized, double-blind study of maraviroc versus placebo in combination with antiretroviral agents. Asmuth, DM; Bansal, M; Fätkenheuer, G; Heera, J; Jagannatha, S; Mukwaya, G; Pialoux, G; Pineda, JA; Plonski, F; Rockstroh, JK; Small, CB; Soriano, V, )	0.13
" Here, the dissipation and residual levels of three fungicides (pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil, and difenoconazole) were studied for strawberry under greenhouse conditions using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry after Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe extraction."	( Degradation of three fungicides following application on strawberry and a risk assessment of their toxicity under greenhouse conditions. Cang, T; Sun, C; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Yu, R; Zhao, X, 2015)	0.42
" Earlier studies showed that tebuconazole is toxic to many non-target aquatic organisms but relative data for tebuconazole enantiomers are lacking."	( Comparative toxicity of rac- and S-tebuconazole to Daphnia magna. Chen, XF; Jiang, JZ; Liu, Y; Qi, SZ; Wang, CJ, 2015)	0.42
" Safety was assessed by adverse events."	( Phase 1 Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Dapivirine and Maraviroc Vaginal Rings: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial. Chen, BA; Dezzutti, CS; Hendrix, CW; Hoesley, CJ; Husnik, MJ; Johnson, S; Marzinke, MA; Nel, A; Panther, L; Rabe, LK; Richardson-Harman, N; Soto-Torres, L; van der Straten, A, 2015)	0.42
"There was no difference in related genitourinary adverse events between treatment arms compared with placebo."	( Phase 1 Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Dapivirine and Maraviroc Vaginal Rings: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial. Chen, BA; Dezzutti, CS; Hendrix, CW; Hoesley, CJ; Husnik, MJ; Johnson, S; Marzinke, MA; Nel, A; Panther, L; Rabe, LK; Richardson-Harman, N; Soto-Torres, L; van der Straten, A, 2015)	0.42
"In this first study of a combination microbicide vaginal ring, all 4 rings were safe and well tolerated."	( Phase 1 Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Dapivirine and Maraviroc Vaginal Rings: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial. Chen, BA; Dezzutti, CS; Hendrix, CW; Hoesley, CJ; Husnik, MJ; Johnson, S; Marzinke, MA; Nel, A; Panther, L; Rabe, LK; Richardson-Harman, N; Soto-Torres, L; van der Straten, A, 2015)	0.42
" Lesinurad was generally safe and well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of lesinurad, a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, in healthy adult males. Hingorani, V; Kerr, B; Manhard, K; Quart, B; Rowlings, C; Shen, Z; Storgard, C; Yeh, LT, 2015)	0.42
"Little is known about the bioaccumulation and toxicity of hexaconazole (HEX) in spite of the fact that they are indispensable parts for a comprehensive assessment of its environmental behavior and toxic effects in organisms of freshwater ecosystems."	( Enantioselective bioaccumulation of hexaconazole and its toxic effects in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Li, D; Teng, M; Wang, Y; Xu, L; Zhang, R; Zhou, Z; Zhu, W, 2015)	0.42
" Impact of nanohexaconazole on soil nitrifiers was tested in vitro and there were no significant adverse effect in their numbers observed as compared to conventional registered formulation, proving the safety of the nanofungicide."	( Development and Quality Control of Nanohexaconazole as an Effective Fungicide and Its Biosafety Studies on Soil Nitifiers. Alam, MI; Gogoi, R; Gopal, M; Goswami, A; Kumar, R; Nair, KK; Singh, PK; Srivastava, C, 2015)	0.42
" The most common investigator-reported drug-related adverse events (AEs) were increased blood creatinine (26."	( Efficacy and safety of deferasirox in non-thalassemic patients with elevated ferritin levels after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Al-Ali, HK; Albrecht, S; Altamura, S; Bug, G; de Haas, K; Hubert, K; Jaekel, N; Kröger, N; Leismann, O; Lieder, K; Muckenthaler, MU; Niederwieser, D; Platzbecker, U; Stadler, M, 2016)	0.43
" All treatments were generally well tolerated without serious adverse events."	( Psychomotor effects, pharmacokinetics and safety of the orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant administered in combination with alcohol in healthy subjects. Gill, S; Li, X; Liu, W; Mangin, E; McCrea, J; Morrison, D; Panebianco, D; Sun, H; Troyer, MD; Wagner, JA; Yee, KL, 2015)	0.42
" The most common treatment-related adverse events were nausea (11%) and diarrhoea (8%)."	( Phase 3 pharmacokinetics and safety study of a posaconazole tablet formulation in patients at risk for invasive fungal disease. Candoni, A; Chandrasekar, P; Connelly, N; Cornely, OA; Duarte, RF; Haider, S; Helfgott, D; Jiménez, JL; Kartsonis, N; Langston, A; Laverdiere, M; Raad, I; Van Iersel, M; Waskin, H, 2016)	0.43
"Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is a popular ultraviolet absorbing chemical and has an adverse impact on aquatic ecosystems and human health."	( Degradation of benzophenone-3 by the ozonation in aqueous solution: kinetics, intermediates and toxicity. Guo, Y; Lin, Q; Qi, F; Xu, B, 2016)	0.43
"Interim safety results showed that treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were similar between the rufinamide (22 [88."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of rufinamide in pediatric patients aged less than 4 years with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: An interim analysis from a multicenter, randomized, active-controlled, open-label study. Arzimanoglou, A; Bibbiani, F; Critchley, D; Dhadda, S; Ferreira, JA; Hussein, Z; Kumar, D; Mendes, S; Satlin, A; Schuck, E; Williams, B, 2016)	0.43
"Rufinamide was safe and well tolerated in these pediatric subjects."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of rufinamide in pediatric patients aged less than 4 years with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: An interim analysis from a multicenter, randomized, active-controlled, open-label study. Arzimanoglou, A; Bibbiani, F; Critchley, D; Dhadda, S; Ferreira, JA; Hussein, Z; Kumar, D; Mendes, S; Satlin, A; Schuck, E; Williams, B, 2016)	0.43
" However, rufinamide may induce more tolerable (but not severe) adverse events."	( The efficacy and safety of rufinamide in drug-resistant epilepsy: A meta-analysis of double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trials. Chen, Z; Xu, Z; Zhao, H, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse events (AEs) were evaluated throughout both studies."	( Long-term safety and seizure outcome in Japanese patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome receiving adjunctive rufinamide therapy: An open-label study following a randomized clinical trial. Iyoda, K; Ohtsuka, Y; Shirasaka, Y; Takano, H; Takayama, R; Yoshinaga, H, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse events were mild or moderate, except for transient seizure aggravation in three patients."	( Long-term safety and seizure outcome in Japanese patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome receiving adjunctive rufinamide therapy: An open-label study following a randomized clinical trial. Iyoda, K; Ohtsuka, Y; Shirasaka, Y; Takano, H; Takayama, R; Yoshinaga, H, 2016)	0.43
" 43 (10%) of 155 treatment-emergent adverse events in the solithromycin group and 54 (13%) of 154 such events in the moxifloxacin group were deemed to be related to study drug."	( Efficacy and safety of oral solithromycin versus oral moxifloxacin for treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: a global, double-blind, multicentre, randomised, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial (SOLITAIRE-ORAL). Antonovsky, Y; Barrera, CM; Clark, K; Das, AF; Doreski, PA; Fernandes, P; Flores-Figueroa, J; Horwith, G; Jamieson, B; Karimjee, N; Keedy, K; Metev, H; Mitha, I; Molina, JM; Mykietiuk, A; Nitu, MF; Oldach, D; Rewerska, B; Rowe, BH; Scott, D; Sheets, A; Tanaseanu, CM; Van Rensburg, DJ, 2016)	0.43
" The most common adverse events (AEs) were increased serum creatinine levels (40."	( [Efficacy and safety of deferasirox in aplastic anemia patients with iron overload: a single arm, multi-center,prospective study in China]. Chang, H; Hu, D; Hu, L; Huang, J; Liu, F; Nie, N; Quan, R; Shao, Y; Shi, J; Tang, X; Xiao, H; Zhang, F; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zheng, C; Zheng, Y; Zhou, Y, 2016)	0.43
" The drug was well tolerated with a clinically manageable safety profile and no major adverse events."	( [Efficacy and safety of deferasirox in aplastic anemia patients with iron overload: a single arm, multi-center,prospective study in China]. Chang, H; Hu, D; Hu, L; Huang, J; Liu, F; Nie, N; Quan, R; Shao, Y; Shi, J; Tang, X; Xiao, H; Zhang, F; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zheng, C; Zheng, Y; Zhou, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Selected protocols using DFO, L1, and their combination can be designed for personalized chelation therapy in TI, which can effectively and safely remove all the excess toxic iron and prevent cardiac, liver, and other organ damage."	( Efficacy and safety of iron-chelation therapy with deferoxamine, deferiprone, and deferasirox for the treatment of iron-loaded patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia syndromes. Kontoghiorghe, CN; Kontoghiorghes, GJ, 2016)	0.43
" Overall tolerability was good, with somnolence being the commonest adverse event (≤ 7% in 3-month studies)."	( Suvorexant: efficacy and safety profile of a dual orexin receptor antagonist in treating insomnia. Owen, RT, 2016)	0.43
" The hepatotoxic compounds induced the expected zebrafish liver degeneration or changes in size, whereas saccharin did not have any phenotypic adverse effect."	( Phenotypic and biomarker evaluation of zebrafish larvae as an alternative model to predict mammalian hepatotoxicity. Berckmans, P; Covaci, A; Hollanders, K; Maho, W; Peers, B; Remy, S; Verstraelen, S; Witters, H, 2016)	0.43
" At every visit for blood transfusion, all patients were clinically assessed for any adverse effects; liver and renal functions were monitored 6-monthly."	( Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Oral Iron Chelators and their Novel Combination in Children with Thalassemia. Gomber, S; Jain, P; Narang, M; Sharma, S, 2016)	0.43
" No significant adverse reactions were noticed in either the monotherapy or the combination group."	( Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Oral Iron Chelators and their Novel Combination in Children with Thalassemia. Gomber, S; Jain, P; Narang, M; Sharma, S, 2016)	0.43
"Oral combination therapy of deferiprone and deferasirox appears to be an efficacious and safe modality to reduce serum ferritin in multi-transfused children with thalassemia."	( Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Oral Iron Chelators and their Novel Combination in Children with Thalassemia. Gomber, S; Jain, P; Narang, M; Sharma, S, 2016)	0.43
" Primary endpoints included interferon-mediated messenger RNA transcription over time, changes in Safety of Estrogen in Lupus National Assessment-SLE Disease Activity Index score, and number/severity of adverse events."	( Safety, tolerability, efficacy and pharmacodynamics of the selective JAK1 inhibitor GSK2586184 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Binks, M; Condreay, L; Dickson, M; Hachulla, E; Hicks, K; Kahl, L; Layton, M; Leon, G; Machado, D; Patel, J; Schifano, L; Staumont-Sallé, D; van Vollenhoven, RF; Zamuner, S, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse effects of deferasirox have been reported in large prospective studies."	( Proximal muscular atrophy and weakness: An unusual adverse effect of deferasirox iron chelation therapy. Albert, MH; Blaschek, A; Gerstl, L; Huetker, S; Müller-Felber, W; Teusch, V; Vill, K, )	0.13
" Grade 3-4 neutropenia was the most common adverse event (AE) in the palbociclib + letrozole arm."	( Efficacy and safety of palbociclib in combination with letrozole as first-line treatment of ER-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer: expanded analyses of subgroups from the randomized pivotal trial PALOMA-1/TRIO-18. Bartlett, CH; Boer, K; Bondarenko, IM; Crown, JP; Ettl, J; Finn, RS; Huang, X; Kim, ST; Lang, I; Nadanaciva, S; Patel, R; Pinter, T; Randolph, S; Schmidt, M; Schnell, P; Slamon, DJ, 2016)	0.43
" Mostly mild/moderate infusion events led to higher incidence of adverse events overall in the solithromycin group."	( SOLITAIRE-IV: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous-to-Oral Solithromycin to Intravenous-to-Oral Moxifloxacin for Treatment of Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia. Das, AF; Fernandes, P; File, TM; Gonong, JRV; Jamieson, BD; Keedy, K; Oldach, D; Rewerska, B; Sheets, A; Taylor, D; Vucinic-Mihailovic, V, 2016)	0.43
" We recorded the ORs for dual-therapy versus control groups for serious adverse events (1·16 [0·92-1·48]), adverse events (0·82 [0·52-1·28]), and mutations (2·11 [1·32-3·36])."	( Efficacy and safety of contemporary dual-drug antiretroviral regimens as first-line treatment or as a simplification strategy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Achhra, AC; Amin, J; Boyd, MA; Mwasakifwa, G, 2016)	0.43
"Dual therapy, especially with regimens excluding maraviroc, could be safe and efficacious, particularly in patients with baseline viral loads of less than 100 000 copies per mL."	( Efficacy and safety of contemporary dual-drug antiretroviral regimens as first-line treatment or as a simplification strategy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Achhra, AC; Amin, J; Boyd, MA; Mwasakifwa, G, 2016)	0.43
" The majority of patients (81%) were affected by at least 1 adverse event, with decreased renal creatinine clearance being the most frequent."	( CONIFER - Non-Interventional Study to Evaluate Therapy Monitoring During Deferasirox Treatment of Iron Toxicity in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patients with Transfusional Iron Overload. Bruch, HR; Dencausse, Y; Heßling, J; Michl, G; Schlag, R; Schneider-Schranz, C; Schulte, C; Skorupa, A; Tesch, H; Wolf, S, 2016)	0.43
"This non-clinical trial experience suggests that iv posaconazole appeared to be safe and clinically effective for prophylaxis or treatment of IFD in patients receiving treatment for haematological malignancies."	( Safety, clinical effectiveness and trough plasma concentrations of intravenous posaconazole in patients with haematological malignancies and/or undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: off-trial experience. Ananda-Rajah, MR; Bajel, A; Chen, SC; Grigg, A; Haywood, P; Jeong, W; Kong, DC; Lindsay, J; Peleg, AY; Ritchie, D; Seymour, JF; Shanmuganathan, N; Slavin, MA; Urbancic, K, 2016)	0.43
" Rufinamide is safe and effective for treatment of different epilepsies including LGS and drug-resistant partial seizures."	( [Effectiveness and safety of rufinamide at treatment of epilepsy with complications and drug-resistant epilepsy (according to meta-analysis data)]. Kislitsyn, YV; Mazin, PV; Mazina, NK; Sheshunov, IV, )	0.13
"Deferasirox adverse effects include the following: gastrointestinal disturbance, mild elevations in serum creatinine levels and intermittent proteinuria; these events are dose-dependent and reversible with drug discontinuation, but this solution can lead to an inadequate iron chelation."	( Deferasirox pharmacokinetic and toxicity correlation in β-thalassaemia major treatment. Allegra, S; Cusato, J; D'Avolio, A; De Francia, S; Massano, D; Piga, A; Pirro, E, 2016)	0.43
" The toxicities identified include adverse effects on liver and kidney and on the development of male reproductive organs."	( Myclobutanil worsens nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An in vitro study of toxicity and apoptosis on HepG2 cells. de Novellis, F; Lamberti, M; Pirozzi, AVA; Schiraldi, C; Stellavato, A, 2016)	0.43
" The maximum soluble dose of 4 mg/kg in 10% Solutol™ was not toxic to mice after single and multiple doses."	( Toxicity, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a novel inhibitor of IL-6-induced STAT3 activation. Beumer, JH; Colombo, R; Eiseman, JL; Grandis, JR; Guo, J; Huryn, DM; Johnston, PA; Kiesel, BF; Parise, RA; Sen, M, 2016)	0.43
" Rates of grade 3-4 adverse events did not differ among regimens (P = ."	( Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Maraviroc-Containing Regimens to Prevent HIV Infection in Men Who Have Sex With Men (HPTN 069/ACTG A5305). Amico, KR; Andrade, A; Andrew, P; Chege, W; Chen, YQ; Cottle, LM; Eshleman, SH; Farley, JE; Frank, I; Gulick, RM; Hendrix, CW; Ho, K; Klingman, KL; Landovitz, RJ; Liu, A; Magnus, M; Marcus, C; Marzinke, MA; Mayer, KH; McCauley, M; McGowan, I; Richardson, P; Rinehart, AR; Rooney, JF; Salata, RA; Santana, J; Stekler, JD; Wilkin, TJ; Young, AM, 2017)	0.46
"MVC-containing regimens were safe and well tolerated compared with TDF + FTC; this study was not powered for efficacy."	( Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Maraviroc-Containing Regimens to Prevent HIV Infection in Men Who Have Sex With Men (HPTN 069/ACTG A5305). Amico, KR; Andrade, A; Andrew, P; Chege, W; Chen, YQ; Cottle, LM; Eshleman, SH; Farley, JE; Frank, I; Gulick, RM; Hendrix, CW; Ho, K; Klingman, KL; Landovitz, RJ; Liu, A; Magnus, M; Marcus, C; Marzinke, MA; Mayer, KH; McCauley, M; McGowan, I; Richardson, P; Rinehart, AR; Rooney, JF; Salata, RA; Santana, J; Stekler, JD; Wilkin, TJ; Young, AM, 2017)	0.46
" Although adverse effects from acute and chronic exposure to BT have been reported, the neurotoxic effect of BT and the mechanisms of toxicity are not well documented."	( Brain quantitative proteomic responses reveal new insight of benzotriazole neurotoxicity in female Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). Liang, X; Martyniuk, CJ; Wang, Z; Zha, J, 2016)	0.43
" It is concluded that PBK modeling-facilitated reverse dosimetry of in vitro toxicity data is a promising tool to predict in vivo dose-response curves and may have the potential to define a point of departure for deriving safe exposure limits in risk assessment."	( Use of physiologically based kinetic modeling-facilitated reverse dosimetry of in vitro toxicity data for prediction of in vivo developmental toxicity of tebuconazole in rats. Li, H; Louisse, J; Rietjens, IM; van Ravenzwaay, B; Vervoort, J; Zhang, M, 2017)	0.46
" One (maraviroc) and two (placebo) patients experienced treatment-related hepatobiliary adverse events (AEs)."	( Hepatic safety of maraviroc in patients with HIV-1 and hepatitis C and/or B virus: 144-week results from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Asmuth, DM; Bansal, M; Fätkenheuer, G; Heera, J; Pialoux, G; Pineda, JA; Plonski, F; Rockstroh, JK; Small, CB; Wang, R; Zhang-Roper, R, 2017)	0.46
" Improvement in the management of IFDs have been achieved with the availability of new effective and safe antifungal drugs, however, many of these newer treatments have some limitations in their variable toxicity and unique predisposition for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions."	( An update on the safety and interactions of antifungal drugs in stem cell transplant recipients. Girmenia, C; Iori, AP, 2017)	0.46
" In growth inhibition experiments, triadimenol was more toxic than triadimefon, and (1S,2R)-triadimenol, which has the largest fungicidal activity, presented the highest toxicity to the algae."	( Stereoselective bioaccumulation, transformation, and toxicity of triadimefon in Scenedesmus obliquus. Huang, L; Xu, P, 2017)	0.46
" Without photodegradation, DNAN was more toxic (median lethal concentration [LC50] = 43 mg/L) than the other 2 constituents and it contributed predominantly to the toxicity of IMX-101 (LC50 = 206 mg/L) based on toxic units."	( Aquatic toxicity of photo-degraded insensitive munition 101 (IMX-101) constituents. Bednar, AJ; Gust, KA; Jordan, SM; Kennedy, AJ; Melby, NL; Moores, LC; Poda, AR, 2017)	0.46
" Most common grade 3 to 4 adverse events (> 5% of patients) reported for letrozole versus anastrozole were arthralgia (3."	( Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Adjuvant Letrozole Versus Anastrozole in Postmenopausal Patients With Hormone Receptor-Positive, Node-Positive Early Breast Cancer: Final Results of the Randomized Phase III Femara Versus Anastrozole Clinical Evaluation Amadori, D; Burris, H; Comarella, L; De Boer, R; Dowsett, M; Ejlertsen, B; Gnant, M; Hart, L; Jonat, W; McIntyre, K; O'Shaughnessy, J; Poggio, S; Pritchard, KI; Salomon, H; Smith, I; Wamil, B; Yardley, D, 2017)	0.46
" Due to lack of good clinical response and concern of potential adverse effects whilst on intravenous voriconazole, intravenous posaconazole 300 mg every 48 h was chosen with confirmed therapeutic plasma concentrations."	( A case report of intravenous posaconazole in hepatic and renal impairment patient with invasive Aspergillus terreus infection: safety and role of therapeutic drug monitoring. Boonprasert, R; Chayakulkeeree, M; Dilokpattanamongkol, P; Panusitthikorn, P; Rotjanapan, P, 2017)	0.46
"Intravenous posaconazole use with TDM implementation maybe a safe alternative option to standard therapy."	( A case report of intravenous posaconazole in hepatic and renal impairment patient with invasive Aspergillus terreus infection: safety and role of therapeutic drug monitoring. Boonprasert, R; Chayakulkeeree, M; Dilokpattanamongkol, P; Panusitthikorn, P; Rotjanapan, P, 2017)	0.46
" The combination of drugs was well tolerated and no new adverse effects were observed."	( Efficacy and Safety of Combined Oral Chelation With Deferiprone and Deferasirox in Children With β-Thalassemia Major: An Experience From North India. Chandra, J; Dhingra, B; Jain, R; Mahto, D; Parakh, N; Sharma, S, 2017)	0.46
" Drug-related adverse events were similarly low in both groups."	( Efficacy, safety and feasibility of antifungal prophylaxis with posaconazole tablet in paediatric patients after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blaeschke, F; Cabanillas Stanchi, KM; Döring, M; Feucht, J; Feuchtinger, T; Handgretinger, R; Heinz, WJ; Lang, P; Müller, I; Queudeville, M; Schlegel, P, 2017)	0.46
" Besides, co-exposure to 1H-BTR not only reduced the acute toxic effects induced by Cd, but also alleviated the Cd-induced liver atrophy in transgenic fish."	( Hepatotoxicity of benzotriazole and its effect on the cadmium induced toxicity in zebrafish Danio rerio. Duan, Z; Feng, Z; Gong, Z; Li, C; Sun, H; Wang, L; Xing, Y; Zhang, H, 2017)	0.46
" The HCS technique also showed toxic effect towards MCF7."	( Cytotoxicity anticancer activities of anastrozole against breast, liver hepatocellular, and prostate cancer cells. Abd-Allateef, M; El-Hiti, GA; Hassan, F; Yousif, E, 2017)	0.46
" The main outcome measures included disease-free survival (DFS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR), and adverse events."	( A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy and safety of anastrozole versus tamoxifen for breast cancer. Pan, W; Sun, X; Tang, X; Wu, S; Yang, Y, 2017)	0.46
" We therefore demonstrated that zebrafish provide an excellent system for study of compounds with toxic significance and can be used as an alternative model for developmental toxicity studies to predict effects in mammals."	( Zebrafish as an Alternative Vertebrate Model for Investigating Developmental Toxicity-The Triadimefon Example. Machera, K; Zoupa, M, 2017)	0.46
" Although hepatotoxicity in a small percentage of patients is of concern, posaconazole tablets appeared to be generally safe and effective."	( Real-Life Assessment of the Safety and Effectiveness of the New Tablet and Intravenous Formulations of Posaconazole in the Prophylaxis of Invasive Fungal Infections via Analysis of 343 Courses. Aitken, SL; Granwehr, B; Heo, ST; Kontoyiannis, DP; Tverdek, FP, 2017)	0.46
"Despite widespread use of bromuconazole as a pesticide for food crops and fruits, limited studies have been done to evaluate its toxic effects."	( Bromuconazole-induced hepatotoxicity is accompanied by upregulation of PXR/CYP3A1 and downregulation of CAR/CYP2B1 gene expression. Abdelhadya, DH; El-Magd, MA; Elbialy, ZI; Saleh, AA, 2017)	0.46
" Moreover, transcripts related to these toxic pathways were also significantly affected by BT."	( Histopathological and proteomic responses in male Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) indicate hepatotoxicity following benzotriazole exposure. Liang, X; Martyniuk, CJ; Wang, Z; Zha, J; Zhao, J, 2017)	0.46
" The long-term use of aromatase inhibitor therapy is thought to be effective and safe for patients with recurrence after BSO."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of aromatase inhibitor use for leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata. Ando, H; Kusunoki, S; Matsuoka, S; Ogishima, D; Ota, T; Sugimori, Y, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events occurred in 65% of the voriconazole group vs."	( Comparing the safety and efficacy of voriconazole versus posaconazole in the prevention of invasive fungal infections in high-risk patients with hematological malignancies. Assaf, A; Chaftari, AM; Hachem, R; Jiang, Y; Numan, Y; Raad, II; Shah, P, 2017)	0.46
" The result of acute toxicities to mice of PPTA by intragastric administration indicated that PPTA did not produce any significant acute toxic effect on Kunming strain mice."	( The evaluation of acute toxicity, antimicrobial activity of 1-phenyl-5-p-tolyl-1H-1, 2, 3-triazole, and binding to human serum albumin. Chen, YX; Ding, GH; Dong, RC; Duan, HY; He, WY; Li, JL; Shu, HM; Si, HZ; Wu, LY; Zhong, X, 2017)	0.46
" Thereafter, the PBK-simulated blood levels at toxic in vivo doses were compared to the respective in vitro effective concentrations."	( In vitro to in vivo extrapolation of effective dosimetry in developmental toxicity testing: Application of a generic PBK modelling approach. Fragki, S; Piersma, AH; Rorije, E; Zeilmaker, MJ, 2017)	0.46
" Therefore, firstly we explored the toxic effects and possible mechanism of cardiovascular toxicity induced by TF using zebrafish model."	( The cardiovascular toxicity of triadimefon in early life stage of zebrafish and potential implications to human health. Chen, LL; Chu, TY; Gui, WJ; Liu, HC; Zhu, GN, 2017)	0.46
" There are large amounts of toxicological data available regarding myclobutanil, but the adverse effects of myclobutanil on lizards has not been widely reported."	( Tissue distribution and toxicity effects of myclobutanil enantiomers in lizards (Eremias argus). Chen, L; Cheng, C; Di, S; Diao, J; Li, R; Tian, Z; Zhang, W; Zhou, Z, 2017)	0.46
" Secondary outcomes were adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of endocrine monotherapy as first-line treatment for hormone-sensitive advanced breast cancer: A network meta-analysis. He, Y; Huang, Y; Wang, C; Wu, K; Zhang, J; Zheng, S, 2017)	0.46
" We directly compared adverse events and found that tamoxifen produced more hot flash events than fulvestrant 250 mg."	( Efficacy and safety of endocrine monotherapy as first-line treatment for hormone-sensitive advanced breast cancer: A network meta-analysis. He, Y; Huang, Y; Wang, C; Wu, K; Zhang, J; Zheng, S, 2017)	0.46
" Primary outcomes were grade 3 and 4 adverse events and time to permanent discontinuation of the study regimen."	( Safety and Tolerability of Maraviroc-Containing Regimens to Prevent HIV Infection in Women: A Phase 2 Randomized Trial. Amico, KR; Andrade, A; Andrew, P; Chege, W; Chen, YQ; Cottle, LM; Eshleman, SH; Frank, I; Gulick, RM; Hendrix, CW; Ho, K; Hodder, S; Klingman, KL; Landovitz, RJ; Manabe, YC; Marcus, C; Marzinke, MA; Mayer, KH; McCauley, M; McGowan, I; Richardson, P; Rinehart, AR; Rooney, JF; Salata, RA; Santana, J; Siegel, M; Stekler, JD; Swaminathan, S; Wilkin, TJ; Young, AM, 2017)	0.46
" Grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred in 5 (MVC), 13 (MVC-FTC), 9 (MVC-TDF), and 8 (TDF-FTC) participants; rates did not differ among regimens."	( Safety and Tolerability of Maraviroc-Containing Regimens to Prevent HIV Infection in Women: A Phase 2 Randomized Trial. Amico, KR; Andrade, A; Andrew, P; Chege, W; Chen, YQ; Cottle, LM; Eshleman, SH; Frank, I; Gulick, RM; Hendrix, CW; Ho, K; Hodder, S; Klingman, KL; Landovitz, RJ; Manabe, YC; Marcus, C; Marzinke, MA; Mayer, KH; McCauley, M; McGowan, I; Richardson, P; Rinehart, AR; Rooney, JF; Salata, RA; Santana, J; Siegel, M; Stekler, JD; Swaminathan, S; Wilkin, TJ; Young, AM, 2017)	0.46
" POS caused some adverse effects of mild or moderate severity that were of short duration."	( Efficacy and safety of posaconazole in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients with invasive fungal disease. Feng, S; Han, M; He, Y; Jiang, E; Liu, L; Wang, Z; Wei, J; Yang, D; Zhai, W; Zhang, G; Zhang, L; Zhang, R; Zhang, S, 2017)	0.46
"Two simple sample pretreatment for the determination of difenoconazole in cowpea was developed including micellar extraction combined with ionic liquid based vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (ME-IL-VALLME) prior to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method (QuEChERS) coupled with HPLC-MS/MS."	( Comparison of micellar extraction combined with ionic liquid based vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the determination of difenoconazole in cowpea. Bian, Y; Chen, X; Liu, F; Sun, P; Teng, P, 2017)	0.46
" The most commonly reported treatment-related adverse events were diarrhoea (8%), nausea (5%) and rash (5%)."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety results from the Phase 3 randomized, open-label, study of intravenous posaconazole in patients at risk of invasive fungal disease. Aoun, M; Cornely, OA; Geddes, M; Grigg, A; Haider, S; Hammond, SP; Heinz, WJ; Hepler, DA; Kartsonis, NA; Maertens, J; Meyer, RG; Mullane, KM; Ostermann, H; Raad, I; Robertson, MN; Schanz, U; Ullmann, AJ; Van Iersel, MLPS; Waskin, H; Zimmerli, S, 2017)	0.46
" The high coverage rate of this population-based study supports the safe practice of fertility preservation in young women with breast cancer."	( Safety of fertility preservation in breast cancer patients in a register-based matched cohort study. Bergh, J; Eloranta, S; Krawiec, K; Liljegren, A; Lissmats, A; Rodriguez-Wallberg, KA, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse event rates were similar in age-stratified subsets."	( Efficacy and safety in older patient subsets in studies of endocrine monotherapy versus combination therapy in patients with HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer: a review. Freedman, RA; Tolaney, SM, 2018)	0.48
"ET + CDK4/6 or mTOR inhibitors are likely safe and effective in older patients with HR+, HER2- advanced breast cancer."	( Efficacy and safety in older patient subsets in studies of endocrine monotherapy versus combination therapy in patients with HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer: a review. Freedman, RA; Tolaney, SM, 2018)	0.48
" Consistent with the toxic effects of APAP in the liver and cisplatin in the kidney, immunohistochemical analysis revealed the elevated expression of luciferase and Hmox1 in centrilobular hepatocytes and in tubular epithelial cells, respectively."	( Real-time in vivo imaging reveals localised Nrf2 stress responses associated with direct and metabolism-dependent drug toxicity. Copple, IM; Forootan, SS; Francis, B; Goldring, CE; Iwawaki, T; Kipar, A; Mutter, FE; Park, BK, 2017)	0.46
"Penconazole is a widely used fungicide that is toxic to a variety of organisms including fish."	( Developmental toxicity of penconazole in Zebrfish (Danio rerio) embryos. Ciltas, A; Icoglu Aksakal, F, 2018)	0.48
" Nifurtimox and benzonidazole are the drugs used in the treatment of this disease, but they commonly are toxic and present severe side effects."	( Searching for new drugs for Chagas diseases: triazole analogs display high in vitro activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and low toxicity toward mammalian cells. da Silva, FC; Faria, RX; Ferreira, VF; Gonzaga, DTG; Pacheco, PAF; Souza, ALA, 2018)	0.48
" Anas-associated musculoskeletal symptoms (MS) and other adverse reactions, such as hot flashes (HF) and vaginal dryness/dyspareunia (VDD), are common and can affect the quality of life of BC patients, even sometimes leading to treatment withdrawal."	( Correlation of Serum Estradiol and Duration of Anastrazole Therapy with Treatment Related Adverse Effects Among Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Women: A Cross-sectional Study. Abubakar, MB; Gan, SH, 2017)	0.46
" The animal studies included determination of the therapeutic index of the drug (ie, lethal dose 50 which is the dose at which 50% of animals die following administration of the drug), adverse effects on fertility, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, and ability to cause narcolepsy."	( CNS Drug Development, Lessons Learned, Part 5: How Preclinical and Human Safety Studies Inform the Approval and Subsequent Use of a New Drug-Suvorexant as an Example. Preskorn, SH, 2018)	0.48
" However, its clinical usage is limited by a lot of adverse reactions such as diarrhea."	( S-allylmercaptocysteine attenuates posaconazole-induced adverse effects in mice through antioxidation and anti-inflammation. Li, S; Yang, L; Yang, M; Zhao, Z, 2018)	0.48
" Safety assessments included daily adverse event (AE) monitoring; pharmacokinetic data were obtained through periodic sampling."	( Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Suvorexant: A Randomized Rising-Dose Trial in Healthy Men. Cabalu, T; Lewis, N; Liu, W; McCrea, J; Panebianco, D; Ramael, S; Wrishko, RE; Yee, KL, 2018)	0.48
" Random effects model was used to generate direct, indirect and mixed treatment comparison pooled estimates for the following outcomes: serum ferritin, liver iron concentration (LIC), changes in serum ferritin, mortality, urine iron excretion, adverse events, neutropenia, agranulocytosis and number of patients withdrawing the chelating therapy."	( Efficacy and safety of iron chelators in thalassemia and sickle cell disease: a multiple treatment comparison network meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Sivaramakrishnan, G; Sridharan, K, 2018)	0.48
" DFP/DFO was associated with higher LVEF, low risk of adverse events and reduced end of serum ferritin compared to DFO."	( Efficacy and safety of iron chelators in thalassemia and sickle cell disease: a multiple treatment comparison network meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Sivaramakrishnan, G; Sridharan, K, 2018)	0.48
" The present study was designed to investigate the neurobehavioral toxic effects of PCZ in albino rats and to evaluate the ameliorative role of CAR against such toxic effects."	( Ameliorative effect of carvacrol against propiconazole-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in rats. Elhady, MA; Hassanen, EI; Kamel, MM; Khalaf, AAA; Noshy, PA, 2018)	0.48
" Eight patients had adverse effects such as somnolence (6 patients), sleep disturbance (1 patient), and appetite loss (4 patients) including weight loss in 2 patients."	( Short-term efficacy and safety of rufinamide for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Minagawa, K; Takayama, R; Watanabe, T, 2016)	0.43
" To adjust for treatment duration, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were expressed as exposure-adjusted incidence rates (patients with events per 100 person-years)."	( Integrated safety studies of the urate reabsorption inhibitor lesinurad in treatment of gout. Baumgartner, S; Goldfarb, DS; Jalal, D; Pillinger, M; Saag, KG; Schechter, BM; Terkeltaub, R; Valiyil, R; White, WB, 2019)	0.51
" Major adverse cardiovascular events were 3, 4 and 9 with XOI, LESU200+XOI and LESU400+XOI, respectively."	( Integrated safety studies of the urate reabsorption inhibitor lesinurad in treatment of gout. Baumgartner, S; Goldfarb, DS; Jalal, D; Pillinger, M; Saag, KG; Schechter, BM; Terkeltaub, R; Valiyil, R; White, WB, 2019)	0.51
"At the approved dose of 200 mg once-daily combined with an XOI, LESU did not increase renal, cardiovascular or other adverse events compared with XOI alone, except for sCr elevations."	( Integrated safety studies of the urate reabsorption inhibitor lesinurad in treatment of gout. Baumgartner, S; Goldfarb, DS; Jalal, D; Pillinger, M; Saag, KG; Schechter, BM; Terkeltaub, R; Valiyil, R; White, WB, 2019)	0.51
" Regarding safety, adverse events were observed in 83."	( Efficacy and safety of fosravuconazole L-lysine ethanolate, a novel oral triazole antifungal agent, for the treatment of onychomycosis: A multicenter, double-blind, randomized phase III study. Okubo, A; Tsubouchi, I; Watanabe, S, 2018)	0.48
" Rufinamide tablets were safe and effective as an add-on treatment in Korean children and adolescents <20 years of age with LGS."	( Rufinamide efficacy and safety in children aged 1-4 years with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Kang, HC; Kim, HD; Kim, SH; Lee, JS, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse events (AEs) were evaluated after 12 weeks of treatment."	( Rufinamide efficacy and safety in children aged 1-4 years with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Kang, HC; Kim, HD; Kim, SH; Lee, JS, 2018)	0.48
" The secondary outcome was the number of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Lesinurad in Patients with Hyperuricemia Associated with Gout: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Chang, YS; Chang, YT; Lee, CH; Lin, YC; Loh, EW; Tam, KW; Wu, JY; Wu, MY, 2018)	0.48
"The study investigates toxic effects of the fungicide tebuconazole (TEB) on Fusarium-infected wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants based on the morphological characteristics of root apices and changes in the integrated parameters of redox homeostasis, including the contents of free proline and products of peroxidation of proteins (carbonylated proteins, CP) and lipids (malondialdehyde, MDA) in roots."	( Toxic effects of the fungicide tebuconazole on the root system of fusarium-infected wheat plants. Menzyanova, N; Prudnikova, S; Shishatskaya, E; Thomas, S; Volova, T; Zhila, N, 2018)	0.48
" Primary safety/tolerability assessments included monitoring of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and serious TEAEs."	( Evaluation of long-term safety, tolerability, and behavioral outcomes with adjunctive rufinamide in pediatric patients (≥1 to <4 years old) with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Final results from randomized study 303. Arzimanoglou, A; Bibbiani, F; Dhadda, S; Ferreira, J; Kumar, D; Olhaye, O; Satlin, A, 2019)	0.51
" 37 (57%) patients who received filgotinib and 39 (59%) patients who received placebo had at least one treatment-emergent adverse event."	( Efficacy and safety of filgotinib, a selective Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, in patients with active psoriatic arthritis (EQUATOR): results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Abi-Saab, W; Besuyen, R; Coates, LC; Dudek, A; Gladman, DD; Greer, JM; Harrison, P; Helliwell, PS; Kunder, R; Mease, P; Meuleners, L; Mozaffarian, N; Rychlewska-Hanczewska, A; Stanislavchuk, M; Tasset, C; Van den Bosch, F; Van der Aa, A, 2018)	0.48
" Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 18 patients in each group, the most common being nasopharyngitis (in two patients in the filgotinib group and in four patients in the placebo group)."	( Efficacy and safety of filgotinib, a selective Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (TORTUGA): results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Abi-Saab, W; Baraliakos, X; Besuyen, R; Deodhar, A; Gensler, LS; Greer, JM; Hendrikx, T; Landewé, R; Liu, K; Maksymowych, WP; Meuleners, L; Mozaffarian, N; Nadashkevich, O; Tasset, C; Tseluyko, V; van der Heijde, D, 2018)	0.48
"Filgotinib is efficacious and safe for the treatment of patients with active ankylosing spondylitis who have not responded to first-line pharmacological therapy with NSAIDs."	( Efficacy and safety of filgotinib, a selective Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (TORTUGA): results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Abi-Saab, W; Baraliakos, X; Besuyen, R; Deodhar, A; Gensler, LS; Greer, JM; Hendrikx, T; Landewé, R; Liu, K; Maksymowych, WP; Meuleners, L; Mozaffarian, N; Nadashkevich, O; Tasset, C; Tseluyko, V; van der Heijde, D, 2018)	0.48
" Methods We conducted a multicenter, phase 1, dose escalation study to determine the safety and adverse event profile and the maximum tolerated dose and recommended phase 2 dose of VLX600."	( A phase I study of the safety and tolerability of VLX600, an Iron Chelator, in patients with refractory advanced solid tumors. Borad, M; Gulbo, J; Mansfield, AS; Mody, K; Nygren, P; Vemireddy, L, 2019)	0.51
" All of these can cause significant adverse drug reactions."	( Isavuconazole and voriconazole for the treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: A retrospective comparison of rates of adverse events. Bongomin, F; Felton, T; Maguire, N; Moore, CB; Rautemaa-Richardson, R, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse events were seen in 18 of 21 (86%) the patients in the voriconazole group and 12 of 20 (60%) in the isavuconazole group (P = 0."	( Isavuconazole and voriconazole for the treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: A retrospective comparison of rates of adverse events. Bongomin, F; Felton, T; Maguire, N; Moore, CB; Rautemaa-Richardson, R, 2019)	0.51
"Compared with isavuconazole, adverse events were significantly higher in CPA patients commenced on voriconazole."	( Isavuconazole and voriconazole for the treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: A retrospective comparison of rates of adverse events. Bongomin, F; Felton, T; Maguire, N; Moore, CB; Rautemaa-Richardson, R, 2019)	0.51
"To explore the pharmacokinetics and adverse event (AE) profile of posaconazole tablets in patients with CPA."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring and adverse events of delayed-release posaconazole tablets in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Denning, DW; Kosmidis, C; Moore, CB; Rautemaa-Richardson, R; Richardson, MD; Rodriguez-Goncer, I, 2019)	0.51
" Safety assessments included monitoring of adverse events, 12-lead electrocardiography, vital signs, and laboratory safety assessments."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Multiple Doses of the Novel Oxytocin Receptor Antagonist Cligosiban in Development for Premature Ejaculation: Two Randomized Clinical Trials in Healthy Subjects. Muirhead, GJ; Osterloh, IH; van den Berg, F; Whaley, S, 2019)	0.51
" However, no studies using combined xanthine oxidase inhibition and uricosuric ULT have focused on clinical outcomes or adverse events (AEs) beyond 12 months of therapy."	( Efficacy and safety during extended treatment of lesinurad in combination with febuxostat in patients with tophaceous gout: CRYSTAL extension study. Baumgartner, S; Dalbeth, N; Fung, M; Jones, G; Khanna, D; Perez-Ruiz, F; Terkeltaub, R, 2019)	0.51
" Exposure-adjusted incidence rates of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and renal-related TEAEs in the core study were not increased with prolonged lesinurad exposure in the extension study."	( Efficacy and safety during extended treatment of lesinurad in combination with febuxostat in patients with tophaceous gout: CRYSTAL extension study. Baumgartner, S; Dalbeth, N; Fung, M; Jones, G; Khanna, D; Perez-Ruiz, F; Terkeltaub, R, 2019)	0.51
" ASP3662 was generally safe and well tolerated."	( Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of ASP3662, a Novel 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitor, in Healthy Young and Elderly Subjects. Bellaire, S; Krauwinkel, W; Marek, GJ; Walzer, M; Wang, T; Yuan, N, 2019)	0.51
" Among the series, (E)-1-(2-(5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-2-(2- (2,6-dichlorophenyl)hydrazono)ethyl)-1H-imidazole derivative 2f and (Z)-1-(2-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)- 2-(2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)hydrazono)ethyl]-1H-imidazole derivatives 2e exhibited a promising antimycobacterial property and the latter also displayed a safe cytotoxic profile."	( Imidazole and 1,2,4-Triazole-based Derivatives Gifted with Antitubercular Activity: Cytotoxicity and Computational Assessment. Cateni, F; De Logu, A; Laurini, E; Mamolo, MG; Marson, D; Moneghini, M; Sanna, A; Zacchigna, M; Zampieri, D, 2019)	0.51
" The primary efficacy variable for both studies was change in blood hemoglobin (Hb) level from baseline to each post-baseline visit, and safety outcomes included adverse events (AEs)."	( Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Molidustat for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: DIALOGUE Extension Studies. Akizawa, T; Bernhardt, T; Berns, JS; Iekushi, K; Krueger, T; Macdougall, IC; Staedtler, G; Taguchi, M, 2019)	0.51
" POS oral suspension was generally well tolerated and most of the reported adverse events were related to the subjects' underlying diseases."	( A non-randomized trial to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of posaconazole oral suspension in immunocompromised children with neutropenia. Arrieta, AC; Bradley, JS; Carmelitano, P; Gates, D; Groll, AH; Joshi, A; Kartsonis, NA; Lehrnbecher, T; Mangin, E; Paschke, A; Sung, L; Walsh, TJ; Waskin, H; Zwaan, CM, 2019)	0.51
" The excessive application of this pesticide may result in a variety of adverse effects on non-target organisms, including humans."	( Oxidative stress, genotoxicity, biochemical and histopathological modifications induced by epoxiconazole in liver and kidney of Wistar rats. Abid-Essefi, S; Ammar, O; Ghali, FB; Hallara, E; Hamdi, H; Houas, Z; Klifi, A; Najjar, MF; Othmène, YB, 2019)	0.51
" The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants discontinuing due to adverse events (AEs) through Week 48."	( Once-daily Doravirine for Initial Treatment of Adults Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1: An Integrated Safety Analysis. Cahn, P; Hanna, G; Hwang, C; Kumar, S; Martin, E; Molina, JM; Orkin, C; Rodgers, A; Sax, P; Squires, K; Teppler, H; Thompson, M; Xu, X, 2020)	0.56
"7 times more toxic than (1R,2R)-bitertanol to Chlorella pyrenoidosa."	( Stereoselective bioactivity, toxicity and degradation of the chiral triazole fungicide bitertanol. Chen, R; Gao, B; He, Z; Kaziem, AE; Li, L; Shi, H; Wang, M; Wen, Y; Zhang, Z, 2020)	0.56
" Primary outcomes were the proportion of participants with HIV-1 RNA <40 copies/ml at week 24, and central nervous system (CNS) adverse events (AEs) by weeks 8 and 24 (Parts I+II combined)."	( Doravirine dose selection and 96-week safety and efficacy versus efavirenz in antiretroviral therapy-naive adults with HIV-1 infection in a Phase IIb trial. Arastéh, K; Dretler, R; Frobose, C; Gatell, JM; Hagins, DP; Harvey, C; Hoffmann, C; Hwang, C; Kumar, S; Morales-Ramirez, JO; Osiyemi, O; Plettenberg, A; Portilla, J; Raffi, F; Rodgers, A; Rugina, S; Smith, DE; Teppler, H; Thompson, M; Wan, H; Xu, X, 2019)	0.51
"Triazole fungicides are widely used in agriculture production and have adverse impacts on aquatic organisms."	( Toxicity effects in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) induced by prothioconazole. Jia, M; Li, R; Liu, L; Meng, Z; Teng, M; Tian, S; Yan, J; Yan, S; Zhou, Z; Zhu, W, 2019)	0.51
" These results contribute to the growing knowledge on the effects of insecticidal usage in agriculture on non-target invertebrates, and necessitate the need to explore alternate insecticides that can effectively control insect pests but safe for non-target organisms."	( Side effects of insecticidal usage in rice farming system on the non-target house fly Musca domestica in Punjab, Pakistan. Khan, HAA, 2020)	0.56
" Using zebrafish as a vertebrate model, the toxic effects in liver that produced by low-toxic concentrations of tebuconazole were assessed in adult zebrafish."	( Tebuconazole induced oxidative stress related hepatotoxicity in adult and larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chen, L; Coffin, S; Gui, W; Jiang, Y; Li, S; Qiao, K; Sun, Q; Zhu, G, 2020)	0.56
" No significant differences were observed in the incidence of serious adverse events after treatment with tofacitinib + MTX, filgotinib + MTX, adalimumab + MTX, or placebo + MTX."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and filgotinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2020)	0.56
"In patients with RA exhibiting an inadequate response to cs- or bDMARDs, tofacitinib 10 mg + MTX and filgotinib 200 mg + MTX were the most efficacious interventions and risks of serious adverse events did not differ between tofacitinib and filgotinib groups."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and filgotinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2020)	0.56
" In this study, the selective metabolism of triadimenol (TN) in the male Eremias argus lizards and the toxic effects of TN on lizards were studied."	( Stereoselective metabolism and potential adverse effects of chiral fungicide triadimenol on Eremias argus. Chen, L; Diao, J; Li, Y; Tian, Z; Wang, Z; Zhang, L; Zhang, W; Zhou, Z, 2020)	0.56
" The primary outcome was incidence rates of adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs."	( Safety of Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases or Other Immune-mediated Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bonovas, S; Danese, S; Lasa, JS; Olivera, PA; Peyrin-Biroulet, L, 2020)	0.56
"Anticonvulsant and acute toxic effects of 5-[(3-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-4-(n-hexyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (TPF-34)-a candidate for novel antiepileptic drug-were examined in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure (MES) model and rotarod test in mice."	( Anticonvulsant and neurotoxic effects of a novel 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione derivative (TPF-34) and its isobolographic interaction profile with classical antiepileptic drugs in mice. Bojar, H; Florek-Łuszczki, M; Lepiech, J; Plech, T; Walczak, A; Wróblewska-Łuczka, P; Zagaja, M; Łuszczki, JJ, 2020)	0.56
" In this study, we aimed to explore the mixture toxic effects of fludioxonil (FLU) and triadimefon (TRI) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) by employing different toxicological endpoints."	( Combined toxic effects of fludioxonil and triadimefon on embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Guo, D; Wang, D; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Weng, H; Xu, C; Yang, G; Yu, R, 2020)	0.56
" There are limited data on adverse events associated with the newer topical onychomycosis drugs."	( Retrospective analysis of adverse events with topical onychomycosis medications reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration. Lipner, SR; Wang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" We reviewed 437 patients with multiple myeloma treated with selinexor and assessed the kinetics of adverse events and impact of supportive care measures."	( Integrated safety profile of selinexor in multiple myeloma: experience from 437 patients enrolled in clinical trials. Abonour, R; Bahlis, N; Baz, R; Berdeja, JG; Chai, Y; Chari, A; Chen, C; Choquet, S; Cornell, RF; Dimopoulos, MA; Dingli, D; Gasparetto, C; Gavriatopoulou, M; Hofmeister, CC; Huff, CA; Jagannath, S; Jakubowiak, A; Kauffman, MG; Lentzsch, S; Li, K; Li, L; Lonial, S; Mohty, M; Moreau, P; Nooka, AK; Parker, TL; Reece, D; Richter, J; Shacham, S; Shah, J; Siegel, D; Tuchman, S; Unger, TJ; Vogl, DT; Weisel, KC; White, D; Yee, AJ, 2020)	0.56
" The medication was well tolerated, with 4 local adverse events and no significant adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of Efinaconazole 10% Solution in the Treatment of Onychomycosis in Diabetic Patients. Hamedani, E; Harkless, L; Navarrete, R; Seun, J; Shofler, D; Thamby, R, 2020)	0.56
" Score however, was not toxic to the springtails."	( Impact of temperature on the toxicity of Kraft 36 EC® (a.s. abamectin) and Score 250 EC® (a.s. difenoconazole) to soil organisms under realistic environmental exposure scenarios. Athayde, DB; Daam, MA; Duarte-Neto, PJ; Espíndola, ELG; Guerra, GDS; Pitombeira de Figueirêdo, L; van Gestel, CAM, 2020)	0.56
"The widespread application of triazole fungicides makes people attach great concern over its adverse effects in mammalian."	( Comparative cytotoxic effects of five commonly used triazole alcohol fungicides on human cells of different tissue types. Huang, Q; Liu, X; Muhayimana, S; Xiong, H; Xu, J; Xue, Y; Zhang, X, 2020)	0.56
"ISA is safe in pediatric patients for the treatment of IFI."	( Safety of Isavuconazonium Sulfate in Pediatrics Patients With Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation With Invasive Fungal Infections: A Real World Experience. Chen, J; Dadwal, S; Karras, NA; Pawlowska, A; Rosenthal, J; Ross, JA; Sun, W; Tegtmeier, B; Yamada, C; Zaia, J, 2020)	0.56
" The safety based on the number of serious adverse events (SAEs) did not differ significantly among 6 six interventions."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of 100 mg and 200 mg filgotinib administered to patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials . Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2020)	0.56
"Although fungicides could be the best solution in combating fungal infections in crops, however, the phytotoxic level of fungicides to the crops should be tested first to ensure that it is safe for the crops."	( Phytotoxicity of chitosan-based agronanofungicides in the vegetative growth of oil palm seedling. Daim, LDJ; Fakurazi, S; Hilmi, NHZ; Hussein, MZ; Idris, AS; Maluin, FN; Yusof, NA, 2020)	0.56
" Tofacitinib 5 mg, filgotinib 200 mg, and placebo showed a significantly lower serious adverse event rate than upadacitinib 15 mg."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, and filgotinib in active rheumatoid arthritis refractory to biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2021)	0.62
" However, the number of patients who experienced serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the JAK inhibitors, except for tofacitinib 5 mg, and placebo."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, filgotinib and peficitinib as monotherapy for active rheumatoid arthritis. Gyu Song, G; Ho Lee, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Oral doravirine and IM doravirine were generally well tolerated; injection-site pain was the most common adverse event for IM doravirine."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of long-acting parenteral intramuscular injection formulations of doravirine. Dockendorf, MF; Fackler, PH; Fan, L; Iwamoto, M; Khalilieh, SG; Mittal, S; Stoch, SA; Triantafyllou, I; Yee, KL, 2020)	0.56
"As an agricultural fungicide, penconazole (PEN) is widely used and has adverse effects on various organisms."	( Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of penconazole in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) following soil exposure. Jia, M; Li, R; Meng, Z; Sun, W; Tian, S; Wu, R; Yan, S; Zhou, Z; Zhu, W, 2020)	0.56
" We conclude that the PluriBeat assay is a novel method for predicting chemicals' adverse effects on embryonic development."	( A novel human pluripotent stem cell-based assay to predict developmental toxicity. Emnéus, JK; Holst, B; Lauschke, K; Meiser, I; Neubauer, JC; Rasmussen, MA; Rosenmai, AK; Schmidt, K; Taxvig, C; Vinggaard, AM, 2020)	0.56
" The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (eight [32%] of 25 patients) and hyponatraemia (five [20%])."	( Safety and activity of selinexor in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or oligoblastic acute myeloid leukaemia refractory to hypomethylating agents: a single-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Abdel-Wahab, O; Alvarez, K; Chung, SS; Gönen, M; Klimek, VM; Mi, X; Paffenholz, SV; Park, JH; Penson, AV; Rampal, RK; Sen, F; Sigler, A; Stein, EM; Tallman, MS; Taylor, J, 2020)	0.56
" Adverse events were manageable with supportive care implementation."	( Safety and activity of selinexor in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or oligoblastic acute myeloid leukaemia refractory to hypomethylating agents: a single-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Abdel-Wahab, O; Alvarez, K; Chung, SS; Gönen, M; Klimek, VM; Mi, X; Paffenholz, SV; Park, JH; Penson, AV; Rampal, RK; Sen, F; Sigler, A; Stein, EM; Tallman, MS; Taylor, J, 2020)	0.56
" To advance the understanding of the risks of EDCs to amphibians, methods to determine endocrine-linked adverse effects are needed."	( Developmental reproductive toxicity and endocrine activity of propiconazole in the Xenopus tropicalis model. Berg, C; Brande-Lavridsen, N; Larsson, E; Säfholm, M; Svanholm, S, 2021)	0.62
" The results showed that penconazole exposure caused adverse effects on zebrafish embryos, such as autonomous motor abnormalities, heart rate slowing, and increased deformity, resulting in significant developmental toxicity."	( Developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity of penconazole enantiomers exposure on zebrafish (Danio rerio). Jia, M; Li, R; Meng, Z; Teng, M; Tian, S; Yan, J; Yan, S; Zhou, Z; Zhu, W, 2020)	0.56
" There were no deaths, serious adverse events (AEs) or treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) leading to discontinuation of navafenterol."	( Navafenterol (AZD8871) in healthy volunteers: safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of multiple ascending doses of this novel inhaled, long-acting, dual-pharmacology bronchodilator, in two phase I, randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Aggarwal, A; Albayaty, M; Astbury, C; Balaguer, V; Jimenez, E; Lei, A; Malice, MP; Psallidas, I; Seoane, B; Wählby-Hamrén, U, 2020)	0.56
" The most frequently reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were headache (n = 10, 62."	( Navafenterol (AZD8871) in patients with mild asthma: a randomised placebo-controlled phase I study evaluating the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single ascending doses of this novel inhaled long-acting dual-pharmacology br Aggarwal, A; Albayaty, M; Astbury, C; Bermejo, MJ; Jimenez, E; Psallidas, I; Pujol, H; Seoane, B; Villarroel, C; Wählby-Hamrén, U, 2020)	0.56
" The safety analysis based on serious adverse events, adverse events (AEs), and withdrawals due to AEs revealed no statistically significant differences between the respective intervention groups."	( Comparative study of the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, and filgotinib versus methotrexate for disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-naïve patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Lee, YH; Sung, YK, 2021)	0.62
"Efinaconazole was safe and efficacious in pediatric participants with mild-to-severe onychomycosis, with improved mycologic cure and complete cure rates compared with adults from two 52-week studies."	( Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy of Efinaconazole 10% Topical Solution for Onychomycosis Treatment in Pediatric Patients. Eichenfield, LF; Elewski, B; Guenin, E; Gupta, AK; Pillai, R; Rosen, T; Stein Gold, L; Sugarman, JL; Vlahovic, TC, 2020)	0.56
" Toxicity assays of strain Z1 using reporter recombinase gene (recA) and zebrafish showed that there was no accumulation of toxic metabolites during the degradation process."	( Simultaneous degradation of triazophos, methamidophos and carbofuran pesticides in wastewater using an Enterobacter bacterial bioreactor and analysis of toxicity and biosafety. Chen, Z; Wang, G; Xu, Z; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Several transformation products of boscalid and fenbuconazole were estimated to be significantly more orally toxic than their parent residues."	( Hazard assessment using an in-silico toxicity assessment of the transformation products of boscalid, pyraclostrobin, fenbuconazole and glyphosate generated by exposure to an advanced oxidative process. Prosser, RS; Skanes, B; Warriner, K, 2021)	0.62
" Safety analyses were performed using the safety analysis set and the exposure-adjusted incidence rate (EAIR) of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was calculated."	( Safety and Efficacy of Filgotinib: Up to 4-year Results From an Open-label Extension Study of Phase II Rheumatoid Arthritis Programs. Alten, R; An, D; Besuyen, R; Genovese, MC; Greenwald, M; Kavanaugh, A; Lee, SJ; Meuleners, L; Spindler, AJ; Stanislavchuk, M; Sundy, JS; Tan, Y; Westhovens, RR; Winthrop, KL; Ye, L, 2021)	0.62
" Mild to moderate application site reactions were the only efinaconazole-related adverse events in 8 patients (7."	( Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Once-daily Efinaconazole 10% Topical Solution (Jublia) for Dermatophyte Toenail Onychomycosis: An Interim Analysis. Cooper, EA; Gupta, AK, 2021)	0.62
"The aim of this review is to elucidate the type and frequency of ocular adverse events associated with selinexor with a goal to quantify the occurrence of these events in our investigator-initiated trial."	( Overview of Ocular Side Effects of Selinexor. Ahnert, JR; Al-Zubidi, N; Bernstam, FM; Fu, S; Gombos, DS; Hong, DS; Karp, DD; Naing, A; Piha-Paul, SA; Subbiah, V; Tsimberidou, AM, 2021)	0.62
" All reported ocular adverse events were assessed."	( Overview of Ocular Side Effects of Selinexor. Ahnert, JR; Al-Zubidi, N; Bernstam, FM; Fu, S; Gombos, DS; Hong, DS; Karp, DD; Naing, A; Piha-Paul, SA; Subbiah, V; Tsimberidou, AM, 2021)	0.62
"54%) patients experienced 37 ocular adverse events."	( Overview of Ocular Side Effects of Selinexor. Ahnert, JR; Al-Zubidi, N; Bernstam, FM; Fu, S; Gombos, DS; Hong, DS; Karp, DD; Naing, A; Piha-Paul, SA; Subbiah, V; Tsimberidou, AM, 2021)	0.62
"Our findings highlight that ocular adverse events associated with oral selinexor were mild."	( Overview of Ocular Side Effects of Selinexor. Ahnert, JR; Al-Zubidi, N; Bernstam, FM; Fu, S; Gombos, DS; Hong, DS; Karp, DD; Naing, A; Piha-Paul, SA; Subbiah, V; Tsimberidou, AM, 2021)	0.62
"Patients receiving selinexor in combination with multiple standard chemotherapy or immunotherapy agents were reviewed, with a total of 34 patients experiencing 37 ocular adverse events."	( Overview of Ocular Side Effects of Selinexor. Ahnert, JR; Al-Zubidi, N; Bernstam, FM; Fu, S; Gombos, DS; Hong, DS; Karp, DD; Naing, A; Piha-Paul, SA; Subbiah, V; Tsimberidou, AM, 2021)	0.62
" Several studies demonstrated that TEB exposure has been linked to a variety of toxic effects, including neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reprotoxicity and carcinogenicity."	( Tebuconazole induced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in HCT116 cells through ROS generation. Abid-Essefi, S; Annabi, E; Hamdi, H; Othmène, YB; Salem, IB, 2021)	0.62
"Voriconazole is frequently discontinued prematurely as primary antifungal prophylaxis (AFP) in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients due to adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of isavuconazole compared with voriconazole as primary antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Bogler, Y; Lee, YJ; Neofytos, D; Papanicolaou, GA; Perales, MA; Seo, SK; Shaffer, B; Stern, A; Su, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Considering this issue, risk assessment of these toxic chemicals is a very essential task."	( In silico modelling of acute toxicity of 1, 2, 4-triazole antifungal agents towards zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos: Application of the Small Dataset Modeller tool. De, P; Nath, A; Roy, K, 2021)	0.62
" TEB and DIF mixture showed additive effect on the acute toxicity to adult zebrafish, the combined toxicity on liver was less than the additive effect of individual TEB and DIF, and TEB and DIF mixture also reduced the toxic effects on gonad and intestinal microflora."	( Histology and multi-omic profiling reveal the mixture toxicity of tebuconazole and difenoconazole in adult zebrafish. Chen, L; Jiang, J; Liu, X; Wang, L; Wu, S; Zhao, X, 2021)	0.62
" The number of patients with at least one treatment-emergent adverse effects was significantly higher in rufinamide treated patients (60."	( Efficacy and safety of rufinamide as adjunctive therapy in patients with Lennox Gastaut syndrome: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Dawman, L; Panda, P; Panda, PK; Sharawat, IK, 2021)	0.62
"Rufinamide is efficacious as adjunctive therapy in patients with LGS in terms of reduction in total seizure frequency and has mild adverse reaction."	( Efficacy and safety of rufinamide as adjunctive therapy in patients with Lennox Gastaut syndrome: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Dawman, L; Panda, P; Panda, PK; Sharawat, IK, 2021)	0.62
" The most common (≥5%) adverse events with seltorexant were somnolence, headache, and nausea."	( Efficacy and Safety of Seltorexant as Adjunctive Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder: A Phase 2b, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Adaptive Dose-Finding Study. Drevets, WC; Etropolski, M; Savitz, A; Thase, ME; Wajs, E; Xu, H; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" ECOSAR prediction and laboratory tests showed that the acute toxicities of four novel TPs on Brachydanio rerio, Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum are substantially lower than that of difenoconazole, while all the TPs except for TP277C were predicted chronically very toxic to fish, which may pose a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems."	( Degradation of difenoconazole in water and soil: Kinetics, degradation pathways, transformation products identification and ecotoxicity assessment. Almvik, M; Clarke, JL; Dong, F; Holten, R; Liu, X; Man, Y; Stenrød, M; Wu, C; Wu, X; Xu, J; Yuan, S; Zheng, Y, 2021)	0.62
" A difenoconazole concentration at the NOEC (no observed effect concentration) level indicated a synergetic toxic interaction with abamectin."	( Acute toxicity of the insecticide abamectin and the fungicide difenoconazole (individually and in mixture) to the tropical stingless bee Melipona scutellaris. Brigante, J; Costa, JO; Daam, MA; Espíndola, ELG, 2021)	0.62
"Data from 134 patients in SADAL were analyzed by DLBCL subtypes for overall response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), duration of treatment response, progression-free survival, and adverse events rate."	( Comparison of the Effectiveness and Safety of the Oral Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export, Selinexor, in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Subtypes. Bakhshi, S; Caimi, PF; Canales, M; Casasnovas, RO; Cavallo, F; Chamoun, K; Choquet, S; Egyed, M; Follows, G; Goy, A; Gurion, R; Hamad, N; Hill, B; Jaeger, U; Kalakonda, N; Kauffman, MG; Ku, M; Kuruvilla, J; la Cruz, F; Ma, X; Maerevoet, M; Neste, EVD; Offner, F; Samal, P; Sancho, JM; Schuster, M; Shacham, S; Shah, J; Thieblemont, C; Vassilakopoulos, TP; Vermaat, JSP; Warzocha, K; Zijlstra, JM, 2022)	0.72
" Similar rates of adverse events were noted in all subgroups."	( Comparison of the Effectiveness and Safety of the Oral Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export, Selinexor, in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Subtypes. Bakhshi, S; Caimi, PF; Canales, M; Casasnovas, RO; Cavallo, F; Chamoun, K; Choquet, S; Egyed, M; Follows, G; Goy, A; Gurion, R; Hamad, N; Hill, B; Jaeger, U; Kalakonda, N; Kauffman, MG; Ku, M; Kuruvilla, J; la Cruz, F; Ma, X; Maerevoet, M; Neste, EVD; Offner, F; Samal, P; Sancho, JM; Schuster, M; Shacham, S; Shah, J; Thieblemont, C; Vassilakopoulos, TP; Vermaat, JSP; Warzocha, K; Zijlstra, JM, 2022)	0.72
" The safety outcomes included evaluation of all adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of Molidustat for Anemia in ESA-Naive Nondialysis Patients: A Randomized, Phase 3 Trial. Akizawa, T; Hayasaki, T; Hayashi, Y; Matsuda, Y; Nobori, K; Yamamoto, H, 2021)	0.62
" The proportion of patients who reported at least 1 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) was 93."	( Efficacy and Safety of Molidustat for Anemia in ESA-Naive Nondialysis Patients: A Randomized, Phase 3 Trial. Akizawa, T; Hayasaki, T; Hayashi, Y; Matsuda, Y; Nobori, K; Yamamoto, H, 2021)	0.62
" The efficacy and safety were reported in terms of an at least 50% monthly seizure frequency reduction in drop seizures, dropout, and serious adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of antiseizure medication for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Wang, C; Wang, J; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72
" The findings demonstrated that metribuzin and tebuconazole are both potentially toxic to earthworms."	( Potential neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenicity induced by metribuzin and tebuconazole exposure in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) revealed by transcriptome analysis. Li, D; Li, G; Liu, X; Rao, H, 2022)	0.72
" We then discuss mechanisms that may underlie adverse apical effects, focusing on mitochondrial bioenergetics and metabolism."	( A comprehensive review of 1,2,4-triazole fungicide toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio): A mitochondrial and metabolic perspective. Cheng, H; He, J; Huang, T; Jiang, H; Martyniuk, CJ; Zhao, Y, 2022)	0.72
" We calculated exposure-adjusted incidence rates (EAIRs)/100 patient-years filgotinib exposure (100PYE) for treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."	( Integrated safety analysis of filgotinib in patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis receiving treatment over a median of 1.6 years. Bartok, B; Besuyen, R; Burmester, GR; Chen, K; Genovese, MC; Gottenberg, JE; Jahreis, A; Jiang, D; Kivitz, A; Matzkies, F; Takeuchi, T; Tanaka, Y; Winthrop, KL, 2022)	0.72
" Safe and effective antifungal medications used for prophylaxis and treatment are pivotal in their management."	( Evaluating posaconazole, its pharmacology, efficacy and safety for the prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections. Panagopoulou, P; Roilides, E, 2022)	0.72
" Its non-target toxic effects on soil microorganisms and soil enzymes are reported recently."	( Ecotoxicity of herbicide carfentrazone-ethyl towards earthworm Eisenia fetida in soil. Li, M; Ma, X; Saleem, M; Wang, Y; Yang, Y; Zhang, Q, 2022)	0.72
"Filgotinib once daily combined with MTX was effective and generally safe and well tolerated up to Week 24 in Japanese patients with RA and inadequate response to MTX."	( Efficacy and safety of filgotinib in combination with methotrexate in Japanese patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who have an inadequate response to methotrexate: Subpopulation analyses of 24-week data of a global phase 3 study (FINCH 1). Amano, K; Atsumi, T; Bae, SC; Bartok, B; Combe, BG; Guo, Y; Ishiguro, N; Keystone, EC; Kivitz, AJ; Kondo, A; Matsubara, T; Matzkies, F; Nash, P; Pechonkina, A; Sugiyama, E; Sundy, JS; Takeuchi, T; Tanaka, Y; Tasset, C; Yamaoka, K; Ye, L, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse event rates were comparable across treatments and between the Japanese and overall populations."	( Efficacy and safety of filgotinib alone and in combination with methotrexate in Japanese patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and limited or no prior exposure to methotrexate: Subpopulation analyses of 24-week data of a global phase 3 study (FINCH 3) Amano, K; Atsumi, T; Bartok, B; Burmester, GR; Ching, DWT; Guo, Y; Ishiguro, N; Kondo, A; Matsubara, T; Messina, OD; Pechonkina, A; Sugiyama, E; Sundy, JS; Takeuchi, T; Tanaka, Y; Tasset, C; Westhovens, R; Yamaoka, K; Yin, Z, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse events between subgroups were similar to the overall study population, the most common being thrombocytopenia (29."	( Effect of Prior Therapy and Disease Refractoriness on the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Selinexor in Patients with Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL): A Post-hoc Analysis of the SADAL Study. Bakhshi, S; Caimi, P; Canales, M; Casasnovas, RO; Cavallo, F; Chamoun, K; Choquet, S; Corona, K; De la Cruz, F; Egyed, M; Follows, G; Goy, A; Gurion, R; Hamad, N; Hill, B; Jaeger, U; Kalakonda, N; Kauffman, MG; Ku, M; Kuruvilla, J; Ma, X; Maerevoet, M; Neste, EVD; Offner, F; Samal, P; Sancho, JM; Schuster, M; Shacham, S; Shah, J; Thieblemont, C; Vassilakopoulos, T; Vermaat, JSP; Warzocha, K; Zijlstra, J, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" An increase of 60% was also noted in the half-life (t1/2) values, with a concimitant decrease in the mean value of renal clearance rate by 40%, except in 1 case."	( Pharmacokinetics of guanazole in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia. Dave, C; Grace, JT; Higby, D; Holland, JF; Mattern, J, 1975)	0.25
" Cmax values for all three compounds and AUCinf values for HO-NEF and mCPP were dose-proportional; AUCinf values for NEF were dose-linear but not dose-proportional."	( Pharmacokinetics of nefazodone in the dog following single oral administration. Barbhaiya, RH; Labudde, JA; Marathe, PH; Pittman, KA; Shukla, UA, )	0.13
" There were no significant differences between the 100 mg single and 100 mg/day multiple dose pharmacokinetic parameters for NEF, HO-NEF and mCPP."	( Pharmacokinetics of nefazodone following multiple escalating oral doses in the dog. Barbhaiya, RH; Kaul, S; Marathe, PH; Pittman, KA; Shukla, UA, )	0.13
" Apafant (WEB 2086, CAS 105219-56-5), a novel synthetic PAF receptor antagonist, was administered to a total of 101 healthy volunteers within 5 studies to investigate its pharmacologic activity, pharmacokinetic behaviour and safety profile."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety profile of the new platelet-activating factor antagonist apafant in man. Adamus, WS; Birke, FW; Brecht, HM; Heuer, HO; Kempe, ER, 1991)	0.28
" As pharmacodynamic parameters, T1/2, Tmax and Cmax were calculated."	( [The clinical study of fluconazole against pulmonary mycosis. Effects of fluconazole on pulmonary cryptococcosis and aspergillosis, and its pharmacokinetics in patients]. Nakashima, M, 1989)	0.28
" There were no significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters of G(+) and G(-) rabbits."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of Sch 39304 in granulocytopenic and nongranulocytopenic rabbits. Lee, JW; Lin, C; Loebenberg, D; Pizzo, PA; Rubin, M; Walsh, TJ, 1989)	0.28
" Results suggested that there was a prolonged half-life in both cerebrospinal fluid and serum and that it was slightly longer in the former."	( Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in human coccidioidal meningitis. Arathoon, EG; Hanson, LH; Hartstein, AI; Levine, BE; Stevens, DA; Tucker, RM; Williams, PL, 1988)	0.27
"The pharmacokinetic profile of UK-49,858 (fluconazole), a novel triazole antifungal agent which is being developed for oral and intravenous use, was determined in mice, rats, dogs, and humans."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of UK-49,858, a metabolically stable triazole antifungal drug, in animals and humans. Humphrey, MJ; Jevons, S; Tarbit, MH, 1985)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicated lower peak vibunazole and 9139 serum concentrations, and reduced area-under-curve (AUC), after 26 days of treatment, as against single dose administration."	( New azole compounds: vibunazole (Bay n7133) and Bay L9139, compared with ketoconazole in the therapy of systemic candidosis and in pharmacokinetic studies, in mice. Lefler, E; Stevens, DA, 1985)	0.27
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of a new non-hormonal anti-fertility agent, DL 111-IT, were studied in rats and hamsters given the 14C labelled compound parenterally dissolved in aqueous or oily vehicles."	( Pharmacokinetics-activity relationships of a new non-hormonal antifertility agent: 3-(2-ethylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1, 2,4-triazole, in the rat and the hamster. Assandri, A; Galliani, G; Omodei-Salé, A; Perazzi, A; Sartori, G, 1983)	0.27
" The steady-state AUCTAU over the dosing interval and Cmax of S-warfarin decreased by 12%; however, this change is clinically insignificant because the prothrombin ratio and bleeding time remained unchanged."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of warfarin and nefazodone coadministration in healthy subjects. Chaikin, PC; Dockens, RC; Fulmor, IE; Milbrath, RL; Raymond, RH; Salazar, DE; Uderman, HD, 1995)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic evaluation following oral and intravenous doses indicated that mean values for the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity (137 and 136 micrograms."	( Pharmacokinetics of the triazole antifungal agent genaconazole in healthy men after oral and intravenous administration. Affrime, MB; Cayen, MN; Lin, CC; Mojaverian, P; Radwanski, E, 1994)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of a radiosensitizer, AK-2123 given to 10 lung cancer patients are represented and its sensitizing effect is evaluated."	( Clinical pharmacokinetic study and sensitive effect of AK-2123. Hua, BY; Huan, LC, 1994)	0.29
"00 h and the half-life for each animal was almost the same as that after intravenous administration."	( Development of radioimmunoassay for the novel platelet activating factor receptor antagonist, E6123, and its application to pharmacokinetics in laboratory animals. Abe, Y; Ida, S; Kagei, Y; Kusano, K; Miyazawa, S; Tadano, K; Tanaka, S; Ueda, M; Yuzuriha, T, 1994)	0.29
" Cmax plasma levels of nefazodone and hydroxynefazodone were attained within 2 hours of administration of nefazodone; tmax for m-chlorophenylpiperazine was more delayed, and p-hydroxynefazodone levels were generally below the assay limit."	( Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of nefazodone after escalating single and multiple oral doses. Barbhaiya, RH; Kaul, S; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
"The steady-state pharmacokinetic interaction between nefazodone and cimetidine was evaluated in a three-period crossover study consisting of three treatments of 1 week duration with a 1 week washout between treatments."	( Lack of interaction between nefazodone and cimetidine: a steady state pharmacokinetic study in humans. Barbhaiya, RH; Greene, DS; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
" A single blood sample was collected on 8 different days for assessment of trough levels (Cmin) and serial samples were obtained on days 5, 9, and 22 of dosing for pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Safety, tolerance, and preliminary pharmacokinetics of nefazodone after administration of single and multiple oral doses to healthy adult male volunteers: a double-blind, phase I study. Barbhaiya, RH; Gammans, RR; Greene, DS; Marathe, PH; Mayol, RF; Pittman, KA; Robinson, D; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
" With coadministration, the maximum peak concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC tau) of propranolol decreased 29% and 14%, respectively; Cmax and AUC tau of 4-hydroxy-propranolol decreased 15% and 21%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation during coadministration of nefazodone and propranolol in healthy men. Fulmor, IE; Lee, JS; Marathe, PH; Raymond, RH; Salazar, DE; Uderman, HD, 1995)	0.29
" Serial blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected for 48 h following each dose and plasma samples were assayed for NEF, HO-NEF and mCPP by a validated HPLC method."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of nefazodone in healthy young and elderly subjects and in subjects with renal or hepatic impairment. Barbhaiya, RH; Greene, DS; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
" Single trough blood samples just prior to each morning dose (Cmin) and serial samples after the dose on day 8 were obtained at each dose level for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of nefazodone in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Barbhaiya, RH; Brady, ME; Greene, DS; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
" When nefazodone and theophylline were co-administered, theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters did not significantly differ from those obtained when theophylline was administered with placebo."	( Lack of an effect of nefazodone on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of theophylline during concurrent administration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Barbhaiya, RH; Dockens, RC; Greene, DS; Rapoport, D; Roberts, D, 1995)	0.29
" Serial blood samples were collected for 12 h after the morning dose on days 7, 14, 16, 18 and 21 for pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma levels of nefazodone (NEF) and its metabolites, hydroxynefazodone (HO-NEF), m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and triazoledione (DIONE), which were determined by validated HPLC/UV assay methods."	( Nefazodone pharmacokinetics: assessment of nonlinearity, intra-subject variability and time to attain steady-state plasma concentrations after dose escalation and de-escalation. Barbhaiya, RH; Chaikin, P; Greene, DS; Marathe, PH; Shukla, UA, 1996)	0.29
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis showed that at steady state, alprazolam Cmax and AUCtau values significantly increased approximately twofold and 4OH Cmax and AUCtau values significantly decreased by 40 and 26%, respectively, when nefazodone was coadministered with alprazolam."	( Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines: III. A pharmacokinetic interaction study with alprazolam. Barbhaiya, RH; Dockens, RC; Greene, DS; Kroboth, P; Salazar, DE, 1995)	0.29
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis showed that there was no effect of LOR on the single dose or steady-state pharmacokinetics of NEF, HO-NEF, or dione after coadministration."	( Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines: IV. A pharmacokinetic interaction study with lorazepam. Barbhaiya, RH; Dockens, RC; Greene, DS; Kroboth, P; Salazar, DE, 1995)	0.29
"7 micrograms/ml), times to Cmax (4."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of genaconazole, a potent antifungal drug, in men. Affrime, M; Brannan, M; Cayen, MN; Kim, H; Lin, C; Radwanski, E, 1996)	0.29
" dose for treatment 3 on day 7 for determination of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Comparison of the steady-state pharmacokinetics of nefazodone after administration of 200 mg twice daily or 400 mg once daily in the morning or evening. Barbhaiya, RH; Greene, DS; Lee, JS; Marathe, PH, 1996)	0.29
" Serial blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were also collected over a 48-hr period after iv and po administrations, and plasma samples were assayed for NEF, and the NEF metabolites hydroxynefazodone (HO-NEF) and m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) by a specific, validated HPLC method."	( Pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and disposition of [14C]nefazodone in humans. Barbhaiya, RH; Dandekar, KA; Greene, DS, 1996)	0.29
" In all studies, blood samples were also obtained at testing times so that effect/concentration comparisons could be made and so full pharmacokinetic analyses could be done for separate studies."	( Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines: I. Pharmacodynamic assessment. Barbhaiya, R; Chaikin, PC; Folan, MM; Kroboth, PD; Lush, RM; Salazar, DE; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis showed that there was no effect of triazolam on the pharmacokinetics of nefazodone, HO-nefazodone, or mCPP after the coadministration of triazolam and nefazodone."	( Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines: II. A pharmacokinetic interaction study with triazolam. Barbhaiya, RH; Greene, DS; Kroboth, PD; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study using 12 healthy men was designed to evaluate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions when nefazodone and haloperidol are coadministered."	( Investigation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions after coadministration of nefazodone and haloperidol. Barbhaiya, RH; Breul, HP; Greene, DS; Midha, KK; Shukla, UA, 1996)	0.29
"The effect of nefazodone on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of digoxin were evaluated in an open, randomized, multiple-dose, three-way crossover study of 18 healthy male volunteers."	( Assessment of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions between nefazodone and digoxin in healthy male volunteers. Barbhaiya, RH; Dockens, RC; Greene, DS, 1996)	0.29
" For the 200 mg dose group, the single dose plasma results showed no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters for NEF and HO-NEF in EM compared with PM subjects."	( Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of nefazodone in subjects classified as extensive and poor metabolizers of dextromethorphan. Barbhaiya, RH; Buch, AB; Greene, DS, 1996)	0.29
" The subjects received a single oral dose of phenytoin, 300 mg, on day 1 of the study and the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug was determined."	( The effect of nefazodone on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in healthy male subjects. Hammett, JL; Langenbacher, KM; Marino, MR; Nichola, P; Uderman, HD, 1997)	0.3
" In rats and mice the 14C plasma time-course was fit to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model, whereas the dog was fit to a one-compartment model."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of [14C]metosulam (N-[2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl]-5,7-dimethoxy-1,2,4- triazolo[1,5a]-pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide) in rats, mice and dogs. Dryzga, MD; Eddy, SL; Freshour, NL; Johnson, KA; Kropscott, BE; Nolan, RJ; Timchalk, C, )	0.13
"We conducted a phase I trial of carboxyamidotriazole (CAI, NSC 609974), designed to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), toxicity profile, and pharmacokinetic characteristics of CAI gelatin capsule (gelcap) formulation administered daily as a single oral dose."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of oral carboxyamidotriazole, a signal transduction inhibitor. Alberti, D; Arzoomanian, RZ; Berlin, J; Cleary, J; Feierabend, C; Hutson, P; Rago, RP; Tutsch, KD; Wilding, G, 1997)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on days 1 and 29 and trough plasma CAI levels were assessed weekly."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of oral carboxyamidotriazole, a signal transduction inhibitor. Alberti, D; Arzoomanian, RZ; Berlin, J; Cleary, J; Feierabend, C; Hutson, P; Rago, RP; Tutsch, KD; Wilding, G, 1997)	0.3
" MD pharmacokinetic parameters for doses from 30 to 120 mg were consistent with those observed following SD, thus indicating that SD pharmacokinetics are predictive of MD."	( Pharmacokinetics of MDL 26479, a novel benzodiazepine inverse agonist, in normal volunteers. Bhargava, VO; Green, VI; Hutcheson, SJ; Miller, TD; Robbins, DK; Weir, SJ, 1997)	0.3
" A phase I dose escalation trial with pharmacokinetic analysis has been performed."	( Phase I trial of micronized formulation carboxyamidotriazole in patients with refractory solid tumors: pharmacokinetics, clinical outcome, and comparison of formulations. Bauer, KS; Davis, PA; Figg, WD; Kohn, EC; Liotta, LA; Reed, E; Sarosy, GA; Soltis, MJ; Thompkins, A, 1997)	0.3
" Plasma samples were taken to characterize the pharmacokinetic parameters of this formulation of CAI."	( Phase I trial of micronized formulation carboxyamidotriazole in patients with refractory solid tumors: pharmacokinetics, clinical outcome, and comparison of formulations. Bauer, KS; Davis, PA; Figg, WD; Kohn, EC; Liotta, LA; Reed, E; Sarosy, GA; Soltis, MJ; Thompkins, A, 1997)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated reduced bioavailability (58% reduction) compared with the PEG-400 liquid formulation previously reported."	( Phase I trial of micronized formulation carboxyamidotriazole in patients with refractory solid tumors: pharmacokinetics, clinical outcome, and comparison of formulations. Bauer, KS; Davis, PA; Figg, WD; Kohn, EC; Liotta, LA; Reed, E; Sarosy, GA; Soltis, MJ; Thompkins, A, 1997)	0.3
" Comparisons of fluconazole pharmacokinetic parameters resulting from the two sampling methods were performed at 2 and 10 days after probe implantation."	( The design and validation of a novel intravenous microdialysis probe: application to fluconazole pharmacokinetics in the freely-moving rat model. Elmquist, WF; Wang, Q; Yang, H, 1997)	0.3
" The terminal plasma half-life of D0870 in plasma following dosing on day 5 ranged from 23 to 85 h (mean, 49 h)."	( Pharmacokinetics of two multiple-dosing regimens of D0870 in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: a phase I study. Clumeck, AN; De Wit, S; Edwards, J; O'Doherty, E; Smith, RP; Yates, R, 1998)	0.3
" The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile from the first Phase I clinical trial of CAI for the single test dose and multiple daily dosing schedule."	( Pharmacokinetics of orally administered carboxyamido-triazole, an inhibitor of calcium-mediated signal transduction. Boudoulas, S; Cole, KA; Davis, PA; Figg, WD; Goldspiel, B; Jacob, J; Piscitelli, SC; Reed, E; Soltis, MJ; Steinberg, SM, 1995)	0.29
"To evaluate the possible pharmacokinetic interaction between nefazodone and lithium."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of co-administration of nefazodone and lithium in healthy subjects. Cheuvart, B; Cosson, JP; Decourt, JP; Girault, J; Ingrand, I; Istin, B; Laroudie, C; Salazar, DE, 1999)	0.3
"Co-administration of nefazodone did not modify pharmacokinetic parameters of lithium at steady-state."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of co-administration of nefazodone and lithium in healthy subjects. Cheuvart, B; Cosson, JP; Decourt, JP; Girault, J; Ingrand, I; Istin, B; Laroudie, C; Salazar, DE, 1999)	0.3
" A series of pharmacokinetic (PK) models were fit to the concentration-time data."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of carboxyamido-triazole with respect to food and time of administration: use of a single model for simultaneous determination of changing parameters. Bauer, KS; Davis, P; Figg, WD; Kohler, D; Kohn, EC; Lush, RM; Reed, E; Steinberg, SM, 1998)	0.3
"We conducted a Phase II clinical trial of the antiproliferative, antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic agent carboxyamido-triazole (CAI), using pharmacokinetic assessment to guide drug dosing."	( A pharmacokinetically guided Phase II study of carboxyamido-triazole in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Bauer, KS; Dyer, V; Figg, WD; Hamilton, JM; Jones, EC; Linehan, WM; Pluda, JM; Premkumar, A; Reed, E; Steinberg, SM, 1999)	0.3
"This study examined whether the addition of tamoxifen to the treatment regimen of patients with advanced breast cancer being treated with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole led to any pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction."	( Impact of tamoxifen on the pharmacokinetics and endocrine effects of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Dowsett, M; Gundacker, H; Houston, SJ; Johnston, SR; Miles, DW; Pfister, C; Sioufi, A; Smith, IE; Verbeek, JA, 1999)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in this population may predispose patients to experience an increased number of adverse events."	( Pharmacokinetic considerations of antidepressant use in the elderly. DeVane, CL; Pollock, BG, 1999)	0.3
" Voriconazole exhibits non-concentration-dependent pharmacodynamic characteristics in vitro."	( Evaluation of voriconazole pharmacodynamics using time-kill methodology. Ernst, EJ; Klepser, ME; Lewis, RE; Malone, D; Pfaller, MA, 2000)	0.31
" Intensive sampling for pharmacokinetic analyses of NFZ and 3 of its active metabolites was performed after single and multiple dose administration."	( Nefazodone pharmacokinetics in depressed children and adolescents. D'Amico, F; Findling, RL; Magnus, RD; Marathe, P; Marcus, RN; Preskorn, SH; Reed, MD, 2000)	0.31
" Compared to published data in adults, the half-life of NFZ and 2 of its metabolites appears shorter in children and adolescents."	( Nefazodone pharmacokinetics in depressed children and adolescents. D'Amico, F; Findling, RL; Magnus, RD; Marathe, P; Marcus, RN; Preskorn, SH; Reed, MD, 2000)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that PAX caused an acute increase in circulating CAI concentrations in a dose-dependent fashion."	( A phase I trial of carboxyamido-triazole and paclitaxel for relapsed solid tumors: potential efficacy of the combination and demonstration of pharmacokinetic interaction. Bauer, KS; Bostick-Bruton, F; Figg, WD; Fuse, E; Goldspiel, B; Kohn, EC; Kulpa, V; Liotta, LA; Minasian, L; Noone, M; Pluda, J; Reed, E; Sarosy, GA; Tompkins, A, 2001)	0.31
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment were taken at frequent intervals during each treatment period."	( The effect of anastrozole on the single-dose pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant activity of warfarin in healthy volunteers. März, W; Merz, M; Nauck, M; Seiberling, M; Wong, J; Yates, RA, 2001)	0.31
" In addition, anastrozole had no clinically significant effect on the pharmacodynamic effects of warfarin, as assessed 240 h after warfarin dosing by measurement of prothrombin time (s) (glsmean, anastrozole 11."	( The effect of anastrozole on the single-dose pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant activity of warfarin in healthy volunteers. März, W; Merz, M; Nauck, M; Seiberling, M; Wong, J; Yates, RA, 2001)	0.31
" Anastrozole had no effect on clotting mechanisms or on the pharmacodynamic activity of warfarin, as assessed by prothrombin time, thrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and factor VII."	( The effect of anastrozole on the single-dose pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant activity of warfarin in healthy volunteers. März, W; Merz, M; Nauck, M; Seiberling, M; Wong, J; Yates, RA, 2001)	0.31
" The present studies investigated the potential for pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between beta-adrenoceptor blockers and rizatriptan."	( Influence of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on the pharmacokinetics of rizatriptan, a 5-HT1B/1D agonist: differential effects of propranolol, nadolol and metoprolol. De Smet, M; Goldberg, MR; Halpin, R; James, I; Kari, PH; Lee, Y; Lowry, R; Olah, TV; Sciberras, D; Tomasko, L; Vyas, KP; Zhao, J, 2001)	0.31
"5 days) increased the AUC(0, infinity) for rizatriptan by approximately 67% and the Cmax by approximately 75%."	( Influence of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on the pharmacokinetics of rizatriptan, a 5-HT1B/1D agonist: differential effects of propranolol, nadolol and metoprolol. De Smet, M; Goldberg, MR; Halpin, R; James, I; Kari, PH; Lee, Y; Lowry, R; Olah, TV; Sciberras, D; Tomasko, L; Vyas, KP; Zhao, J, 2001)	0.31
" Patients included in the pharmacokinetic (PK) sub-protocol had been in ATAC for > or =3 months, taking their medication in the morning and were 100% compliant for the preceding 14 days."	( Pharmacokinetics of anastrozole and tamoxifen alone, and in combination, during adjuvant endocrine therapy for early breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a sub-protocol of the 'Arimidex and tamoxifen alone or in combination' (ATAC) trial. Cuzick, J; Dowsett, M; Howell, A; Jackson, I, 2001)	0.31
" Increased incorporation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles in experimental and clinical studies with antifungal agents is an important objective that will benefit the treatment and prophylaxis of life-threatening invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients."	( Antifungal pharmacodynamics: concentration-effect relationships in vitro and in vivo. Groll, AH; Piscitelli, SC; Walsh, TJ, 2001)	0.31
" A non-compartmental pharmacokinetic approach was used to evaluate the plasma level versus time data."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of 3beta-hydroxy-17-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (VN/87-1), a potent androgen synthesis inhibitor, in mice. Brodie, AA; Njar, VC; Nnane, IP, 2001)	0.31
" The pharmacokinetic data (AUC(0-infinity) and Cmax) for the elderly in this study were compared with historical data from previous studies for healthy young adults (n = 65)."	( Pharmacokinetics of rizatriptan in healthy elderly subjects. Birk, KL; Gagliano, KD; Goldberg, MR; Musson, DG; Panebianco, DL; Rogers, JD, 2001)	0.31
"In elderly subjects, the geometric mean values for AUC(0-infinity) and Cmax were 77."	( Pharmacokinetics of rizatriptan in healthy elderly subjects. Birk, KL; Gagliano, KD; Goldberg, MR; Musson, DG; Panebianco, DL; Rogers, JD, 2001)	0.31
" The Cmax values increased as the dose increased."	( Pharmacokinetics of finrozole (MPV-2213ad), a novel selective aromatase inhibitor, in healthy men. Ahokoski, O; Halonen, K; Huupponen, R; Irjala, K; Kangas, L; Manninen, P; Salminen, E; Scheinin, H; Taalikka, M, 2001)	0.31
"The absorption of finrozole from the tablet formulation was relatively rapid, and the apparent elimination half-life was longer after the tablet than after the solution, probably reflecting overlap of the absorption with the elimination phase."	( Pharmacokinetics of finrozole (MPV-2213ad), a novel selective aromatase inhibitor, in healthy men. Ahokoski, O; Halonen, K; Huupponen, R; Irjala, K; Kangas, L; Manninen, P; Salminen, E; Scheinin, H; Taalikka, M, 2001)	0.31
" There were no significant differences in area under the curve (AUC) or terminal half-life between the two age groups neither after a single dose nor at steady state."	( Effect of age and single versus multiple dose pharmacokinetics of letrozole (Femara) in breast cancer patients. De Braud, F; Duval, M; Hornberger, U; Lelli, G; Martoni, A; Pfister, CU; Souppart, C; Zamagni, C, 2001)	0.31
" Toxicity and pharmacokinetic assessments were performed weekly."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of a micronized formulation of carboxyamidotriazole, a calcium signal transduction inhibitor: toxicity, bioavailability and the effect of food. Alberti, D; Arzoomanian, RZ; Berlin, J; Binger, K; Dresen, A; Feierabend, C; Marnocha, R; Pluda, J; Tutsch, KD; Wilding, G, 2002)	0.31
" The bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profiles of the two enantiomers after oral administration of the racemate (genaconazole) were very similar in cynomolgus monkeys."	( Pharmacokinetics of the active antifungal enantiomer, SCH 42427 (RR), and evaluation of its chiral inversion in animals following its oral administration and the oral administration of its racemate genaconazole (RR/SS). Kim, H; Lin, CC; Lovey, R; Nomeir, AA; Radwanski, E, 2002)	0.31
" The oral pharmacokinetic profiles of ABT were generated in rats, dogs, and monkeys in the dose range of 5 to 200 mg/kg."	( Effective dosing regimen of 1-aminobenzotriazole for inhibition of antipyrine clearance in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Balani, SK; He, B; Lee, FW; Liu, Z; Yang, TJ; Zhu, T, 2002)	0.31
" This method has been applied to the oral pharmacokinetic study of anastrozole in healthy Chinese male volunteers."	( Rapid determination of anastrozole in plasma by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and its application to an oral pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers. Duan, G; Liang, J; Zuo, M, 2002)	0.31
"In the absence of data from direct clinical comparisons, the published literature was reviewed for the clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and selectivity profiles of anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane."	( An overview of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the newer generation aromatase inhibitors anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane. Buzdar, AU; Eiermann, W; Nabholtz, JM; Robertson, JF, 2002)	0.31
"In vivo studies have characterized the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the triazole fluconazole."	( In vivo pharmacodynamics of a new triazole, ravuconazole, in a murine candidiasis model. Andes, D; Conklin, R; Marchillo, K; Stamstad, T, 2003)	0.32
"5 to 80 mg/kg to investigate its safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics and to obtain preliminary information on pharmacodynamic effects."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ICL670, a new orally active iron-chelating agent in patients with transfusion-dependent iron overload due to beta-thalassemia. Alberti, D; Bigler, H; Galanello, R; Piga, A; Rouan, MC; Séchaud, R, 2003)	0.32
" In both studies, the apparent volume of distribution was large (range, 343 to 1341 liters) and the terminal-phase half-life was long (range, 25 to 31 h)."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oral posaconazole administered in single and multiple doses in healthy adults. Batra, V; Courtney, R; Laughlin, M; Lim, J; Pai, S, 2003)	0.32
"In vivo studies have described the pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of several triazoles."	( In vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new triazole, voriconazole, in a murine candidiasis model. Andes, D; Conklin, R; Marchillo, K; Stamstad, T, 2003)	0.54
" Pharmacodynamic studies provide information useful for dose level and dosing interval selection and for the development of in vitro susceptibility guidelines."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the development of antifungal compounds. Andes, D, 2003)	0.32
" The pharmacokinetic properties of each aromatase inhibitor influences their ability to perform effectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of third-generation aromatase inhibitors. Lønning, P; Martoni, A; Pfister, C; Zamagni, C, 2003)	0.32
"The objective of this study was to investigate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between midazolam and fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, nefazodone, and ketoconazole."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of oral midazolam with ketoconazole, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and nefazodone. Alfaro, CL; Ereshefsky, L; Lam, YW; Miller, M, 2003)	0.32
" There was also notable intersubject variability in Cmax and AUCtau."	( Voriconazole, a novel wide-spectrum triazole: oral pharmacokinetics and safety. Allen, MJ; Greenhalgh, K; Oliver, SD; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
"Administering voriconazole with food significantly decreased both day 7 AUCtau and Cmax by approximately 35% (9598-7520 ng."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of multiple-dose oral voriconazole. Greenhalgh, K; Kleinermans, D; Nichols, D; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
" Plasma concentrations of voriconazole were measured up to 12 h postdose on days 7 and 14, and plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( No clinically significant effect of erythromycin or azithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in healthy male volunteers. Ghahramani, P; Kleinermans, D; Layton, G; Nichols, D; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
"Comparison of the voriconazole Cmax day 14/day 7 ratio for the voriconazole + erythromycin group with that of the voriconazole + placebo group yielded a ratio of 107."	( No clinically significant effect of erythromycin or azithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in healthy male volunteers. Ghahramani, P; Kleinermans, D; Layton, G; Nichols, D; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
" The present studies investigated the pharmacokinetic interactions of voriconazole and phenytoin when coadministered."	( Coadministration of voriconazole and phenytoin: pharmacokinetic interaction, safety, and toleration. Eve, MD; Fielding, A; Ghahramani, P; Love, ER; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
" Cmax and AUCtau were compared at days 7, 21, and 28 (Study A), and at days 7 and 17 (Study B)."	( Coadministration of voriconazole and phenytoin: pharmacokinetic interaction, safety, and toleration. Eve, MD; Fielding, A; Ghahramani, P; Love, ER; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
" For subjects receiving voriconazole (200 mg twice daily) plus phenytoin, the day 21/day 7 ratios for voriconazole Cmax and AUCtau were 60."	( Coadministration of voriconazole and phenytoin: pharmacokinetic interaction, safety, and toleration. Eve, MD; Fielding, A; Ghahramani, P; Love, ER; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
"Repeat dose administration of phenytoin decreased the mean steady-state Cmax and AUCtau of voriconazole by approximately 50% and 70%, respectively."	( Coadministration of voriconazole and phenytoin: pharmacokinetic interaction, safety, and toleration. Eve, MD; Fielding, A; Ghahramani, P; Love, ER; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
"Concomitant administration with voriconazole did not significantly alter the Cmax, AUCtau, tmax or CLR of digoxin at steady state."	( Voriconazole does not affect the steady-state pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Kleinermans, D; Nichols, D; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
" Concomitant ranitidine had no significant effect on voriconazole Cmax or AUCtau."	( Histamine H2-receptor antagonists have no clinically significant effect on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of voriconazole. Kleinermans, D; Nichols, D; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
"Mean Cmax and AUCtau of voriconazole were increased by 15%[90% confidence interval (CI) 5, 25] and 41% (90% CI 29, 55), respectively, with no effect on tmax during coadministration of omeprazole."	( Effect of omeprazole on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of voriconazole. Hamlin, J; Kleinermans, D; Layton, G; Nichols, D; Purkins, L; Tan, K; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
" As these drugs are likely to be coadministered, these studies were performed to assess the pharmacokinetic interactions, safety and toleration of these drugs when taken together."	( No clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between voriconazole and indinavir in healthy volunteers. Kleinermans, D; Love, ER; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
"Study A: Seventeen subjects were evaluable for pharmacokinetic analysis (eight voriconazole + indinavir, nine voriconazole + placebo)."	( No clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between voriconazole and indinavir in healthy volunteers. Kleinermans, D; Love, ER; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
"Previous in vivo studies have characterized the pharmacodynamic characteristics of two triazole compounds, fluconazole and ravuconazole."	( Pharmacodynamics of a new triazole, posaconazole, in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis. Andes, D; Cacciapuoti, A; Conklin, R; Ezzet, F; Krishna, G; Loebenberg, D; Marchillo, K, 2004)	0.32
" This study evaluated the potential for a pH-dependent pharmacokinetic interaction between posaconazole and an antacid (Mylanta), under fasting and nonfasting conditions."	( Pharmacokinetics of posaconazole coadministered with antacid in fasting or nonfasting healthy men. Courtney, R; Laughlin, M; Lim, J; Radwanski, E, 2004)	0.32
"Ravuconazole is a new antifungal triazole with broad-spectrum activity and a long half-life in plasma."	( Efficacy, safety, and plasma pharmacokinetics of escalating dosages of intravenously administered ravuconazole lysine phosphoester for treatment of experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Armstrong, D; Avila, NA; Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Hemmings, M; Lyman, CA; Mickiene, D; Peter, J; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Roussillon, K; Walsh, TJ, 2004)	0.32
" Standard population pharmacokinetic approaches and generalized additive modeling were used to construct the structural pharmacokinetic and covariate models used in this analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous voriconazole in children after single- or multiple-dose administration. Adamson, P; Arguedas, AG; Arrieta, AC; Blumer, J; Driscoll, T; Karlsson, MO; Lutsar, I; Milligan, P; Saez-Llorens, X; Vora, AJ; Walsh, TJ; Wood, N, 2004)	0.32
" The projected P450 inactivations at the plasma Cmax of ABT agreed with the inhibitions of P450-mediated AP clearance observed in vivo."	( Effective dosing regimen of 1-aminobenzotriazole for inhibition of antipyrine clearance in guinea pigs and mice using serial sampling. Balani, SK; Cardoza, K; Gan, LS; Lee, FW; Li, P; Mu, DX; Nguyen, J; Wu, JT; Zeng, H, 2004)	0.32
" In most patients administration of ketoconazole produced an increase in CAI AUC and Cmax with a decrease in CAI clearance."	( A phase I trial of pharmacokinetic modulation of carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) with ketoconazole in patients with advanced cancer. DeMario, M; Desai, AA; Fleming, GF; Innocenti, F; Janisch, L; Ramirez, J; Ratain, MJ; Shepard, D, 2004)	0.32
"If appropriately accounted for in a pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) model, time-varying covariates can provide additional information to that obtained from time-constant covariates."	( Models for time-varying covariates in population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis. Karlsson, MO; Milligan, PA; Thomson, AH; Wählby, U, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic studies of VN/85-1 were conducted in male SCID mice."	( Potent CYP17 inhibitors: improved syntheses, pharmacokinetics and anti-tumor activity in the LNCaP human prostate cancer model. Brodie, AM; Handratta, VD; Jelovac, D; Kataria, R; Long, BJ; Njar, VC; Nnane, IP, 2004)	0.32
" Finally, as a pharmacodynamic readout the benzodiazepine binding site occupancy was determined in rats (0."	( Rodent pharmacokinetics and receptor occupancy of the GABAA receptor subtype selective benzodiazepine site ligand L-838417. Atack, JR; Scott-Stevens, P; Sohal, B; Worboys, P, 2005)	0.33
" There was no statistically significant difference for AUC or Cmax values between the nasal spray and the oral tablet."	( Intranasal absorption of rizatriptan--in vivo pharmacokinetics and bioavailability study in humans. Chen, J; Gao, XL; Jiang, WM; Jiang, XG; Mei, N, 2005)	0.33
" However, these combinations were associated with significant pharmacokinetic interactions, in that LCZ increased brain TPM (94%), OXC (21%), FBM (46%), and LTG (8%) concentrations."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction studies of loreclezole with felbamate, lamotrigine, topiramate, and oxcarbazepine in the mouse maximal electroshock seizure model. Czuczwar, SJ; Luszczki, JJ; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N, 2005)	0.33
" However, these conclusions are confounded by the fact that LCZ is associated with significant pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction studies of loreclezole with felbamate, lamotrigine, topiramate, and oxcarbazepine in the mouse maximal electroshock seizure model. Czuczwar, SJ; Luszczki, JJ; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N, 2005)	0.33
" This quantitation method was successfully applied to the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profiles of rizatriptan after single oral administration of 5, 10 and 15 mg rizatriptan tablets to 10 healthy volunteers (five males and five females)."	( Determination of rizatriptan in human plasma by liquid chromatographic-eletrospray tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Gao, HZ; Guo, JF; Liu, ZY; Qiao, SY; Sun, XH; Zhang, AJ; Zhao, L; Zhao, YM, 2006)	0.33
"Since drug candidates with low oral systemic exposure may be due to either or both absorption and metabolism factors, determining what factors limit the oral systemic exposure is not always obvious in a single in-vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) assay."	( The use of the suicide CYP450 inhibitor ABT for distinguishing absorption and metabolism processes in in-vivo pharmacokinetic screens. Caldwell, GW; Cotto, C; Hageman, W; Hall, J; Hasting, B; Jones, W; Masucci, JA; Ritchie, DM, )	0.13
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of two oral formulations of rizatriptan (CAS 144034-80-0, a capsule preparation as test and rizatriptan tablet as reference), given at a single dose of 10 mg each, were compared in an open-label, randomized, single oral dose, two-period cross-over design in 20 healthy volunteers under fasting conditions."	( Evaluation of the bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics of two formulations of rizatriptan after single oral administration in healthy volunteers. Chen, J; Jiang, WM; Jin, L; Liang, XG; Mei, N; Xie, YL, 2005)	0.33
" Any pharmacokinetic contribution was ascertained by measurement of brain antiepileptic drug (AED) concentrations."	( Pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic characteristics of interactions between loreclezole and four conventional antiepileptic drugs in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: an isobolographic analysis. Czuczwar, SJ; Luszczki, JJ; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N, 2005)	0.33
" Plasma concentration data were fitted to a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Compartmental pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the antifungal triazole ravuconazole following intravenous administration of its di-lysine phosphoester prodrug (BMS-379224) in rabbits. Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Kelaher, A; Mickiene, D; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Sarafandi, A; Walsh, TJ; Wuerthwein, G, 2005)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetics of ravuconazole fitted best to a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Compartmental pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the antifungal triazole ravuconazole following intravenous administration of its di-lysine phosphoester prodrug (BMS-379224) in rabbits. Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Kelaher, A; Mickiene, D; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Sarafandi, A; Walsh, TJ; Wuerthwein, G, 2005)	0.33
"We used a straightforward pharmacodynamic approach based on a microdilution format and a colorimetric analysis to harmonize growth end points."	( Micafungin in combination with voriconazole in Aspergillus species: a pharmacodynamic approach for detection of combined antifungal activity in vitro. Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE, 2005)	0.33
"A microdilution-based pharmacodynamic method for testing antifungal combinations provides a less ambiguous description of the combined effects of antifungals against moulds and could be useful in reference laboratories that routinely evaluate the activity of antifungal combinations in vitro and in vivo."	( Micafungin in combination with voriconazole in Aspergillus species: a pharmacodynamic approach for detection of combined antifungal activity in vitro. Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE, 2005)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of ABT did not change when it was dosed along with CZX (oral and IV), indicating that either CZX or OH-CZX had no effect on disposition of ABT."	( Effect of 1-aminobenzotriazole on the in vitro metabolism and single-dose pharmacokinetics of chlorzoxazone, a selective CYP2E1 substrate in Wistar rats. Basha, SJ; Mullangi, R; Muzeeb, S; Pasha, MK; Srinivas, NR, 2005)	0.33
"There is considerable interest in combining echinocandin and triazole antifungal agents for treatment of invasive fungal infections; however, information is needed regarding the tolerability and potential for pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of coadministered voriconazole and anidulafungin. Baruch, A; Dowell, JA; Foster, G; Schranz, J, 2005)	0.33
" The integration of these models in a pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD)-disease model can help toward a better understanding of the complexity of the interactions, as well as in the identification and clarification of the current model assumptions."	( A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic disease model to predict in vivo antiviral activity of maraviroc. Dorr, P; Hitchcock, C; Jacqmin, P; Rosario, MC; van der Ryst, E, 2005)	0.33
"Sitagliptin was well absorbed (approximately 80% excreted unchanged in the urine) with an apparent terminal half-life ranging from 8 to 14 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Bergman, A; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Musson, D; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Van Dyck, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2005)	0.33
" Sitagliptin possesses pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics that support a once-daily dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Bergman, A; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Musson, D; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Van Dyck, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2005)	0.33
" AUC values reflected a fourfold to fivefold accumulation of active drug in plasma during once-daily dosing, which is in line with the long elimination half-life of BAL4815 determined after the last administration (mean, 84."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the new antifungal triazole BAL4815 after intravenous infusion and oral administration of its prodrug, BAL8557, in healthy volunteers. Brown, T; Heep, M; Maares, J; Roehrle, M; Roos, B; Schmitt-Hoffmann, A; Spickerman, J; Weidekamm, E, 2006)	0.33
" Future studies are needed to determine whether this pharmacokinetic difference produces differential efficacy in a clinical setting."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of rizatriptan 10-mg tablet and 10-mg orally disintegrating tablet administered with or without water in healthy subjects: an open-label, randomized, single-dose, 3-period crossover study. Alcorn, H; Hustad, CM; Ramsey, KE; Rodgers, A; Skobieranda, F; Swan, SK; Woll, S, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetic profiles, safety, and efficacies of different dosing schedules of posaconazole oral suspension in patients with possible, probable, and proven refractory invasive fungal infection (rIFI) or febrile neutropenia (FN) were evaluated in a multicenter, open-label, parallel-group study."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of posaconazole in patients with persistent febrile neutropenia or refractory invasive fungal infection. Burchardt, A; Corcoran, G; Cornely, OA; Courtney, R; Hachem, R; Kontoyiannis, DP; Krishna, G; Martinho, M; Raad, I; Töpelt, K; Ullmann, AJ; Wexler, D, 2006)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties and tolerability of multiple oral once-daily or twice-daily doses of sitagliptin."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of multiple oral doses of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy male volunteers. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Laethem, M; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W; Zhou, Y, 2006)	0.33
"This review presents the published clinical pharmacokinetic data for the antifungal agent voriconazole."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of voriconazole. Herbrecht, R; Jehl, F; Levêque, D; Nivoix, Y, 2006)	0.33
" Plasma concentrations of midazolam, alpha-hydroxymidazolam, and voriconazole were determined for 24 hours and pharmacodynamic variables measured for 12 hours."	( Effect of voriconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and oral midazolam. Laine, K; Leino, K; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Saari, TI; Valtonen, M, 2006)	0.33
" An integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model was developed using the mixed effects modeling approach with patients' pharmacokinetic profiles on the last day of treatment, HIV-1 RNA levels over time, and the individual viral susceptibility."	( A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model to optimize the phase IIa development program of maraviroc. Poland, B; Rosario, MC; Sullivan, J; van der Ryst, E; Westby, M, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetics of posaconazole oral suspension in neutropenic patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation were evaluated, and the association of plasma posaconazole exposure with the presence and severity of oral mucositis was explored in this nonrandomized, open-label, parallel-group, multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of oral posaconazole in neutropenic stem cell transplant recipients. Anaissie, EJ; Dong, L; Gubbins, PO; Krishna, G; Martinho, M; Penzak, SR; Sansone-Parsons, A, 2006)	0.33
" The elimination half-life after a single orally administered dose was 13."	( Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral and intravenous administration to horses. Davis, JL; Papich, MG; Salmon, JH, 2006)	0.33
"Voriconazole has excellent absorption after oral administration and a long half-life in horses."	( Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral and intravenous administration to horses. Davis, JL; Papich, MG; Salmon, JH, 2006)	0.33
" The elimination half-life of voriconazole is approximately 6 hours, and approximately 80% of the total dose is recovered in the urine, almost completely as metabolites."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of voriconazole. Derendorf, H; Ihle, F; Theuretzbacher, U, 2006)	0.33
"Voriconazole caused a moderate increase in exposure to zolpidem in healthy young subjects but no clear pharmacodynamic changes were observed between the groups."	( Effect of voriconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zolpidem in healthy subjects. Laine, K; Leino, K; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Saari, TI; Valtonen, M, 2007)	0.34
" This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of sitagliptin in obese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of the oral DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin in middle-aged obese subjects. Bergman, A; Blum, R; Chen, L; Dilzer, S; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Lasseter, K; Liu, F; Meehan, AG; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Zeng, W, 2006)	0.33
" Co-administration of letrozole and TAM orally increased the absorption half-life of letrozole threefold although the absolute bioavailability remained unchanged."	( The effect of tamoxifen on the pharmacokinetics of letrozole in female rats. Brodie, AM; Nnane, IP; Tao, X, 2006)	0.33
"A physiological pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to estimate tumor microcirculation in nude mice with a grafted tumor."	( Evaluation of antiangiogenic treatment effects on tumors' microcirculation by Bayesian physiological pharmacokinetic modeling and magnetic resonance imaging. Balvay, D; Bessoud, B; Bois, FY; Brochot, C; Cuénod, CA; Siauve, N, 2006)	0.33
"As part of the clinical development of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions with other antihyperglycemic agents used in managing patients with type 2 diabetes are being carefully evaluated."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of metformin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin when co-administered in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bergman, A; Herman, GA; Kipnes, M; Yi, B, 2006)	0.33
" Following dosing on Day 7 of each treatment period, these pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for plasma sitagliptin and metformin: area under the plasma concentrations-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC(0-12h)), maximum observed plasma concentrations (C(max)), and time of occurrence of maximum observed plasma concentrations (T(max))."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of metformin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin when co-administered in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bergman, A; Herman, GA; Kipnes, M; Yi, B, 2006)	0.33
"This trial was aimed to estimate the pharmacokinetic interaction between voriconazole and methadone at steady state in male patients on methadone therapy and to characterize the safety and tolerability profile during the coadministration."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between voriconazole and methadone at steady state in patients on methadone therapy. Foster, G; Labadie, R; Liu, P; Sharma, A; Somoza, E, 2007)	0.34
" Plasma concentrations of alfentanil were measured for 10 hours, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by use of noncompartmental methods."	( Voriconazole, but not terbinafine, markedly reduces alfentanil clearance and prolongs its half-life. Laine, K; Leino, K; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Saari, TI; Valtonen, M, 2006)	0.33
" The 90% confidence intervals around the least-squares mean ratios for micafungin pharmacokinetic parameters and placebo-corrected voriconazole pharmacokinetic parameters were within the 80%-to-125% limits, indicating an absence of drug interaction."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of micafungin and voriconazole after separate and concomitant dosing in healthy adults. Alak, A; Buell, D; Holum, M; Keirns, J; Sawamoto, T; Wisemandle, W, 2007)	0.34
" Therefore, an open-label, randomized, two-way crossover comparative pharmacokinetic (PK) study using healthy volunteers was performed to compare these methods of tablet administration."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of voriconazole administered orally as either crushed or whole tablets. Damle, B; Dodds Ashley, ES; Fang, AF; Perfect, JR; Zaas, AK, 2007)	0.34
" This HPLC-MS-MS procedure was used to assess pharmacokinetic studies."	( Anastrozole quantification in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photospray tandem mass spectrometry applied to pharmacokinetic studies. De Nucci, G; Hamamoto, D; Ilha, J; Mendes, GD; Pereira, Ados S, 2007)	0.34
" Therefore, we characterized the potencies, selectivities, and pharmacokinetic profiles of six prototypical A2A -antagonists."	( Characterization of the potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic profile for six adenosine A2A receptor antagonists. Belardinelli, L; Chu, N; Diamond, I; Kalla, R; Leung, K; Shryock, JC; Soelaiman, S; Soohoo, D; Yang, M; Yao, L; Zablocki, J, 2007)	0.34
"The aim of this study was to develop and validate a new in-vitro kinetic model for the combination of two drugs with different half-lives, and to use this model for the study of the pharmacodynamic effects of amphotericin B and voriconazole, alone or in combination, against a strain of Candida albicans."	( A new in-vitro kinetic model to study the pharmacodynamics of antifungal agents: inhibition of the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B against Candida albicans by voriconazole. Cars, O; Johansson, A; Lignell, A; Löwdin, E; Sjölin, J, 2007)	0.34
"To analyze the pharmacokinetic properties of the immunosuppressants cyclosporine and tacrolimus when either is coadministered with oral posaconazole."	( Effect of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Gelone, S; Kantesaria, B; Krishna, G; Mant, TG; Martinho, M; Sansone-Parsons, A, 2007)	0.34
"Two single-center, open-label pharmacokinetic studies of cyclosporine in a multiple-dose design and of tacrolimus in a one-sequence, crossover, single- and multiple-dose design."	( Effect of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Gelone, S; Kantesaria, B; Krishna, G; Mant, TG; Martinho, M; Sansone-Parsons, A, 2007)	0.34
"To determine the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between nefazodone (NFZ), and desipramine (DMI)."	( Coadministration of nefazodone and desipramine: a pharmacokinetic interaction study. Horst, WD; Khan, AY; Preskorn, SH, 2007)	0.34
"A single center, open-label, multiple-dose, parallel-group pharmacokinetic trial conducted in 28 healthy male and female subjects."	( Coadministration of nefazodone and desipramine: a pharmacokinetic interaction study. Horst, WD; Khan, AY; Preskorn, SH, 2007)	0.34
"Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that the addition of NFZ to DMI did not result in any significant changes in the AUC(0-12), Cmax, or tmax of either DMI or 2-OH-DMI."	( Coadministration of nefazodone and desipramine: a pharmacokinetic interaction study. Horst, WD; Khan, AY; Preskorn, SH, 2007)	0.34
"In the last decade, the relationship between drug dosing and treatment efficacy for life-threatening fungal infections has been clarified by application of pharmacodynamic principles to the study of antifungal agents."	( Pharmacodynamic implications for use of antifungal agents. Lewis, RE, 2007)	0.34
" For example, the terminal half-life (t(1/2)) of letrozole following intravenous administration in male rats was 11."	( Pharmacokinetics of letrozole in male and female rats: influence of complexation with hydroxybutenyl-beta cyclodextrin. Buchanan, CM; Buchanan, NL; Edgar, KJ; Hanley, GA; Ramsey, MG; Rice, PJ; Skotty, JS; Wempe, MF, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using compartmental methods."	( Effect of voriconazole and fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous fentanyl. Laine, K; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Saari, TI, 2008)	0.35
" The 400-mg qd efavirenz dose substantially reduced the steady-state mean voriconazole area under the curve over the dosing interval (AUC0-12) by 80% (90% confidence interval [CI], 75%-84%) and peak concentration (Cmax) by 66% (90% CI, 57%-73%)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between voriconazole and efavirenz at steady state in healthy male subjects. Foster, G; Gutierrez, MJ; LaBadie, RR; Liu, P; Sharma, A, 2008)	0.35
" Voriconazole did not affect significantly the elimination half-life or time to maximum concentration of diclofenac."	( Effect of voriconazole on the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac. Hynninen, VV; Laine, K; Leino, K; Lundgren, S; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Rane, A; Valtonen, M, 2007)	0.34
"The subset of patients comprised 246 HSCT recipients for whom pharmacokinetic data were available."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral posaconazole in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with graft-versus-host disease. Chandrasekar, P; Krishna, G; Martinho, M; Patino, H; Ullmann, AJ, 2007)	0.34
"Voriconazole's elimination half-life was short (1."	( Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral administration of single and multiple doses in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus timneh). Davis, JL; Dillard, SL; Flammer, K; Foster, LE; Nettifee Osborne, JA; Webb, DJ, 2008)	0.35
"4 L/h with a half-life of 16."	( The pharmacokinetic profile of voriconazole during continuous high-volume venovenous hemofiltration in a critically ill patient. Arnaud, P; Desmonts, JM; Lasocki, S; Massias, L; Montravers, P; Papy, E; Quintard, H, 2008)	0.35
" * Because co-administration of voriconazole and Ortho-Novum 1/35 could potentially result in pharmacokinetic interactions that increase systemic exposure of one or both drugs to unsafe levels, clinical studies are needed to define better the two-way pharmacokinetic interaction between these drugs."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of voriconazole and a combination oral contraceptive co-administered in healthy female subjects. Andrews, E; Crownover, P; Damle, BD; Fang, A; Foster, G; Glue, P; LaBadie, R, 2008)	0.35
"To assess the two-way pharmacokinetic interaction between voriconazole and Ortho-Novum 1/35, an oral contraceptive containing norethindrone 1 mg and ethinyl oestradiol 35 microg."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of voriconazole and a combination oral contraceptive co-administered in healthy female subjects. Andrews, E; Crownover, P; Damle, BD; Fang, A; Foster, G; Glue, P; LaBadie, R, 2008)	0.35
"To assess the potential of known CYP3A4 inducers, with and without CYP3A4 inhibitors, to alter the pharmacokinetic profile of maraviroc."	( Effects of CYP3A4 inducers with and without CYP3A4 inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of maraviroc in healthy volunteers. Abel, S; Jenkins, TM; Muirhead, GJ; Ridgway, CE; Whitlock, LA, 2008)	0.35
" No pharmacokinetic data are reported for cohort 3 because all subjects were discontinued during period 1 due to poor toleration of the drug regimen."	( Effects of CYP3A4 inducers with and without CYP3A4 inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of maraviroc in healthy volunteers. Abel, S; Jenkins, TM; Muirhead, GJ; Ridgway, CE; Whitlock, LA, 2008)	0.35
"To assess the potential of cotrimoxazole and tenofovir, drugs which are inhibitors and/or substrates of renal transporters, to alter the pharmacokinetic profile of maraviroc."	( The effects of cotrimoxazole or tenofovir co-administration on the pharmacokinetics of maraviroc in healthy volunteers. Abel, S; Muirhead, GJ; Ridgway, CE; Russell, D; Whitlock, LA, 2008)	0.35
" Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters from this study were compared with historical data generated in HIV-positive subjects receiving maraviroc monotherapy in a Phase IIa study."	( A novel probe drug interaction study to investigate the effect of selected antiretroviral combinations on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of maraviroc in HIV-positive subjects. Boffito, M; Muirhead, GJ; Pozniak, AL; Ridgway, CE; Russell, D, 2008)	0.35
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic model for maraviroc, a noncompetitive CCR5 antagonist, after oral administration of tablets to healthy volunteers and asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects and to quantify the inherent variability and influence of covariates on the parameters of the model."	( A population pharmacokinetic meta-analysis of maraviroc in healthy volunteers and asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects. Chan, PL; McFadyen, L; Weatherley, B, 2008)	0.35
"Rich pharmacokinetic data available from 15 studies in healthy volunteers (n = 365) and two studies in asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects (n = 48) were analysed using NONMEM."	( A population pharmacokinetic meta-analysis of maraviroc in healthy volunteers and asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects. Chan, PL; McFadyen, L; Weatherley, B, 2008)	0.35
" AIMS To develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) model that describes CCR5 receptor occupancy by maraviroc after oral administration at different doses in healthy volunteers and HIV-positive patients and to assess the relevance of receptor occupancy in predicting the decrease in viral load (HIV-1 RNA copies ml(-1)) in HIV-positive patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of CCR5 receptor occupancy by maraviroc in healthy subjects and HIV-positive patients. Abel, S; Dorr, P; Jacqmin, P; James, I; Jenkins, TM; Rosario, MC; van der Ryst, E, 2008)	0.35
"Therapeutic drug monitoring of any pharmacologic agent should be considered when there is both significant pharmacokinetic variability and strong, clinically relevant, exposure-effect relationships."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of antifungals: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. Andes, D; Smith, J, 2008)	0.35
" We approximated the drug concentration curve using a linear one-compartment model."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of voriconazole in Japanese patients with hematological malignancies. Fujimoto, Y; Ikawa, K; Kanbayashi, Y; Nomura, K; Taniwaki, M, 2008)	0.35
" Additional patients were enrolled at the OTR dose level to further evaluate safety and for pharmacokinetic analyses."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in patients with advanced cancer. Arya, N; Chu, QS; Cianfrocca, ME; Fleming, RA; Gale, M; Goldstein, LJ; Koch, KM; Loftiss, J; Murray, N; Pandite, L; Paul, E; Rowinsky, EK, 2008)	0.35
"Thirty-nine patients were enrolled in the study: 12 in the dose-escalation group, 7 in the OTR safety group, and 20 in the pharmacokinetic group."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in patients with advanced cancer. Arya, N; Chu, QS; Cianfrocca, ME; Fleming, RA; Gale, M; Goldstein, LJ; Koch, KM; Loftiss, J; Murray, N; Pandite, L; Paul, E; Rowinsky, EK, 2008)	0.35
"Clinically relevant doses of lapatinib in combination with letrozole were well tolerated and did not result in a pharmacokinetic interaction, and clinical antitumor activity was observed."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in patients with advanced cancer. Arya, N; Chu, QS; Cianfrocca, ME; Fleming, RA; Gale, M; Goldstein, LJ; Koch, KM; Loftiss, J; Murray, N; Pandite, L; Paul, E; Rowinsky, EK, 2008)	0.35
"To describe the management of a pharmacokinetic interaction between azole antifungals (fluconazole and voriconazole) and everolimus in a patient who underwent an orthotopic liver transplant."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between everolimus and antifungal triazoles in a liver transplant patient. Adani, GL; Baccarani, U; Baraldo, M; Cojutti, P; Franceschi, L; Furlanut, M; Londero, A; Pea, F; Tavio, M; Viale, P, 2008)	0.59
" Mean Cav and Cmax values did not appear different in the six patients with IFIs (three with proven IFIs, three with probable IFIs) compared with the entire sample of 194 patients; however, a definitive conclusion cannot be made due to the small sample size of patients with IFI."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral posaconazole in neutropenic patients receiving chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. AbuTarif, M; Angulo, D; Cornely, OA; Krishna, G; Martinho, M; Xuan, F, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic parameters assessed at the end of each treatment period were compared using the standard statistical analysis for bioequivalence assessment."	( Absence of an effect of a single-dose deferasirox on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Balez, S; Belleli, R; Robeva, A; Sechaud, R, 2008)	0.35
"To review the most important research published on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of rufinamide (RFM), together with the outcomes of the clinical trials conducted to date with this new antiepileptic drug."	( [Rufinamide. A review of its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties]. Herranz, JL, )	0.13
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with nonlinear least square method by the computer."	( [Ocular penetration and pharmacokinetics of topical voriconazole in rabbit eyes]. Chen, JQ; Huang, MM; Li, J; Sun, MX; Yao, MC; Ye, CT, 2008)	0.35
"To study the pharmacokinetic characteristics of voriconazole in healthy Chinese male volunteers in relation to cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 genotype status, including ultra-rapid metabolizers (URMs), homozygous extensive metabolizers (EMs), and poor metabolizers (PMs)."	( The CYP2C19 ultra-rapid metabolizer genotype influences the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in healthy male volunteers. Chen, Y; Fan, L; Guo, D; Hu, DL; Lei, HP; Li, Z; Tan, ZR; Wang, D; Wang, G; Zhou, HH, 2009)	0.35
" Here, we describe the following: (1) the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of a series of 3-phenyl-5-pyridyl-1,2,4-triazole derivatives by in vitro studies of XO inhibitory activity in bovine milk and in vivo studies of serum uric acid (UA) reductive activity in rats, (2) a drug interaction study by a cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) assay, and (3) a pharmacokinetic (PK) study."	( Design, synthesis, and pharmacological and pharmacokinetic evaluation of 3-phenyl-5-pyridyl-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors. Ashizawa, N; Inoue, T; Iwanaga, T; Matsumoto, K; Nagata, O; Nakamura, H; Sato, T, 2009)	0.35
" To elucidate the genetic influence of polymorphic enzymes on voriconazole metabolism, the authors pooled the pharmacokinetic data from 2 interaction studies in which 35 participants were enrolled according to their CYP2C19 genotype to receive a single 400-mg oral dose of voriconazole."	( CYP2C19 genotype is a major factor contributing to the highly variable pharmacokinetics of voriconazole. Burhenne, J; Haefeli, WE; Hoffmann, MM; Mikus, G; Rengelshausen, J; Ten Hoevel, MM; Walter-Sack, I; Weiss, J, 2009)	0.35
" The present population pharmacokinetic analysis evaluated voriconazole plasma concentration-time data from three studies of pediatric patients of 2 to <12 years of age, incorporating a range of single or multiple intravenous (i."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of voriconazole plasma concentration data from pediatric studies. Karlsson, MO; Lutsar, I; Milligan, PA, 2009)	0.35
" Blood samples to determine sirolimus plasma concentrations were collected up to 216 hours post dose on days 1 and 36 and plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Effects of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of sirolimus. Krishna, G; Ma, L; Martinho, M; McLeod, J; Moton, A; Seiberling, M, 2009)	0.35
"Two cases are presented in which caspofungin and voriconazole levels and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined during the ECMO period."	( Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin and voriconazole in critically ill patients during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Annaert, P; Hermans, G; Meersseman, P; Meersseman, W; Spriet, I; Verbesselt, R; Willems, L, 2009)	0.35
" Also pharmacokinetic parameters were identical to those reported in the literature."	( Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin and voriconazole in critically ill patients during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Annaert, P; Hermans, G; Meersseman, P; Meersseman, W; Spriet, I; Verbesselt, R; Willems, L, 2009)	0.35
"The mean AUC(0-infinity) and Cmax for sitagliptin were numerically, but not significantly (p>0."	( Effect of moderate hepatic insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin. Bergman, AJ; Davies, MJ; Dilzer, SC; Herman, GA; Lasseter, KC; Luo, WL; Migoya, EM; Stevens, CH; Wagner, JA, 2009)	0.35
" The other pharmacokinetic parameters of voriconazole such as AUC(0-24), time to reach maximum concentration, half-life, and apparent clearance also did not change significantly for extensive metabolizers in the presence of Ginkgo biloba."	( Lack of effect of Ginkgo biloba on voriconazole pharmacokinetics in Chinese volunteers identified as CYP2C19 poor and extensive metabolizers. Chen, H; Fan, L; He, YJ; Lei, HP; Li, Q; Ou-yang, DS; Tan, ZR; Wang, G; Wang, LS; Zhang, W; Zhou, HH, 2009)	0.35
" Therefore, the pharmacokinetic interactions between voriconazole and Ginkgo biloba may have limited clinical significance."	( Lack of effect of Ginkgo biloba on voriconazole pharmacokinetics in Chinese volunteers identified as CYP2C19 poor and extensive metabolizers. Chen, H; Fan, L; He, YJ; Lei, HP; Li, Q; Ou-yang, DS; Tan, ZR; Wang, G; Wang, LS; Zhang, W; Zhou, HH, 2009)	0.35
"VRZ TDM data analysis for trough concentration (C0) and peak concentration (C2) was carried out, using validated liquid chromatography assay with ultraviolet detection, for 35 CF lung transplant patients (mean age 25 years, mean weight 47 kg, balanced sex ratio) since 2003."	( Voriconazole pharmacokinetic variability in cystic fibrosis lung transplant patients. Amrein, C; Batisse, A; Berge, M; Billaud, EM; Boussaud, V; Chevalier, P; Dannaoui, E; Guillemain, R; Lillo-Le Louet, A; Loriot, MA; Pham, MH, 2009)	0.35
" Because of the potential for drug interactions, it is important to determine the effects of posaconazole on the pharmacokinetic properties of midazolam."	( Effects of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetic properties of oral and intravenous midazolam: a phase I, randomized, open-label, crossover study in healthy volunteers. Krishna, G; Ma, L; Martinho, M; McLeod, J; Moton, A; Savant, I; Seiberling, M, 2009)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to compare the effects of oral administration of posaconazole versus ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetic properties of orally and intravenously administered midazolam."	( Effects of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetic properties of oral and intravenous midazolam: a phase I, randomized, open-label, crossover study in healthy volunteers. Krishna, G; Ma, L; Martinho, M; McLeod, J; Moton, A; Savant, I; Seiberling, M, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, including C(max), C(min) (before azole administration), terminal-phase t(1/2) (t(1/2z)), and AUC to final measurable sampling time (AUC(tf)), were calculated using noncompartmental methods, and drug interactions were evaluated using analysis of variance."	( Effects of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetic properties of oral and intravenous midazolam: a phase I, randomized, open-label, crossover study in healthy volunteers. Krishna, G; Ma, L; Martinho, M; McLeod, J; Moton, A; Savant, I; Seiberling, M, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters from human data sets were used in the model to simulate kill curves for typical treatment regimens."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling and in vitro simulation of dynamic voriconazole-Candida interactions. Clancy, CJ; Derendorf, H; Li, Y; Nguyen, MH; Schmidt, S; Zhong, L, 2009)	0.35
" The clinically relevant observed pharmacokinetic parameters of inhaled aqueous solutions of voriconazole suggest that therapeutic outcomes could be benefitted through the use of inhaled voriconazole."	( Characterization and pharmacokinetic analysis of aerosolized aqueous voriconazole solution. Bosselmann, S; McConville, JT; Nelson, NA; Peters, JI; Son, YJ; Tolman, JA; Wiederhold, NP; Williams, RO, 2009)	0.35
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were obtained up to 120 h postdose."	( Pharmacokinetics of posaconazole administered orally or by nasogastric tube in healthy volunteers. Dodds Ashley, ES; Goodwin, M; Krishna, G; Ma, L; Malavade, D; Perfect, JR; Power, E; Varkey, JB; Vickery, D; Yu, X, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacodynamic parameter that optimally links drug exposure with the antifungal effect was determined using dose fractionation studies."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a novel triazole, isavuconazole: mathematical modeling, importance of tissue concentrations, and impact of immune status on antifungal effect. Denning, DW; Hope, WW; Majithiya, J; Parmar, A; Sharp, A; Warn, PA, 2009)	0.35
"54 liters/h and a terminal half-life of 46."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anastrozole in pubertal boys with recent-onset gynecomastia. Agbo, F; Bishop, K; Emeribe, U; Lowe, E; Mauras, N; Merinbaum, D, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacological and pharmacokinetic SAR of a series of inhaled A(2A) agonists is described leading through to human pharmacokinetic data for a clinical candidate."	( SAR of a series of inhaled A(2A) agonists and comparison of inhaled pharmacokinetics in a preclinical model with clinical pharmacokinetic data. Batchelor, DV; Chavaroche, H; Lemaitre, A; Macintyre, F; Mantell, SJ; Maw, GN; Monaghan, SM; Rozze, S; Selby, MD; Stephenson, PT; Stuart, EF; Trevethick, MA; Walker, DK; Whitlock, L; Wright, KN; Wright, PA; Yeadon, M, 2009)	0.35
"A phase 1, open-label, randomized, crossover, drug interaction study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetic effects of coadministration of posaconazole (400 mg twice daily), with atazanavir (ATV) (300 mg/d alone) and with ritonavir (100 mg/d) or with efavirenz (400 mg/d) in healthy volunteers."	( Effects of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir alone and with ritonavir or with efavirenz in healthy adult volunteers. Krishna, G; Ma, L; Martinho, M; McLeod, J; Moton, A; Seiberling, M, 2009)	0.35
" The objective of this study was to determine the plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of voriconazole after single-dose intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after single dose intravenous and oral administration to alpacas. Chan, HM; Duran, SH; Ravis, WR; Walz, PH, 2009)	0.35
"Isavuconazole is a promising new antifungal drug with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and excellent activity against a number of fungi."	( Effect of mild and moderate liver disease on the pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole after intravenous and oral administration of a single dose of the prodrug BAL8557. Edwards, DJ; Heep, M; Peterfaí, E; Roos, B; Schmitt-Hoffmann, A; Spickermann, J; Stoeckel, K, 2009)	0.35
" Cmax, volume of distribution/bioavailability (Vd/F), and elimination half-life (t(1/2)) were not different between the groups, suggesting bioavailability as the likely discriminant."	( Deferasirox pharmacokinetics in patients with adequate versus inadequate response. Bergmann, AK; Braunstein, J; Chirnomas, D; Finkelstein, Y; Grant, FD; Neufeld, EJ; Paley, C; Pereira, L; Shannon, M; Smith, AL, 2009)	0.35
" Primary pharmacokinetic variables--area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to the time of the final quantifiable sample (AUC(tf)), maximum observed plasma concentration (C(max)), time to C(max) (T(max)), and relative bioavailability--were assessed up to 5 days postdose."	( Effect of varying amounts of a liquid nutritional supplement on the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in healthy volunteers. Beresford, E; Komjathy, S; Krishna, G; Ma, L; Power, E; Vickery, D; Wu, I; Yu, X, 2009)	0.35
"To model the basic pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of maraviroc to construct an integrated semi-mechanistic PK model for use in later population PK analyses."	( Maraviroc modelling strategy: use of early phase 1 data to support a semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetic model. McFadyen, L; Weatherley, B, 2009)	0.35
" In vitro metabolism of voriconazole by liver microsomes prepared from pediatric and adult tissues (n = 6/group) mirrored the in vivo clearance differences in children versus adults, and it showed that the oxidative metabolism was significantly faster in children compared with adults as indicated by the in vitro half-life (T(1/2)) of 33."	( In vitro hepatic metabolism explains higher clearance of voriconazole in children versus adults: role of CYP2C19 and flavin-containing monooxygenase 3. Annaert, PP; Augustijns, P; Benjamin, DK; Ibrahim, JG; Thakker, DR; Yanni, SB, 2010)	0.36
"The pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir (elvitegravir/r) and maraviroc was evaluated."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and maraviroc. Abel, S; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Tweedy, S; West, S, 2010)	0.36
" Lack of PK alteration was defined as 90% confidence intervals for ratio of geometric least squares means ratio (coadministration:alone) between 70% and 143% for elvitegravir and ritonavir Cmax (maximum concentration), Ctau (trough), and AUCtau (area under plasma concentration-time curve; 0-24 hours); for maraviroc, given a 100% increase in Cmax and AUCtau (0-12 hours); the predicted 90% confidence intervals were 162% to 247% and 136% to 295%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and maraviroc. Abel, S; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Tweedy, S; West, S, 2010)	0.36
" We developed a population pharmacokinetic model using nonlinear mixed-effect modeling (NONMEM)."	( Factors influencing pharmacokinetics of prophylactic posaconazole in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Abduljalil, K; Cornely, OA; Fuhr, U; Hallek, M; Kohl, V; Müller, C; Rüping, MJ; Scheid, C; Vehreschild, JJ, 2010)	0.36
" Therefore, pharmacokinetic variables C(max) and area under the curve from time 0 to the time of final quantifiable sample (AUC(tf)) values were pooled for subjects with hepatic impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of the antifungal posaconazole as oral suspension in subjects with hepatic impairment. Krishna, G; Ma, L; McLeod, J; Moton, A; O'Mara, E; Prasad, P; Preston, RA, 2010)	0.36
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole and the potential correlations between pharmacokinetic parameters and patient variables in liver transplant patients on a fixed-dose prophylactic regimen."	( Voriconazole pharmacokinetics in liver transplant recipients. Blisard, D; Capitano, B; Han, K; Husain, S; Johnson, HJ; Kwak, EJ; Linden, PK; Marcos, A; Paterson, DL; Potoski, B; Romkes, M; Venkataramanan, R, 2010)	0.36
"Voriconazole pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are lacking in children."	( Voriconazole pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in children. Hoffman, J; Jelliffe, R; Kovacs, A; Neely, M; Rushing, T, 2010)	0.36
" A 2-compartment Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetic model fit the data best but explained only 80% of the observed variability."	( Voriconazole pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in children. Hoffman, J; Jelliffe, R; Kovacs, A; Neely, M; Rushing, T, 2010)	0.36
"We found a pharmacodynamic association between a voriconazole trough >1000 ng/mL and survival and marked pharmacokinetic variability, particularly after enteral dosing, justifying the measurement of serum concentrations."	( Voriconazole pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in children. Hoffman, J; Jelliffe, R; Kovacs, A; Neely, M; Rushing, T, 2010)	0.36
"The relationship between patient characteristics and posaconazole exposures was evaluated in a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model using trial data from neutropenic patients administered oral posaconazole suspension as antifungal prophylaxis."	( Population pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in neutropenic patients receiving chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. AbuTarif, MA; Krishna, G; Statkevich, P, 2010)	0.36
"* Pharmacokinetic variability of voriconazole is largely caused by CYP3A4- and CYP2C19-mediated metabolism."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and bioavailability of the triazole antifungal agent voriconazole in relation to CYP2C19 genotype. Burhenne, J; Haefeli, WE; Mikus, G; Oberwittler, H; Riedel, KD; Scholz, I; Weiss, J, 2009)	0.35
" * As both these drugs are likely to be used in combination, this study evaluated the pharmacokinetic interaction between them."	( Assessment of the pharmacokinetics of co-administered maraviroc and raltegravir. Andrews, E; Crownover, P; Damle, B; Fang, J; Glue, P; Tressler, R, 2010)	0.36
"To assess the two-way pharmacokinetic interaction between maraviroc and raltegravir."	( Assessment of the pharmacokinetics of co-administered maraviroc and raltegravir. Andrews, E; Crownover, P; Damle, B; Fang, J; Glue, P; Tressler, R, 2010)	0.36
" Test/reference ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined for pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Assessment of the pharmacokinetics of co-administered maraviroc and raltegravir. Andrews, E; Crownover, P; Damle, B; Fang, J; Glue, P; Tressler, R, 2010)	0.36
" Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of [14C]deferasirox at pharmacokinetic steady state was investigated in five adult beta-thalassemic patients."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and disposition of deferasirox in beta-thalassemic patients with transfusion-dependent iron overload who are at pharmacokinetic steady state. Bruin, GJ; Glaenzel, U; Hazell, K; Porter, JB; Sechaud, R; Waldmeier, F; Warrington, S, 2010)	0.36
" The pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability of TZV were calculated after the administration of TZV to rabbits."	( Antiviral properties, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of a novel azolo-1,2,4-triazine-derived inhibitor of influenza A and B virus replication. Charushin, V; Chupakhin, O; Deev, S; Deeva, E; Ivanov, A; Karpenko, I; Kiselev, O; Kochetkov, S; Kukhanova, M; Rusinov, V; Smirnova, O; Ulomsky, E; Yanvarev, D, 2010)	0.36
"Voriconazole elimination half-life was short (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral administration of single and multiple doses in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Applegate, J; Flammer, K; Grooters, AM; Papich, MG; Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, D; Shaw, S; Tully, TN, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), steady-state area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC[τ]), and time to C(max) (T(max)) were assessed."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic drug interaction between oral posaconazole and caspofungin or micafungin. Beresford, E; Krishna, G; Ma, L; Medlock, M; Noren, C; Power, E; Vickery, D; Yu, X, 2011)	0.37
" The children had significantly higher C(max) values; other pharmacokinetic parameters were not significantly different from those of adults."	( Voriconazole pharmacokinetics and safety in immunocompromised children compared to adult patients. Basara, N; Bierbach, U; Frenzel, K; Lange, T; Mauz-Körholz, C; Michael, C; Niederwieser, D; Preiss, R, 2010)	0.36
" PK/pharmacodynamics characteristics, that is, sufficiently prolonged half-life and sustained DPP-4 enzyme inactivation, generally allow one single oral administration per day for the management of T2DM; the only exception is vildagliptin for which a twice-daily administration is recommended because of a shorter half-life."	( Pharmacokinetics of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors. Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
"A fast, selective and sensitive ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for determination and pharmacokinetic study of anastrozole in human plasma."	( An ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of anastrozole in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. He, J; Li, F; Qin, F; Xiong, Z; Yu, J; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.37
" The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic variability of VRC and MVRC plasma concentrations on the basis of 115 drug monitoring samples from patients treated with VRC."	( Pharmacokinetic variability of voriconazole and N-oxide voriconazole measured as therapeutic drug monitoring. Ceballos, P; Cociglio, M; Eiden, C; Eymard-Duvernay, S; Fegueux, N; Hillaire-Buys, D; Peyrière, H, 2010)	0.36
" The clearance predicted based on in vitro data correlated well with in vivo clearance obtained from mouse, rat, and dog in vivo pharmacokinetic studies."	( Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 4-substituted methoxybenzoyl-aryl-thiazoles. Dalton, JT; Li, CM; Lu, Y; Miller, DD; Narayanan, R, 2010)	0.36
"This study was undertaken to characterize the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of voriconazole in adult lung transplant patients during the early postoperative period, identify factors significantly associated with various pharmacokinetic parameters, and make recommendations for adequate dosing regimens."	( Bioavailability and population pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in lung transplant recipients. Bies, R; Capitano, B; Gilbert, S; Han, K; Husain, S; McCurry, K; Paterson, DL; Potoski, BA; Venkataramanan, R, 2010)	0.36
" The pharmacokinetic profile of the HIV entry inhibitor maraviroc after a single intrapartum dose in rhesus macaques was studied to determine whether maraviroc could serve as an alternative to NVP in a single-dose strategy."	( Maternal-fetal pharmacokinetics and dynamics of a single intrapartum dose of maraviroc in rhesus macaques. Holodniy, M; Kashuba, AD; Shulman, NS; Van Rompay, KK; Winters, MA, 2010)	0.36
"An extensive literature search was performed to analyze the potential pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions between metformin (first-line drug for the management of type 2 diabetes) and sitagliptin (first commercialized DPP IV inhibitor)."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sitagliptin plus metformin. Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
" For the given maraviroc monotherapy sampling design, it was difficult to separate the viral dynamics system delay from a pharmacokinetic distributional delay or delay due to receptor binding and subsequent cellular signalling."	( The use of the SAEM algorithm in MONOLIX software for estimation of population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic-viral dynamics parameters of maraviroc in asymptomatic HIV subjects. Chan, PL; Jacqmin, P; Lavielle, M; McFadyen, L; Weatherley, B, 2011)	0.37
"The objective of this study was to assess the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for predicting plasma concentration-time profiles of orally available cMet kinase inhibitors, (R)-3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluoro-phenyl)-ethoxy]-5-(1-piperidin-4-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-pyridin-2-ylamine (PF02341066) and 2-[4-(3-quinolin-6-ylmethyl-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-pyrazol-1-yl]-ethanol (PF04217903), in humans."	( Prediction of oral pharmacokinetics of cMet kinase inhibitors in humans: physiologically based pharmacokinetic model versus traditional one-compartment model. Jones, HM; Koudriakova, T; Romero, D; Skaptason, J; Tan, W; Vekich, S; Wilner, KD; Yamazaki, S, 2011)	0.37
" The current studies assessed the potential for pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between dapagliflozin and pioglitazone, metformin, glimepiride or sitagliptin in healthy subjects following single-dose administration."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between dapagliflozin, a novel sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor, and metformin, pioglitazone, glimepiride or sitagliptin in healthy subjects. Boulton, DW; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; LaCreta, FP; Li, T; Liu, X; Pfister, M; Shyu, WC; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
"5 μg/ml VRC, a dose of 20 mg per kg body weight for the multi-dose pharmacokinetic study was selected."	( Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Clemons, KV; Kline, Y; Stevens, DA; Tell, LA; Woods, L, 2011)	0.37
" However, no local pharmacokinetic data on the diffusion behaviour of talarozole in the skin itself are available."	( Local skin pharmacokinetics of talarozole, a new retinoic acid metabolism-blocking agent. Baert, B; De Spiegeleer, B, 2011)	0.37
" The present aim was to evaluate pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD) and safety characteristics of sitagliptin following single doses in healthy, young Japanese males."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition following single doses of sitagliptin in healthy, young Japanese males. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Langdon, RB; Larson, PJ; Mistry, GC; Ruckle, JL; Snyder, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2011)	0.37
" The mean apparent terminal half-life for plasma sitagliptin was 9-14h, with the half-life slightly decreasing as the dose increased."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition following single doses of sitagliptin in healthy, young Japanese males. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Langdon, RB; Larson, PJ; Mistry, GC; Ruckle, JL; Snyder, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2011)	0.37
"Full pharmacokinetic profiles were collected within one oral dosing interval from 13 liver transplant patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic evaluation with external validation and Bayesian estimator of voriconazole in liver transplant recipients. Bies, R; Capitano, B; Han, K; Johnson, H; Venkataramanan, R, 2011)	0.37
" Co-administration of pantoprazole, race and alanine aminotransferase were also significantly associated with pharmacokinetic parameters but ultimately excluded in the final model."	( Population pharmacokinetic evaluation with external validation and Bayesian estimator of voriconazole in liver transplant recipients. Bies, R; Capitano, B; Han, K; Johnson, H; Venkataramanan, R, 2011)	0.37
" The objectives of this study were to examine the pharmacokinetic profile of letrozole in Japanese subjects and to identify factors that influence variability in the pharmacokinetics of letrozole using population pharmacokinetic (PPK) analysis."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of letrozole in Japanese postmenopausal women. Horie, T; Shitara, Y; Tanii, H, 2011)	0.37
" Estrone, estrone sulfate, and estradiol in plasma were measured as pharmacodynamic markers."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of letrozole in Japanese postmenopausal women. Horie, T; Shitara, Y; Tanii, H, 2011)	0.37
"A pharmacokinetic study was performed in 12 HIV-negative men receiving maraviroc 300 mg twice daily for 8 days."	( Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of maraviroc in saliva, semen, and rectal tissue of healthy HIV-negative men. Brown, KC; Cohen, MS; Dumond, JB; Heidt, PE; Kashuba, AD; Malone, SA; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Shaheen, NJ; Spacek, MB, 2011)	0.37
" In summary, there was a substantially greater pharmacodynamic effect of posaconazole in human serum than could be predicted by the non-protein-bound serum concentration."	( Posaconazole in human serum: a greater pharmacodynamic effect than predicted by the non-protein-bound serum concentration. Cars, O; Chryssanthou, E; Lignell, A; Löwdin, E; Sjölin, J, 2011)	0.37
" This article reviews the pharmacokinetic profiles of these drugs in children, with a focus on the age-related changes."	( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antifungal drugs in children]. Jullien, V, 2011)	0.37
" The authors examined the safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profile of GSK1521498, a µ-opioid receptor inverse agonist that is being investigated primarily for the treatment of overeating behavior in obesity."	( Opioid receptor modulation of hedonic taste preference and food intake: a single-dose safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic investigation with GSK1521498, a novel μ-opioid receptor inverse agonist. Brooke, AC; Bullmore, ET; Bush, MA; Herman, CS; Ignar, DM; Koch, A; Larkin, AL; Maltby, K; Napolitano, A; Nathan, PJ; O'Neill, BV; Richards, DB; Skeggs, AL; Tao, WX; Williams, PM, 2012)	0.38
"A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for the conazole fungicide triadimefon and its primary metabolite, triadimenol."	( Development and application of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for triadimefon and its metabolite triadimenol in rats and humans. Crowell, SR; Fisher, JW; Henderson, WM; Kenneke, JF, 2011)	0.37
" The authors profiled a 5-point pharmacokinetic concentration-time curve during the 12-hour standard maintenance dosing interval and derived the basic pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of voriconazole treatment in critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Chvojka, J; Karvunidis, T; Krouzecky, A; Matejovic, M; Novak, I; Radej, J; Stehlik, P; Sykora, R, 2011)	0.37
" The mean elimination half-life was 27."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of voriconazole treatment in critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Chvojka, J; Karvunidis, T; Krouzecky, A; Matejovic, M; Novak, I; Radej, J; Stehlik, P; Sykora, R, 2011)	0.37
" The present method was applied successfully to the pharmacokinetic study of anastrozole after oral administration of 1 mg anastrozole tablet to healthy male volunteers."	( Hydrophilic interaction chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric analysis of anastrozole in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ji, HY; Lee, HS; Sohn, JH, 2012)	0.38
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed in Simcyp (Simcyp Ltd."	( Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole administered concomitantly with fluconazole and population-based simulation for sequential use. Damle, B; Varma, MV; Wood, N, 2011)	0.37
"The current voriconazole dosing recommendation in adolescents is based on limited efficacy and pharmacokinetic data."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and safety of voriconazole intravenous-to-oral switch in immunocompromised adolescents and healthy adults. Baruch, A; Blumer, J; Driscoll, TA; Frangoul, H; Krance, RA; Liu, P; Murphey, DK; Nemecek, ER; Yu, LC, 2011)	0.37
" To assess the appropriate pediatric dosing, a study was conducted in 40 immunocompromised children aged 2 to <12 years to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of voriconazole following intravenous (IV)-to-oral (PO) switch regimens based on a previous population pharmacokinetic modeling: 7 mg/kg IV every 12 h (q12h) and 200 mg PO q12h."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and safety of voriconazole intravenous-to-oral switch in immunocompromised children and healthy adults. Arrieta, A; Baruch, A; Blumer, J; Bradfield, SM; Driscoll, TA; Frangoul, H; Graham, ML; Krance, RA; Liu, P; Nemecek, E; Yu, LC, 2011)	0.37
"We conducted a pharmacokinetic and in vivo cerebral (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) study to assess CSF exposure and cerebral metabolite ratios (CMRs) following maraviroc intensification."	( CNS effects of a CCR5 inhibitor in HIV-infected subjects: a pharmacokinetic and cerebral metabolite study. Allsop, JM; Back, D; Erlwein, OW; Garvey, L; Kaye, S; Latch, N; Mitchell, A; Nelson, M; Taylor-Robinson, SD; Watson, V; Winston, A, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetic data were modeled using a nonparametric methodology and with a nonlinear pharmacokinetic structural model."	( Population pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in adults. Hope, WW, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic results suggest that simvastatin is not likely to compromise the activity of anastrozole."	( Effect of simvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of anastrozole. Bao, T; Blackford, AL; Stearns, V, 2012)	0.38
"The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic properties and short-term adverse effect profile of single-dose oral rufinamide in healthy dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral rufinamide in dogs. Chen, AV; Davies, NM; Martinez, SE; Wright, HM, 2012)	0.38
" More comprehensive in vivo pharmacokinetic data are required to justify the potential use of these agents as safe and effective options during pregnancy."	( Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in anatomical sanctuary sites: the fetal compartment (placenta and amniotic fluid). Back, DJ; Else, LJ; Khoo, SH; Taylor, S, 2011)	0.37
" In healthy participants, the authors examined the multiple-dose safety, pharmacokinetic, and secondary pharmacodynamic profile of GSK1521498, a µ-opioid receptor inverse agonist that is being developed for treatment of disorders of compulsive consumption."	( Multiple-dose safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the μ-opioid receptor inverse agonist GSK1521498. Brooke, AC; Bullmore, ET; Bush, MA; Davies, KM; Koch, A; Maltby, K; Napolitano, A; Nathan, PJ; O'Neill, BV; Richards, DB; Skeggs, AL; Tao, WX; Williams, PM, 2012)	0.38
" The interindividual differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of sitagliptin were found to be within acceptable limits (coefficient of variation <20%)."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interaction between gemfibrozil and sitagliptin in healthy Indian male volunteers. B, S; Dubala, A; K P, A; K, E; Kucherlapati, VS; M, D; Meda, VS; P R, AV, 2012)	0.38
"In addition to the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of deferasirox, this review examines the efficacy and safety data from pivotal studies with deferasirox in iron-overloaded patients with various anemias, including thalassemia, sickle cell disease and myelodysplastic syndromes."	( Deferasirox: pharmacokinetics and clinical experience. Campus, S; Galanello, R; Origa, R, 2012)	0.38
" Subjects were randomized to receive 1 mg of the test or reference formulation, and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were measured."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of 2 formulations of anastrozole (1 mg) in healthy Korean male volunteers: a randomized, single-dose, 2-period, 2-sequence, crossover study. Bae, KS; Cho, SH; Choe, S; Ghim, JL; Jin, SJ; Jung, JA; Kim, UJ; Ko, YJ; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Park, HJ; Song, GS, 2012)	0.38
"To estimate the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of posaconazole in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) undergoing chemotherapy in a clinical setting."	( Factors influencing the pharmacokinetics of prophylactic posaconazole oral suspension in patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Cornely, OA; Farowski, F; Fuhr, U; Hallek, M; Kohl, V; Kreuzer, KA; Müller, C; Vehreschild, JJ; Vehreschild, MJ, 2012)	0.38
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile and tolerability of single doses of rizatriptan oral disintegrating tablets (ODTs) in pediatric migraineurs."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of rizatriptan in pediatric migraineurs in a randomized study. Fraser, IP; Han, L; Han, TH; Hreniuk, D; Li, CC; Linder, S; Stoch, SA; Wagner, JA; Winner, P, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic data were compared with historical data on rizatriptan ODT 10mg in healthy adults."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of rizatriptan in pediatric migraineurs in a randomized study. Fraser, IP; Han, L; Han, TH; Hreniuk, D; Li, CC; Linder, S; Stoch, SA; Wagner, JA; Winner, P, 2012)	0.38
" A total of 75 patients enrolled; 52/75 (69%) completed the study, and 49/75 were included in the pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Pharmacokinetics of different dosing strategies of oral posaconazole in patients with compromised gastrointestinal function and who are at high risk for invasive fungal infection. Cornely, OA; Heinz, W; Helfgott, D; Huyck, S; Krishna, G; Langston, A; Ma, L; McCarthy, MC; Vehreschild, JJ; Vehreschild, MJ, 2012)	0.38
"To further optimize the voriconazole dosing in the pediatric population, a population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted on pooled data from 112 immunocompromised children (2 to <12 years), 26 immunocompromised adolescents (12 to <17 years), and 35 healthy adults."	( Integrated population pharmacokinetic analysis of voriconazole in children, adolescents, and adults. Friberg, LE; Karlsson, MO; Liu, P; Ravva, P, 2012)	0.38
"Isavuconazole has the potential to become an important agent for the treatment of invasive fungal infections, principally because of its relatively broad and potent in vitro antifungal activity, and its favorable pharmacokinetic profile."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and clinical utility of isavuconazole for treatment of invasive fungal infections. Hope, W; Livermore, J, 2012)	0.38
" The developed assay was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers."	( Simultaneous determination of sitagliptin and simvastatin in human plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a human pharmacokinetic study. Burugula, L; Kandhagatla, R; Lodagala, DS; Makula, A; Mullangi, R; Pilli, NR, 2013)	0.39
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis (NONMEM) was performed on 505 plasma concentration measurements involving 55 patients with invasive mycoses who received recommended VRC doses."	( Challenging recommended oral and intravenous voriconazole doses for improved efficacy and safety: population pharmacokinetics-based analysis of adult patients with invasive fungal infections. Bille, J; Bolay, S; Buclin, T; Calandra, T; Csajka, C; Marchetti, O; Pascual, A, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic assessments of plasma preladenant and metabolites SCH434748 and SCH446637 were performed."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics after single and multiple doses of preladenant (SCH420814) administered in healthy subjects. Cutler, DL; Grachev, ID; Tendolkar, A, 2012)	0.38
" In addition, compound 50c exhibited a markedly improved pharmacokinetic profile as a result of the introduction of a benzylic hydroxy group and significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil against human breast cancer MX-1 xenograft model in mice."	( 1,2,3-Triazole-containing uracil derivatives with excellent pharmacokinetics as a novel class of potent human deoxyuridine triphosphatase inhibitors. Chong, KT; Endoh, K; Fujioka, A; Fukuoka, M; Hashimoto, A; Itou, K; Miyahara, S; Miyakoshi, H; Muto, T; Nagasawa, H; Nomura, M; Shuto, S; Taguchi, J; Takao, Y; Ueno, H; Wakasa, T; Yamamura, K; Yano, W; Yokogawa, T, 2012)	0.38
" Saliva and plasma samples were collected for 3-5 half-life values of sitagliptin, cinacalcet, metformin, montelukast, tolterodine, hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), lornoxicam, azithromycin, diacerhein, rosuvastatin, cloxacillin, losartan and tamsulosin after oral dosing."	( Saliva versus plasma pharmacokinetics: theory and application of a salivary excretion classification system. Arafat, T; Idkaidek, N, 2012)	0.38
" Mean half-life was similar for 200 and 400 mg posaconazole doses (25 and 26 h)."	( A new solid oral tablet formulation of posaconazole: a randomized clinical trial to investigate rising single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety in healthy volunteers. Krishna, G; Ma, L; Martinho, M; O'Mara, E; Preston, RA, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacodynamic (PD) examination of antifungal drug therapy in IPA is one strategy that may improve outcomes."	( Posaconazole pharmacodynamic target determination against wild-type and Cyp51 mutant isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus in an in vivo model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Andes, DR; Lepak, AJ; Marchillo, K; Vanhecker, J, 2013)	0.39
" Moreover, integration of in vivo pharmacokinetic data with the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) provided iodiconazole AUC/MIC ratios in rat dermis and blood of 347."	( In vivo pharmacokinetics and in vitro antifungal activity of iodiconazole, a new triazole, determined by microdialysis sampling. Cao, Y; Chen, H; Fan, G; Sheng, C; Sun, N; Xie, Y; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
" However, the pharmacokinetic profiles of such regimens are often not established."	( Pharmacokinetic profile and safety of 150 mg of maraviroc dosed with 800/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir all once daily, with and without nucleoside analogues, in HIV-infected subjects. Back, D; Croucher, A; Else, LJ; Khoo, S; Mora-Peris, B; Scullard, G; Vera, JH; Winston, A, 2013)	0.39
" At steady-state (days 10 and 20), intensive pharmacokinetic sampling was undertaken."	( Pharmacokinetic profile and safety of 150 mg of maraviroc dosed with 800/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir all once daily, with and without nucleoside analogues, in HIV-infected subjects. Back, D; Croucher, A; Else, LJ; Khoo, S; Mora-Peris, B; Scullard, G; Vera, JH; Winston, A, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic interactions and safety of etravirine 200 mg twice daily coadministered with fluconazole 200 mg daily or voriconazole 200 mg twice daily, both inhibitors of CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, were evaluated in an open-label, randomized, 3-period crossover trial in 18 HIV-negative volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics and short-term safety of etravirine in combination with fluconazole or voriconazole in HIV-negative volunteers. Aharchi, F; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Nijs, S; Smedt, GD; Van Solingen-Ristea, R; Vyncke, V; Witek, J, 2013)	0.39
"There is a paucity of pharmacokinetic studies describing weight-based dosing of intravenous voriconazole in obese patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous voriconazole in obese patients: implications of CYP2C19 homozygous poor metabolizer genotype. Danner, RL; Figg, WD; Henning, SA; Jarosinski, PF; Moriyama, B; Penzak, SR; Walsh, TJ; Wayne, AS, 2013)	0.39
" Nonlinear PK profiles with more than dose-proportional increases of Cmax and area under the plasma concentration curve were observed in all species after oral administration."	( Species difference in the mechanism of nonlinear pharmacokinetics of E2074, a novel sodium channel inhibitor, in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Kusano, K; Nagaya, Y; Takenaka, O; Yoshimura, T, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic descriptors of the compounds investigated were calculated in silico with the use of the established drug design software."	( RP TLC data in correlation studies with in silico pharmacokinetic properties of benzimidazole and benztriazole derivatives. Dimova, VB; Milošević, NP; Perišić-Janjić, NU, 2013)	0.39
"The objectives of this study were to determine if ABCB1 polymorphisms are associated with interindividual variability in sitagliptin pharmacokinetics and if atorvastatin alters the pharmacokinetic disposition of sitagliptin in healthy volunteers."	( Effect of ABCB1 polymorphisms and atorvastatin on sitagliptin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Aquilante, CL; Kosmiski, LA; Predhomme, JA; Sidhom, MS; Wempe, MF, 2013)	0.39
" A 24-h pharmacokinetic study followed each sitagliptin dose, and the study phases were separated by a 14-day washout period."	( Effect of ABCB1 polymorphisms and atorvastatin on sitagliptin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Aquilante, CL; Kosmiski, LA; Predhomme, JA; Sidhom, MS; Wempe, MF, 2013)	0.39
"Sitagliptin pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly between ABCB1 CGC/CGC, CGC/TTT, and TTT/TTT diplotype groups during the monotherapy phase."	( Effect of ABCB1 polymorphisms and atorvastatin on sitagliptin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Aquilante, CL; Kosmiski, LA; Predhomme, JA; Sidhom, MS; Wempe, MF, 2013)	0.39
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of a single 400-mg oral dose of posaconazole suspension, administered under fasting and fed conditions, were compared in healthy male Taiwanese volunteers."	( A randomized, phase I, 3-way crossover study to examine the effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of single doses of 400 mg posaconazole oral suspension in healthy male Taiwanese subjects. Chang, FY; Lin, TY; Yang, MH, 2013)	0.39
" The observed maximum plasma concentration (C max), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC 0-t and AUC 0-∞), time to reach C max (t max), and plasma half-life (t 1/2) were assessed."	( A randomized, phase I, 3-way crossover study to examine the effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of single doses of 400 mg posaconazole oral suspension in healthy male Taiwanese subjects. Chang, FY; Lin, TY; Yang, MH, 2013)	0.39
" Thirteen subjects were included in the pharmacokinetic analysis."	( A randomized, phase I, 3-way crossover study to examine the effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of single doses of 400 mg posaconazole oral suspension in healthy male Taiwanese subjects. Chang, FY; Lin, TY; Yang, MH, 2013)	0.39
" Endpoints included safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters and preliminary clinical activity."	( A first in human, safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity phase I study of once weekly administration of the Hsp90 inhibitor ganetespib (STA-9090) in patients with solid malignancies. Bradley, R; Chen, Y; El-Hariry, I; Goldman, JW; Gordon, GA; Guo, W; Inoue, T; Karol, MD; Raju, RN; Rosen, LS; Teofilivici, F; Vukovic, VM, 2013)	0.39
" The method facilitated a clinical pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of a single-dose of posaconazole suspension in the fasted state and with a high-fat meal in a two-period crossover design."	( Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the quantification of posaconazole in human plasma: application to pharmacokinetics following single-dose administration in the fasted state and with a high-fat meal. Chen, WL; Chu, NN; Li, XN; Wang, ZD; Xu, HR, 2013)	0.39
"To characterize pharmacokinetic parameters of MK-0916 and its safety and tolerability in lean, healthy male subjects following single and multiple oral doses."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor MK-0916 in healthy subjects. Cilissen, C; Crumley, TM; Gottesdiener, KM; Hermanowski-Vosatka, A; Lai, E; Langdon, RB; Ramael, S; Stone, JA; Sun, L; Wagner, JA; Wenning, L; Wright, DH; Yan, K; Yang, AY; Zheng, W, 2013)	0.39
" Plasma and urine drug concentrations were measured for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor MK-0916 in healthy subjects. Cilissen, C; Crumley, TM; Gottesdiener, KM; Hermanowski-Vosatka, A; Lai, E; Langdon, RB; Ramael, S; Stone, JA; Sun, L; Wagner, JA; Wenning, L; Wright, DH; Yan, K; Yang, AY; Zheng, W, 2013)	0.39
" We performed an open-label pharmacokinetic study to compare VCZ and N-oxide voriconazole (N-oxide VCZ) pharmacokinetics in patients pre- and post-PSCT."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of oral voriconazole and its primary metabolite, N-oxide voriconazole, pre- and post-autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation. Amsden, JR; Anaissie, E; Gubbins, PO; McConnell, S, 2013)	0.39
"Accurate predictions of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) account for dynamic changes of CYP3A activity at both major expression sites (liver and gut wall) by considering the full pharmacokinetic profile of the perpetrator and the substrate."	( A semiphysiological population pharmacokinetic model for dynamic inhibition of liver and gut wall cytochrome P450 3A by voriconazole. Frechen, S; Fuhr, U; Junge, L; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Rokitta, D; Saari, TI; Suleiman, AA, 2013)	0.39
"To evaluate the relationship between the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and therapeutic and adverse effects of rufinamide (RUF) in children with epileptic encephalopathies (EE) aged <4 years."	( A pharmacokinetic study and correlation with clinical response of rufinamide in infants with epileptic encephalopathies. Della Bona, ML; Falchi, M; Guerrini, R; la Marca, G; Malvagia, S; Pellacani, S; Rosati, A, 2013)	0.39
"53 mg/l) and half-life (13."	( A pharmacokinetic study and correlation with clinical response of rufinamide in infants with epileptic encephalopathies. Della Bona, ML; Falchi, M; Guerrini, R; la Marca, G; Malvagia, S; Pellacani, S; Rosati, A, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained for the 12 h (dosing interval) after the first orally administered dose (400 mg) or (if possible and) after an orally administered maintenance dose (200 mg) following intake for at least 14 days (n = 14 after first dose; n = 23 after maintenance dose)."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and metabolism of voriconazole in patients. Burhenne, J; Egerer, G; Geist, MJ; Mikus, G; Riedel, KD; Weiss, J, 2013)	0.39
"To address the need for nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-sparing regimens, we explored the virologic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of maraviroc plus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in a single-arm, open-label, 96-week study."	( Virologic response, early HIV-1 decay, and maraviroc pharmacokinetics with the nucleos(t)ide-free regimen of maraviroc plus darunavir/ritonavir in a pilot study. Acosta, EP; Adeyemi, O; Berzins, B; Castro, J; Eron, JJ; Kuritzkes, DR; Lalezari, J; Lu, D; Ryscavage, P; Swindells, S; Taiwo, B; Tsibris, A, 2013)	0.39
" These intracellular and intercellular pharmacokinetic properties probably contribute to the efficacy of PCZ."	( Pharmacokinetics of posaconazole within epithelial cells and fungi: insights into potential mechanisms of action during treatment and prophylaxis. Campoli, P; Filler, SG; Kristof, AS; Perlin, DS; Sheppard, DC; White, TC, 2013)	0.39
" The primary objective was to determine the risk of significant adverse pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions."	( The effects of alcohol on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the selective mu-opioid receptor antagonist GSK1521498 in healthy subjects. Bradley, BP; Bullmore, ET; Bush, M; Dodds, C; Fletcher, PC; Hosking, L; Johnson, LV; Maltby, K; Miller, SR; Mogg, K; Nathan, PJ; Richards, DB; Sarai, B; Song, K; Warren, L; Waterworth, D; Ziauddeen, H; Zucchetto, M, 2013)	0.39
" Concomitant hydroxyurea administration (n = 28) did not appear to influence the efficacy, safety (including liver and kidney function), and pharmacokinetic parameters of deferasirox."	( Efficacy and safety of deferasirox compared with deferoxamine in sickle cell disease: two-year results including pharmacokinetics and concomitant hydroxyurea. Barrette, S; Files, B; Habr, D; Minniti, CP; Torres, M; Vichinsky, E; Zhang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" They have consistently shown that the pharmacodynamic index most closely correlated with efficacy is the ratio of the 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to the MIC, and a target 24-h free-drug AUC/MIC ratio near 25 is associated with 50% of maximal microbiologic efficacy."	( Isavuconazole pharmacodynamic target determination for Candida species in an in vivo murine disseminated candidiasis model. Andes, DR; Diekema, D; Lepak, AJ; Marchillo, K; VanHecker, J, 2013)	0.39
" Efinaconazole is a CYP inhibitor like other azole antifungals, and its lowest ki is 91 ng/mL for CYP2C9, a >130-fold higher concentration than the mean steady state Cmax observed in patients."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of efinaconazole 10% solution in healthy volunteers and patients with severe onychomycosis. Jarratt, M; Kodera, N; Pillai, R; Siu, WJ; Smith, K; Yamakawa, E, 2013)	0.39
"This open-label, fixed-sequence, phase 1 study evaluated the pharmacokinetic interaction between maraviroc (MVC) and ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir (FPV/r) in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between maraviroc and fosamprenavir-ritonavir: an open-label, fixed-sequence study in healthy subjects. Fang, A; Heera, J; Mendes da Costa, L; Plotka, A; Vourvahis, M, 2013)	0.39
"To prospectively quantify the relationships between the pharmacokinetic parameters of voriconazole and covariates, a population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted on pooled data from 406 samples taken from 151 patients with IFIs."	( Identification of factors influencing the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole and the optimization of dosage regimens based on Monte Carlo simulation in patients with invasive fungal infections. Cai, J; Chen, S; Cheng, X; Dong, H; Dong, W; Dong, Y; Sun, J; Wang, T; Wang, X; Xing, J; Yao, H, 2014)	0.4
"This study showed that optimal voriconazole dosage regimens could be determined successfully with prospective population pharmacokinetic analyses and Monte Carlo simulations."	( Identification of factors influencing the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole and the optimization of dosage regimens based on Monte Carlo simulation in patients with invasive fungal infections. Cai, J; Chen, S; Cheng, X; Dong, H; Dong, W; Dong, Y; Sun, J; Wang, T; Wang, X; Xing, J; Yao, H, 2014)	0.4
" One strategy used to optimize outcomes is antifungal pharmacodynamic (PD) examination."	( Isavuconazole (BAL4815) pharmacodynamic target determination in an in vivo murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis against wild-type and cyp51 mutant isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. Andes, DR; Lepak, AJ; Marchillo, K; Vanhecker, J, 2013)	0.39
"Several strategies have been employed to reduce the long in vivo half-life of our lead CB1 antagonist, triazolopyridazinone 3, to differentiate the pharmacokinetic profile versus the lead clinical compounds."	( Reductions in log P improved protein binding and clearance predictions enabling the prospective design of cannabinoid receptor (CB1) antagonists with desired pharmacokinetic properties. Azzara, AV; Baska, RA; Behnia, K; Carlson, KE; Cullen, MJ; Devenny, JJ; Ellsworth, BA; Everlof, GG; Ewing, WR; Godonis, HE; Gu, Z; Gudmundsson, O; Harvey, SJ; Johnghar, S; Kang, L; Keim, WJ; Lee, N; Murphy, BJ; Murugesan, N; Pelleymounter, MA; Ranasinghe, A; Rohrbach, KW; Sher, PM; Sitkoff, DF; Stetsko, PI; Sulsky, RB; Thomas, MA; Wu, G; Wu, X; Yang, Y; Yu, G; Zhu, Y; Zuvich, E, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic parameters for the probe drugs and their metabolites in plasma and urinary recovery were determined."	( Assessment of interaction potential of AZD2066 using in vitro metabolism tools, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and in vivo cocktail data. Andersson, A; Baranczewski, P; Nordmark, A; Ståhle, L; Wanag, E, 2014)	0.4
" Successful management of these systemic infections requires identification of the causative pathogen, appropriate antifungal selection, and optimisation of its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties to maximise its antifungal activity and minimise toxicity and the emergence of resistance."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antifungals in children and their clinical implications. Ampofo, K; Constance, JE; Doby, EH; Olson, J; Roberts, JK; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stiers, J; Stockmann, C, 2014)	0.4
" Colesevelam (3750mg once daily) was dosed throughout the pharmacokinetic sampling period."	( Lack of effect of colesevelam HCl on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, phenytoin, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin. He, L; Lee, J; Mendell-Harary, J; Tao, B; Walker, J; Wickremasingha, P; Wight, D, 2014)	0.4
"For all six test drugs, 90% CIs for geometric least-squares mean ratios of AUC and Cmax for the measured analytes were within specified limits, indicating no interaction between the test drug and colesevelam."	( Lack of effect of colesevelam HCl on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, phenytoin, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin. He, L; Lee, J; Mendell-Harary, J; Tao, B; Walker, J; Wickremasingha, P; Wight, D, 2014)	0.4
" Although the phenytoin study indicated no pharmacokinetic interaction, phenytoin should continue to be taken ≥4h before colesevelam in accordance with current prescribing information."	( Lack of effect of colesevelam HCl on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, phenytoin, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin. He, L; Lee, J; Mendell-Harary, J; Tao, B; Walker, J; Wickremasingha, P; Wight, D, 2014)	0.4
" ABT administration decreased the initial systemic exposure of orally administered NVS-CRF38 and increased Tmax 40-fold, suggesting gastric retention and delayed oral absorption."	( 1-Aminobenzotriazole modulates oral drug pharmacokinetics through cytochrome P450 inhibition and delay of gastric emptying in rats. Lavan, P; Medhurst, S; Sohal, B; Stringer, RA; Tigani, B; Weber, E, 2014)	0.4
"This review considers the pharmacokinetic profile, adverse effects and drug interactions of DPP-4 inhibitors."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" However, DPP-4 inhibitors have certain differences in their pharmacokinetic properties that may be associated with different clinical effects and adverse event profiles."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" Posaconazole exposure, time to maximum concentration of drug in serum (Tmax), and apparent terminal half-life (t1/2) were similar when posaconazole was administered alone or with medications affecting gastric pH and gastric motility."	( Posaconazole tablet pharmacokinetics: lack of effect of concomitant medications altering gastric pH and gastric motility in healthy subjects. Chang, PS; Kersemaekers, WM; Kraft, WK; Krishna, G; van Iersel, ML; Waskin, H, 2014)	0.4
" The method was validated as per US Food and Drug Administration guidelines and successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of dapiprazole in rats."	( Development of LC-MS/MS method for the determination of dapiprazole on dried blood spots and urine: application to pharmacokinetics. Ramesh, T; Rao, PN; Rao, RN, 2014)	0.4
" Although previous studies have independently compared the efficacy of these agents, contemporaneous data examining both pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and efficacy in parallel have not previously been available."	( Efficacy and pharmacokinetic activity of frovatriptan compared to rizatriptan in patients with moderate-to-severe migraine. Egan, CG; Mogavero, S; Savi, L, 2014)	0.4
"3 hours), the terminal half-life for frovatriptan was longer than rizatriptan (29."	( Efficacy and pharmacokinetic activity of frovatriptan compared to rizatriptan in patients with moderate-to-severe migraine. Egan, CG; Mogavero, S; Savi, L, 2014)	0.4
" This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in adults and investigate factors that influence posaconazole pharmacokinetics byusing a population pharmacokinetic approach."	( Understanding variability in posaconazole exposure using an integrated population pharmacokinetic analysis. Brüggemann, RJ; Burger, DM; Dolton, MJ; McLachlan, AJ, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic profile showed that ganetespib exposure in patients with mild hepatic dysfunction is similar to that seen in patients with normal liver function."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of ganetespib (STA-9090) in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Abrams, TA; Blaszkowsky, LS; Chen, J; Goyal, L; Karol, MD; McCleary, NJ; Sheehan, S; Sundaram, E; Wadlow, RC; Wolpin, BM; Zhu, AX, 2015)	0.42
"AMG 517 or 1-aminobenzotriazole were quantified by LC-MS/MS from low blood/plasma volumes for rat pharmacokinetic (PK) characterization in order to qualify manual/automated dried blood spot (DBS) sampling and plasma separation capillary sampling."	( Evaluation of matrix microsampling methods for therapeutic drug candidate quantification in discovery-stage rodent pharmacokinetic studies. Almon, V; James, CA; Meyer, J; Pham, R; Ponce, M; Primack, R; Retter, MW; Salyers, KL; Soto, M; Wagner, M, 2014)	0.4
" Finally, the review discusses novel areas of pharmacodynamic investigation in the study and application of combination therapy."	( Antifungal pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Andes, DR; Lepak, AJ, 2014)	0.4
"In pharmacokinetic evaluation of mice, using serial sampling methods rather than a terminal blood sampling method could reduce the number of animals needed and lead to more reliable data by excluding individual differences."	( Using improved serial blood sampling method of mice to study pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction. Nezasa, K; Ogawa, K; Shimizu, R; Takai, N; Tanaka, Y; Watanabe, A; Watari, R; Yamaguchi, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Doravirine is generally well tolerated in single doses up to 1,200 mg and multiple doses up to 750 mg once daily for up to 10 days, with a pharmacokinetic profile supportive of once-daily dosing."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of doravirine, a novel HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, after single and multiple doses in healthy subjects. Ancona, JK; Anderson, MS; Butterton, JR; Cilissen, C; De Lepeleire, I; Dockendorf, MF; Gilmartin, J; Guo, Y; Liu, R; Tetteh, E; Van Bortel, L; Wagner, JA, 2015)	0.42
" This work addresses that area by describing in a rapid pharmacokinetic study the main pharmacokinetic properties of rufinamide at three different doses of 1 mg/kg body weight (bw), 5 mg/kg bw, and 20 mg/kg bw."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and brain penetration of rufinamide following intravenous and oral administration to rats. Gáll, O; Gáll, Z; Kolcsár, M; Szilágyi, T; Vancea, S, 2015)	0.42
" Non-compartmental analysis was used to determine individual pharmacokinetic parameters for filgotinib and its metabolite."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Filgotinib (GLPG0634), a Selective JAK1 Inhibitor, in Support of Phase IIB Dose Selection. Cox, E; Diderichsen, PM; Namour, F; Tasset, C; Van der Aa, A; Van't Klooster, G; Vayssière, B, 2015)	0.42
"Modeling and simulation on the basis of early clinical data suggest that the pharmacokinetics of filgotinib are dose proportional up to 200 mg, in agreement with observed data, and support that both filgotinib and its metabolite contribute to its pharmacodynamic effects."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Filgotinib (GLPG0634), a Selective JAK1 Inhibitor, in Support of Phase IIB Dose Selection. Cox, E; Diderichsen, PM; Namour, F; Tasset, C; Van der Aa, A; Van't Klooster, G; Vayssière, B, 2015)	0.42
" These studies revealed that 4 exhibits longer brain than plasma half-life that may be exploited to achieve a selective accumulation of the compound within the CNS."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and metabolic characterization of a brain retentive microtubule (MT)-stabilizing triazolopyrimidine. Ballatore, C; Brunden, KR; Cornec, AS; James, MJ; Kovalevich, J; Lee, VM; Smith, AB; Trojanowski, JQ, 2015)	0.42
" The median time to Cmax (Tmax) shifted from 5 h in the fasted state to 6 h under fed conditions."	( Effect of a high-fat meal on the pharmacokinetics of 300-milligram posaconazole in a solid oral tablet formulation. de Greef, R; Dogterom, P; Kersemaekers, WM; Marcantonio, EE; van Iersel, ML; Waskin, H; Xu, J, 2015)	0.42
" Similarly, coadministration of BMS-663068 with RTV increased the BMS-626529 Cmax and AUCtau by 53% and 45%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between BMS-626529, the active moiety of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug BMS-663068, and ritonavir or ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in healthy subjects. Bertz, R; Furlong, M; Hanna, GJ; Hruska, M; Hwang, C; Landry, IS; Shah, V; Zhu, L, 2015)	0.42
" This study evaluated whether a pharmacokinetic interaction exists between these agents."	( Lack of a significant pharmacokinetic interaction between maraviroc and tacrolimus in allogeneic HSCT recipients. Ganetsky, A; Hughes, ME; Miano, TA; Porter, DL; Reshef, R; Vonderheide, RH, 2015)	0.42
"IV solution terminal half-life (t1/2) was 29 hours (coefficient of variation [CV], 23%)."	( Posaconazole pharmacokinetics after administration of an intravenous solution, oral suspension, and delayed-release tablet to dogs. Kendall, J; Papich, MG, 2015)	0.42
" However, the pharmacokinetic (PK) disposition of DEFR and the iron-DEFR complex (Fe-[DEFR]2) in this dosing strategy is unclear."	( Simultaneous Determination of Plasma Deferasirox and Deferasirox-Iron Complex Using an HPLC-UV System and Pharmacokinetics of Deferasirox in Patients With β-Thalassemia Major: Once-daily Versus Twice-daily Administration. Chiang, PH; Kuo, PH; Lai, CW; Lin, KH; Lu, MY; Wang, N; Wu, TH; Wu, WH, 2015)	0.42
" A relative bioavailability study in healthy males (N=8) indicated a nearly identical pharmacokinetic profile following dosing of tablets or capsules."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of lesinurad, a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, in healthy adult males. Hingorani, V; Kerr, B; Manhard, K; Quart, B; Rowlings, C; Shen, Z; Storgard, C; Yeh, LT, 2015)	0.42
"HIV-infected pregnant women receiving maraviroc as part of clinical care had intensive steady-state 12-hour pharmacokinetic profiles performed during the third trimester and ≥2 weeks after delivery."	( Maraviroc Pharmacokinetics in HIV-1-Infected Pregnant Women. Best, B; Burchett, S; Burger, D; Capparelli, E; Colbers, A; Haberl, A; Hawkins, D; Hidalgo Tenorio, C; Kabeya, K; Kreitchmann, R; Mirochnick, M; Schalkwijk, S; Smith, E; Stek, A; Taylor, G; van Kasteren, M; Wang, J, 2015)	0.42
"The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic and safety profile of single and multiple doses of rufinamide in healthy Chinese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Rufinamide Following Single and Multiple Oral Doses and Effect of Food on Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, H; He, X; Li, H; Li, W; Ni, Y; Xu, M; Zhou, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, including the maximum plasma concentration (C max), the time to peak concentration (t max), the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from time 0 to the last measurable concentration (AUC0-t ) and from time 0 to infinity (AUC0-∞), terminal elimination half-life (t 1/2), apparent volume of distribution (V d), apparent clearance (CL), average residence time (MRT), area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from time 0 to the last measurable concentration at steady state (AUCss), peak concentration (C max,ss) and trough level concentration (C min,ss) at steady state were calculated using non-compartmental models."	( Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Rufinamide Following Single and Multiple Oral Doses and Effect of Food on Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, H; He, X; Li, H; Li, W; Ni, Y; Xu, M; Zhou, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacodynamic effects for XPO1 inhibition were noted."	( Pharmacodynamic and genomic markers associated with response to the XPO1/CRM1 inhibitor selinexor (KPT-330): A report from the pediatric preclinical testing program. Attiyeh, EF; Carol, H; Gorlick, R; Houghton, PJ; Kang, MH; Keir, ST; Kolb, EA; Kurmasheva, RT; Landesman, Y; Lock, R; Lyalin, D; Maris, JM; Reynolds, CP; Shacham, S; Smith, MA; Wu, J, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacodynamic effects were assessed using tests of digit vigilance (DVT; primary endpoint), choice reaction time, digit symbol substitution, numeric working memory, immediate/delayed word recall, body sway and subjective alertness."	( Psychomotor effects, pharmacokinetics and safety of the orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant administered in combination with alcohol in healthy subjects. Gill, S; Li, X; Liu, W; Mangin, E; McCrea, J; Morrison, D; Panebianco, D; Sun, H; Troyer, MD; Wagner, JA; Yee, KL, 2015)	0.42
"The availability of intravenous and oral pharmacokinetic data in animals enabled the allometry scaling of 6 DPP-IV inhibitors."	( Retrospective and Prospective Human Intravenous and Oral Pharmacokinetic Projection of Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV Inhibitors Using Simple Allometric Principles - Case Studies of ABT-279, ABT-341, Alogliptin, Carmegliptin, Sitagliptin and Vildagliptin. Bhamidipati, RK; Gilibili, RR; Mullangi, R; Srinivas, NR, 2015)	0.42
" However, a lack of pharmacokinetic studies in pediatric patients hampers routine implementation."	( Pharmacokinetics of Posaconazole Oral Suspension in Children Dosed According to Body Surface Area. Annaert, P; Augustijns, P; Bica, AM; Colita, A; Mols, R; Peersman, N; Spriet, I; Vanstraelen, K; Vermeersch, P, 2016)	0.43
"In this prospective pharmacokinetic study, 8 blood samples were taken during 1 dosing interval at steady state in children aged 13 years or younger with hematologic malignancy, who were treated prophylactically with posaconazole oral suspension at a dose of 120 mg/m 3 times daily."	( Pharmacokinetics of Posaconazole Oral Suspension in Children Dosed According to Body Surface Area. Annaert, P; Augustijns, P; Bica, AM; Colita, A; Mols, R; Peersman, N; Spriet, I; Vanstraelen, K; Vermeersch, P, 2016)	0.43
" Although previously available second-generation triazole antifungals have significantly expanded the spectrum of the triazole antifungal class, these agents are laden with shortcomings in their safety profiles as well as formulation and pharmacokinetic challenges."	( Isavuconazole: Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics, and Current Clinical Experience with a New Triazole Antifungal Agent. Marx, KR; Nishimoto, AT; Rogers, PD; Rybak, JM, 2015)	0.42
" Among Cmin-evaluable subjects (n = 186), steady-state mean Cmin was 1720 ng/mL (range = 210-9140)."	( Phase 3 pharmacokinetics and safety study of a posaconazole tablet formulation in patients at risk for invasive fungal disease. Candoni, A; Chandrasekar, P; Connelly, N; Cornely, OA; Duarte, RF; Haider, S; Helfgott, D; Jiménez, JL; Kartsonis, N; Langston, A; Laverdiere, M; Raad, I; Van Iersel, M; Waskin, H, 2016)	0.43
" Posaconazole is an important antifungal agent for both prophylaxis and treatment of IFIs; however, detailed pharmacokinetic data are limited among LTRs, particularly those with cystic fibrosis (CF)."	( Pharmacokinetics of Posaconazole Suspension in Lung Transplant Patients with and without Cystic Fibrosis. Clancy, CJ; Ensor, C; Joshi, R; Nguyen, MH; Shields, RK; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H; Zhao, W, 2016)	0.43
" Bridging to humans using population pharmacokinetic (PK) data from a clinical trial in invasive aspergillosis was performed using Monte Carlo simulations."	( Pharmacodynamics of isavuconazole in experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: implications for clinical breakpoints. Bonate, P; Desai, A; Hope, WW; Kovanda, LL; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Walsh, TJ, 2016)	0.43
"Orally dosed rats showed two distinct Cmax peaks reflecting PSZ enterohepatic circulation."	( The effect of hyperlipidemia on the pharmacokinetics, hepatic and pulmonary uptake of posaconazole in rat. Belal, TS; El-Yazbi, AF; Elnaggar, MM; Hamdy, DA; Khalil, HA, 2016)	0.43
" A population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model was constructed using nonparametric estimation to compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviors of isavuconazole in patients treated in the phase 3 VITAL open-label clinical trial, which evaluated the efficacy and safety of the drug for treatment of renally impaired IA patients and patients with invasive fungal disease (IFD) caused by emerging molds, yeasts, and dimorphic fungi."	( Isavuconazole Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis Using Nonparametric Estimation in Patients with Invasive Fungal Disease (Results from the VITAL Study). Akhtar, S; Bonate, P; Desai, AV; Hope, WW; Kovanda, LL; Lu, Q; Townsend, RW, 2016)	0.43
" Deferasirox is a once-daily orally active tridentate selective iron chelator which pharmacokinetic disposition could influence treatment efficacy and toxicity."	( Deferasirox pharmacokinetic evaluation in β-thalassaemia paediatric patients. Allegra, S; Cusato, J; D'Avolio, A; De Francia, S; Massano, D; Piga, A; Pirro, E, 2017)	0.46
"This report summarizes phase 1 studies that evaluated pharmacokinetic interactions between the novel triazole antifungal agent isavuconazole and the immunosuppressants cyclosporine, mycophenolic acid, prednisolone, sirolimus, and tacrolimus in healthy adults."	( Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Drug-Drug Interactions of Isavuconazole With the Immunosuppressants Cyclosporine, Mycophenolic Acid, Prednisolone, Sirolimus, and Tacrolimus in Healthy Adults. Akhtar, S; Desai, A; Groll, AH; Han, D; Howieson, C; Kato, K; Kowalski, D; Lademacher, C; Lewis, W; Mandarino, D; Pearlman, H; Townsend, R; Yamazaki, T, 2017)	0.46
"This phase 1 trial evaluated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between the novel triazole antifungal agent isavuconazole and warfarin in healthy adults."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of the Drug-Drug Interaction Between Isavuconazole and Warfarin in Healthy Subjects. Akhtar, S; Desai, A; Dietz, AJ; Kowalski, D; Lademacher, C; Pearlman, H; Townsend, R; Yamazaki, T, 2017)	0.46
" The objective of this analysis was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model to identify covariates that affect isavuconazole pharmacokinetics and to determine the probability of target attainment (PTA) for invasive aspergillosis patients."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Isavuconazole from Phase 1 and Phase 3 (SECURE) Trials in Adults and Target Attainment in Patients with Invasive Infections Due to Aspergillus and Other Filamentous Fungi. Bonate, PL; Desai, A; Kovanda, L; Kowalski, D; Lu, Q; Townsend, R, 2016)	0.43
" Fresh and cryopreserved tissues were evaluated for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) relationships."	( Pharmacodynamic correlations using fresh and cryopreserved tissue following use of vaginal rings containing dapivirine and/or maraviroc in a randomized, placebo controlled trial. Chen, BA; Dezzutti, CS; Hoesley, CJ; Johnson, S; Marzinke, MA; Nel, A; Nuttall, JP; Panther, L; Richardson-Harman, N; Rohan, LC, 2016)	0.43
" The goal of this study was to establish feasibility and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of maraviroc in pediatric HSCT recipients."	( A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of Maraviroc as Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis in Pediatric Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients with Nonmalignant Diagnoses. Davies, SM; Fukuda, T; Kashuba, ADM; Khandelwal, P; Marsh, RA; Mehta, PA; Mizuno, K; Teusink-Cross, A; Vinks, AA, 2016)	0.43
"Concerning pharmacokinetic parameters, a higher interindividual variability was shown."	( Deferasirox pharmacokinetic and toxicity correlation in β-thalassaemia major treatment. Allegra, S; Cusato, J; D'Avolio, A; De Francia, S; Massano, D; Piga, A; Pirro, E, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic interactions between these drugs were therefore assessed."	( A Two-Way Steady-State Pharmacokinetic Interaction Study of Doravirine (MK-1439) and Dolutegravir. Anderson, MS; Butterton, JR; Fan, L; Hussaini, A; Khalilieh, S; Liu, R; Rizk, ML; Ross, LL; Shah, V; Song, I; Yee, KL, 2017)	0.46
"The results of this study demonstrate that concomitant administration of doravirine and dolutegravir in healthy subjects causes no clinically significant alteration in the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of the two drugs, thereby supporting further evaluation of co-administration of these agents for human immunodeficiency virus-1 treatment."	( A Two-Way Steady-State Pharmacokinetic Interaction Study of Doravirine (MK-1439) and Dolutegravir. Anderson, MS; Butterton, JR; Fan, L; Hussaini, A; Khalilieh, S; Liu, R; Rizk, ML; Ross, LL; Shah, V; Song, I; Yee, KL, 2017)	0.46
" Maraviroc Cmax occurred within 4 hours in most compartments."	( Brief Report: Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Investigation of Single-Dose Oral Maraviroc in the Context of HIV-1 Pre-exposure Prophylaxis. Back, D; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Egan, D; Else, L; Fox, J; Herrera, C; Jackson, A; Khoo, S; Olejniczak, N; Shattock, R; Tiraboschi, JM, 2016)	0.43
" We conclude that physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation has excellent potential to address issues close to bedside such as optimizing dosing conditions."	( Assessment of Bioequivalence of Weak Base Formulations Under Various Dosing Conditions Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Simulations in Virtual Populations. Case Examples: Ketoconazole and Posaconazole. Cristofoletti, R; Dressman, JB; Patel, N, 2017)	0.46
" Area under deferasirox concentration curve over 24h (AUC) values were determined by the mixed log-linear rule, using Kinetica software."	( Deferasirox pharmacokinetics evaluation in a woman with hereditary haemochromatosis and heterozygous β-thalassaemia. Allegra, S; Arduino, A; Cusato, J; D'Avolio, A; De Francia, S; Longo, F; Massano, D; Piga, A; Pirro, E, 2016)	0.43
" As a portion of the HIV-1-infected population has varying degrees of liver impairment, we investigated the effect of moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetic profile and tolerability of single-dose doravirine 100 mg in otherwise healthy subjects."	( Moderate Hepatic Impairment Does Not Affect Doravirine Pharmacokinetics. Auger, P; Fan, L; Iwamoto, M; Khalilieh, S; Lasseter, KC; Liu, R; Marbury, T; Sanchez, RI; Stypinski, D; Triantafyllou, I; Yee, KL, 2017)	0.46
" Open-label pharmacokinetic studies were performed in volunteers or subjects with hyperuricemia (serum uric acid ≥ 8 mg/dL) to investigate interactions of lesinurad (with and without concurrent XOIs) with colchicine and 2 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: naproxen and indomethacin."	( Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Lesinurad, a New Selective Urate Reabsorption Inhibitor, and Commonly Used Drugs for Gout Treatment. Bucci, G; Gillen, M; Kerr, B; Lee, C; Shen, Z; Tieu, K; Wilson, D, 2017)	0.46
" For the pharmacokinetic study, serial plasma samples were collected over 96 h and for tissue distribution study; plasma, lung, and liver tissues were collected over 48 h post oral dosing."	( Hyperlipidemia Alters the Pharmacokinetics of Posaconazole and Vincristine Upon Co-Administration in Rats. Belal, TS; El-Yazbi, AF; ElKhatib, MAW; Hamdy, DA; Khalil, HA, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed as geometric mean ratios (GMRs) with 90% confidence intervals."	( The Effect of Food on Doravirine Bioavailability: Results from Two Pharmacokinetic Studies in Healthy Subjects. Behm, MO; Fackler, P; Levine, V; Liu, R; Panebianco, D; Yee, KL, 2017)	0.46
"52), and apparent terminal half-life were observed when co-administered with multiple-dose rifampin vs."	( The Effect of Single and Multiple Doses of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Doravirine in Healthy Subjects. Anderson, MS; Brejda, J; Butterton, JR; Judge, T; Khalilieh, SG; Liu, R; Manthos, H; Sanchez, RI; Yee, KL, 2017)	0.46
"Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may be required to achieve optimal clinical outcomes in the setting of significant pharmacokinetic variability, a situation that applies to a number of anti-mould therapies."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring for invasive mould infections and disease: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. Hope, WW; Stott, KE, 2017)	0.46
" Here, we investigated the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of BMS-823778 to understand its pharmacokinetic variations in early clinical trials."	( Clinical significance of CYP2C19 polymorphisms on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 inhibitor BMS-823778. Chen, W; Cheng, Y; Gan, J; Gong, J; Humphreys, WG; Iacono, L; Wang, L; Zhang, D, 2018)	0.48
" Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using PKsolver."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of praziquantel in the Schistosoma mansoni mouse model. Abla, N; Haas, H; Keiser, J; Reimers, N; Spangenberg, T; Vargas, M, 2017)	0.46
"Mean posaconazole Cmin was 1320 ng/mL (day 6) and 1297 ng/mL (day 8); steady-state Cmin was 1090 ng/mL (day 10)."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety results from the Phase 3 randomized, open-label, study of intravenous posaconazole in patients at risk of invasive fungal disease. Aoun, M; Cornely, OA; Geddes, M; Grigg, A; Haider, S; Hammond, SP; Heinz, WJ; Hepler, DA; Kartsonis, NA; Maertens, J; Meyer, RG; Mullane, KM; Ostermann, H; Raad, I; Robertson, MN; Schanz, U; Ullmann, AJ; Van Iersel, MLPS; Waskin, H; Zimmerli, S, 2017)	0.46
" Galactomannan was used as a pharmacodynamic endpoint in all models."	( Pharmacodynamics of the Novel Antifungal Agent F901318 for Acute Sinopulmonary Aspergillosis Caused by Aspergillus flavus. Box, H; Colombo, AL; Hope, WW; Johnson, A; Kolamunnage-Dona, R; Livermore, J; McEntee, L; Negri, CE; Ramos-Martín, V; Schwartz, JA; Whalley, S, 2018)	0.48
"025) and area under the concentration curve (P=0."	( Effect of pharmacogenetic markers of vitamin D pathway on deferasirox pharmacokinetics in children. Allegra, S; Cusato, J; D'Avolio, A; De Francia, S; Longo, F; Massano, D; Piga, A; Pirro, E, 2018)	0.48
" This review aims to summarize and evaluate the published literature reporting clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic outcome data of isavuconazole in humans."	( A Review of the Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Isavuconazole. Wilby, KJ, 2018)	0.48
" and mitigating the N-dealkylation and O-dealkylation issues led to triazolopyridine acid derivatives with unique pharmacology and superior pharmacokinetic properties."	( Discovery of LY3104607: A Potent and Selective G Protein-Coupled Receptor 40 (GPR40) Agonist with Optimized Pharmacokinetic Properties to Support Once Daily Oral Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Adams, LA; Bouaichi, C; Cabrera, O; Campbell, AN; Cardona, GR; Chen, K; Chen, Y; Cr, S; DeBaillie, AC; Diseroad, BA; Hamdouchi, C; Kahl, SD; Lineswala, JP; Ma, X; Maiti, P; Miller, AR; Montrose-Rafizadeh, C; Neathery, GL; Otto, KA; Patel Lewis, A; Sweetana, SA; Warshawsky, AM; Wilbur, KL; Yumibe, NP; Zink, RW, 2018)	0.48
" The objective of the present study was to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for BMS-823778 and use the model to predict PK and drug-drug interaction (DDI) in virtual populations with multiple polymorphic genes."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling of a CYP2C19 substrate, BMS-823778, utilizing pharmacogenetic data. Gong, J; Humphreys, WG; Iacono, L; Iyer, RA; Zheng, M, 2018)	0.48
" Data regarding the pharmacokinetic profile of isavuconazole in patients with CF undergoing lung transplantation are currently not available."	( Isavuconazole pharmacokinetics in a patient with cystic fibrosis following bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation. Kabulski, GM; MacVane, SH, 2018)	0.48
" In both trials, blood samples were collected for the assessment of the pharmacokinetic profiles of the antifungals, and safety was assessed."	( Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Letermovir Coadministered With Azole Antifungals (Posaconazole or Voriconazole) in Healthy Subjects. Butterton, JR; Cho, CR; de Haes, JIU; Drexel, M; Hulskotte, EGJ; Hussaini, A; Iwamoto, M; Jordan, HR; Kantesaria, BS; Liu, F; Macha, S; Marshall, WL; McCrea, JB; Menzel, K; Tsai, C; van Schanke, A, 2018)	0.48
" This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, sequential-panel, Phase 1 trial assessed the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic data following single and multiple dosing of suvorexant in healthy men (aged 18-45 years)."	( Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Suvorexant: A Randomized Rising-Dose Trial in Healthy Men. Cabalu, T; Lewis, N; Liu, W; McCrea, J; Panebianco, D; Ramael, S; Wrishko, RE; Yee, KL, 2018)	0.48
" Safety assessments included daily adverse event (AE) monitoring; pharmacokinetic data were obtained through periodic sampling."	( Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Suvorexant: A Randomized Rising-Dose Trial in Healthy Men. Cabalu, T; Lewis, N; Liu, W; McCrea, J; Panebianco, D; Ramael, S; Wrishko, RE; Yee, KL, 2018)	0.48
" This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of the posaconazole solid tablet formulation in adult subjects and to investigate the potential impact of demographic and clinical factors on posaconazole exposure through a population pharmacokinetic approach."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic Model for a Solid Oral Tablet Formulation of Posaconazole. de Greef, R; Rossenu, S; van Iersel, MLPS; Waskin, H, 2018)	0.48
" Monte Carlo simulations were conducted using pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and pharmacodynamics (PD) data to determine the probabilities of target attainment and cumulative fractions of response in terms of area under the concentration curve/minimum inhibition concentration (AUC/MIC) targets of isavuconazole."	( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Isavuconazole Against Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp. in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Hepatic or Renal Impairment by Monte Carlo Simulation. Ding, H; Fang, L; Huang, P; Sun, J; Tong, Y; Xu, G; Zhang, Y; Zheng, X; Zhu, L, 2018)	0.48
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of 40 mg anaprazole enteric-coated tablets in 14 Chinese healthy volunteers under fasting or high fat diet conditions."	( [Determination of anaprazole in human plasma by LC-MS/MS in pharmacokinetic study]. Chen, XY; Cheng, DX; Dai, XJ; Li, J; Ma, XF; Shi, CT; Wu, YQ; Zhang, YF; Zhong, DF, 2016)	0.43
"This article reports a pharmacokinetic case study of intravenous posaconazole in a 49-year-old male patient with intra-abdominal sepsis and hypoalbuminaemia receiving continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration."	( A pharmacokinetic case study of intravenous posaconazole in a critically ill patient with hypoalbuminaemia receiving continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration. Butler, J; Lipman, J; Pandey, S; Roberts, JA; Sime, FB; Starr, T; Stuart, J; Wallis, SC, 2018)	0.48
" This review aimed to identify pharmacokinetic literature pertaining to doravirine, used findings from the literature to summarize its pharmacokinetic profile, and finally evaluated literature describing actual and potential drug interactions."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions of Doravirine. Eissa, NA; Wilby, KJ, 2018)	0.48
" The aim of this review was to present and compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics of second-generation triazoles for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis, emphasizing their clinical implications."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Second-Generation Triazoles for the Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis and Candidiasis. Folić, M; Janković, SM; Jović, Z; Kostić, M; Milovanović, D; Milovanović, J; Ružić Zečević, D; Stefanović, S, 2019)	0.98
"Cligosiban is well tolerated over a wide dose range, and has the pharmacokinetic properties to be taken as required prior to sexual intercourse in men with PE and to antagonize the oxytocin receptor in the brain and spinal cord."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Single Oral Doses of a Novel Oxytocin Receptor Antagonist-Cligosiban-in Development for Premature Ejaculation: Three Randomized Clinical Trials in Healthy Subjects. Atiee, G; Muirhead, GJ; Osterloh, IH; Sultana, S; van den Berg, F; Whaley, S, 2018)	0.48
"Three controlled trials show similar toleration and pharmacokinetic data."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Single Oral Doses of a Novel Oxytocin Receptor Antagonist-Cligosiban-in Development for Premature Ejaculation: Three Randomized Clinical Trials in Healthy Subjects. Atiee, G; Muirhead, GJ; Osterloh, IH; Sultana, S; van den Berg, F; Whaley, S, 2018)	0.48
"Cligosiban had a good safety/tolerability profile at doses predicted to be therapeutic or supra-therapeutic and a pharmacokinetic profile appropriate for "as-needed" dosing for men with PE."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Single Oral Doses of a Novel Oxytocin Receptor Antagonist-Cligosiban-in Development for Premature Ejaculation: Three Randomized Clinical Trials in Healthy Subjects. Atiee, G; Muirhead, GJ; Osterloh, IH; Sultana, S; van den Berg, F; Whaley, S, 2018)	0.48
" However, VCZ and PCZ are liable for drug-drug interactions and show a pharmacokinetic variability that requires therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)."	( Isavuconazole: Case Report and Pharmacokinetic Considerations. Girmenia, C; Goffredo, BM; Marchesi, F; Mengarelli, A; Menna, P; Minotti, G; Romano, A; Salvatorelli, E, 2018)	0.48
" The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were developed to investigate the influence of different triazoles on tamoxifen pharmacokinetics in this paper."	( Predicting the Effects of Different Triazole Antifungal Agents on the Pharmacokinetics of Tamoxifen. Chen, L; Li, M; Li, N; Qi, F; Wang, N; Zhu, L, 2019)	0.72
"The 2 controlled trials show good toleration and pharmacokinetic data, including negligible amounts of cligosiban in semen at doses expected to be therapeutic."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Multiple Doses of the Novel Oxytocin Receptor Antagonist Cligosiban in Development for Premature Ejaculation: Two Randomized Clinical Trials in Healthy Subjects. Muirhead, GJ; Osterloh, IH; van den Berg, F; Whaley, S, 2019)	0.51
"Cligosiban showed a good safety profile at doses predicted to be therapeutic or supratherapeutic along with a pharmacokinetic profile appropriate for as-required or once-daily dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Multiple Doses of the Novel Oxytocin Receptor Antagonist Cligosiban in Development for Premature Ejaculation: Two Randomized Clinical Trials in Healthy Subjects. Muirhead, GJ; Osterloh, IH; van den Berg, F; Whaley, S, 2019)	0.51
" A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed for doravirine using pooled data from densely sampled phase 1 trials and from sparsely sampled phase 2b and phase 3 trials evaluating doravirine administered orally as a single entity or as part of a fixed-dose combination of doravirine-lamivudine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Doravirine and Exposure-Response Analysis in Individuals with HIV-1. Claussen, A; de Greef, R; Ouerdani, A; Wenning, L; Yee, KL, 2019)	0.51
" The developed assay was successfully applied in an oral pharmacokinetic study of allopurinol, oxypurinol and lesinurad in rats."	( Ultra-performance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of allopurinol, oxypurinol and lesinurad in rat plasma: Application to pharmacokinetic study in rats. Alam, O; Ezzeldin, E; Herqash, RN; Iqbal, M, 2019)	0.51
" For doravirine and methadone pharmacokinetic analysis, blood samples were collected before dosing through 24 hours after dosing."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Doravirine and Methadone. Bouhajib, M; Fan, L; Iwamoto, M; Khalilieh, S; Sanchez, RI; Searle, S; Vaynshteyn, K; Yee, KL, 2020)	0.56
"This was a prospective observational population pharmacokinetic study in critically ill adult patients with presumed/confirmed invasive fungal infection."	( Population pharmacokinetics of total and unbound concentrations of intravenous posaconazole in adult critically ill patients. Butler, J; Byrne, CJ; Lipman, J; Pandey, S; Parker, S; Roberts, JA; Sime, FB; Starr, T; Stuart, J; Wallis, SC, 2019)	0.51
"Cyclosporine (CsA) is characterized by a narrow therapeutic window and high interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, particularly in juvenile patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in Chinese children receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Feng, WY; Hu, L; Huang, L; Li, TF; Liu, XM; Luo, XX; Ma, XL; Wu, CF, 2019)	0.51
" Key pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics as well as drug-drug interactions and the resistance profile were assessed in this clinical review."	( Clinical Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and Drug Interaction Profile of Doravirine. Boyle, A; Khoo, S; Marzolini, C; Moss, CE, 2019)	0.51
" The validated lesinurad plasma quantification method was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic evaluations to support the clinical studies in renal impaired patients."	( The Effects of Special Patient Population Plasma on Pharmacokinetic Quantifications Using LC-MS/MS. Nguyen, M; Sun, L; Wilson, DM; Yeh, LT; Zhou, D, 2019)	0.51
" With the confirmation that there is no impact on quantification from the matrix, the bioanalytical method can be used to support the pharmacokinetic evaluations for clinical studies in special populations."	( The Effects of Special Patient Population Plasma on Pharmacokinetic Quantifications Using LC-MS/MS. Nguyen, M; Sun, L; Wilson, DM; Yeh, LT; Zhou, D, 2019)	0.51
" Collectively, this novel formulation resolved the pharmacokinetic drawbacks of vactosertib and is expected to enhance its therapeutic effect by delivering vactosertib to the colitis lesions in the lower gastrointestinal tract."	( Development of an oral bentonite-based modified-release freeze-dried powder of vactosertib: Pharmacokinetics and anti-colitis activity in rodent models of ulcerative colitis. Baek, MJ; Jung, SY; Kang, IM; Kim, DD; Kim, GH; Kim, J; Kim, JM; Lee, JI; Park, JH; Zheng, HM, 2020)	0.56
" In addition, good pharmacokinetic profiling data for the 6e compound was obtained and compared to reference drugs."	( Antimicrobial screening and pharmacokinetic profiling of novel phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline analogues targeting DHFR and E. coli DNA gyrase B. Afifi, TH; Ahmed, HEA; Alswah, M; Bayoumi, AH; El-Gamal, KM; El-Morsy, A; Ghiaty, A; Mansour, BA; Mohammed, AS; Omar, AM; Sherbiny, FF, 2020)	0.56
"This is the first report of the pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of the selective, potent and brain-penetrant P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) antagonist JNJ-54175446."	( Characterisation of the pharmacodynamic effects of the P2X7 receptor antagonist JNJ-54175446 using an oral dexamphetamine challenge model in healthy males in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose trial. de Boer, P; de Kam, M; Drevets, W; Jacobs, G; Kanhai, K; Ravenstijn, P; Recourt, K; Siebenga, P; Timmers, M; van der Aart, J; van Gerven, J; van Nueten, L; Zuiker, R, 2020)	0.56
" The oral suspension was the first released formulation and many pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of this formulation have been published."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Posaconazole. Brüggemann, RJM; Buil, JB; Chen, L; Knibbe, CAJ; Krekels, EHJ; Verweij, PE, 2020)	0.56
" Fluconazole is the only antifungal agent having the pharmacodynamic threshold of efficacy identified in experimental animal models convincingly validated in the clinical setting of invasive candidiasis as well."	( From bench to bedside: Perspectives on the utility of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in predicting the efficacy of antifungals in invasive candidiasis. Pea, F, 2020)	0.56
" Monte Carlo simulations were conducted using pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and pharmacodynamic (PD) data to determine the probability of target attainment (PTA) and cumulative fraction of response (CFR) in terms of area under the concentration-time curve/minimum inhibition concentration (AUC/MIC) targets of posaconazole."	( Evaluating posaconazole dosing regimens of the different formulations against Aspergillus spp. in adults: a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis using Monte Carlo simulation. Li, X; Wei, XC; Xiao, X; Zhao, MF, 2020)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic data concerning the entry of antifungal agents into the intracranial compartments are faulty."	( Antifungal drugs: An updated review of central nervous system pharmacokinetics. Ishida, K; Wirth, F, 2020)	0.56
" As M9 concentrations have not been quantified in previous clinical studies, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed to investigate the change in M9 exposure when doravirine is coadministered with CYP3A inducers."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Doravirine and Its Major Metabolite to Support Dose Adjustment With Rifabutin. Cabalu, TD; Dreyer, D; Fillgrove, KL; Iwamoto, M; Khalilieh, SG; Kuo, Y; Liu, Y; McClain, S; Sanchez, RI; Stoch, SA; Triantafyllou, I; Wenning, L; Yee, KL, 2021)	0.62
" Its pharmacodynamic advantages include a broad-spectrum activity and a favorable safety profile; however, they are overshadowed by its large pharmacokinetic (PK) variability, which might cause subtherapeutic exposure."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation Study of Posaconazole Oral Suspension in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients: A Short Communication. Allegaert, K; Annaert, P; Colita, A; Dreesen, E; Elkayal, O; Smits, A; Spriet, I; Uyttebroeck, A; Van Daele, R, 2021)	0.62
" Ex vivo pharmacodynamic data from phase 1 healthy volunteers clinically confirmed JAK1 selectivity of filgotinib."	( JAK selectivity and the implications for clinical inhibition of pharmacodynamic cytokine signalling by filgotinib, upadacitinib, tofacitinib and baricitinib. Campigotto, F; Di Paolo, JA; Galien, R; Meng, A; Murray, B; Traves, PG, 2021)	0.62
" Enarodustat (5 mg PO) was administered before (day 1) and after hemodialysis (day 8) with pharmacokinetic assessments on the 2 occasions."	( Hemodialysis Clearance of Enarodustat (JTZ-951), an Oral Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agent, in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. Pai, SM; Yamada, H, 2021)	0.62
" The method was successfully applied for pharmacokinetic interaction between dasatinib and posaconazole."	( Development of UPLC-MS/MS Method for Studying the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Dasatinib and Posaconazole in Rats. Lin, G; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wen, C; Yang, S; Zhang, X; Zhou, Z, 2021)	0.62
" The objective of this study was to develop a framework for leveraging physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to predict CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential in the pediatric population using solithromycin as a case study."	( Leveraging Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Experimental Data to Guide Dosing Modification of CYP3A-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions in the Pediatric Population. Carreño, FO; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Edginton, AN; Gonzalez, D; Salerno, SN, 2021)	0.62
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) samples were collected predose through day 21."	( Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Isavuconazole Administered as Isavuconazonium Sulfate Intravenous Solution via Nasogastric Tube or Orally in Healthy Subjects. Desai, A; Goldwater, R; Helmick, M; Heo, N; Martin, N; Moy, S; Stanhope, S, 2021)	0.62
" Relevant clinical data were collated from case notes and electronic patient records and used to develop an allometrically scaled population pharmacokinetic model."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and dose recommendations for posaconazole gastroresistant tablets in children with cystic fibrosis. Bentley, S; Davies, JC; Donovan, J; Gastine, S; Standing, JF, 2021)	0.62
" Serial pharmacokinetic blood samples were collected, and safety was assessed."	( Assessment of the Effect of Filgotinib on the Pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin, Pravastatin, and Rosuvastatin in Healthy Adult Participants. Alani, M; Anderson, K; Gong, Q; Nelson, CH; Othman, AA; Tarnowski, T, 2022)	0.72
" The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model of a posaconazole tablet formulation in allogeneic SCT adult recipients for supporting model-informed precision dosing (MIPD)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of a posaconazole tablet formulation in transplant adult allogeneic stem cell recipients. Otero, MJ; Peña-Lorenzo, D; Pérez-Blanco, JS; Rebollo, N; Sánchez-Hernández, JG; Vázquez-López, L; Zarzuelo-Castañeda, A, 2022)	0.72
" In this proof-of-concept study, we offer strategies to capture the most realistic predictions of CI around the pharmacokinetic parameters by propagating physiological variations through physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling."	( Proof of Concept in Assignment of Within-Subject Variability During Virtual Bioequivalence Studies: Propagation of Intra-Subject Variation in Gastrointestinal Physiology Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Bego, M; Cristofoletti, R; Patel, N; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2022)	0.72
" To predict the potential influence of different triazoles (voriconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole) on the pharmacokinetics of crizotinib by modeling and simulation the physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were established and validated in virtual cancer subjects through Simcyp software based on the essential physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic data collected."	( Use of Modeling and Simulation to Predict the Influence of Triazole Antifungal Agents on the Pharmacokinetics of Crizotinib. Chen, L; Chen, W; Li, L, 2022)	0.98
"In this observational sub-study, we performed a pharmacokinetic analysis, including protein binding and target attainment (TA)."	( Exposure to intravenous posaconazole in critically ill patients with influenza: A pharmacokinetic analysis of the POSA-FLU study. Boelens, J; Brüggemann, RJ; Dreesen, E; Jacobs, C; Lormans, P; Nulens, E; Rijnders, B; Spriet, I; Van Daele, R; Vanderbeke, L; Verweij, PE; Wauters, J, 2022)	0.72
" This study aimed to predict maternal and fetal doravirine exposure by integrating human placenta perfusion experiments with pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Prediction of Maternal and Fetal Doravirine Exposure by Integrating Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Human Placenta Perfusion Experiments. Bukkems, VE; Burger, DM; Colbers, A; Freriksen, JJM; Greupink, R; Roelofsen, D; Svensson, EM; van Drongelen, J; van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer, EWJ; van Hove, H, 2022)	0.72
"8 hours after PO administration with an elimination rate half-life of 66."	( Pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole in healthy cats after oral and intravenous administration. Dear, JD; Wittenburg, LA; Woerde, DJ, 2022)	0.72
" Many population pharmacokinetic (pop PK) models have been published for voriconazole, and various diagnostic methods are available to validate the performance of these pop PK models."	( External evaluation of population pharmacokinetic models for voriconazole in Chinese adult patients with hematological malignancy. Chaphekar, N; Cheng, Y; Huang, H; Huang, W; Liu, M; Wu, X; Zheng, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Sparse data were analyzed using population pharmacokinetic modeling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in Chinese pediatric patients with acute leukaemia: Effect of food on bioavailability and dose optimization. Huang, L; Liao, X; Lin, D; Shang, D; Wang, X; Wu, L; Yang, L; Yu, L; Zeng, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zi, J, 2022)	0.72
" Precision dosing of posaconazole based on the population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model may assist in making significant clinical decisions."	( A Review of Population Pharmacokinetic Models of Posaconazole. Chen, K; Ding, Q; Huang, S; Li, X; Pei, Q; Sun, Z, 2022)	0.72
" The pharmacokinetic superiority of the delayed-release tablet was demonstrated under both fed and fasted conditions, compared with the oral suspension."	( An Integrated Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis for Posaconazole Oral Suspension, Delayed-Release Tablet, and Intravenous Infusion in Healthy Volunteers. Brüggemann, RJ; Chen, L; Heijnen, AR; Knibbe, CAJ; Krekels, EHJ, 2023)	0.91
"Maximum a posteriori Bayesian estimation (MAP-BE) based on a limited sampling strategy and a population pharmacokinetic (POPPK) model is used to estimate individual pharmacokinetic parameters."	( A Hybrid Algorithm Combining Population Pharmacokinetic and Machine Learning for Isavuconazole Exposure Prediction. Destere, A; Drici, MD; Labriffe, M; Marquet, P; Woillard, JB, 2023)	0.91
" Regrettably, however, clinical use of new AML drugs is complicated by pharmacokinetic interactions with other drugs the patient is exposed to."	( New Targeted Drugs for Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Antifungals: Pharmacokinetic Challenges and Opportunities. Menna, P; Minotti, G; Salvatorelli, E, 2023)	0.91
"The pharmacokinetic analysis population included 40 volunteers, the safety analysis population included 40 volunteers."	( [Comparative clinical study of pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of Relonova and Maxalt]. Khokhlov, AL; Leykin, ZN, 2023)	0.91
"The ratio of geometric means for the key pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0-t, AUC0-inf and Cmax) of rizatriptan is close to 90%, CI is within the acceptable range for bioequivalent drugs (80-125%)."	( [Comparative clinical study of pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of Relonova and Maxalt]. Khokhlov, AL; Leykin, ZN, 2023)	0.91
"The pharmacokinetic evaluable population included all intention-to-treat (ITT) participants with at least one plasma concentration during the treatment period."	( Pharmacokinetic and Exposure Response Analysis of the Double-Blind Randomized Study of Posaconazole and Voriconazole for Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis. Grandhi, A; Haider, S; Han, S; Klimko, N; Lee, DG; Maertens, JA; Ponce-de-León, A; Rahav, G; Ramirez-Sanchez, IC; Waskin, H; Winchell, GA; Wrishko, R, 2023)	0.91
" Total and unbound isavuconazole pharmacokinetics were analysed by means of population pharmacokinetic modelling using NONMEM."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Total and Unbound Isavuconazole in Critically Ill Patients: Implications for Adaptive Dosing Strategies. Brüggemann, RJM; Debaveye, Y; Jansen, AME; Mertens, B; Schouten, J; Spriet, I; Ter Heine, R; Verweij, PE; Wauters, J, 2023)	0.91
" This highly variable protein binding asks for re-evaluation of current pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic targets for isavuconazole."	( High Variability in Isavuconazole Unbound Fraction in Clinical Practice: A Call to Reconsider Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Targets and Breakpoints. Brüggemann, RJM; Jansen, AME; Ter Heine, R; Verweij, PE, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Flucytosine combined with amphotericin B produced little or no reduction of the MICs at which 90% of the strains were inhibited compared with amphotericin B alone."	( In vitro activities of amphotericin B in combination with four antifungal agents and rifampin against Aspergillus spp. Gerding, DN; Harris, C; Hughes, CE; Moody, JA; Peterson, LR, 1984)	0.27
" Treatment of rats with WEB, alone or in combination with Zileuton, did not attenuate ANIT-induced liver injury as assessed by increases in plasma alanine aminotransferase or gamma-glutamyl transferase activities."	( Platelet activating factor receptor blockade alone or in combination with leukotriene synthesis inhibition does not ameliorate alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced hepatotoxicity. Bailie, MB; Fink, GD; Pearson, JM; Roth, RA, 1996)	0.29
"2 mg daily), or nefazodone combined with digoxin during three 8-day treatment periods, with a single dose on the ninth day."	( Assessment of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions between nefazodone and digoxin in healthy male volunteers. Barbhaiya, RH; Dockens, RC; Greene, DS, 1996)	0.29
"An electron-affinic compound, AK-2123, and the anti-hypertensive agent, hydralazine, were combined with radiation and hyperthermia for treatment of murine SCC-VII tumours."	( The use of a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer AK-2123 gave no improvement in thermoradiotherapy combined with hydralazine. Akagi, K; Hasegawa, T; Imamura, M; Kagiya, VT; Kozin, SV; Kozina, LV; Tanaka, Y, )	0.13
"Voriconazole (VCZ) was tested for antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae alone or in combination with neutrophils or monocytes."	( Activity of voriconazole combined with neutrophils or monocytes against Aspergillus fumigatus: effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Brummer, E; Chauhan, S; Stevens, DA; Vora, S, 1998)	0.3
"To clarify the role of DL111-IT when combined with mifepristone (Mif) on termination of early pregnancy."	( Synergistic effects on pregnancy-termination activity of DL111-IT in combination with mifepristone. Fang, RY; Yang, B, 1996)	0.29
" We suggest there is a clinically significant drug-drug interaction between nefazodone and cyclosporine due to inhibition of cytochrome P-450 IIIA4 isoenzymes by nefazodone."	( Nefazodone and cyclosporine drug-drug interaction. Bruhn, PS; Emery, RW; Lake, KD; Wright, DH, 1999)	0.3
"The objectives of this study were to determine the synergistic effects of DL111-IT in combination with mifepristone (RU486) on termination of early pregnancy in rhesus monkeys."	( Synergistic effects of DL111-IT combined with mifepristone on termination of early pregnancy in rhesus monkeys. Fang, RY; He, QJ; Yang, B; Ying, Y, 2000)	0.31
"DL111-IT, a non-hormonal contragestional agent, revealed synergistic effects in combination with mifepristone (RU486) in some species."	( Effects of DL111-IT or combined with RU486 on uterine polyamines biosynthesis in rats during early gestation. Fang, R; He, Q; Shentu, J; Wang, L; Zhou, H, 2001)	0.31
"To investigate the role and significance of PAF in the early pulmonary injury following burns combined with endotoxemia in rats."	( [The role and significance of PAF in the early pulmonary injury following burns combined with endotoxemia in rats]. Chen, Y; Huang, H; Liu, Y, 1999)	0.3
"An animal model, in which rats were subjected to 20% TBSA III degree burns combined with intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was used for this experiment."	( [The role and significance of PAF in the early pulmonary injury following burns combined with endotoxemia in rats]. Chen, Y; Huang, H; Liu, Y, 1999)	0.3
"PAF was one of the inflammatory mediators to precede TNF changes during burns combined with endotoxemia in the early stage of pulmonary injury."	( [The role and significance of PAF in the early pulmonary injury following burns combined with endotoxemia in rats]. Chen, Y; Huang, H; Liu, Y, 1999)	0.3
"The results suggest that PAF plays an very important pathogenic role in the early lung injury resulted from burns combined with endotoxemia."	( [The role and significance of PAF in the early pulmonary injury following burns combined with endotoxemia in rats]. Chen, Y; Huang, H; Liu, Y, 1999)	0.3
" Combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) seems to reduce the incidence of headache recurrence in clinical practice."	( Rizatriptan combined with rofecoxib vs. rizatriptan for the acute treatment of migraine: an open label pilot study. Barbosa, JS; Krymchantowski, AV, 2002)	0.31
"The antifungal activity of caspofungin acetate (CAS) alone and in combination with voriconazole (VRC) was evaluated in an immunosuppressed transiently neutropenic guinea pig model of invasive aspergillosis."	( Efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with voriconazole in a Guinea pig model of invasive aspergillosis. Coco, BJ; Kirkpatrick, WR; Patterson, TF; Perea, S, 2002)	0.31
" The database included a register of automatic alerts produced every time a predetermined drug combination was detected."	( [Risk of drug interactions. Combinations of drugs associated with ventricular arrhythmias]. Aguilar-Chiu, A; Hernández-Garduño, AG; Jerjes-Sánchez, C; Pelaez-Ballestas, I; Viramontes-Madrid, JL, )	0.13
" Fully parametric approaches in combination with the modified colorimetric method might prove useful for testing the in vitro interaction of antifungal drugs against filamentous fungi."	( In vitro drug interaction modeling of combinations of azoles with terbinafine against clinical Scedosporium prolificans isolates. Meis, JF; Meletiadis, J; Mouton, JW; Verweij, PE, 2003)	0.32
"Participants were 431 chronically depressed patients who received Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), alone (N=214) or in combination with nefazodone (N=217), as part of a randomized chronic depression study (Keller et al."	( Patient's therapeutic skill acquisition and response to psychotherapy, alone or in combination with medication. Arnow, B; Blalock, JA; Blasey, C; Keller, MB; Klein, DN; Manber, R; Markowitz, JC; McCullough, JP; Riso, LP; Rothbaum, B; Rush, AJ; Thase, ME; Vivian, D, 2003)	0.32
"This study evaluated the effectiveness and acute toxicity of DL111-IT combined with mifepristone (RU486) and misoprostol (MISO) on early pregnancy termination."	( Synergistic effects of DL111-IT in combination with mifepristone and misoprostol on termination of early pregnancy in preclinical studies. Fang, RY; He, QJ; Wang, WF; Wu, HH; Yang, B, 2003)	0.32
"The in-vitro activity of nikkomycin Z was investigated in combination with polyenes, triazoles or echinocandins against 20 clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus with the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) method."	( In-vitro activity of nikkomycin Z alone and in combination with polyenes, triazoles or echinocandins against Aspergillus fumigatus. Alangaden, GJ; Chandrasekar, PH; Cutright, JL; Ganesan, LT; Manavathu, EK, 2004)	0.78
"The Immediate Preoperative Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, or Combined With Tamoxifen (IMPACT) trial was designed to test the hypothesis that the clinical and/or biologic effects of neoadjuvant tamoxifen compared with anastrozole and with the combination of tamoxifen and anastrozole before surgery in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER) -positive, invasive, nonmetastatic breast cancer might predict for outcome in the Arimidex, Tamoxifen Alone or in Combination (ATAC) adjuvant therapy trial."	( Neoadjuvant treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer with anastrozole, tamoxifen, or both in combination: the Immediate Preoperative Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, or Combined with Tamoxifen (IMPACT) multicenter double-blind randomized trial. Ashley, SE; Blohmer, JU; Boeddinghaus, I; Dixon, JM; Dowsett, M; Ebbs, SR; Francis, S; Skene, A; Smith, IE; Walsh, G, 2005)	0.33
"We detected a fourfold decrease in the EC90 of voriconazole when tested in combination with micafungin (4 mg/L) against isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus, but not against an isolate of Aspergillus flavus."	( Micafungin in combination with voriconazole in Aspergillus species: a pharmacodynamic approach for detection of combined antifungal activity in vitro. Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE, 2005)	0.33
"This article reviews the in vitro metabolic and the in vivo pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with antifungal drugs, including fluconazole, itraconazole, micafungin, miconazole, and voriconazole."	( [Drug-drug interaction of antifungal drugs]. Niwa, T; Shiraga, T; Takagi, A, 2005)	0.33
" The optimized FESI-CE-UV method was combined with off-line SPE using C(18) cartridges and applied to the determination of the selected group of pesticides in soil samples."	( Analysis of triazolopyrimidine herbicides in soils using field-enhanced sample injection-coelectroosmotic capillary electrophoresis combined with solid-phase extraction. Cifuentes, A; García-Montelongo, FJ; Hernández-Borges, J; Rodríguez-Delgado, MA, 2005)	0.33
"Effects of voriconazole combined with micafungin against 101 isolates of Candida spp."	( Effect of voriconazole combined with micafungin against Candida, Aspergillus, and Scedosporium spp. and Fusarium solani. Heyn, K; Müller, FM; Salvenmoser, S; Tredup, A, 2005)	0.33
" Drug discrimination was used to examine the behavioral effects of L-838,417 and bretazenil, two low efficacy positive GABAA modulators that act at benzodiazepine sites, alone and in combination with benzodiazepines and a neuroactive steroid (alfaxolone)."	( Differential behavioral effects of low efficacy positive GABAA modulators in combination with benzodiazepines and a neuroactive steroid in rhesus monkeys. France, CP; McMahon, LR, 2006)	0.33
"This study assessed the clinical efficacy of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor, tipifarnib, combined with letrozole in patients with advanced breast cancer and disease progression following antiestrogen therapy."	( A phase II, randomized, blinded study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib combined with letrozole in the treatment of advanced breast cancer after antiestrogen therapy. Bessems, A; De Porre, PM; Dodwell, DJ; Howes, AJ; Johnston, SR; Manikhas, GM; Neven, P; Park, YC; Perez Ruixo, JJ; Romieu, G; Semiglazov, VF; Spaeth, D; Wardley, AM, 2008)	0.35
"To compare the efficacy of letrozole to recombinant FSH for ovarian stimulation combined with IUI in a group of patients that had failed to conceive after clomiphene citrate (CC) and IUI."	( Randomized controlled trial comparing superovulation with letrozole versus recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone combined with intrauterine insemination for couples with unexplained infertility who had failed clomiphene citrate stimulation and intraute Botsis, D; Creatsas, GK; Gregoriou, O; Konidaris, S; Papadias, K; Vlahos, NF, 2008)	0.35
" In conclusion, posaconazole salvage therapy demonstrated greater efficacy and safety than HD-LPD/AMB alone or in combination with caspofungin in the salvage therapy of invasive aspergillosis in hematologic malignancy."	( Novel antifungal agents as salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: posaconazole compared with high-dose lipid formulations of amphotericin B alone or in combination with caspofungin. Afif, C; Boktour, M; Hachem, RY; Hanna, HA; Jiang, Y; Kontoyiannis, DP; Raad, II; Torres, HA, 2008)	0.35
"The main objectives of this phase I and pharmacokinetic, open-label study were to determine the optimally tolerated regimen (OTR), safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in patients with advanced solid malignancies."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in patients with advanced cancer. Arya, N; Chu, QS; Cianfrocca, ME; Fleming, RA; Gale, M; Goldstein, LJ; Koch, KM; Loftiss, J; Murray, N; Pandite, L; Paul, E; Rowinsky, EK, 2008)	0.35
"Clinically relevant doses of lapatinib in combination with letrozole were well tolerated and did not result in a pharmacokinetic interaction, and clinical antitumor activity was observed."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in patients with advanced cancer. Arya, N; Chu, QS; Cianfrocca, ME; Fleming, RA; Gale, M; Goldstein, LJ; Koch, KM; Loftiss, J; Murray, N; Pandite, L; Paul, E; Rowinsky, EK, 2008)	0.35
"To characterize the cytochrome P450 enzyme(s) responsible for the N-dealkylation of maraviroc in vitro, and predict the extent of clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Maraviroc: in vitro assessment of drug-drug interaction potential. Collins, C; Dickins, M; Hyland, R; Jones, B; Jones, H, 2008)	0.35
"3 mg/kg body weight/day) combined with posaconazole (40 mg/kg/day) prolonged survival and reduced tissue burden with respect to that of controls and that of both drugs administered alone."	( Posaconazole combined with amphotericin B, an effective therapy for a murine disseminated infection caused by Rhizopus oryzae. Guarro, J; Mariné, M; Pastor, FJ; Rodríguez, MM; Serena, C, 2008)	0.35
"The antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab showed synergistic effects when combined with chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer."	( Preoperative bevacizumab combined with letrozole and chemotherapy in locally advanced ER- and/or PgR-positive breast cancer: clinical and biological activity. Bagnardi, V; Bertolini, F; Calleri, A; Cardillo, A; Colleoni, M; Goldhirsch, A; Luini, A; Mancuso, P; Orlando, L; Scarano, E; Torrisi, R; Viale, G, 2008)	0.35
"Although voriconazole has been shown to interact with calcineurin inhibitors, this interaction has not been thoroughly examined."	( Drug interaction between voriconazole and calcineurin inhibitors in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Aisa, Y; Ikeda, Y; Kato, J; Mori, T; Nakamura, Y; Okamoto, S, 2009)	0.35
"We studied the antifungal activity of anidulafungin (AFG) in combination with voriconazole (VRC) against experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in persistently neutropenic rabbits and further explored the in vitro and in vivo correlations by using Bliss independence drug interaction analysis."	( Combination therapy in treatment of experimental pulmonary aspergillosis: in vitro and in vivo correlations of the concentration- and dose- dependent interactions between anidulafungin and voriconazole by Bliss independence drug interaction analysis. Avila, NA; Bacher, J; Cotton, MP; Francesconi, A; Hope, WW; Hughes, JE; Kasai, M; Meletiadis, J; Mickiene, D; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Schaufele, RL; Sein, T; Stergiopoulou, T; Walsh, TJ, 2009)	0.35
"In type 2 diabetes, sitagliptin, in combination with a sulphonylurea, only provides modest efficacy in terms of HbA1c levels and increases the risk of hypoglycaemia."	( Sitagliptin combined with sulphonylureas: new indication. Other treatments are preferable. , 2009)	0.35
"We report a case of a 54-year-old male renal transplant patient who received antifungal azole treatment in combination with the recently introduced immunosuppressant agent everolimus to prevent post-transplantation aspergillosis reactivation."	( Management of metabolic cytochrome P450 3A4 drug-drug interaction between everolimus and azole antifungals in a renal transplant patient. Abboud, I; Antoine, C; Benammar, M; Berge, M; Billaud, EM; Glotz, D; Lefeuvre, S, 2009)	0.35
" We compared the efficacy and tolerability of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole combined with norethisterone acetate versus norethisterone acetate alone in treating pain symptoms."	( Letrozole combined with norethisterone acetate compared with norethisterone acetate alone in the treatment of pain symptoms caused by endometriosis. Camerini, G; Ferrero, S; Ragni, N; Remorgida, V; Seracchioli, R; Venturini, PL, 2009)	0.35
" Tegafur and Uracil (UFT) have been widely used for the postoperative chemotherapy of breast cancer, and often combined with hormonal agents."	( [Safety and compliance with UFT (tegafur and uracil) alone and in combination with hormone therapy in patients with breast cancer]. Noguchi, S; Taguchi, T, 2009)	0.35
") in combination with azoles against azole-resistant yeasts and molds."	( Activity of MGCD290, a Hos2 histone deacetylase inhibitor, in combination with azole antifungals against opportunistic fungal pathogens. Besterman, JM; Diekema, DJ; Georgopapadakou, N; Martell, LA; Messer, SA; Pfaller, MA, 2009)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) and adverse drug events (ADEs) associated with antimycotics in hospitalized patients with hematopoietic SCT (HSCT)."	( Drug interactions and adverse events associated with antimycotic drugs used for invasive aspergillosis in hematopoietic SCT. Christen, S; Egger, SS; Gratwohl, A; Haschke, M; Krähenbühl, S; Leu, C; Meier, S, 2010)	0.36
" This study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of letrozole combination with curcumin on the implanted endometrial tumor growth."	( [Inhibiting effect of letrozole combined with curcumin on xenografted endometrial carcinoma growth in nude mice]. Hao, Q; Hu, YL; Liang, YJ; Wang, JD; Wu, YZ; Zhang, HM, 2010)	0.36
"This phase II randomized trial evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of anastrozole combined with gefitinib or anastrozole with placebo in women with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."	( Phase II, randomized trial to compare anastrozole combined with gefitinib or placebo in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. Anderson, E; Arena, FP; Bacus, S; Cora, EM; Cristofanilli, M; Curcio, E; Kroener, JF; Magill, PJ; Mangalik, A; Rabinowitz, I; Royce, M; Valero, V; Watkins, C, 2010)	0.36
"This small randomized study showed that anastrozole in combination with gefitinib is associated with a marked advantage in PFS compared with anastrozole plus placebo, and that the combination was tolerated in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive MBC."	( Phase II, randomized trial to compare anastrozole combined with gefitinib or placebo in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. Anderson, E; Arena, FP; Bacus, S; Cora, EM; Cristofanilli, M; Curcio, E; Kroener, JF; Magill, PJ; Mangalik, A; Rabinowitz, I; Royce, M; Valero, V; Watkins, C, 2010)	0.36
" albicans biofilms and human phagocytes alone and in combination with anidulafungin or voriconazole were investigated and compared with their corresponding planktonic counterparts by means of an in vitro biofilm model with clinical intravascular and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing strains."	( Interactions between human phagocytes and Candida albicans biofilms alone and in combination with antifungal agents. Chatzimoschou, A; Cotten, CJ; Diza-Mataftsi, E; Katragkou, A; Kruhlak, MJ; Paliogianni, F; Roilides, E; Simitsopoulou, M; Taparkou, A; Tsantali, C; Walsh, TJ, 2010)	0.36
"Phagocytes alone and in combination with antifungal agents induced less damage against biofilms compared with planktonic cells."	( Interactions between human phagocytes and Candida albicans biofilms alone and in combination with antifungal agents. Chatzimoschou, A; Cotten, CJ; Diza-Mataftsi, E; Katragkou, A; Kruhlak, MJ; Paliogianni, F; Roilides, E; Simitsopoulou, M; Taparkou, A; Tsantali, C; Walsh, TJ, 2010)	0.36
"Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are generally treated with many pharmacological compounds and are exposed to a high risk of drug-drug interactions."	( Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors (gliptins): focus on drug-drug interactions. Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
"The objective of this study was to test the use of letrozole in combination with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) vs clomiphene citrate (CC) with FSH for ovarian hyperstimulation prior to intrauterine insemination (IUI)."	( Clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors combined with gonadotropins for superovulation in women undergoing intrauterine insemination: a prospective randomised trial. Badawy, A; Elnashar, A; Totongy, M, 2010)	0.36
"Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus when used as monotherapy or in combination with other anti-diabetic drugs (metformin, sulphonylurea, or thiazolidinedione)."	( Efficacy and safety of saxagliptin in combination with metformin compared with sitagliptin in combination with metformin in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Charpentier, G; Gause-Nilsson, I; Hellqvist, A; Ostgren, CJ; Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combination of once-daily insulin detemir (IDet) and sitagliptin (SITA) versus SITA ± sulphonylurea (SU), both in combination with metformin (MET) in insulin-naive subjects."	( Efficacy and safety of insulin detemir once daily in combination with sitagliptin and metformin: the TRANSITION randomized controlled trial. Hollander, P; Liutkus, JF; Raslova, K; Råstam, J; Skjøth, TV, 2011)	0.37
"The combination of once-daily IDet with SITA showed a clinically and significantly better improvement in glycaemic control than SITA in combination with or without SUs."	( Efficacy and safety of insulin detemir once daily in combination with sitagliptin and metformin: the TRANSITION randomized controlled trial. Hollander, P; Liutkus, JF; Raslova, K; Råstam, J; Skjøth, TV, 2011)	0.37
" In this study we used nonhuman primates to examine the effect and mechanism of MVC alone or in combination with cyclosporine (CsA) to prolong cardiac allograft survivals."	( CCR5 blockade in combination with cyclosporine increased cardiac graft survival and generated alternatively activated macrophages in primates. Chen, G; Chen, W; Li, J; Stepkowski, SM; Wang, S; Xia, J; Ye, P; Zhang, K; Zhong, S, 2011)	0.37
" Fluconazole is the azole with the fewest drug-drug interactions."	( [Drug interactions in critically-ill patients. An important factor in the use of micafungin?]. Garnacho-Montero, J; Jiménez Parrilla, F, 2011)	0.37
" In addition to providing evidence suggesting the potential use of ERβ agonists in combination with letrozole in treating AI resistant breast cancer and prolonging sensitivity to AI, we also provide mechanistic evidence supporting the role of ERβ in altering the expression profile associated with resistance."	( Estrogen receptor-β activation in combination with letrozole blocks the growth of breast cancer tumors resistant to letrozole therapy. Ganapathy, M; Kirma, NB; Nair, HB; Tekmal, RR; Vadlamudi, RK, 2011)	0.37
"5% in combination with topical, oral, and intrastromal voriconazole."	( Treatment of Alternaria keratitis with intrastromal and topical caspofungin in combination with intrastromal, topical, and oral voriconazole. Kong, DC; Leung, L; Neoh, CF; Stewart, K; Vajpayee, RB, 2011)	0.37
"Intrastromal and topical caspofungin were employed in combination with voriconazole for the management of refractory Alternaria keratitis, with no observed adverse effects."	( Treatment of Alternaria keratitis with intrastromal and topical caspofungin in combination with intrastromal, topical, and oral voriconazole. Kong, DC; Leung, L; Neoh, CF; Stewart, K; Vajpayee, RB, 2011)	0.37
"The eLEcTRA trial compared efficacy and safety of letrozole combined with trastuzumab to letrozole alone in patients with HER2 and hormone receptor (HR) positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."	( Higher efficacy of letrozole in combination with trastuzumab compared to letrozole monotherapy as first-line treatment in patients with HER2-positive, hormone-receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer - results of the eLEcTRA trial. Azim, HA; Barsoum, M; Baumgärtner, AK; Beckmann, MW; Fasching, PA; Harbeck, N; Huober, J; Kubista, E; May, C; Nimmrich, I; Paepke, S; Petruzelka, L; Ragosch, V; Reimer, T; Thomssen, C; Wallwiener, D, 2012)	0.38
" As substrates and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP), the triazoles can interact with many drugs, which may lead to enhanced toxicity of the concomitant medication(s) or ineffective antifungal treatment."	( Triazole antifungal agents drug-drug interactions involving hepatic cytochrome P450. Gubbins, PO, 2011)	0.61
"Triazoles interact with many drugs and the primary mechanism for these interactions is hepatic CYP."	( Triazole antifungal agents drug-drug interactions involving hepatic cytochrome P450. Gubbins, PO, 2011)	1.81
" The objective of this study was to evaluate treatment with amphotericin B (AMB), voriconazole (VRC), and AMB, used in combination with VRC, of experimental pulmonary cryptococcosis in a murine model (SCID)."	( Voriconazole, combined with amphotericin B, in the treatment for pulmonary cryptococcosis caused by C. neoformans (serotype A) in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). de Assis Baroni, F; Gambale, W; Paula, CR; Silva, EG, 2012)	0.38
" VU0364770 showed efficacy alone or when administered in combination with L-DOPA or an adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor antagonist currently in clinical development (preladenant)."	( The metabotropic glutamate receptor 4-positive allosteric modulator VU0364770 produces efficacy alone and in combination with L-DOPA or an adenosine 2A antagonist in preclinical rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Amalric, M; Blobaum, AL; Bode, J; Bridges, TM; Bubser, M; Conn, PJ; Daniels, JS; Dickerson, JW; Engers, DW; Hopkins, CR; Italiano, K; Jadhav, S; Jones, CK; Lindsley, CW; Morrison, RD; Niswender, CM; Thompson, AD; Turle-Lorenzo, N, 2012)	0.38
"To review the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness evidence base for lapatinib (LAP) in combination with an aromatase inhibitor (AI) and trastuzumab (TRA) in combination with an AI for the first-line treatment of patients who have hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor 2-positive (HER2+) mBC."	( Lapatinib and trastuzumab in combination with an aromatase inhibitor for the first-line treatment of metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer which over-expresses human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2): a systematic review and economic analysis. Armstrong, A; Bagust, A; Blundell, M; Boland, A; Davis, H; Dickson, R; Dundar, Y; Fleeman, N; Moonan, M; Oyee, J; Thorp, N, 2011)	0.37
"Three trials were included in the systematic review [the patient populations of the efficacy and safety of lapatinib combined with letrozole (EGF30008) trial, the efficacy and safety of trastuzumab combined with anastrozole (TAnDEM) trial and the efficacy and safety of letrozole combined with trastuzumab (eLEcTRA) trial]."	( Lapatinib and trastuzumab in combination with an aromatase inhibitor for the first-line treatment of metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer which over-expresses human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2): a systematic review and economic analysis. Armstrong, A; Bagust, A; Blundell, M; Boland, A; Davis, H; Dickson, R; Dundar, Y; Fleeman, N; Moonan, M; Oyee, J; Thorp, N, 2011)	0.37
" Treatment of 1 nM letrozole in combination with 1 μM or 10 μM ZA resulted in an additive drug interaction on inhibition of cell viability, as measured by MTT assay."	( Zoledronic acid inhibits aromatase activity and phosphorylation: potential mechanism for additive zoledronic acid and letrozole drug interaction. Brodie, AH; Nemieboka, BE; Schech, AJ, 2012)	0.38
"This randomized, open-label, crossover study investigated potential drug-drug interactions between the sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor empagliflozin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor sitagliptin."	( Pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, coadministered with sitagliptin in healthy volunteers. Brand, T; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2012)	0.38
"The present work aimed to investigate the curative effect of benznidazole (BZL) in combination with other patented drugs [nifurtimox (NFX), posaconazole (POS) or AmBisome(®) (AMB)] in mice acutely or chronically infected with either a BZL-susceptible (Tulahuen) or a BZL-partially-resistant (Y) strain of Trypanosoma cruzi."	( Evaluation of benznidazole treatment combined with nifurtimox, posaconazole or AmBisome® in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi strains. Carlier, Y; Cencig, S; Coltel, N; Truyens, C, 2012)	0.38
"BC cell lines expressing aromatase (AROM) and modeling endocrine-sensitive (MCF7-AROM1) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-dependent de novo resistant disease (BT474-AROM3) and long-term estrogen-deprived (LTED) MCF7 cells that had acquired resistance associated with HER2 overexpression were treated in vitro and as subcutaneous xenografts with everolimus (RAD001-mTORC1 inhibitor), in combination with tamoxifen or letrozole."	( Effectiveness and molecular interactions of the clinically active mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus in combination with tamoxifen or letrozole in vitro and in vivo. A'Hern, R; Dowsett, M; Evans, DB; Farmer, I; Ghazoui, Z; Guest, S; Johnston, SR; Lane, HA; Martin, LA; Pancholi, S; Ribas, R; Thornhill, AM; Weigel, MT, 2012)	0.38
" SM-164 could be a promising new agent for treatment of PC in combination with gemcitabine."	( Therapy of Smac mimetic SM-164 in combination with gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer. Chen, G; You, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, TP; Zhao, YP; Zhou, B, 2013)	0.39
"Because published reports indicate that the antibiotic colistin (COL) has antifungal properties, this study investigated the antifungal in vitro activity of COL as single agent and in combination with the antifungal compounds voriconazole (VRC), caspofungin (CAS) and amphotericin B (AMB) against Scedosporium/Pseudallescheria spp."	( In vitro activity of colistin as single agent and in combination with antifungals against filamentous fungi occurring in patients with cystic fibrosis. Buer, J; Dittmer, S; Hamprecht, A; Lackner, M; Rath, PM; Schemuth, H; Sedlacek, L; Steinmann, E; Steinmann, J, 2013)	0.39
" Preclinical work suggested potential synergy of fulvestrant in combination with aromatase inhibitor therapy and delayed development of endocrine resistance."	( A meta-analysis of anastrozole in combination with fulvestrant in the first line treatment of hormone receptor positive advanced breast cancer. Haaland, B; Lopes, G; Montero, AJ; Tan, PS, 2013)	0.39
" Moreover, in a nasopharyngeal carcinoma xenograft model, the administration of Smac mimetics in combination with TRAIL also led to the elimination of nasopharyngeal carcinoma stem cells."	( Smac mimetics in combination with TRAIL selectively target cancer stem cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Bei, JX; Chen, LZ; Feng, QS; Liang, Y; Min, P; Wang, GF; Wang, HB; Wu, MS; Wu, MY; Yang, D; Zeng, YX; Zhao, ZQ, 2013)	0.39
"The objective was to study the of drug-drug interaction between voriconazole and oral hypoglycemic agents in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats."	( Drug-drug interaction between voriconazole and oral hypoglycemic agents in diabetic rats. Diwan, PV; Joshi, B; Kumar, BH; Singh, JC, )	0.13
" This study determined the in vitro susceptibility of miltefosine, as a single agent and in combination with posaconazole or voriconazole, against these pathogens."	( In vitro activity of miltefosine as a single agent and in combination with voriconazole or posaconazole against uncommon filamentous fungal pathogens. Biswas, C; Chen, SC; Djordjevic, JT; Jolliffe, KA; Sorrell, TC; Zuo, X, 2013)	0.39
"Miltefosine demonstrated synergy in 8/20 (40%) and 4/20 (20%) instances when combined with posaconazole and voriconazole, respectively."	( In vitro activity of miltefosine as a single agent and in combination with voriconazole or posaconazole against uncommon filamentous fungal pathogens. Biswas, C; Chen, SC; Djordjevic, JT; Jolliffe, KA; Sorrell, TC; Zuo, X, 2013)	0.39
" We propose to open a debate over the use of aromatase inhibitors in combination with FSH in ovulation induction treatment of breast cancer oncofertility patients."	( The case for aromatase inhibitors use in oncofertility patients. Should aromatase inhibitors be combined with gonadotropin treatment in breast cancer patients undergoing ovarian stimulation for fertility preservation prior to chemotherapy? A debate. Child, T; Fatum, M; McVeigh, E, 2013)	0.39
"The role of aromatase inhibitors combined with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog in metastatic male breast cancer patients remains unknown."	( Letrozole combined with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog for metastatic male breast cancer. Barba, M; Del Medico, P; Di Lauro, L; Giannarelli, D; Laudadio, L; Maugeri-Saccà, M; Pizzuti, L; Sergi, D; Tomao, S; Vici, P, 2013)	0.39
"This study evaluated the effects of an mTOR inhibitor everolimus alone or in combination with letrozole on MCF-7/Aro (MCF-7 cells stably transfected with CYP19) in vitro and in vivo."	( Everolimus in combination with letrozole inhibit human breast cancer MCF-7/Aro stem cells via PI3K/mTOR pathway: an experimental study. Hou, G; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, S; Zhang, X, 2014)	0.4
"To compare the efficacy of norethisterone acetate (NETA; group N) or letrozole combined with NETA (group L) in treating endometriotic ovarian cysts."	( Norethisterone acetate versus norethisterone acetate combined with letrozole for the treatment of ovarian endometriotic cysts: a patient preference study. Ferrero, S; Leone Roberti Maggiore, U; Remorgida, V; Venturini, PL, 2014)	0.4
"Letrozole combined with NETA is more efficacious than NETA alone in reducing the volume of endometriotic cysts but in none of the 40 patients included in the study did the endometriomas disappear."	( Norethisterone acetate versus norethisterone acetate combined with letrozole for the treatment of ovarian endometriotic cysts: a patient preference study. Ferrero, S; Leone Roberti Maggiore, U; Remorgida, V; Venturini, PL, 2014)	0.4
" Finally, observed/predicted drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals are summarized along with clinical recommendations."	( Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals. Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Patel, M; Paturi, DK; Vadlapatla, RK, 2014)	0.4
" Posaconazole is contraindicated in combination with either efavirenz or fosamprenavir."	( Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals. Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Patel, M; Paturi, DK; Vadlapatla, RK, 2014)	0.4
"Sitagliptin was used as monotherapy or in combination with metformin, thiazolidinedione or sulfonylurea."	( Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin in combination with transient continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Dong, S; Jia, J; Mao, C; Qian, W; Tang, B; Wang, D; Yang, L; Ye, J; Yu, S; Yuan, G; Zhang, C; Zhou, L; Zhu, T, 2014)	0.4
"A fast and an efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction technique using a lower density extraction solvent than water was developed for the trace-level determination of tebuconazole in garlic, soil and water samples followed by capillary gas chromatography combined with nitrogen-phosphorous selective detector (GC-NPD)."	( Fast ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by capillary gas chromatography combined with nitrogen-phosphorous selective detector for the trace determination of tebuconazole in garlic, soil and water samples. Padmaja, P; Pandey, SY; Singh, SK, 2014)	0.4
"To evaluate the inhibitory effect of genistin combined with anastrozole on the growth and apoptosis of breast tumor tissue, and to study their anti-cancer mechanism by using the model of 7,12-dimethylbenz [alpha] anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors following ovariectomy in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats."	( [Effect of genistein combined with anastrozole on mammary tumors in ovariectomized rats]. Kang, XM; Ma, WJ; Song, Y; Wang, L; Zhang, QY; Zhao, H, 2014)	0.4
"The DMBA induced postmenopausal SD rats were randomly divided into the control group, the genistein group, the anastrozole group, and the genistein combined with anastrozole group."	( [Effect of genistein combined with anastrozole on mammary tumors in ovariectomized rats]. Kang, XM; Ma, WJ; Song, Y; Wang, L; Zhang, QY; Zhao, H, 2014)	0.4
" It showed synergistic effect when combined with anastrozole, which resulted in reduced levels of E2 and 17beta-HSD1 mRNA."	( [Effect of genistein combined with anastrozole on mammary tumors in ovariectomized rats]. Kang, XM; Ma, WJ; Song, Y; Wang, L; Zhang, QY; Zhao, H, 2014)	0.4
" Further evaluation of filibuvir in combination with other direct-acting antiviral agents may be considered."	( A phase 2 study of filibuvir in combination with pegylated IFN alfa and ribavirin for chronic HCV. Hammond, JL; Marcellin, P; Purohit, VS; Rodriguez-Torres, M; Srinivasan, S; Wang, C; Yoshida, EM, )	0.13
"The human efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1) functions as an important cellular defense system against a variety of xenobiotics; however, little information exists on whether environmental chemicals interact with P-gp."	( P-glycoprotein inhibition by the agricultural pesticide propiconazole and its hydroxylated metabolites: Implications for pesticide-drug interactions. Marchitti, SA; Mazur, CS; Zastre, J, 2015)	0.42
" Subsequently, the effects of mSGLXD alone or in combination with anastrozole on osteoblastic MC3T3‑E1 cell proliferation and differentiation were investigated."	( Effects of modified Shu-Gan-Liang-Xue decoction combined with anastrozole on osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Han, S; Li, P; Zheng, W; Zhou, F; Zhou, N, 2015)	0.42
" In addition, using serial sampling methods can be valuable for evaluation of the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of drug candidates."	( Using improved serial blood sampling method of mice to study pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction. Nezasa, K; Ogawa, K; Shimizu, R; Takai, N; Tanaka, Y; Watanabe, A; Watari, R; Yamaguchi, Y, 2015)	0.42
" We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of palbociclib in combination with letrozole as first-line treatment of patients with advanced, oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer."	( The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with letrozole versus letrozole alone as first-line treatment of oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer (PALOMA-1/TRIO-18): a randomised phase 2 study. Boer, K; Bondarenko, IM; Crown, JP; Ettl, J; Finn, RS; Fowst, C; Huang, X; Kim, ST; Kulyk, SO; Lang, I; Patel, R; Pinter, T; Randolph, S; Schmidt, M; Shparyk, Y; Slamon, DJ; Thummala, AR; Voytko, NL, 2015)	0.42
"To evaluate the efficacy of minimal stimulation using discretely administered gonadotropin combined with clomiphene citrate (CC) or letrozole (LTZ) for intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles."	( Minimal stimulation using gonadotropin combined with clomiphene citrate or letrozole for intrauterine insemination. Cho, S; Choi, YS; Chon, SJ; Kim, SH; Lee, BS; Park, JH; Seo, SK; Yun, BH, 2015)	0.42
" Each group received human menopausal gonadotropin at a dose of 150 IU by two or three alternative day: CC combined with alternate-day regimen for 2 or 3 days (CC+300, n=37; CC+450, n=89) and LTZ combined with alternate-day regimen for 2 or 3 days (LTZ+300, n=36; LTZ+450, n=95)."	( Minimal stimulation using gonadotropin combined with clomiphene citrate or letrozole for intrauterine insemination. Cho, S; Choi, YS; Chon, SJ; Kim, SH; Lee, BS; Park, JH; Seo, SK; Yun, BH, 2015)	0.42
" We showed that protein kinase C agonists in combination with bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 or histone deacetylase inhibitors robustly induce HIV-1 transcription and virus production when directly compared with maximum reactivation by T cell activation."	( Ex vivo analysis identifies effective HIV-1 latency-reversing drug combinations. Bullen, CK; Durand, CM; Hill, AL; Laird, GM; Martin, AR; Rosenbloom, DI; Siliciano, JD; Siliciano, RF, 2015)	0.42
"To evaluate the hepatic safety of maraviroc in combination with other antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected subjects co-infected with HCV and/or HBV."	( Hepatic safety in subjects with HIV-1 and hepatitis C and/or B virus: a randomized, double-blind study of maraviroc versus placebo in combination with antiretroviral agents. Asmuth, DM; Bansal, M; Fätkenheuer, G; Heera, J; Jagannatha, S; Mukwaya, G; Pialoux, G; Pineda, JA; Plonski, F; Rockstroh, JK; Small, CB; Soriano, V, )	0.13
"In this 148-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study (NCT01327547), subjects received maraviroc twice daily (n = 70) or placebo (n = 67) in combination with other antiretroviral agents."	( Hepatic safety in subjects with HIV-1 and hepatitis C and/or B virus: a randomized, double-blind study of maraviroc versus placebo in combination with antiretroviral agents. Asmuth, DM; Bansal, M; Fätkenheuer, G; Heera, J; Jagannatha, S; Mukwaya, G; Pialoux, G; Pineda, JA; Plonski, F; Rockstroh, JK; Small, CB; Soriano, V, )	0.13
"We investigated the possibilities of drug-drug interactions between luseogliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, and oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in healthy Japanese males."	( Absence of Drug-Drug Interactions Between Luseogliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter-2 Inhibitor, and Various Oral Antidiabetic Drugs in Healthy Japanese Males. Fukatsu, A; Sakai, S; Samukawa, Y; Sasaki, T; Seino, Y; Ubukata, M, 2015)	0.42
"This trial was designed to evaluate the activity and safety of ganetespib in combination with docetaxel in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to identify patient populations most likely to benefit from the combination."	( A randomized phase II study of ganetespib, a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, in combination with docetaxel in second-line therapy of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (GALAXY-1). Andric, Z; Bondarenko, I; Ceric, T; Ciuleanu, T; Felip, E; Fennell, D; Goss, G; Hirsh, V; Khuri, F; Komov, D; Ramalingam, S; Rosell, R; Salgia, R; Samarzija, M; Schmid-Bindert, G; Shapiro, G; Sheldon, E; Spicer, J; Teofilovici, F; Vukovic, V; Wehler, T; Zaric, B, 2015)	0.42
"Advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients treated with ganetespib in combination with docetaxel had an acceptable safety profile."	( A randomized phase II study of ganetespib, a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, in combination with docetaxel in second-line therapy of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (GALAXY-1). Andric, Z; Bondarenko, I; Ceric, T; Ciuleanu, T; Felip, E; Fennell, D; Goss, G; Hirsh, V; Khuri, F; Komov, D; Ramalingam, S; Rosell, R; Salgia, R; Samarzija, M; Schmid-Bindert, G; Shapiro, G; Sheldon, E; Spicer, J; Teofilovici, F; Vukovic, V; Wehler, T; Zaric, B, 2015)	0.42
" We have previously demonstrated the usefulness of the ES-D3 cell differentiation assay in combination with the in vitro BeWo transport model to predict the relative in vivo developmental toxicity potencies of a set of reference azole compounds."	( Extended evaluation on the ES-D3 cell differentiation assay combined with the BeWo transport model, to predict relative developmental toxicity of triazole compounds. Flick, B; Li, H; Louisse, J; Rietjens, IM; Schneider, S; van Ravenzwaay, B, 2016)	0.43
"This phase I/II dose-escalation study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of pilaralisib (SAR245408), a pan-class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, or voxtalisib (SAR245409), a PI3K and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, in combination with letrozole in hormone-receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor-refractory, recurrent or metastatic breast cancer."	( Phase I/II dose-escalation study of PI3K inhibitors pilaralisib or voxtalisib in combination with letrozole in patients with hormone-receptor-positive and HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer refractory to a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor. Blackwell, K; Burris, H; Campana, F; Gao, L; Gomez, P; Isakoff, S; Jiang, J; Lynn Henry, N; Macé, S; Tolaney, SM, 2015)	0.42
" We investigated if arsenic sulfide (As4S4) in combination with other distinct agents could enhance its cytotoxic activity."	( Arsenic sulfide combined with JQ1, chemotherapy agents, or celecoxib inhibit gastric and colon cancer cell growth. Chen, S; Pan, M; Tong, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
"We used gastric and colon cancer cell lines to study the synergistic effect of As4S4 in combination with BRD4 inhibitor JQ1, or with chemotherapy drug cisplatin and irinotecan or with COX2 inhibitor celecoxib."	( Arsenic sulfide combined with JQ1, chemotherapy agents, or celecoxib inhibit gastric and colon cancer cell growth. Chen, S; Pan, M; Tong, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
"We found that when As4S4 was combined with JQ1, cisplatin, irinotecan or celecoxib, its cytotoxic activity was dramatically enhanced in both gastric and colon cancer cell lines."	( Arsenic sulfide combined with JQ1, chemotherapy agents, or celecoxib inhibit gastric and colon cancer cell growth. Chen, S; Pan, M; Tong, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
"As4S4 in combination with JQ1, cisplatin, irinotecan or celecoxib showed enhanced cytotoxic effect on gastric and colon cancer cells, indicating the potential application of these novel drug combinations as part of treatment strategy that warrants further investigation."	( Arsenic sulfide combined with JQ1, chemotherapy agents, or celecoxib inhibit gastric and colon cancer cell growth. Chen, S; Pan, M; Tong, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and efficacy of letrozole and clomiphene citrate (CC) combined with human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) in CC-resistant infertile women with PCOS."	( Use of letrozole and clomiphene citrate combined with gonadotropins in clomiphene-resistant infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective study. Liu, S; Lu, X; Mao, H; Xi, W; Xue, X; Yang, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Letrozole in combination with HMG is an effective protocol for reducing the risks of hyperstimulation for ovarian induction in CC-resistant women with PCOS."	( Use of letrozole and clomiphene citrate combined with gonadotropins in clomiphene-resistant infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective study. Liu, S; Lu, X; Mao, H; Xi, W; Xue, X; Yang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" As RA patients might be treated with multiple medications simultaneously, possible drug-drug interactions of filgotinib with cytochrome P450 enzymes and with key drug transporters were evaluated in vitro and in clinical studies."	( Clinical Confirmation that the Selective JAK1 Inhibitor Filgotinib (GLPG0634) has a Low Liability for Drug-drug Interactions. Desrivot, J; Harrison, P; Namour, F; Tasset, C; Van der Aa, A; van't Klooster, G, 2016)	0.43
"In vitro, filgotinib and its active metabolite at clinically relevant concentrations did not interact with cytochrome P450 enzymes and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases, and did not inhibit key drug transporters."	( Clinical Confirmation that the Selective JAK1 Inhibitor Filgotinib (GLPG0634) has a Low Liability for Drug-drug Interactions. Desrivot, J; Harrison, P; Namour, F; Tasset, C; Van der Aa, A; van't Klooster, G, 2016)	0.43
"To assess the efficacy and tolerability of lesinurad, an oral selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, in combination with allopurinol versus allopurinol alone in patients with gout and an inadequate response to allopurinol."	( Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: results of a phase 2, randomised, double-blind study in patients with gout with an inadequate response to allopurinol. Cravets, M; Miner, JN; Perez-Ruiz, F; Storgard, C; Sundy, JS, 2016)	0.43
"Patients (N=227) with an inadequate response to allopurinol, defined as serum urate (sUA) ≥6 mg/dL on ≥2 occasions ≥2 weeks apart despite ≥6 weeks of allopurinol, were randomised 2:1 to 4 weeks of double-blind treatment with lesinurad (200, 400 or 600 mg/day) or matching placebo in combination with their prestudy allopurinol dose (200-600 mg/day)."	( Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: results of a phase 2, randomised, double-blind study in patients with gout with an inadequate response to allopurinol. Cravets, M; Miner, JN; Perez-Ruiz, F; Storgard, C; Sundy, JS, 2016)	0.43
" Lesinurad 200, 400 and 600 mg in combination with allopurinol produced significant mean percent reductions from baseline sUA of 16%, 22% and 30%, respectively, versus a mean 3% increase with placebo (p<0."	( Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: results of a phase 2, randomised, double-blind study in patients with gout with an inadequate response to allopurinol. Cravets, M; Miner, JN; Perez-Ruiz, F; Storgard, C; Sundy, JS, 2016)	0.43
"Lesinurad achieves clinically relevant and statistically significant reductions in sUA in combination with allopurinol in patients who warrant additional therapy on allopurinol alone."	( Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: results of a phase 2, randomised, double-blind study in patients with gout with an inadequate response to allopurinol. Cravets, M; Miner, JN; Perez-Ruiz, F; Storgard, C; Sundy, JS, 2016)	0.43
" After promising preclinical modeling of MK-2206, an allosteric pan-AKT inhibitor, with either estrogen deprivation or fulvestrant, we conducted a phase I trial in patients with metastatic ER(+)HER2(-) breast cancer to determine the recommended phase II treatment dose (RPTD) of MK-2206 when combined with either anastrozole, fulvestrant, or anastrozole/fulvestrant."	( A Phase I Study of the AKT Inhibitor MK-2206 in Combination with Hormonal Therapy in Postmenopausal Women with Estrogen Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer. Creekmore, A; Crowder, R; Doyle, A; Ellis, MJ; Erlichman, C; Gao, F; Guo, Z; Hoog, J; Lockhart, AC; Ma, CX; Naughton, M; Pluard, T; Sanchez, C, 2016)	0.43
" MK-2206 in combination with anastrozole is being further evaluated in a phase II neoadjuvant trial for newly diagnosed ER(+)HER2(-) breast cancer."	( A Phase I Study of the AKT Inhibitor MK-2206 in Combination with Hormonal Therapy in Postmenopausal Women with Estrogen Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer. Creekmore, A; Crowder, R; Doyle, A; Ellis, MJ; Erlichman, C; Gao, F; Guo, Z; Hoog, J; Lockhart, AC; Ma, CX; Naughton, M; Pluard, T; Sanchez, C, 2016)	0.43
"The majority of hospitalized patients receiving mold-active triazoles are at risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Drug-Drug Interaction Associated with Mold-Active Triazoles among Hospitalized Patients. Andes, D; Azie, N; Franks, B; Harrington, R; Kelley, C; Khandelwal, N; Kristy, R; Lee, E; Spalding, J; Tan, RD; Wu, EQ; Yang, H, 2016)	0.93
" In the randomized, open-label, phase II PALOMA-1/TRIO-18 trial, palbociclib in combination with letrozole improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared with letrozole alone as first-line treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, advanced breast cancer (20."	( Efficacy and safety of palbociclib in combination with letrozole as first-line treatment of ER-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer: expanded analyses of subgroups from the randomized pivotal trial PALOMA-1/TRIO-18. Bartlett, CH; Boer, K; Bondarenko, IM; Crown, JP; Ettl, J; Finn, RS; Huang, X; Kim, ST; Lang, I; Nadanaciva, S; Patel, R; Pinter, T; Randolph, S; Schmidt, M; Schnell, P; Slamon, DJ, 2016)	0.43
"Postmenopausal women (n = 165) with ER+, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer who had not received any systemic treatment for their advanced disease were randomized 1:1 to receive either palbociclib in combination with letrozole or letrozole alone."	( Efficacy and safety of palbociclib in combination with letrozole as first-line treatment of ER-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer: expanded analyses of subgroups from the randomized pivotal trial PALOMA-1/TRIO-18. Bartlett, CH; Boer, K; Bondarenko, IM; Crown, JP; Ettl, J; Finn, RS; Huang, X; Kim, ST; Lang, I; Nadanaciva, S; Patel, R; Pinter, T; Randolph, S; Schmidt, M; Schnell, P; Slamon, DJ, 2016)	0.43
"Our preview study found that CCR5 blockade combined with cyclosporine A could attenuate the severity of liver GVHD."	( CCR5 blockade combined with cyclosporine A attenuates liver GVHD by impairing T cells function. Dong, Y; Liu, H; Liu, W; Miao, S; Ren, H; Shi, Y; Tang, B; Yin, Y, 2016)	0.43
"Data showed that MVC combined with CsA reduced donor T cells migration to target organs in vivo."	( CCR5 blockade combined with cyclosporine A attenuates liver GVHD by impairing T cells function. Dong, Y; Liu, H; Liu, W; Miao, S; Ren, H; Shi, Y; Tang, B; Yin, Y, 2016)	0.43
"This retrospective study demonstrated the advantages of the use of letrozole over clomiphene citrate in combination with metformin in moderately obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome who are resistant to stimulation with clomiphene citrate alone."	( Comparison of the efficiency of clomiphene citrate and letrozole in combination with metformin in moderately obese clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovarian syndrome patients. Bjelica, A; Cetković, N; Mladenović-Segedi, L; Petrović, D; Trninić-Pjević, A, )	0.13
"This study aimed at comparing the effects of different methods of letrozole combined with gonadotropin (Gn) and high-dose Gn ovarian stimulation in antagonist protocol."	( A comparison among different methods of letrozole combined with gonadotropin in an antagonist protocol and high-dose gonadotropin ovarian stimulation antagonist protocol in poor ovarian responders undergoing in vitro fertilization. Li, H; Li, R; Liu, P; Qiao, J; Yang, R, 2016)	0.43
" We present results from 3 fixed-sequence studies evaluating drug-drug interactions for alectinib through CYP3A."	( Clinical Drug-Drug Interactions Through Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) for the Selective ALK Inhibitor Alectinib. Bogman, K; Bordogna, W; Cleary, Y; Dall, G; De Petris, L; Guerini, E; Martin-Facklam, M; Morcos, PN; Phipps, A; Viteri, S; Yu, L, 2017)	0.46
"Lesinurad is a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor used for the treatment of gout in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor."	( Lesinurad Combined With Allopurinol: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study in Gout Patients With an Inadequate Response to Standard-of-Care Allopurinol (a US-Based Study). Adler, S; Baumgartner, S; Becker, MA; Bhakta, N; Fitz-Patrick, D; Fung, M; Kopicko, J; Saag, KG; Storgard, C, 2017)	0.46
" However in vitro, NVP-AST487 was superior to letrozole in inhibiting the GDNF-induced motility and tumor spheroid growth of MCF7-AROM1 cells and required in combination with letrozole to inhibit GDNF-induced motility in BT474-AROM3 aromatase expressing cells."	( Targeting the receptor tyrosine kinase RET in combination with aromatase inhibitors in ER positive breast cancer xenografts. Andreucci, E; Chiarugi, P; Fearns, A; Francica, P; Isacke, CM; Martin, LA; Morandi, A, 2016)	0.43
"Patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive daily anastrozole (1 mg) in combination with AZD8931 20 mg twice daily (bid), AZD8931 40 mg bid, or placebo."	( Inhibition of EGFR, HER2, and HER3 signaling with AZD8931 in combination with anastrozole as an anticancer approach: Phase II randomized study in women with endocrine-therapy-naïve advanced breast cancer. Basik, M; Clemons, M; Cristofanilli, M; Dreosti, L; Grzeda, L; Hegg, R; Johnston, S; Lausoontornsiri, W; Mann, H; Stuart, M, 2016)	0.43
"At the interim analysis, 359 patients were randomized and received anastrozole in combination with AZD8931 20 mg (n = 118), 40 mg (n = 120), or placebo (n = 121); 39 % of patients (n = 141) had a progression event."	( Inhibition of EGFR, HER2, and HER3 signaling with AZD8931 in combination with anastrozole as an anticancer approach: Phase II randomized study in women with endocrine-therapy-naïve advanced breast cancer. Basik, M; Clemons, M; Cristofanilli, M; Dreosti, L; Grzeda, L; Hegg, R; Johnston, S; Lausoontornsiri, W; Mann, H; Stuart, M, 2016)	0.43
"AZD8931, in combination with endocrine therapy, does not appear to enhance endocrine responsiveness and is associated with greater skin and gastrointestinal toxicity."	( Inhibition of EGFR, HER2, and HER3 signaling with AZD8931 in combination with anastrozole as an anticancer approach: Phase II randomized study in women with endocrine-therapy-naïve advanced breast cancer. Basik, M; Clemons, M; Cristofanilli, M; Dreosti, L; Grzeda, L; Hegg, R; Johnston, S; Lausoontornsiri, W; Mann, H; Stuart, M, 2016)	0.43
" In both animal models the anti-lymphoma activity of selinexor is enhanced through combination with DEX or EVER."	( Anti-tumor activity of selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) compounds, is enhanced in non-Hodgkin lymphoma through combination with mTOR inhibitor and dexamethasone. Aboukameel, A; Azmi, AS; Baloglu, E; Bhutani, D; Carlson, R; Elloul, S; Kauffman, M; Mohammad, RM; Muqbil, I; Senapedis, W; Shacham, S; Zonder, J, 2016)	0.43
" In vitro and clinical data suggest that doravirine is unlikely to cause significant drug-drug interactions via major drug-metabolizing enzymes or transporters."	( Results of a Doravirine-Atorvastatin Drug-Drug Interaction Study. Fan, L; Iwamoto, M; Jordan, H; Khalilieh, S; Maklad, N; Martell, M; Sanchez, RI; Triantafyllou, I; Yee, KL, 2017)	0.46
"The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate a useful approach (isotope-IV method) for analyzing drug-drug interactions (DDIs) following the oral administration of drugs using stable isotope-labeled compounds."	( Quantitative analysis of pharmacokinetic profiles of verapamil and drug-drug interactions induced by a CYP inhibitor using a stable isotope-labeled compound. Higashino, H; Kataoka, M; Kojima, C; Minami, K; Mutaguchi, K; Sakuma, S; Togashi, K; Ueda, K; Yamashita, S, 2016)	0.43
" Especially little is known about efficacy and safety of letrozole (LTZ) combined with low-dose highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin (Hp-HMG) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	( Letrozole combined with low dose highly purified HMG for ovulation induction in clomiphene citrate-resistant infertile Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective study. Mueck, AO; Ruan, X; Zhao, Y, 2017)	0.46
" All patients got LTZ on day 3 for 5 d in combination with Hp-HMG, starting with 75 IU from cycle day 7 and maintained for up to 3 d."	( Letrozole combined with low dose highly purified HMG for ovulation induction in clomiphene citrate-resistant infertile Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective study. Mueck, AO; Ruan, X; Zhao, Y, 2017)	0.46
"LTZ combined with low-dose Hp-HMG is an effective and safe choice for reducing hyperstimulation and increasing pregnancy rate in CC-resistant women with PCOS."	( Letrozole combined with low dose highly purified HMG for ovulation induction in clomiphene citrate-resistant infertile Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective study. Mueck, AO; Ruan, X; Zhao, Y, 2017)	0.46
"To determine the impact on antitumor activity when active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) in combination with anticancer hormonal agents in orthotopic mouse models of human estrogen receptor positive breast cancer and evaluate impact of AHCC on aromatase activity."	( Evaluation of Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) in Combination With Anticancer Hormones in Orthotopic Breast Cancer Models. Gaikwad, A; Gonzalez, A; Mathew, L; Nugent, EK; Smith, JA, 2017)	0.46
"Palbociclib is the first cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor approved in the United States for HR+/HER2- advanced/metastatic breast cancer, in combination with letrozole as initial endocrine-based therapy in postmenopausal women or with fulvestrant in women with disease progression following endocrine therapy."	( Comparison of palbociclib in combination with letrozole or fulvestrant with endocrine therapies for advanced/metastatic breast cancer: network meta-analysis. Chirila, C; Colosia, A; Iyer, S; Kaye, JA; Ling, C; Mitra, D; Odom, D, 2017)	0.46
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) combined with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or an aromatase inhibitor (letrozole) in young women with well-differentiated early endometrial carcinoma (EC) and complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH)."	( Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Combined With a Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System or Letrozole for Fertility-Preserving Treatment of Endometrial Carcinoma and Complex Atypical Hyperplasia in Young Women. Cao, D; Lang, J; Shen, K; Yang, J; Zhou, H, 2017)	0.46
"To investigate the efficacy and safety of lesinurad in combination with febuxostat in a 12-month phase III trial in patients with tophaceous gout."	( Lesinurad, a Selective Uric Acid Reabsorption Inhibitor, in Combination With Febuxostat in Patients With Tophaceous Gout: Findings of a Phase III Clinical Trial. Adler, S; Baumgartner, S; Bhakta, N; Dalbeth, N; Fung, M; Jones, G; Khanna, D; Kopicko, J; Perez-Ruiz, F; Storgard, C; Terkeltaub, R, 2017)	0.46
"Treatment with lesinurad in combination with febuxostat demonstrated superior lowering of serum UA levels as compared with febuxostat alone, with clinically relevant added effects on tophi and an acceptable safety profile with lesinurad 200 mg in patients with tophaceous gout warranting additional therapy."	( Lesinurad, a Selective Uric Acid Reabsorption Inhibitor, in Combination With Febuxostat in Patients With Tophaceous Gout: Findings of a Phase III Clinical Trial. Adler, S; Baumgartner, S; Bhakta, N; Dalbeth, N; Fung, M; Jones, G; Khanna, D; Kopicko, J; Perez-Ruiz, F; Storgard, C; Terkeltaub, R, 2017)	0.46
"A novel and reliable method for determination of five triazole fungicide residues (triadimenol, tebuconazole, diniconazole, flutriafol, and hexaconazol) in traditional Chinese medicine samples was developed using dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction before ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry."	( Trace determination of five triazole fungicide residues in traditional Chinese medicine samples by dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and UHPLC-MS/MS. Liang, N; Ma, S; Sun, H; Ye, X; Yuan, X; Zhao, L; Zhao, P, 2017)	0.46
"Two simple sample pretreatment for the determination of difenoconazole in cowpea was developed including micellar extraction combined with ionic liquid based vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (ME-IL-VALLME) prior to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method (QuEChERS) coupled with HPLC-MS/MS."	( Comparison of micellar extraction combined with ionic liquid based vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the determination of difenoconazole in cowpea. Bian, Y; Chen, X; Liu, F; Sun, P; Teng, P, 2017)	0.46
" Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the comparative pharmacokinetics of anastrozole after single administration and combination with celecoxib."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics study of anastrozole after single administration and combination with celecoxib. Chen, X; Gu, L; Guo, P; Lv, M; Sun, X; Wang, B; Wang, S; Zhao, S, 2018)	0.48
" In this study, the lethal toxicity of Cr alone and in combination with the neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin and the ergosterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicide propiconazole was assessed in Apis mellifera adults."	( Lethal effects of Cr(III) alone and in combination with propiconazole and clothianidin in honey bees. Blasioli, S; Braschi, I; Medrzycki, P; Molowny-Horas, R; Porrini, C; Renzi, T; Sgolastra, F; Tosi, S, 2018)	0.48
" ABT-199 in combination with pladienolide B, torin1, etoposide or AC220 strongly induced apoptosis within 4 hours, but the MCL-1 inhibitors did not co-operate with etoposide or AC220."	( Predicting effective pro-apoptotic anti-leukaemic drug combinations using co-operative dynamic BH3 profiling. Elmi, L; Graham, A; Grundy, M; Hall, M; Jones, T; Pallis, M; Russell, N; Seedhouse, C, 2018)	0.48
" These results suggest that letermovir may be a perpetrator of CYP2C9/19-mediated drug-drug interactions."	( Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Letermovir Coadministered With Azole Antifungals (Posaconazole or Voriconazole) in Healthy Subjects. Butterton, JR; Cho, CR; de Haes, JIU; Drexel, M; Hulskotte, EGJ; Hussaini, A; Iwamoto, M; Jordan, HR; Kantesaria, BS; Liu, F; Macha, S; Marshall, WL; McCrea, JB; Menzel, K; Tsai, C; van Schanke, A, 2018)	0.48
"The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of lesinurad, a selective uric acid uptake inhibitor, alone and in combination with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, on serum uric acid and urinary urate excretion in patients with gout and hyperuricemia."	( The Effect of Lesinurad in Combination With Allopurinol on Serum Uric Acid Levels in Patients With Gout. Baumgartner, S; Kerr, B; Manhard, K; Quart, B; Shen, Z; Yeh, LT, 2018)	0.48
" The clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of BFE1224 with cytochrome P450 (CYP) and transporter was assessed by using two types of cocktails in healthy subjects in separate clinical studies."	( Clinical Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of BFE1224, Prodrug of Antifungal Ravuconazole, Using Two Types of Cocktails in Healthy Subjects. Ishii, Y; Ito, Y; Matsuki, S; Ogawa, O; Sanpei, K; Schuck, EL; Takeda, K; Uemura, N, 2018)	0.48
" The aim of this Phase 2a, randomized, open-label study was to investigate the multiple-dose pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of oral verinurad combined with febuxostat vs febuxostat alone and verinurad alone."	( Verinurad combined with febuxostat in Japanese adults with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a phase 2a, open-label study. Gillen, M; Hall, J; Ito, Y; Liu, S; Shen, Z; Shiramoto, M; Yamamoto, A; Yan, X, 2018)	0.48
"Japanese male subjects aged 21-65 years with gout (n = 37) or asymptomatic hyperuricaemia (n = 35) and serum urate (sUA) ⩾8 mg/dl were randomized to febuxostat (10, 20, 40 mg) in combination with verinurad (2."	( Verinurad combined with febuxostat in Japanese adults with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a phase 2a, open-label study. Gillen, M; Hall, J; Ito, Y; Liu, S; Shen, Z; Shiramoto, M; Yamamoto, A; Yan, X, 2018)	0.48
"Verinurad combined with febuxostat decreased sUA dose-dependently while maintaining uric acid excretion similar to baseline."	( Verinurad combined with febuxostat in Japanese adults with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a phase 2a, open-label study. Gillen, M; Hall, J; Ito, Y; Liu, S; Shen, Z; Shiramoto, M; Yamamoto, A; Yan, X, 2018)	0.48
" As such, there has been an increase in the published literature regarding the pharmacokinetics of doravirine and potential for drug-drug interactions."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions of Doravirine. Eissa, NA; Wilby, KJ, 2018)	0.48
"A paucity of data currently exists regarding drug-drug interaction (DDI) with tacrolimus and isavuconazole coadministration."	( Drug-Drug Interaction Between Isavuconazole and Tacrolimus: Is Empiric Dose Adjustment Necessary? Alexander, MD; Armistead, PM; Daniels, LM; Kufel, WD; Ptachcinski, JR; Shaw, JR, 2020)	0.56
" To our knowledge, there have been no published cases of clinically significant posaconazole-digoxin drug-drug interactions."	( Posaconazole-digoxin drug-drug interaction mediated by inhibition of P-glycoprotein. Bullard, HM; Churpek, J; Knoebel, RW; Shumaker, AC, 2019)	0.51
"The clinical impact of drug-drug interactions based on time-dependent inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 has often been overpredicted, likely due to use of improper inhibitor concentration estimates at the enzyme."	( Improved predictions of time-dependent drug-drug interactions by determination of cytosolic drug concentrations. Artursson, P; Baranczewski, P; Filppula, AM; Mateus, A; Parvizi, R, 2019)	0.51
"We aimed to assess the relative efficacy and safety of once-daily administration of lesinurad in combination with xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI) in hyperuricemic patients with gout."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of lesinurad 200 mg and 400 mg combined with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor in hyperuricemic patients with gout: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials . Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2019)	0.51
" Key pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics as well as drug-drug interactions and the resistance profile were assessed in this clinical review."	( Clinical Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and Drug Interaction Profile of Doravirine. Boyle, A; Khoo, S; Marzolini, C; Moss, CE, 2019)	0.51
" By inhibiting the primary export protein, XPO1, selinexor localizes and activates tumor suppressor proteins in the nucleus and inhibits DNA damage repair, rationalizing combination with DNA-damaging agents."	( Phase I Clinical Trial of Selinexor in Combination with Daunorubicin and Cytarabine in Previously Untreated Poor-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Chavez, J; Cubitt, CL; Dawson, JL; Komrokji, R; Lancet, JE; List, AF; Padron, E; Sallman, DA; Shah, BD; Sullivan, DM; Sweet, K; Turner, JG; Zhou, J, 2020)	0.56
"This was a single-arm phase I clinical trial of selinexor combined with cytarabine and daunorubicin (7+3)."	( Phase I Clinical Trial of Selinexor in Combination with Daunorubicin and Cytarabine in Previously Untreated Poor-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Chavez, J; Cubitt, CL; Dawson, JL; Komrokji, R; Lancet, JE; List, AF; Padron, E; Sallman, DA; Shah, BD; Sullivan, DM; Sweet, K; Turner, JG; Zhou, J, 2020)	0.56
" Particularly, the expression of tumour-suppressing gene Ccdc80 was induced by vactosertib and further induced by vactosertib in combination with nal-IRI/5-FU/LV."	( Inhibition of TGF-β signalling in combination with nal-IRI plus 5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin suppresses invasion and prolongs survival in pancreatic tumour mouse models. An, H; Heo, JS; Hong, CP; Hong, E; Kang, JM; Kim, SJ; Lee, S; Ooshima, A; Park, J; Park, JO; Park, S; Park, SH, 2020)	0.56
" The aim of this study was to better understand the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of CYP3A and P-gp inhibitors."	( PBPK modeling of CYP3A and P-gp substrates to predict drug-drug interactions in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Chan, LN; Chen, KF; Lin, YS, 2020)	0.56
" This review summarizes the pharmacokinetics of doravirine, the influence of intrinsic factors, and its drug-drug interaction (DDI) profile."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of the Novel HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Doravirine: An Assessment of the Effect of Patient Characteristics and Drug-Drug Interactions. Iwamoto, M; Khalilieh, S; Sanchez, R; Stoch, SA; Wenning, L; Yee, KL, 2020)	0.56
" A drug-drug interaction study to evaluate the potential effect of FIL on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the oral contraceptive levonorgestrel (LEVO)/ethinyl estradiol (EE) was conducted."	( Lack of Drug-Drug Interaction Between Filgotinib, a Selective JAK1 Inhibitor, and Oral Hormonal Contraceptives Levonorgestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol in Healthy Volunteers. Ampaw, L; Anderson, K; Begley, R; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; Qin, A; Watkins, TR; Weng, W, 2021)	0.62
" We performed a phase I study to determine the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of selinexor when combined with high-dose dexamethasone, ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (DICE) in relapsed/refractory (R/R) T-cell lymphoma (TCL) and natural-killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL)."	( Phase I study of selinexor in combination with dexamethasone, ifosfamide, carboplatin, etoposide chemotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell or natural-killer/T-cell lymphoma Chan, JY; Farid, M; Lim, C; Lim, ST; Martin, P; Poon, E; Somasundaram, N; Tang, T; Tao, M; Toh, SQ; Yan, SX; Yunon, MJ, 2021)	0.62
" Parameter optimization, guided by sensitivity analyses, was conducted such that the models could replicate clinical exposures of posaconazole and drug-drug interactions with sensitive CYP3A substrates including venetoclax."	( Dose adjustment of venetoclax when co-administered with posaconazole: clinical drug-drug interaction predictions using a PBPK approach. Bhatnagar, S; Gibbs, JP; Menon, RM; Miles, D; Mukherjee, D; Salem, AH, 2021)	0.62
" The study's aim was to determine the safety and efficacy of selinexor in combination with doxorubicin in patients with locally advanced/metastatic STS."	( A phase 1b trial of selinexor, a first-in-class selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE), in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Abdul Razak, A; Accardi, S; Al-Ezzi, E; Fasih, S; Gupta, A; Lewin, J; Malone, E; Pedersen, P, 2021)	0.62
" Inhibition of BET protein expression, in combination with the use of chemotherapeutic drugs such as paclitaxel and cisplatin, further restrained NSCLC cell growth in a synergistic manner."	( BET inhibitors combined with chemotherapy synergistically inhibit the growth of NSCLC cells. Chen, J; Cheng, Z; Luo, J; Meng, Y; Sun, T; Wang, X; Xia, B; Zhang, Z; Zhou, X, 2021)	0.62
"Benznidazole induced effective antiparasitic response, regardless of treatment duration, dose, or combination with fosravuconazole, and was well tolerated in adult patients with chronic Chagas disease."	( New regimens of benznidazole monotherapy and in combination with fosravuconazole for treatment of Chagas disease (BENDITA): a phase 2, double-blind, randomised trial. Almeida, IC; Alonso-Vega, C; Barboza, T; Barreira, F; Bilbe, G; Blum, B; Correia, E; Garcia, W; Gascón, J; Ortiz, L; Parrado, R; Ramirez, JC; Ribeiro, I; Sosa-Estani, S; Strub-Wourgaft, N; Torrico, F; Vaillant, M, 2021)	0.62
" Therefore, when selinexor and posaconazole are combined, we should pay attention to the possible drug-drug interactions to reduce adverse reactions."	( Establishment and Verification of UPLC-MS/MS Technique for Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions of Selinexor with Posaconazole in Rats. Li, CF; Qiu, XJ; Wang, HJ; Zhou, CJ; Zhou, CY; Zhu, MJ, 2021)	0.62
" Conclusions Once weekly selinexor in combination with topotecan was viable and showed some preliminary tumor efficacy."	( Selinexor in combination with topotecan in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors: Results of an open-label, single-center, multi-arm phase Ib study. Bean, S; Carter, BW; Colen, R; Gong, J; Janku, F; Karp, DD; McQuinn, L; Meric-Bernstam, F; Milton, DR; Naing, A; Ogbonna, DC; Pant, S; Piha-Paul, SA; Shah, J; Subbiah, V; Thein, KZ; Tsimberidou, A; Zarifa, A, 2021)	0.62
" Doravirine in combination with islatravir has the potential to be a potent two-drug regimen that warrants further clinical development."	( Islatravir in combination with doravirine for treatment-naive adults with HIV-1 infection receiving initial treatment with islatravir, doravirine, and lamivudine: a phase 2b, randomised, double-blind, dose-ranging trial. Afani Saud, A; Bettacchi, C; Chahin Anania, C; Correll, T; DeJesus, E; Eves, K; Grandhi, A; Hanna, GJ; Hwang, C; Molina, JM; Olsen Klopfer, S; Robertson, MN; Sklar, P; Yazdanpanah, Y, 2021)	0.62
" The current study aims to understand the drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk of milademetan as a CYP3A substrate during its early clinical development."	( Model-based assessments of CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interaction risk of milademetan. Abutarif, M; Hong, Y; Ishizuka, H; Ishizuka, T; LaCreta, F; Lee, M; Tachibana, M; Watanabe, A, 2021)	0.62
" The objective of this study was to develop a framework for leveraging physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to predict CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential in the pediatric population using solithromycin as a case study."	( Leveraging Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Experimental Data to Guide Dosing Modification of CYP3A-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions in the Pediatric Population. Carreño, FO; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Edginton, AN; Gonzalez, D; Salerno, SN, 2021)	0.62
" (2) The effect of KI of the DDR (ATMi: AZD0156; ATRi: VE-822, dual DNA-PKi/mTORi: CC-115) in combination with IR on HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC and healthy skin cells was analyzed."	( Kinase Inhibitors of DNA-PK, ATM and ATR in Combination with Ionizing Radiation Can Increase Tumor Cell Death in HNSCC Cells While Sparing Normal Tissue Cells. Bürkel, F; Distel, LV; Faulhaber, EM; Fietkau, R; Hecht, M; Jost, T; Scheper, J; Symank, J, 2021)	0.62
" These findings demonstrate that in-hospital anidulafungin offers unclear benefit for early IC prevention when used in combination with triazole prophylaxis."	( Perioperative anidulafungin combined with triazole prophylaxis for the prevention of early invasive candidiasis in lung transplant recipients. Abidi, MZ; Crowther, B; Gleason, T; Gray, A; Grazia, TJ; Porter, K; Sartain, E; Schoeppler, K; Smith, JB; Steele, M, 2021)	0.62
"To observe the therapeutic effect of horizontal penetration needling combined with rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets, simple horizontal penetration needling and simple rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets for migraine without aura in acute stage."	( [Clinical observation on horizontal penetration needling combined with rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets for migraine without aura in acute stage]. Fan, GQ; Hou, T; Kou, RZ; Lin, Q; Tao, LM; Wang, L; Yang, F; Yu, XL, 2021)	0.62
" In the acupuncture plus medication group, treatment of acupuncture combined with rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets were given, the application was the same as the acupuncture group and the western medication group."	( [Clinical observation on horizontal penetration needling combined with rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets for migraine without aura in acute stage]. Fan, GQ; Hou, T; Kou, RZ; Lin, Q; Tao, LM; Wang, L; Yang, F; Yu, XL, 2021)	0.62
"Horizontal penetration needling combined with rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets have significant therapeutic effect on rapid analgesia and continuous analgesia for migraine without aura in acute stage, its effect is superior to simple horizontal penetration needling and simple rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets."	( [Clinical observation on horizontal penetration needling combined with rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets for migraine without aura in acute stage]. Fan, GQ; Hou, T; Kou, RZ; Lin, Q; Tao, LM; Wang, L; Yang, F; Yu, XL, 2021)	0.62
"The RP2D of selinexor was 60 mg QW in combination with CT."	( Selinexor in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors: Results of a single-center, multi-arm phase Ib study. Carter, BW; Colen, R; Fu, S; Gong, J; Hong, DS; Janku, F; Karp, DD; McQuinn, L; Meric-Bernstam, F; Milton, DR; Naing, A; Piha-Paul, SA; Shah, J; Stephen, BA; Sulovic, S; Thein, KZ; Tsimberidou, A; Yap, TA, 2022)	0.72
" We found in this study that a novel PKC activator, 10-Methyl-aplog-1 (10MA-1), combined with an inhibitor of bromodomain and extra-terminal domain motifs, JQ1, strongly and synergistically reactivated latently infected HIV."	( The Novel PKC Activator 10-Methyl-Aplog-1 Combined with JQ1 Induced Strong and Synergistic HIV Reactivation with Tolerable Global T Cell Activation. Akari, H; Irie, K; Kikumori, M; Murata, M; Seki, Y; Tan, W; Tang, Y; Wardani, NP; Washizaki, A, 2021)	0.62
" The XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330 has also exhibited promising efficacy in combination with other novel drugs in treating relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM)."	( Anti-tumor activity of the pan-RAF inhibitor TAK-580 in combination with KPT-330 (selinexor) in multiple myeloma. Ando, K; Kawada, H; Kitamura, Y; Ogawa, Y; Ogiya, D; Suzuki, R, 2022)	0.72
" However, most of these new drugs undergo extensive hepatic metabolism and exhibit moderate to severe drug-drug interactions with triazole antifungal agents, which are essential for the prophylaxis and long-term treatment of invasive fungal infections."	( Management of drug-drug interactions of targeted therapies for haematological malignancies and triazole antifungal drugs. Blijlevens, NMA; Boerrigter, E; Brüggemann, RJ; Lewis, RE; Stanzani, M; Verheggen, R; Verweij, PE, 2022)	0.72
"Filgotinib once daily combined with MTX was effective and generally safe and well tolerated up to Week 24 in Japanese patients with RA and inadequate response to MTX."	( Efficacy and safety of filgotinib in combination with methotrexate in Japanese patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who have an inadequate response to methotrexate: Subpopulation analyses of 24-week data of a global phase 3 study (FINCH 1). Amano, K; Atsumi, T; Bae, SC; Bartok, B; Combe, BG; Guo, Y; Ishiguro, N; Keystone, EC; Kivitz, AJ; Kondo, A; Matsubara, T; Matzkies, F; Nash, P; Pechonkina, A; Sugiyama, E; Sundy, JS; Takeuchi, T; Tanaka, Y; Tasset, C; Yamaoka, K; Ye, L, 2022)	0.72
" Hence, their metabolic stability and potential involvement in relevant drug-drug interactions (DDI) are of great clinical interest, being HepaRG cells herein used as an in vitro human model."	( Study of the metabolic stability profiles of perampanel, rufinamide and stiripentol and prediction of drug interactions using HepaRG cells as an in vitro human model. Alves, G; Falcão, A; Fortuna, A; Meirinho, S; Rodrigues, M, 2022)	0.72
" This study provides RiBi-based markers relevant for a better selection of patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma by predicting the response of endocrine therapy combined with mTOR inhibitor."	( Ribosome biogenesis-based predictive biomarkers in endocrine therapy (Anastrozole) combined with mTOR inhibitor (Vistusertib) in endometrial cancer: translational study from the VICTORIA trial in collaboration with the GINECO group. Abadie-Lacourtoisie, S; Bazan, F; Chabaud, S; Colombe-Vermorel, A; Coquan, E; Dalban, C; Diaz, JJ; Fabbro, M; Frenel, JS; Garin, G; Heudel, PE; Marcel, V; Martinez, S; Mourksi, NE; Odeyer, L; Pérol, D; Ray-Coquard, I; Simioni, V; Tabone-Eglinger, S; Treilleux, I, 2023)	0.91
"Management of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) for ensitrelvir, a novel 3-chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial."	( Evaluation of the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Ensitrelvir Fumaric Acid with Cytochrome P450 3A Substrates in Healthy Japanese Adults. Fukuhara, T; Kubota, R; Kuwata, A; Matsuo, Y; Matsuzaki, T; Shimizu, R; Sonoyama, T, 2023)	0.91
" Either dexamethasone, prednisolone, or midazolam was administered alone (Day - 2) or in combination with ensitrelvir (Day 5) in each of the cohorts."	( Evaluation of the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Ensitrelvir Fumaric Acid with Cytochrome P450 3A Substrates in Healthy Japanese Adults. Fukuhara, T; Kubota, R; Kuwata, A; Matsuo, Y; Matsuzaki, T; Shimizu, R; Sonoyama, T, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"h/ml), suggesting the potential for reduced bioavailability at higher dosages."	( Pharmacokinetics of SCH-39304 in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients following chronic oral dosing. Graybill, JR; Hardin, TC; Lam, YF; Rinaldi, MG; Sharkey, PK; Wallace, JE, 1992)	0.28
" Fluconazole is well absorbed following oral administration and shows bioavailability almost comparable to that attained in intravenous administration."	( [Experience of fluconazole in pediatric patients]. Arai, S; Iguchi, K; Kamiya, H; Sakurai, M, 1989)	0.28
" Thus, the presence of 191DG improved the bioavailability of active metabolites after 450191-S administration."	( Biopharmaceutical characterization of 450191-S, a ring-opened derivative of 1,4-benzodiazepine. II. Evidence for reduced first-pass extraction by rat liver. Futaguchi, S; Koike, M; Sugeno, K; Takahashi, S, )	0.13
" Comparative data following oral and intravenous administration showed that bioavailability was essentially complete in all four species."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of UK-49,858, a metabolically stable triazole antifungal drug, in animals and humans. Humphrey, MJ; Jevons, S; Tarbit, MH, 1985)	0.27
" One day after challenge, oral treatment with BAY n7133, ketoconazole, or a placebo control was begun BAY n7133 was well absorbed after oral administration and penetrated all tissues evaluated."	( Treatment of experimental murine aspergillosis with BAY n7133. Drutz, DJ; Graybill, JR; Kaster, SR, 1983)	0.27
" The absolute bioavailability of oral vibunazole in the dog was estimated to be about 70%."	( Pharmacokinetics of the oral triazole antimycotic vibunazole in animals. Plempel, M; Ritter, W, 1984)	0.27
" The oral and intravenous administrations of genaconazole yielded virtually superimposable plasma concentration-time curves, resulting in an absolute bioavailability of 100%."	( Pharmacokinetics of the triazole antifungal agent genaconazole in healthy men after oral and intravenous administration. Affrime, MB; Cayen, MN; Lin, CC; Mojaverian, P; Radwanski, E, 1994)	0.29
" Vorozole has excellent oral bioavailability and exerts linear, dose-proportional pharmacokinetics."	( Vorozole, a specific non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor. De Coster, R; Snoeck, E; Wouters, W, 1994)	0.29
" The objective of this work was to identify potent and selective 5-HT1D receptor agonists with high oral bioavailability and low central nervous system penetration."	( Synthesis and serotonergic activity of N,N-dimethyl-2-[5-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]ethylamine and analogues: potent agonists for 5-HT1D receptors. Baker, R; Beer, MS; Davey, WB; Guiblin, AR; Jelley, RA; Reeve, AJ; Routledge, H; Sternfeld, F; Street, LJ; Watt, AP, 1995)	0.29
" Mean (SD) absolute bioavailability of NEF after po administration was calculated to be 14."	( Pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and disposition of [14C]nefazodone in the dog. Barbhaiya, RH; Marathe, PH; Pittman, KA; Shukla, UA, )	0.13
" The superiority of the GI physiology regulated-dogs over the intact dogs was confirmed by comparative bioavailability studies using two classes of preparations of poorly water-soluble 4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-[2-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl]-6,9-dimethyl-6H- thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine (Y-24180)."	( Gastrointestinal physiology-regulated dogs: utilization of a bioavailability study of a new thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]-diazepine, an antagonist of platelet-activating factor, and its preparations. Kawazoe, Y; Mizuta, H; Sagara, K; Shibata, M; Yamada, I, 1994)	0.29
" Although 71 was active orally only at a 10-fold higher dose level, good oral bioavailability was demonstrated for a monoacidic analogue 62."	( Nonpeptide angiotensin II antagonists derived from 4H-1,2,4-triazoles and 3H-imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazoles. Ashton, WT; Cantone, CL; Chang, LL; Chang, RS; Chen, TB; Faust, KA; Hutchins, SM; Lotti, VJ; MacCoss, M; Strelitz, RA, 1993)	0.53
"The bioavailability of NEF, based on AUC(INF), from proximal and distal regions relative to that from oral administration was 97% and 106%, respectively."	( Absorption and presystemic metabolism of nefazodone administered at different regions in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. Barbhaiya, RH; Brennan, J; Greene, DS; Marathe, PH; Salazar, DE; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
" Bioavailability of tablets relative to suspension and intra- and inter-subject variability were assessed by statistical analysis."	( Intra- and inter-subject variabilities of CGP 33101 after replicate single oral doses of two 200-mg tablets and 400-mg suspension. Chan, K; Cheung, WK; Cook, T; John, V; Kianifard, F; Mathieu, J; Redalieu, E; Wong, A, 1995)	0.29
" The mean (SD) apparent absolute oral bioavailability of NEF was 15(7)%, 18(7)%, and 23(7)% at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and disposition of [14C]nefazodone in humans. Barbhaiya, RH; Dandekar, KA; Greene, DS, 1996)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated reduced bioavailability (58% reduction) compared with the PEG-400 liquid formulation previously reported."	( Phase I trial of micronized formulation carboxyamidotriazole in patients with refractory solid tumors: pharmacokinetics, clinical outcome, and comparison of formulations. Bauer, KS; Davis, PA; Figg, WD; Kohn, EC; Liotta, LA; Reed, E; Sarosy, GA; Soltis, MJ; Thompkins, A, 1997)	0.3
" Nefazodone undergoes significant first-pass metabolism resulting in an oral bioavailability of approximately 20%."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of nefazodone. Barbhaiya, RH; Greene, DS, 1997)	0.3
" Bioavailability studies have demonstrated almost complete absorption of anastrozole after oral administration."	( Anastrozole: a selective aromatase inhibitor for the treatment of breast cancer. alKhouri, N; Higa, GM, 1998)	0.3
" The failure of a receptor blocker of leukotrienes to moderate disease expression suggests either a less important role for these chemicals in AOM or an insufficient bioavailability of the specific MK 571 inhibitor."	( Expression of acute otitis media after receptor blockade of platelet activating factor, thromboxane, and leukotrienes in the chinchilla. Alper, CM; Burckart, GJ; Diven, WF; Doyle, WJ; Evans, RW; Jaffe, R, 1998)	0.3
" The bioavailability of TAK-603 was 53% and 42% in rats and dogs, respectively."	( Disposition of the new antirheumatic agent ethyl 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)- 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)quinoline-3-carboxylate (TAK-603) in rats and dogs. Kiyota, Y; Motohashi, M; Tagawa, Y; Tanayama, S; Yoshimura, Y, 1998)	0.3
" The overall bioavailability (F ) of rizatriptan was approximately 40% in males."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of oral rizatriptan in healthy male and female volunteers. Conroy, JA; De Smet, M; Keymeulen, B; Lee, Y; McLoughlin, DA; Mendel, CM; Olah, TV; Rogers, JD; Somers, G; Stepanavage, ME, 1999)	0.3
" This model estimates independent absorption rate constants and relative fraction absorbed for each condition."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of carboxyamido-triazole with respect to food and time of administration: use of a single model for simultaneous determination of changing parameters. Bauer, KS; Davis, P; Figg, WD; Kohler, D; Kohn, EC; Lush, RM; Reed, E; Steinberg, SM, 1998)	0.3
" L-772,405 also shows very good selectivity over a range of other serotonin and nonserotonin receptors and has excellent bioavailability following subcutaneous administration in rats."	( 3-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]indoles as highly selective h5-HT(1D) receptor agonists. Beer, MS; Broughton, HB; Castro, JL; Hitzel, L; Matassa, VG; Pengilley, RR; Russell, MG; Sohal, B; Stanton, JA; van Niel, MB; Watt, AP, 1999)	0.3
" The absorption of rizatriptan was approximately 90%, but it experienced a moderate first-pass effect, resulting in a bioavailability estimate of 47%."	( Disposition and pharmacokinetics of the antimigraine drug, rizatriptan, in humans. Chavez-Eng, C; Cheng, H; Ellis, JD; Geer, LA; Guiblin, AR; Halpin, RA; Liu, L; Matuszewski, BK; Rogers, JD; Varga, SL; Vyas, KP, 2000)	0.31
" SCH 56592 was orally bioavailable in all species."	( Pharmacokinetics of SCH 56592, a new azole broad-spectrum antifungal agent, in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys. Cacciapuoti, A; Cayen, MN; Gupta, S; Hare, R; Hilbert, MJ; Kumari, P; Lin, CC; Loebenberg, D; Miller, GH; Nomeir, AA, 2000)	0.31
"34 microg/ml, respectively, in BALB/c mice after administration of an oral dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight, with bioavailability being greater than 45% in all mice."	( Interspecies comparison of pharmacokinetics of the novel triazole antifungal agent SYN-2869 and its derivatives. Bu, HZ; Daneshtalab, M; Khan, JK; Micetich, RG; Montaseri, H; Poglod, M; Salama, SM; Zuo, Z, 2000)	0.31
"The choice of treatment for elderly breast cancer patients needs particular care because the presence of physiological functional impairments can modify the drug bioavailability in an unpredictable manner."	( Steroidal aromatase inhibitors in elderly patients. Bajetta, E; Bichisao, E; Pozzi, P; Toffolatti, L; Zilembo, N, 2000)	0.31
"36 mg/kg) and is 25% orally bioavailable in the dog."	( Human beta3-adrenergic receptor agonists containing 1,2,3-triazole-substituted benzenesulfonamides. Brockunier, LL; Candelore, MR; Cascieri, MA; Colwell, LF; Deng, L; Feeney, WP; Fisher, MH; Forrest, MJ; Hom, GJ; MacIntyre, DE; Ok, HO; Parmee, ER; Tota, L; Weber, AE; Wyvratt, MJ, 2000)	0.31
" In early clinical trials, rizatriptan was shown to have good bioavailability and favorable effects on quality of life."	( Rizatriptan versus usual care in long-term treatment of migraine. Silberstein, SD, 2000)	0.31
"We have incorporated several inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis into long-circulating polyethyleneglycol-polylactide (PEG-PLA) nanospheres in order to improve the bioavailability of these poorly soluble compounds."	( Cure of experimental Chagas' disease by the bis-triazole DO870 incorporated into 'stealth' polyethyleneglycol-polylactide nanospheres. Brener, Z; Gref, R; Molina, J; Urbina, J, 2001)	0.31
"Rizatriptan is a potent, oral, 5-HT1B/1D agonist with more rapid absorption and higher bioavailability than oral sumatriptan."	( Oral rizatriptan versus oral sumatriptan: a direct comparative study in the acute treatment of migraine. Rizatriptan 030 Study Group. Block, GA; Giacovazzo, M; Malbecq, W; Paz, J; Reines, SA; Rodriguez, F; Teall, J; Tfelt-Hansen, P; Visser, WH, )	0.13
" However, NFZ is an inhibitor of P-gp activity at clinically relevant in vivo concentrations and may have the potential to increase bioavailability of coadministered compounds that are substrates for transport."	( P-glycoprotein interactions of nefazodone and trazodone in cell culture. Greenblatt, DJ; Perloff, MD; Störmer, E; von Moltke, LL, 2001)	0.31
"The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 3beta-hydroxy-17-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (VN/87-1) in normal male mice and in SCID mice bearing human LNCaP tumor xenografts."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of 3beta-hydroxy-17-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (VN/87-1), a potent androgen synthesis inhibitor, in mice. Brodie, AA; Njar, VC; Nnane, IP, 2001)	0.31
" Bioavailability of the micronized formulation relative to a gelatin capsule (gelcap) formulation was assessed."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of a micronized formulation of carboxyamidotriazole, a calcium signal transduction inhibitor: toxicity, bioavailability and the effect of food. Alberti, D; Arzoomanian, RZ; Berlin, J; Binger, K; Dresen, A; Feierabend, C; Marnocha, R; Pluda, J; Tutsch, KD; Wilding, G, 2002)	0.31
" The bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profiles of the two enantiomers after oral administration of the racemate (genaconazole) were very similar in cynomolgus monkeys."	( Pharmacokinetics of the active antifungal enantiomer, SCH 42427 (RR), and evaluation of its chiral inversion in animals following its oral administration and the oral administration of its racemate genaconazole (RR/SS). Kim, H; Lin, CC; Lovey, R; Nomeir, AA; Radwanski, E, 2002)	0.31
" KP-103 proved to be highly effective in achieving mycological cure and preventing relapse against tinea pedis presumably because of its good bioavailability in the skin based on its low keratin-affinity, along with its potent antifungal activity."	( In vivo fungicidal effect of KP-103 in a guinea pig model of interdigital tinea pedis determined by using a new method for removing the antimycotic carryover effect. Arika, T; Tatsumi, Y; Yamaguchi, H; Yokoo, M, 2002)	0.31
"5 h) and rizatriptan has greater bioavailability than sumatriptan (45% versus 15%)."	( Rizatriptan: pharmacological differences from sumatriptan and clinical results. Lines, CR; McCarroll, KA; Visser, WH, 2001)	0.31
" Triazole 14e combined excellent potency with good oral bioavailability in the rat."	( The development of new triazole based inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. Clark, MP; De, B; Hsieh, LC; Janusz, MJ; Natchus, MG; Tullis, JS; VanRens, JC, 2003)	0.32
"A Hit-to-Lead optimisation programme was carried out on the high throughput screening hit, the triazolethiol 1, resulting in the discovery of the potent, orally bioavailable triazolethiol CXCR2 receptor antagonist 45."	( Hit-to-lead studies: the discovery of potent, orally bioavailable triazolethiol CXCR2 receptor antagonists. Baxter, A; Bennion, C; Bent, J; Boden, K; Brough, S; Cooper, A; Kinchin, E; Kindon, N; McInally, T; Mortimore, M; Roberts, B; Unitt, J, 2003)	0.32
" ZD4190 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of VEGF receptor-2 (KDR) tyrosine kinase activity, which elicits broad-spectrum antitumour activity in preclinical models following chronic once-daily dosing."	( Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of vascular changes induced by the VEGF-signalling inhibitor ZD4190 in human tumour xenografts. Checkley, D; Curry, B; Dukes, M; Kendrew, J; Middleton, B; Tessier, JJ; Waterton, JC; Wedge, SR, 2003)	0.32
"The bioavailability of twice-daily 200 mg voriconazole is reduced by approximately 22% as measured by AUCtau after multiple dosing when taken with food, compared with fasting."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of multiple-dose oral voriconazole. Greenhalgh, K; Kleinermans, D; Nichols, D; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
" Because of its broad spectrum of coverage, low MIC(90) levels for the organisms of concern, good tolerability, and excellent bioavailability with oral administration, it may represent a major advance in the prophylaxis or management of exogenous or endogenous fungal endophthalmitis."	( Determination of vitreous, aqueous, and plasma concentration of orally administered voriconazole in humans. Chi, J; Gao, H; Hariprasad, SM; Holz, ER; Kim, JE; Mieler, WF; Prince, RA, 2004)	0.32
"This randomized, crossover, single-dose study evaluated the relative oral bioavailability of posaconazole suspension and coprecipitate tablet formulations."	( Effect of food on the relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of posaconazole in healthy adults. Courtney, R; Laughlin, M; Lim, J; Radwanski, E; Wexler, D, 2004)	0.32
"The posaconazole suspension showed a significant increase in bioavailability compared with the tablet (increase in AUC(0,72 h) = 137% (90% confidence interval (CI) 119%, 156% and Cmax = 123% (90% CI 104%, 146%)."	( Effect of food on the relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of posaconazole in healthy adults. Courtney, R; Laughlin, M; Lim, J; Radwanski, E; Wexler, D, 2004)	0.32
"The suspension formulation of posaconazole was associated with enhanced systemic exposure and increased relative bioavailability compared with the tablet."	( Effect of food on the relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of posaconazole in healthy adults. Courtney, R; Laughlin, M; Lim, J; Radwanski, E; Wexler, D, 2004)	0.32
" Antacid coadministration had no statistically significant effects on posaconazole bioavailability under fasting or nonfasting conditions."	( Pharmacokinetics of posaconazole coadministered with antacid in fasting or nonfasting healthy men. Courtney, R; Laughlin, M; Lim, J; Radwanski, E, 2004)	0.32
" These advantages may reflect its improved pharmacological profile over sumatriptan in terms of higher oral bioavailability and a shorter time to maximum concentration."	( A review of rizatriptan, a quick and consistent 5-HT1B/1D agonist for the acute treatment of migraine. Pascual, J, 2004)	0.32
" Compound 62 is currently one of the most binding selective GABA-A alpha 3-benzodiazepine-site partial agonists known, and although its selectivity is limited, its good pharmacokinetic profile in the rat (33% oral bioavailability after a 3 mg/kg dose, reaching a peak plasma concentration of 179 ng/mL; half-life of 1 h) made it a useful pharmacological tool to explore the effect of a GABA-A alpha 2/alpha 3 agonist in vivo."	( 3-phenyl-6-(2-pyridyl)methyloxy-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazines and analogues: high-affinity gamma-aminobutyric acid-A benzodiazepine receptor ligands with alpha 2, alpha 3, and alpha 5-subtype binding selectivity over alpha 1. Atack, JR; Carling, RW; Castro, JL; Cook, SM; Dawson, GR; Ferris, P; Isted, C; Leeson, PD; McKernan, RM; Moore, KW; O'Connor, D; Quirk, K; Street, LJ; Thomas, S; Thompson, SA; Wafford, KA; Wild, D, 2004)	0.32
" Voriconazole is available for intravenous administration and shows excellent bioavailability with oral application."	( [Experience with voriconazole in invasive aspergillosis]. Schwartz, S; Thiel, E, 2003)	0.32
" Bioavailability was estimated to be about 45%."	( [Rizatriptan (Maxalt), a new entity of triptan for migraine: pharmacology and therapeutic relevance]. Aijima, H; Ikemoto, F; Natsumeda, Y; Toru, T, 2004)	0.32
" The need for an advanced formulation was tested in the dog by assessing the oral bioavailability of three generic concepts: a tablet (crystalline drug), a capsule (film-coated beads), and an oral solution."	( The use of three different solid dispersion formulations--melt extrusion, film-coated beads, and a glass thermoplastic system--to improve the bioavailability of a novel microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor. Baert, L; Brewster, ME; De Conde, V; Peeters, J; Vandecruys, R; Verreck, G, 2004)	0.32
" Many compounds within this piperazine series of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]triazine have now been shown to have good oral bioavailability in the rat, with some as high as 89% (compound 35)."	( Piperazine derivatives of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine as potent and selective adenosine A2a receptor antagonists. Chen, L; Engber, T; Grant, D; Hetu, G; Huang, C; Jin, X; Kumaravel, G; Peng, B; Petter, RC; Phadke, D; Reilly, J; Smits, G; Tam, S; Vu, CB; Zhang, J, 2004)	0.32
" (2R)-4-Oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine (1) is a potent, orally active DPP-IV inhibitor (IC(50) = 18 nM) with excellent selectivity over other proline-selective peptidases, oral bioavailability in preclinical species, and in vivo efficacy in animal models."	( (2R)-4-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine: a potent, orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Beconi, M; Eiermann, GJ; Fisher, MH; He, H; Hickey, GJ; Kim, D; Kowalchick, JE; Leiting, B; Lyons, K; Marsilio, F; McCann, ME; Patel, RA; Patel, SB; Petrov, A; Roy, RS; Scapin, G; Thornberry, NA; Wang, L; Weber, AE; Wu, JK; Wyvratt, MJ; Zhang, BB; Zhu, L, 2005)	0.33
" The compound was incompletely absorbed in rat (approximately 20-30%) but well absorbed in dog (>70%)."	( Species differences in the disposition of the CCR5 antagonist, UK-427,857, a new potential treatment for HIV. Abel, S; Comby, P; Muirhead, GJ; Nedderman, AN; Smith, DA; Walker, DK, 2005)	0.33
" This study was conducted to compare the bioavailability and resulting serum concentrations of posaconazole 800 mg following administration of three different dose regimens to fasting adults."	( Oral bioavailability of posaconazole in fasted healthy subjects: comparison between three regimens and basis for clinical dosage recommendations. Courtney, R; Ezzet, F; Krishna, G; Laughlin, M; Lim, J; Wexler, D, 2005)	0.33
" A one-compartment oral model with first-order rate of absorption and first-order rate of elimination was fitted to the plasma concentration-time data."	( Oral bioavailability of posaconazole in fasted healthy subjects: comparison between three regimens and basis for clinical dosage recommendations. Courtney, R; Ezzet, F; Krishna, G; Laughlin, M; Lim, J; Wexler, D, 2005)	0.33
" The relative bioavailability of nasal formulation to oral formulation was 96%+/-16%."	( Intranasal absorption of rizatriptan--in vivo pharmacokinetics and bioavailability study in humans. Chen, J; Gao, XL; Jiang, WM; Jiang, XG; Mei, N, 2005)	0.33
"CF101, an A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) agonist, is a small orally bioavailable molecule known to suppress in vitro the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)."	( Antiinflammatory effect of A3 adenosine receptor agonists in murine autoimmune arthritis models. Baharav, E; Bar-Yehuda, S; Fishman, P; Halpren, M; Madi, L; Ochaion, A; Rath-Wolfson, L; Silberman, D; Weinberger, A, 2005)	0.33
"To establish chemical extraction procedures for predicting bioavailability of butachlor and myclobutanil in soil, several solvent systems, including methanol, methanol-water (9:1), methanol-water (1:1), acetone-water (5:3), petroleum ether and water, were assessed for their feasibility in determining extractability of the target compounds from soil samples."	( Bioavailability of butachlor and myclobutanil residues in soil to earthworms. Fang, H; Li, SN; Tan, YJ; Wu, XM; Yu, JQ; Yu, YL, 2005)	0.33
"Carboxyamido-triazole (CAI) is an orally bioavailable calcium influx and signal transduction inhibitor that has been shown to be anti-invasive, anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic in different human tumors including transitional cell carcinoma."	( Carboxyamido-triazole (CAI) reverses the balance between proliferation and apoptosis in a rat bladder cancer model. Demant, AW; Kohn, EC; Müller, SC; Perabo, FG; Schmidt, DH; Sitia, M; Wardelmann, E; Wirger, A, )	0.13
" Reliable oral bioavailability of voriconazole may permit switching to an oral formulation in the inpatient setting and offers the possibility of earlier hospital discharge and potentially substantial cost savings."	( Economic effects of aspergillosis management in high-risk patients. Leather, H, 2005)	0.33
"The bioavailability of a new letrozole (CAS 112809-51-5) preparation was compared with the reference preparation of the drug in 25 healthy volunteers, aged between 18 and 33."	( Comparative bioavailability study of two preparations of letrozole in healthy subjects. Drobnik, L; Dubai, V; Dyderski, S; Grześkowiak, E; Szałek, E; Szkutnik, D, 2005)	0.33
"A study was conducted to determine the adsorption/desorption of butachlor, myclobutanil and chlorpyrifos on five soils using a batch equilibration technique and to study the relationship between bioavailability to Allolobophora caliginosa and the adsorption/desorption of these three pesticides."	( An exploration of the relationship between adsorption and bioavailability of pesticides in soil to earthworm. Fang, H; Li, SN; Wu, XM; Yu, JQ; Yu, YL; Zhan, HY, 2006)	0.33
" The oral bioavailability of CZX was approximately 71% when dosed alone and reached 100% under pre-treatment with ABT."	( Effect of 1-aminobenzotriazole on the in vitro metabolism and single-dose pharmacokinetics of chlorzoxazone, a selective CYP2E1 substrate in Wistar rats. Basha, SJ; Mullangi, R; Muzeeb, S; Pasha, MK; Srinivas, NR, 2005)	0.33
"Sitagliptin was well absorbed (approximately 80% excreted unchanged in the urine) with an apparent terminal half-life ranging from 8 to 14 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Bergman, A; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Musson, D; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Van Dyck, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2005)	0.33
" Based on the exposure data, oral bioavailability of BAL4815 is assumed to be very high."	( Single-ascending-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the novel broad-spectrum antifungal triazole BAL4815 after intravenous infusions (50, 100, and 200 milligrams) and oral administrations (100, 200, and 400 milligrams) of its prodrug, BAL8557, in healthy Beglinger, C; Brown, T; Heep, M; Roehrle, M; Roos, B; Schleimer, M; Schmitt-Hoffmann, A; Weidekamm, E, 2006)	0.33
" Based on AUC values after oral and intravenous administration, an excellent oral bioavailability can be predicted for BAL4815."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the new antifungal triazole BAL4815 after intravenous infusion and oral administration of its prodrug, BAL8557, in healthy volunteers. Brown, T; Heep, M; Maares, J; Roehrle, M; Roos, B; Schmitt-Hoffmann, A; Spickerman, J; Weidekamm, E, 2006)	0.33
" ODTc showed a slightly, but not significantly, faster rate of absorption compared with tablet."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of rizatriptan 10-mg tablet and 10-mg orally disintegrating tablet administered with or without water in healthy subjects: an open-label, randomized, single-dose, 3-period crossover study. Alcorn, H; Hustad, CM; Ramsey, KE; Rodgers, A; Skobieranda, F; Swan, SK; Woll, S, 2006)	0.33
" In healthy male subjects, therefore, TPA023 is well absorbed and is metabolized extensively (t-butyl hydroxylation and N-deethylation > glucuronidation), and the metabolites are excreted in urine and feces."	( Metabolism and disposition of a potent and selective GABA-Aalpha2/3 receptor agonist in healthy male volunteers. Agrawal, NG; Arison, BH; Cui, D; Goel, TV; Lasseter, KC; Murphy, MG; Polsky-Fisher, SL; Rodrigues, AD; Simpson, RC; Subramanian, R; Vega, JM; Vessey, LK; Vickers, S, 2006)	0.33
" The bioavailability of oral midazolam was increased from 31% to 84% (P < ."	( Effect of voriconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and oral midazolam. Laine, K; Leino, K; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Saari, TI; Valtonen, M, 2006)	0.33
"The transport of 10 amino acid ester prodrugs of levovirin (LVV) was investigated in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line in order to overcome the poor oral bioavailability of LVV, an investigational drug for the treatment of hepatitis C infection."	( Transport of levovirin prodrugs in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. Alfredson, T; Chan, R; Dvorak, C; Harris, J; Hendricks, T; Hong, L; Li, F; Mau, CI; Yee, C, 2006)	0.33
" RAD001 (everolimus) is a potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the mTOR pathway."	( Future directions in the treatment of hormone-sensitive advanced breast cancer: the RAD001 (Everolimus)-letrozole clinical program. Lane, HA; Lebwohl, D, 2006)	0.33
"Voriconazole was adequately absorbed after oral administration in horses, with a systemic bioavailability of 135."	( Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral and intravenous administration to horses. Davis, JL; Papich, MG; Salmon, JH, 2006)	0.33
"3 nM) with excellent selectivity, oral bioavailability in preclinical species, and in vivo efficacy in animal models."	( (2S,3S)-3-Amino-4-(3,3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-4-oxo-2-(4-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]-pyridin-6-ylphenyl)butanamide: a selective alpha-amino amide dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Beconi, M; Di Salvo, J; Edmondson, SD; Eiermann, GJ; Harper, B; He, H; He, J; Leiting, B; Leone, JF; Levorse, DA; Lyons, K; Mastracchio, A; Mathvink, RJ; Park, YJ; Patel, RA; Patel, SB; Petrov, A; Roy, RS; Scapin, G; Shang, J; Smith, A; Thornberry, NA; Weber, AE; Wu, JK; Xu, S; Zhu, B, 2006)	0.33
" Voriconazole is rapidly absorbed within 2 hours after oral administration and the oral bioavailability is over 90%, thus allowing switching between oral and intravenous formulations when clinically appropriate."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of voriconazole. Derendorf, H; Ihle, F; Theuretzbacher, U, 2006)	0.33
"The concurrent administration of tamoxifen and bicalutamide reduces the synthesis and bioavailability of IGF-1."	( Influence of bicalutamide with or without tamoxifen or anastrozole on insulin-like growth factor 1 and binding proteins in prostate cancer patients. Battaglia, M; Bertaccini, A; Boccardo, F; Conti, G; Romagnoli, A; Rubagotti, A; Zattoni, F, )	0.13
" Co-administration of letrozole and TAM orally increased the absorption half-life of letrozole threefold although the absolute bioavailability remained unchanged."	( The effect of tamoxifen on the pharmacokinetics of letrozole in female rats. Brodie, AM; Nnane, IP; Tao, X, 2006)	0.33
" Oral bioavailability was especially low in patients with cytostatic therapy and/or bone marrow transplantation."	( HPLC analysis of the antifungal agent posaconazole in patients with haematological diseases. Arndt, M; Cornely, OA; Müller, C; Queckenberg, C; Theisohn, M, 2006)	0.33
" ABCG2 is likely to limit the bioavailability of JNJ-7706621 because oral administration of JNJ-7706621 to Bcrp (the murine homologue of ABCG2) knockout mice resulted in an increase in the plasma concentration of JNJ-7706621 compared with wild-type mice."	( Role of the ABCG2 drug transporter in the resistance and oral bioavailability of a potent cyclin-dependent kinase/Aurora kinase inhibitor. Ambudkar, SV; Borowski, V; Butler, J; Calcagno, AM; Emanuel, S; Greenberger, LM; Middleton, SA; Rugg, CA; Seamon, JA, 2006)	0.33
" Optimization of the high-throughput screening lead 6 led to the discovery of 25 (ABT-341), a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable DPP4 inhibitor."	( Discovery of ((4R,5S)-5-amino-4-(2,4,5- trifluorophenyl)cyclohex-1-enyl)-(3- (trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl)methanone (ABT-341), a highly potent, selective, orally efficacious, and safe dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibi Backes, BJ; Ballaron, SJ; Beno, DW; Fryer, RM; Judd, AS; Kempf-Grote, AJ; Li, X; Longenecker, K; Lubben, TH; Madar, DJ; Mika, AK; Mulhern, M; Pei, Z; Preusser, LC; Reinhart, GA; Sham, HL; Stashko, MA; Stewart, KD; Trevillyan, JM; von Geldern, TW; Yong, H; Zinker, BA, 2006)	0.33
"Posaconazole is an orally bioavailable triazole antifungal agent for the treatment and prophylaxis of invasive fungal infection."	( Posaconazole plasma concentrations in juvenile patients with invasive fungal infection. Kantesaria, B; Krishna, G; Martinho, M; Pedicone, L; Sansone-Parsons, A, 2007)	0.34
" The absolute oral bioavailability was high, and the pharmacokinetics were fairly dose-proportional."	( Disposition of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor sitagliptin in rats and dogs. Beconi, MG; Ciccotto, S; Elmore, CS; Hora, DF; Kochansky, CJ; Liu, DQ; Reed, JR; Stearns, RA; Teffera, Y; Vincent, SH; Xia, YQ; Xu, S, 2007)	0.34
" Substitution at the 3-position of the 5,6-dihydro-(9H)-pyrazolo[3,4-c]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-alpha]pyridine tricycle led to a 2-thienyl analog, 19 (tofimilast), a potent PDE4 inhibitor with low oral bioavailability and no emesis-associated behaviors in ferrets at plasma concentrations up to 152 ng/mL."	( SAR of a series of 5,6-dihydro-(9H)-pyrazolo[3,4-c]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-alpha]pyridines as potent inhibitors of human eosinophil phosphodiesterase. Bachert, EL; Cheng, JB; Cohan, VL; Duplantier, AJ; Jenkinson, TH; Kraus, KG; McKechney, MW; Pillar, JD; Watson, JW, 2007)	0.34
"0mg/kg) to the rats, the absolute bioavailability was found to be 91."	( Uptake and biodistribution of rizatriptan to blood and brain following different routes of administration in rats. Guo, Y; Liao, YH; Liu, CY; Quan, LH; Wang, C, 2007)	0.34
"The purpose of this study was to determine the absolute bioavailability of sitagliptin, an orally active, potent and highly selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor recently approved in the United States for the treatment of type 2 diabetes."	( Absolute bioavailability of sitagliptin, an oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. Bergman, A; Chen, L; Dilzer, S; Ebel, D; Herman, G; Krishna, R; Lasseter, K; Liu, F; Stone, J; Wagner, J; Wang, A; Zeng, W, 2007)	0.34
"4 h in female) and increased absolute oral bioavailability (46 +/- 2 vs 38 +/- 3 in male, 101 +/- 3 vs 95 +/- 2 in female)."	( Pharmacokinetics of letrozole in male and female rats: influence of complexation with hydroxybutenyl-beta cyclodextrin. Buchanan, CM; Buchanan, NL; Edgar, KJ; Hanley, GA; Ramsey, MG; Rice, PJ; Skotty, JS; Wempe, MF, 2007)	0.34
" Food consumption affects the bioavailability of posaconazole, while the exposure to posaconazole increases in a dose-proportional manner with a saturation of absorption occurring with a daily dose over 800 mg."	( Posaconazole: a next-generation triazole antifungal. Cornely, OA; Farowski, F; Vehreschild, JJ, 2007)	0.34
"Lonafarnib is an orally bioavailable farnesyltransferase inhibitor."	( Enhancement of the antitumor activity of tamoxifen and anastrozole by the farnesyltransferase inhibitor lonafarnib (SCH66336). Basso, AD; Black, S; Kirschmeier, P; Liu, G; Liu, M; Long, BJ; Marrinan, CH; Robert Bishop, W; Taylor, SA, 2007)	0.34
" In particular, the pyrazolyl derivative 35 showed good oral bioavailability and brain penetration associated with high potency and selectivity in vitro."	( 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl-thiopropyl-tetrahydrobenzazepines: a series of potent and selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists. Andreoli, M; Ashby, CR; Bifone, A; Blaney, FE; Bonanomi, G; Braggio, S; Capelli, AM; Checchia, A; Curcuruto, O; Damiani, F; Donati, D; Fabio, RD; Gentile, G; Gozzi, A; Gribble, A; Griffante, C; Hagan, JJ; Hamprecht, D; Heidbreder, C; Lacroix, L; Lightfoot, A; Macdonald, G; Micheli, F; Mugnaini, M; Pecoraro, M; Perini, O; Petrone, M; Pilla, M; Piner, J; Rossi, T; Schwarz, A; Scott, C; Smith, A; Stemp, G; Tarsi, L; Tedesco, G; Terreni, S; Valerio, E; Wood, M; Worby, A, 2007)	0.34
" In this study, we show that carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), an orally bioavailable calcium influx and signal transduction inhibitor, is equally effective in inhibiting the proliferation and bcr-abl dependent- and independent-signaling pathways in imatinib-resistant CML cells."	( Effects of carboxyamidotriazole on in vitro models of imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia. Alessandro, R; Colomba, P; Corrado, C; De Leo, G; Flugy, AM; Fontana, S; Giordano, M; Kohn, EC; Santoro, A, 2008)	0.35
" This was followed by a pharmacokinetic study to assess the relative bioavailability of deferasirox tablets dispersed in two types of soft drinks, dispersed in water, and without dispersion."	( Relative bioavailability of deferasirox tablets administered without dispersion and dispersed in various drinks. Balez, S; Brun, E; Dumortier, T; Dutreix, C; Morisson, S; Pommier, F; Séchaud, R, 2008)	0.35
" Therefore, the oral bioavailability of deferasirox tablets was not affected neither by the degree of dispersion nor by the type of drink (orange or apple juice versus water) used for dispersion."	( Relative bioavailability of deferasirox tablets administered without dispersion and dispersed in various drinks. Balez, S; Brun, E; Dumortier, T; Dutreix, C; Morisson, S; Pommier, F; Séchaud, R, 2008)	0.35
"This study shows that deferasirox bioavailability is unaltered when dispersed with orange or apple juice compared with dispersion in water."	( Relative bioavailability of deferasirox tablets administered without dispersion and dispersed in various drinks. Balez, S; Brun, E; Dumortier, T; Dutreix, C; Morisson, S; Pommier, F; Séchaud, R, 2008)	0.35
" The bioavailability of deferasirox was determined following a single oral dose (20 mg/kg) under fed and fasted conditions in patients."	( Effect of food, type of food, and time of food intake on deferasirox bioavailability: recommendations for an optimal deferasirox administration regimen. Alberti, D; Balez, S; Belleli, R; Cappellini, MD; Dutreix, C; Ford, JM; Forni, GL; Galanello, R; Origa, R; Piga, A; Rivière, GJ; Séchaud, R; Zappu, A, 2008)	0.35
") maraviroc and determine the absolute bioavailability of oral maraviroc."	( Assessment of the absorption, metabolism and absolute bioavailability of maraviroc in healthy male subjects. Abel, S; Nedderman, AN; Ridgway, CE; Russell, D; Walker, DK; Whitlock, LA, 2008)	0.35
" The absolute bioavailability of 100 mg oral maraviroc is 23%."	( Assessment of the absorption, metabolism and absolute bioavailability of maraviroc in healthy male subjects. Abel, S; Nedderman, AN; Ridgway, CE; Russell, D; Walker, DK; Whitlock, LA, 2008)	0.35
"A two-compartment model parameterized to separate out absorption and clearance components on bioavailability was used."	( A population pharmacokinetic meta-analysis of maraviroc in healthy volunteers and asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects. Chan, PL; McFadyen, L; Weatherley, B, 2008)	0.35
"For the typical non-Asian subject, fasted bioavailability increased asymptotically with dose from 24% at 100 mg to 33% at 600 mg."	( A population pharmacokinetic meta-analysis of maraviroc in healthy volunteers and asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects. Chan, PL; McFadyen, L; Weatherley, B, 2008)	0.35
" The use of itraconazole is historically plagued by erratic bioavailability of the oral capsule, improved with the oral solution."	( Update on azole antifungals. Bennett, JE; Zonios, DI, 2008)	0.35
" When taken with food, rufinamide is relatively well absorbed in the lower dose range, with approximately dose-proportional plasma concentrations up to 1,600 mg/day, but less than dose-proportional plasma concentrations at higher doses due to reduced oral bioavailability."	( Rufinamide: clinical pharmacokinetics and concentration-response relationships in patients with epilepsy. Cloyd, J; Critchley, D; Fuseau, E; Perucca, E, 2008)	0.35
" The current study evaluated the absolute bioavailability of a single 375-mg oral dose of deferasirox administered in the form of tablets compared with a 130-mg intravenous infusion of deferasirox."	( Absolute oral bioavailability and disposition of deferasirox in healthy human subjects. Balez, S; Belleli, R; Robeva, A; Séchaud, R, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that inhibitor 7e has good bioavailability in rats."	( Discovery of triazolinone non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase. Acharya, S; Briggs, A; Dunn, JP; Elworthy, TR; Fretland, J; Giannetti, AM; Hang, JQ; Heilek, G; Kaiser, AC; Klumpp, K; Li, Y; Martin, M; Saito, YD; Smith, M; Suh, JM; Swallow, S; Sweeney, ZK; Wu, J; Zhou, AS, 2008)	0.35
" Several analogues displayed oral bioavailability in vivo in the rat."	( Design and optimization of potent, selective antagonists of Oxytocin. Brown, A; Brown, L; Ellis, D; Puhalo, N; Smith, CR; Wallace, O; Watson, L, 2008)	0.35
" bioavailability was 26% at the 10 mg/kg dose and showed an overproportional increase at the 100 mg/kg dose, probably because of saturation of elimination processes."	( Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of deferasirox and its iron complex in rats. Boernsen, KO; Bruin, GJ; Faller, T; Nick, H; Schneider, J; Schweitzer, A; Waldmeier, F; Wiegand, H, 2008)	0.35
" The main aim of our investigations was to identify molecular determinants that have an effect on bioavailability of studied compounds."	( The structure-bioavailability approach in antifungal agents. Grudzień, M; Król, A; Mazurek, AP; Paterek, G; Pluciński, F; Stepień, K, 2009)	0.35
" Our results imply that coingestion of IMA-contaminated food and CYP3A4- or CYP1A1-metabolizable drugs or chemicals could lead to drug bioavailability modulation or toxicological interactions, with possible adverse effects for human health."	( CYP1A1 induction and CYP3A4 inhibition by the fungicide imazalil in the human intestinal Caco-2 cells-comparison with other conazole pesticides. Dupont, I; Jassogne, C; Larondelle, Y; McAlister, D; Muller, M; Pussemier, L; Ribonnet, L; Schneider, YJ; Scippo, ML; Sergent, T; van der Heiden, E, 2009)	0.35
"Preliminary studies in our laboratory demonstrated low oral bioavailability of Drug X in male Sprague Dawley rats."	( The use of 1-aminobenzotriazole in differentiating the role of CYP-mediated first pass metabolism and absorption in limiting drug oral bioavailability: a case study. Brodfuehrer, J; Buchholz, L; Clark, A; El-Kattan, AF; Poe, J; Thomas, HV, 2008)	0.35
" It was also converted to CS-758 in rats after iv administration, wherein the bioavailability of CS-758 was 53%."	( Synthesis, cleavage, and antifungal activity of a number of novel, water-soluble ester prodrugs of antifungal triazole CS-758. Iida, T; Kagoshima, Y; Kamai, Y; Konosu, T; Mori, M; Shibayama, T; Suzuki, E, 2009)	0.35
" Cmax, volume of distribution/bioavailability (Vd/F), and elimination half-life (t(1/2)) were not different between the groups, suggesting bioavailability as the likely discriminant."	( Deferasirox pharmacokinetics in patients with adequate versus inadequate response. Bergmann, AK; Braunstein, J; Chirnomas, D; Finkelstein, Y; Grant, FD; Neufeld, EJ; Paley, C; Pereira, L; Shannon, M; Smith, AL, 2009)	0.35
" Posaconazole bioavailability increased almost linearly with increasing amounts of Boost Plus."	( Effect of varying amounts of a liquid nutritional supplement on the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in healthy volunteers. Beresford, E; Komjathy, S; Krishna, G; Ma, L; Power, E; Vickery, D; Wu, I; Yu, X, 2009)	0.35
" We assessed whether the addition of a lower dose of tamoxifen influenced anastrozole bioavailability and favorably modulated biomarkers of bone fracture, breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and endometrial cancer risk."	( Randomized biomarker trial of anastrozole or low-dose tamoxifen or their combination in subjects with breast intraepithelial neoplasia. Bonanni, B; Cassano, E; Cazzaniga, M; Decensi, A; Gandini, S; Guerrieri-Gonzaga, A; Johansson, H; Lien, EA; Luini, A; Macis, D; Oldani, S; Pelosi, G; Serrano, D, 2009)	0.35
"The addition of a weekly tamoxifen administration did not impair anastrozole bioavailability and modulated favorably its safety profile, providing the rationale for further studies."	( Randomized biomarker trial of anastrozole or low-dose tamoxifen or their combination in subjects with breast intraepithelial neoplasia. Bonanni, B; Cassano, E; Cazzaniga, M; Decensi, A; Gandini, S; Guerrieri-Gonzaga, A; Johansson, H; Lien, EA; Luini, A; Macis, D; Oldani, S; Pelosi, G; Serrano, D, 2009)	0.35
" * Oral bioavailability of voriconazole has been claimed to be almost 100%, thus facilitating a change from intravenous to oral application without dose adjustment."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and bioavailability of the triazole antifungal agent voriconazole in relation to CYP2C19 genotype. Burhenne, J; Haefeli, WE; Mikus, G; Oberwittler, H; Riedel, KD; Scholz, I; Weiss, J, 2009)	0.35
"Absolute oral bioavailability of voriconazole was 82."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and bioavailability of the triazole antifungal agent voriconazole in relation to CYP2C19 genotype. Burhenne, J; Haefeli, WE; Mikus, G; Oberwittler, H; Riedel, KD; Scholz, I; Weiss, J, 2009)	0.35
" Voriconazole has a high bioavailability with no large differences between the CYP2C19 genotypes."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and bioavailability of the triazole antifungal agent voriconazole in relation to CYP2C19 genotype. Burhenne, J; Haefeli, WE; Mikus, G; Oberwittler, H; Riedel, KD; Scholz, I; Weiss, J, 2009)	0.35
" Recently, an orally bioavailable small molecule kinase inhibitor of c-Met (SGX523) was developed by SGX Pharmaceuticals."	( An orally bioavailable c-Met kinase inhibitor potently inhibits brain tumor malignancy and growth. Abounader, R; Buchanan, S; diPierro, C; Guessous, F; Marcinkiewicz, L; Sarkaria, J; Schiff, D; Zhang, Y, 2010)	0.36
"To clarify the causes of low oral bioavailability (BA) of drugs in cynomolgus monkeys, the experimental method to evaluate the drug permeability and the metabolism in the intestine of cynomolgus monkeys was established."	( Investigation of the intestinal permeability and first-pass metabolism of drugs in cynomolgus monkeys using single-pass intestinal perfusion. Igeta, K; Suzuki, N; Takahashi, M; Washio, T; Yamashita, S, 2010)	0.36
" The pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability of TZV were calculated after the administration of TZV to rabbits."	( Antiviral properties, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of a novel azolo-1,2,4-triazine-derived inhibitor of influenza A and B virus replication. Charushin, V; Chupakhin, O; Deev, S; Deeva, E; Ivanov, A; Karpenko, I; Kiselev, O; Kochetkov, S; Kukhanova, M; Rusinov, V; Smirnova, O; Ulomsky, E; Yanvarev, D, 2010)	0.36
" Therapeutic drug monitoring may be useful in optimizing the treatment of IA given the wide variations in the oral bioavailability of voriconazole."	( Aspergillus niger: an unusual cause of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Chudgar, SM; Norton, BL; Person, AK; Stout, JE; Tong, BC, 2010)	0.36
" The relative bioavailability of posaconazole has been estimated to be significantly different among regimens and has been observed to be significantly increased by administration in divided doses."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of posaconazole. Clancy, CJ; Derendorf, H; Li, Y; Nguyen, MH; Theuretzbacher, U, 2010)	0.36
"Parallel administration of the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) esomeprazole has been shown to decrease oral bioavailability of posaconazole in healthy volunteers."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of posaconazole in hematology patients: experience with a new high-performance liquid chromatography-based method. Bertz, H; Engelhardt, M; Hieke, S; Jung, M; König, A; Kümmerer, K; Neubauer, WC, 2010)	0.36
" All together gliptins have a good oral bioavailability which is not significantly influenced by food intake."	( Pharmacokinetics of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors. Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
" The bioavailability of the oral formulation in children was approximately 65%."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of voriconazole in immunocompromised children. Arrieta, AC; Driscoll, T; Groll, AH; Jafri, H; Klein, NJ; Lutsar, I; Milligan, PA; Schlamm, H; Walsh, TJ; Wood, ND, 2010)	0.36
"This study was undertaken to characterize the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of voriconazole in adult lung transplant patients during the early postoperative period, identify factors significantly associated with various pharmacokinetic parameters, and make recommendations for adequate dosing regimens."	( Bioavailability and population pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in lung transplant recipients. Bies, R; Capitano, B; Gilbert, S; Han, K; Husain, S; McCurry, K; Paterson, DL; Potoski, BA; Venkataramanan, R, 2010)	0.36
"the determination of oral bioavailability of drugs which follow nonlinear pharmacokinetics is difficult and few methods are available."	( An alternative approach to determine oral bioavailability of drugs that follow Michaelis-Menten elimination: a case study with voriconazole. Costa, TD; Farias da Silva, C; Verlindo de Araujo, B, 2010)	0.36
" VRC oral bioavailability was determined to be 82."	( An alternative approach to determine oral bioavailability of drugs that follow Michaelis-Menten elimination: a case study with voriconazole. Costa, TD; Farias da Silva, C; Verlindo de Araujo, B, 2010)	0.36
"the approach presented is an alternative for determining the bioavailability of drugs with similar nonlinear behavior."	( An alternative approach to determine oral bioavailability of drugs that follow Michaelis-Menten elimination: a case study with voriconazole. Costa, TD; Farias da Silva, C; Verlindo de Araujo, B, 2010)	0.36
" Although oral bioavailability of posaconazole can be enhanced by concomitant food intake and administration in divided daily doses, increased gastric pH or gut motility, as well as enzyme-inducing drugs, can result in lower plasma concentrations than expected."	( Clinical pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the antifungal extended-spectrum triazole posaconazole: an overview. Lipp, HP, 2010)	0.36
"Posaconazole represents an antifungal extended-spectrum triazole whose absolute bioavailability following oral drug administration is considerably variable."	( Posaconazole: clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Lipp, HP, 2011)	0.37
" A pharmacokinetic study was also conducted and revealed that 6p had excellent oral bioavailability and ameliorated learning impairment in passive avoidance tasks in mice."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-biphenyl-4-yl-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles as novel glycine transporter 1 inhibitors. Aota, M; Doihara, H; Furutani, M; Hamada, N; Hamaguchi, W; Kimizuka, T; Kohara, A; Maeno, K; Miyata, J; Morita, T; Saita, K; Sakamoto, S; Shimada, I; Shimada, Y; Sugane, T; Suzuki, T; Tobe, T; Tsukamoto, S, 2011)	0.6
" Filibuvir demonstrated a good pharmacokinetic profile and oral bioavailability in preclinical animal studies, which is consistent with twice-daily dosing in humans."	( Filibuvir, a non-nucleoside NS5B polymerase inhibitor for the potential oral treatment of chronic HCV infection. Beaulieu, PL, 2010)	0.36
" Voriconazole has excellent bioavailability and is available in oral and intravenous dosage form."	( Pharmacoeconomics of voriconazole in the management of invasive fungal infections. Al-Badriyeh, D; Heng, SC; Kong, DC; Neoh, CF; Slavin, M; Stewart, K, 2010)	0.36
" The triazole voriconazole, given as oral or intravenous formulation, has a high bioavailability and proven efficacy against invasive aspergillosis, candidiasis and other fungi."	( Utilisation, efficacy and safety of voriconazole: prospective, non-interventional study on treatment of IFIs in clinical practice. Böhme, A; Heinz, WJ; Silling, G, 2011)	0.37
" Average ± SD bioavailability after a single oral dose was 60."	( Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Clemons, KV; Kline, Y; Stevens, DA; Tell, LA; Woods, L, 2011)	0.37
" A third study evaluated the effects of food on the bioavailability of single oral doses (400 mg) of solithromycin."	( Pharmacokinetics of solithromycin (CEM-101) after single or multiple oral doses and effects of food on single-dose bioavailability in healthy adult subjects. Clark, K; Degenhardt, TP; Fernandes, P; Gutierrez, MJ; Schranz, J; Scott, D; Still, JG, 2011)	0.37
" Rufinamide is well absorbed when taken with food, with an absolute bioavailability between 70% and 85%."	( Rufinamide for pediatric patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a comprehensive overview. Cerna, A; So, TY; Wier, HA, 2011)	0.37
"The primary purpose of this study was to compare the relative bioavailability and other pharmacokinetics of rufinamide administered as a 400-mg tablet formulation (reference) with 10 mL of a newly developed 40-mg/mL suspension (test) manufactured using 3 different homogenization speeds in healthy subjects under fed conditions."	( Bioavailability of three rufinamide oral suspensions compared with the marketed 400-mg tablet formulation: results from a randomized-sequence, open-label, four-period, four-sequence crossover study in healthy subjects. Aluri, J; Bibbiani, F; Boyd, P; Critchley, DJ; Delargy, H; Narurkar, M; Whayman, M, 2011)	0.37
"This single-dose study in a small population of fed, healthy subjects found no statistically significant differences in relative bioavailability among each of the 3 test suspensions and the currently marketed 400-mg tablet formulation of rufinamide, meeting FDA and EMA regulatory requirements for assuming bioequivalence."	( Bioavailability of three rufinamide oral suspensions compared with the marketed 400-mg tablet formulation: results from a randomized-sequence, open-label, four-period, four-sequence crossover study in healthy subjects. Aluri, J; Bibbiani, F; Boyd, P; Critchley, DJ; Delargy, H; Narurkar, M; Whayman, M, 2011)	0.37
" Reduced toxicity, enhancement of bioavailability and counteraction of resistance are features desired by clinicians."	( Newer antifungal agents. Türel, O, 2011)	0.37
" The method was successfully applied to study the comparative bioavailability of VRC tablets test vs."	( Quantification of voriconazole in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: application to a bioequivalence study. Cheng, Y; Li, WJ; Tian, Y; Wei, W; Zhang, ZJ, 2011)	0.37
" Suvorexant (MK-4305) is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonist of OX(1)R and OX(2)R currently under clinical investigation as a novel therapy for insomnia."	( Promotion of sleep by suvorexant-a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist. Breslin, MJ; Coleman, PJ; Cox, CD; Cui, D; Doran, SM; Fox, SV; Garson, SL; Gotter, AL; Harrell, CM; Reiss, DR; Renger, JJ; Stevens, J; Tannenbaum, PL; Winrow, CJ, 2011)	0.37
"This study demonstrates the utility of using a potent and highly selective, orally bioavailable JAK2 inhibitor for the treatment of RA."	( A highly selective, orally active inhibitor of Janus kinase 2, CEP-33779, ablates disease in two mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis. Albom, MS; Angeles, TS; Ator, MA; Dobrzanski, P; Dorsey, BD; Dugan, BJ; Gingrich, DE; Lu, LD; Ruggeri, BA; Seavey, MM; Serdikoff, C; Stump, KL, 2011)	0.37
" Furthermore, to address the druglikeness of this new class of FimH antagonists, selected pharmacokinetic parameters, which are critical for oral bioavailability (lipophilicity, solubility, and membrane permeation), were determined."	( Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of mannosyl triazoles as FimH antagonists. Abgottspon, D; Cutting, B; Ernst, B; Hartmann, M; Kleeb, S; Rabbani, S; Schwardt, O; Smieško, M; Wittwer, M; Zalewski, A, 2011)	0.62
" An inadequate dietary intake and abnormal gastric pH levels are common in critically ill patients receiving antifungal treatment with posaconazole, resulting in unpredictable bioavailability and sub-therapeutic plasma concentrations."	( Effect of pH and comedication on gastrointestinal absorption of posaconazole: monitoring of intraluminal and plasma drug concentrations. Annaert, P; Augustijns, P; Brouwers, J; Spriet, I; Tack, J; Walravens, J, 2011)	0.37
"These results demonstrate that coadministration of Coca-Cola® has a positive effect on posaconazole bioavailability in the fasted state."	( Effect of pH and comedication on gastrointestinal absorption of posaconazole: monitoring of intraluminal and plasma drug concentrations. Annaert, P; Augustijns, P; Brouwers, J; Spriet, I; Tack, J; Walravens, J, 2011)	0.37
" However, the oral bioavailability of both compounds varies widely, and dose-serum concentration relationships are poorly defined for these analytes."	( Measurement of posaconazole, itraconazole, and hydroxyitraconazole in plasma/serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Buckner, SL; Ceesay, MM; Flanagan, RJ; Morgan, PE; Pagliuca, A, 2011)	0.37
" Fluconazole and voriconazole are well absorbed and exhibit high oral bioavailability, whereas the oral bioavailability of itraconazole and posaconazole is lower and more variable."	( Triazole antifungal agents in invasive fungal infections: a comparative review. Lass-Flörl, C, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of food on the oral bioavailability of preladenant, a novel adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist."	( Evaluation of the effects of a high-fat meal on the oral bioavailability of a single dose of preladenant in healthy subjects. Cutler, DL; Grachev, ID; Tendolkar, A, 2012)	0.38
"Although the bioavailability of sitagliptin was increased by 54% when co-administered with gemfibrozil, this interaction may not have any clinical significance as sitagliptin has a wide therapeutic index."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interaction between gemfibrozil and sitagliptin in healthy Indian male volunteers. B, S; Dubala, A; K P, A; K, E; Kucherlapati, VS; M, D; Meda, VS; P R, AV, 2012)	0.38
" We evaluated the comparative bioavailability and tolerability of the test and reference formulations in healthy male adult volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of 2 formulations of anastrozole (1 mg) in healthy Korean male volunteers: a randomized, single-dose, 2-period, 2-sequence, crossover study. Bae, KS; Cho, SH; Choe, S; Ghim, JL; Jin, SJ; Jung, JA; Kim, UJ; Ko, YJ; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Park, HJ; Song, GS, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this study was to assess different dosing strategies that may result in increased posaconazole bioavailability in patients with compromised gastrointestinal function and at high risk for invasive fungal infections."	( Pharmacokinetics of different dosing strategies of oral posaconazole in patients with compromised gastrointestinal function and who are at high risk for invasive fungal infection. Cornely, OA; Heinz, W; Helfgott, D; Huyck, S; Krishna, G; Langston, A; Ma, L; McCarthy, MC; Vehreschild, JJ; Vehreschild, MJ, 2012)	0.38
" Structurally related to itraconazole, posaconazole displays low oral bioavailability due to poor solubility, with significant drug interactions and gastrointestinal disease also contributing to the generally low posaconazole plasma concentrations observed in patients."	( Posaconazole exposure-response relationship: evaluating the utility of therapeutic drug monitoring. Dolton, MJ; Marriott, D; McLachlan, AJ; Ray, JE, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmaceutical properties (LogD, solubility, liver micrsomal stability (t1/2), plasma stability (t1/2), and apparent permeability) strongly suggested that NK-HDAC-1 might be superior to SAHA in bioavailability and in vivo half-life."	( Discovery and extensive in vitro evaluations of NK-HDAC-1: a chiral histone deacetylase inhibitor as a promising lead. Fang, Q; Feng, C; Gu, G; Guo, W; Hou, J; Li, Z; Lin, J; Liu, P; Liu, R; Shen, J; Shi, YK; Tian, Y; Wang, H; Wang, PG; Yin, Z; Zhang, H, 2012)	0.38
" These results indicate that oral voriconazole has a significant drug interaction with oral tacrolimus with a wide inter-individual variability, which cannot be explained by the bioavailability of voriconazole."	( Drug interaction between voriconazole and tacrolimus and its association with the bioavailability of oral voriconazole in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Kato, J; Kikuchi, T; Kohashi, S; Mori, T; Okamoto, S; Ono, Y; Sakurai, M; Yamane, A, 2012)	0.38
" A promising method to improve the bioavailability of pharmaceutical agents is the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions."	( Formation of ultrafine deferasirox particles via rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS process) using Taguchi approach. Asghari, I; Esmaeilzadeh, F, 2012)	0.38
" These efforts led to the discovery of CEP-33779 (29), a novel, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of JAK2."	( A selective, orally bioavailable 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-based inhibitor of Janus kinase 2 for use in anticancer therapy: discovery of CEP-33779. Aimone, LD; Albom, MS; Angeles, TS; Ator, MA; Curry, MA; Dobrzanski, P; Dorsey, BD; Dugan, BJ; Gingrich, DE; Huang, Z; Jan, M; Mason, JL; Mesaros, EF; Meyer, SL; Milkiewicz, KL; Ruggeri, BA; Serdikoff, C; Wells-Knecht, KJ; Zulli, AL, 2012)	0.38
"Preladenant (SCH420814, MK-3814) is a highly selective orally bioavailable non-methylxanthine adenosine 2A (A(2A) ) receptor antagonist under investigation for the treatment for Parkinson's disease."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics after single and multiple doses of preladenant (SCH420814) administered in healthy subjects. Cutler, DL; Grachev, ID; Tendolkar, A, 2012)	0.38
" Orally bioavailable selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) that irreversibly bind to CRM1 and block the function of this protein have been recently developed."	( Preclinical activity of a novel CRM1 inhibitor in acute myeloid leukemia. Blum, W; Caligiuri, M; Croce, CM; Garzon, R; Kauffman, M; Klisovic, R; Marcucci, G; Na, C; Ranganathan, P; Santhanam, R; Shacham, S; Walker, A; Yu, X, 2012)	0.38
" The mobility of pesticides in soil, bioavailability and transfer to other environmental compartments depend on sorption and desorption kinetics and mechanisms."	( Leaching of oxadyxil and tebuconazole in Colombian soil. Aldana, M; De Prado, R; Martínez, MJ, 2011)	0.37
"Herein, we disclose the discovery of a series of 7-substituted triazolopyridines which culminated in the identification of 14 (CZC24758), a potent, orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of PI3Kγ, an attractive drug target for inflammatory and autoimmune disorders."	( Discovery of 5-(2-amino-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-7-yl)-N-(tert-butyl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide (CZC24758), as a potent, orally bioavailable and selective inhibitor of PI3K for the treatment of inflammatory disease. Bell, K; Bergamini, G; Ellard, K; Neubauer, G; Ramsden, N; Sunose, M; Werner, T, 2012)	0.38
" These compounds are potent GHS-R1a ligands with an improved in vitro antagonistic activity against ghrelin receptors of at least factor 3 compared with a representative compound disclosed in a previous patent, and are expected to possess, on the basis of the results of in vitro assays, improved safety and human oral bioavailability with respect to the lead."	( Novel triazole derivatives with improved receptor activity and bioavailability properties as ghrelin antagonists of growth hormone secretagogue receptors (WO2012035124): a patent evaluation. Costantino, L, 2012)	0.38
" A new solid oral tablet has been developed with improved bioavailability that can be administered without regard to food."	( A new solid oral tablet formulation of posaconazole: a randomized clinical trial to investigate rising single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety in healthy volunteers. Krishna, G; Ma, L; Martinho, M; O'Mara, E; Preston, RA, 2012)	0.38
" The bioavailability of rufinamide is high, but decreases with the dose and increases with food intake."	( [Therapeutic drug monitoring of rufinamide]. Bentué-Ferrer, D; Tribut, O; Verdier, MC, )	0.13
" This compound was highly potent and selective with good bioavailability and advanced into pre-clinical development."	( Discovery of triazolopyrimidine-based PDE8B inhibitors: exceptionally ligand-efficient and lipophilic ligand-efficient compounds for the treatment of diabetes. Andrews, KM; Boyer, DD; Corbett, JW; DeNinno, MP; DiRico, KJ; Doran, SD; Esler, W; Etienne, JB; Houseknecht, KL; Kung, DW; Millham, ML; Olson, TV; Parker, JC; Rocke, BN; van Volkenburg, M; Wright, SW, 2012)	0.38
" Carboxyamidotriazole-orotate (CTO) is the orotate salt form of carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), an orally bioavailable signal transduction inhibitor that in vitro has been shown to possess antileukaemic activities."	( Carboxyamidotriazole-orotate inhibits the growth of imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia cells and modulates exosomes-stimulated angiogenesis. Alessandro, R; Corrado, C; De Leo, G; Flugy, AM; Guggino, G; Karmali, R; Raimondo, S; Taverna, S, 2012)	0.38
"Posaconazole has an important role in the prophylaxis and salvage treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs), although poor and variable bioavailability remains an important clinical concern."	( Multicenter study of posaconazole therapeutic drug monitoring: exposure-response relationship and factors affecting concentration. Chen, SC; Dolton, MJ; McLachlan, AJ; Ng, K; Pont, L; Ray, JE, 2012)	0.38
" Our study confirmed the high variability of posaconazole bioavailability and showed the significant influence of gastrointestinal disorders, food intake, and concomitant medication on the PPCs."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of posaconazole in patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Ameye, L; Aoun, M; Bourguignon, AM; Bron, D; Cotton, F; Csergö, M; Hites, M; Jacobs, F; Rasson, C; Vaes, M, 2012)	0.38
" These studies showed that at low doses of loperamide, which produced intestinal concentrations near the apparent K(m) for oxidative metabolism, the bioavailability across the intestine (F(G)) was 6-fold greater in the P-gp-competent mice than in P-gp-deficient mice."	( P-glycoprotein increases portal bioavailability of loperamide in mouse by reducing first-pass intestinal metabolism. Bridges, AS; Dufek, MB; Knight, BM; Thakker, DR, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic experiments in rats showed that bioavailability was much lower than anticipated and increased following pretreatment with the nonspecific cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole, presumably by inhibition of intestinal metabolism."	( Presystemic metabolism of AZ'0908, a novel mPGES-1 inhibitor: an in vitro and in vivo cross-species comparison. Bueters, T; Bylund, J, 2013)	0.39
" Kinase profiling and structure-based drug design guided the optimization from the initial 1,2,3-benzotriazole hit to a potent and selective JNK inhibitor, compound 24f (JNK1 and 2 IC(50)=16 and 66 nM, respectively), with bioavailability in rats and suitable for further in vivo pharmacological evaluation."	( Development of amino-pyrimidine inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK): kinase profiling guided optimization of a 1,2,3-benzotriazole lead. Alam, M; Arzeno, HB; Chang, KC; Dunn, JP; Goldstein, DM; Gong, L; Goyal, B; Hermann, JC; Hogg, JH; Hsieh, G; Jahangir, A; Janson, C; Jin, S; Kuglstatter, A; Lukacs, C; Michoud, C; Niu, L; Palmer, WS; Reuter, DC; Shao, A; Silva, T; Stein, K; Tan, YC; Tivitmahaisoon, P; Tran, P; Trejo-Martin, TA; Ursula Kammlott, R; Wagner, P; Weller, P; Wu, SY, 2013)	0.39
" Lack of an intravenous formulation and unpredictable bioavailability of the suspension form are significant factors limiting the widespread use of posaconazole."	( Safety of posaconazole. Chandrasekar, P; Jacinto, PL, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, we have conjugated DFOB to derivatives of adamantane or the clinical iron chelator deferasirox to produce lipophilic compounds designed to increase the bioavailability of DFOB to brain cells."	( Lipophilic adamantyl- or deferasirox-based conjugates of desferrioxamine B have enhanced neuroprotective capacity: implications for Parkinson disease. Codd, R; Crouch, PJ; Ganio, G; Liddell, JR; Liu, J; Mok, SS; Obando, D; Volitakis, I; White, AR, 2013)	0.39
" Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies suggested that it possessed a good pharmacokinetic profile with an oral bioavailability of 71."	( 1-Phenyl-4-benzoyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles as orally bioavailable transcriptional function suppressors of estrogen-related receptor α. Ding, K; Duan, L; Liu, Y; Pan, X; Ren, X; Xu, S; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z; Zhuang, X, 2013)	0.68
"95 L/h, the volume of distribution (V) was 200 L and the oral bioavailability (F) was 89."	( Identification of factors influencing the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole and the optimization of dosage regimens based on Monte Carlo simulation in patients with invasive fungal infections. Cai, J; Chen, S; Cheng, X; Dong, H; Dong, W; Dong, Y; Sun, J; Wang, T; Wang, X; Xing, J; Yao, H, 2014)	0.4
"The bioavailability of active compounds depends on their two main features: solubility and permeability."	( Molecular properties impact on bioavailability of second generation triazoles antifungal agents. Grudzień, MK; Mazurek, AP; Pałka, K; Pluciński, FA, )	0.37
" We also describe an orally bioavailable ABHD6 inhibitor, KT185, that displays excellent selectivity against other brain and liver serine hydrolases in vivo."	( Discovery and optimization of piperidyl-1,2,3-triazole ureas as potent, selective, and in vivo-active inhibitors of α/β-hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6). Chang, JW; Cravatt, BF; Hsu, KL; Pugh, H; Speers, AE; Tsuboi, K; Whitby, LR, 2013)	0.39
" We hypothesized that the inhibition of cholinesterase activity might increase acetylcholine bioavailability and consequently cholinoceptor activation, leading to concomitant adenosine release from nerve endings and skeletal muscle fibers."	( Paradoxical neostigmine-induced TOFfade: on the role of presynaptic cholinergic and adenosine receptors. Alves-Do-Prado, W; Ambiel, CR; Antônio, MB; Correia-de-Sá, P; de Paula Ramos, E, 2014)	0.4
" It is concluded that the letrozole delivery system appears to overcome the limitations associated with letrozole by providing enhanced drug dissolution rate, controlled release and improved bioavailability of the incorporated drug and, therefore, seems to have extended therapeutic effects."	( Letrozole dispersed on poly (vinyl alcohol) anchored maleic anhydride grafted low density polyethylene: a controlled drug delivery system for treatment of breast cancer. Adhikari, B; Chaudhury, K; Siddiqa, AJ, 2014)	0.4
" Based on, in silico pharmacokinetic studies, compounds 10a-e were identified as lead compounds for future investigation due to their lower toxicity, high drug score values and good oral bioavailability as per OECD guidelines."	( Design and synthesis of novel 2H-chromen-2-one derivatives bearing 1,2,3-triazole moiety as lead antimicrobials. Jain, SC; Kaushik, N; Kushwaha, K, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic study with 12b·HCl in rats showed an oral bioavailability of 51% with high systemic exposure (AUC) of 1426 ng × h/mL and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 1620 ng/mL."	( Discovery of N-((4-([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-2-fluoroaniline (EW-7197): a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of TGF-β type I receptor kinase as cancer immunotherapeutic/ Jin, CH; Kim, DK; Krishnaiah, M; Lee, HJ; Lee, K; Park, HJ; Park, SJ; Rao, KS; Sheen, YY; Sreenu, D; Subrahmanyam, VB, 2014)	0.4
" A new posaconazole tablet formulation has demonstrated improved bioavailability over the oral suspension in healthy adults in a fasting state."	( Posaconazole tablet pharmacokinetics: lack of effect of concomitant medications altering gastric pH and gastric motility in healthy subjects. Chang, PS; Kersemaekers, WM; Kraft, WK; Krishna, G; van Iersel, ML; Waskin, H, 2014)	0.4
" The orally bioavailable SINE (KPT-251) showed potent anti-tumor activity in a Colo-357 PDAC xenografts model; residual tumor analysis showed activation of Fbw7 concomitant with attenuation of Notch1 and its downstream genes."	( Nuclear retention of Fbw7 by specific inhibitors of nuclear export leads to Notch1 degradation in pancreatic cancer. Abou-Samra, AB; Aboukameel, A; Azmi, AS; Gao, J; Kauffman, M; Mohammad, RM; Shacham, S, 2014)	0.4
" Orally bioavailable selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) that irreversibly bind to and inhibit the function of XPO1 have been recently developed."	( KPT-330 inhibitor of XPO1-mediated nuclear export has anti-proliferative activity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gery, S; Kauffman, M; Koeffler, HP; Shacham, S; Sun, H; Zheng, Y, 2014)	0.4
" In addition, we discuss the interest of new tools to improve the clinical management of IFI, such as genotyping tests optimizing initial voriconazole dosing regimen or the development of a new solid oral tablet of posaconazole improving its bioavailability and limiting absorption disorders."	( [Triazole antifungal agents: practice guidelines of therapeutic drug monitoring and perspectives in treatment optimization]. Lacarelle, B; Quaranta, S; Scodavolpe, S; Solas, C, )	0.13
" The marketed suspension formulation has low bioavailability and is needed to be taken with food."	( Hot melt extruded amorphous solid dispersion of posaconazole with improved bioavailability: investigating drug-polymer miscibility with advanced characterisation. Amin, P; Fule, R, 2014)	0.4
" Posaconazole relative bioavailability was 55% lower in patients who received posaconazole than in healthy volunteers."	( Understanding variability in posaconazole exposure using an integrated population pharmacokinetic analysis. Brüggemann, RJ; Burger, DM; Dolton, MJ; McLachlan, AJ, 2014)	0.4
" The recent approval of a solid oral tablet formulation of posaconazole with improved bioavailability and once-daily dosing has significantly improved the clinical utility of this agent."	( Optimizing azole antifungal therapy in the prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections. Dolton, MJ; McLachlan, AJ, 2014)	0.4
"The impact of gastrointestinal (GI) processing and first pass metabolism on danazol oral bioavailability (BA) was evaluated after administration of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) in the rat."	( An in vitro digestion test that reflects rat intestinal conditions to probe the importance of formulation digestion vs first pass metabolism in Danazol bioavailability from lipid based formulations. Anby, MU; Benameur, H; Feeney, OM; Nguyen, TH; Porter, CJ; Pouton, CW; Williams, HD; Yeap, YY, 2014)	0.4
" Selinexor is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of exportin-1 (CRM1/XPO1) with potent anticancer activity and is currently under evaluation in human clinical trials."	( Identifying drug-target selectivity of small-molecule CRM1/XPO1 inhibitors by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Baloglu, E; Crochiere, M; Daelemans, D; Jacquemyn, M; Landesman, Y; Neggers, JE; Shacham, S; Vanstreels, E; Vercruysse, T, 2015)	0.42
" These batches were evaluated in a relative bioavailability clinical study in healthy volunteers."	( Development of In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation for Amorphous Solid Dispersion Immediate-Release Suvorexant Tablets and Application to Clinically Relevant Dissolution Specifications and In-Process Controls. Hermans, A; Kesisoglou, F; Miller, J; Neu, C; Palcza, J; Yee, KL, 2015)	0.42
" Despite pharmacokinetic target attainment and clinical efficacy in premarketing trials, postmarketing analyses indicated unpredictable bioavailability resulting in subtherapeutic concentrations and reports of breakthrough fungal infections."	( Review of the new delayed-release oral tablet and intravenous dosage forms of posaconazole. Guarascio, AJ; Slain, D, 2015)	0.42
" Furthermore, oral suspension posaconazole is associated with an unpredictable bioavailability that especially depends on nutritional factors or gastric pH value."	( Efficacy of antifungal prophylaxis with oral suspension posaconazole during induction chemotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Hochhaus, A; Schnetzke, U; Scholl, S; Schrenk, KG; Stegemann, K; von Lilienfeld-Toal, M, 2015)	0.42
" We evaluated the effect of food on the bioavailability of a new delayed-release tablet formulation of posaconazole at the proposed clinical dose of 300 mg once daily in a randomized, open-label, single-dose, two-period crossover study with 18 healthy volunteers."	( Effect of a high-fat meal on the pharmacokinetics of 300-milligram posaconazole in a solid oral tablet formulation. de Greef, R; Dogterom, P; Kersemaekers, WM; Marcantonio, EE; van Iersel, ML; Waskin, H; Xu, J, 2015)	0.42
"The design and synthesis of highly potent, selective orally bioavailable inhibitors of PDE10A is reported."	( Evolution and synthesis of novel orally bioavailable inhibitors of PDE10A. Burdi, DF; Campbell, JE; Campbell, U; Herman, L; Hewitt, MC; Jones, PG; Koch, P; Shao, L; Wang, J; Wei, J; Zhao, S; Zhong, H, 2015)	0.42
" It is established that conjugate 2 in comparison to individual levofloxacin and triazavirine has a higher relative bioavailability and lower rate of elimination, which can lead to improved effectiveness of therapy at reduced dose and frequency of drug administration."	( [Experimental comparative pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin, triazavirin, and related conjugate]. Blazhennikova, IV; Bykov, VN; Charushin, VN; Chupakhin, ON; Geĭbo, DS; Kotovskaia, SK; Kurliakova, AF; Nikiforov, AS; Rusinov, VL; Stepanov, AV, 2015)	0.42
" Characteristics include linear dose-proportional pharmacokinetics, intravenous and oral formulations allowing therapeutic streamlining, once daily dosing, absence of nephrotoxic solubilizing agents and excellent oral bioavailability independent of prandial status and gastric acidity."	( Isavuconazole: a new extended spectrum triazole for invasive mold diseases. Ananda-Rajah, MR; Kontoyiannis, D, 2015)	0.42
"While posaconazole prophylaxis decreases the risk of invasive fungal infection compared to fluconazole, low bioavailability of the oral-suspension formulation limits its efficacy."	( Retrospective Comparison of Posaconazole Levels in Patients Taking the Delayed-Release Tablet versus the Oral Suspension. Barreto, JN; Durani, U; Estes, LL; Jannetto, PJ; Tande, AJ; Tosh, PK, 2015)	0.42
"The posaconazole extended release tablet formulation was developed to improve bioavailability relative to the oral suspension."	( Serum posaconazole levels among haematological cancer patients taking extended release tablets is affected by body weight and diarrhoea: single centre retrospective analysis. Couriel, DR; Kauffman, CA; Miceli, MH; Perissinotti, AJ, 2015)	0.42
" A relative bioavailability study in healthy males (N=8) indicated a nearly identical pharmacokinetic profile following dosing of tablets or capsules."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of lesinurad, a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, in healthy adult males. Hingorani, V; Kerr, B; Manhard, K; Quart, B; Rowlings, C; Shen, Z; Storgard, C; Yeh, LT, 2015)	0.42
" Advantages of this triazole include the availability of a water-soluble intravenous formulation, excellent bioavailability of the oral formulation, and predictable pharmacokinetics in adults."	( Isavuconazole: A New Broad-Spectrum Triazole Antifungal Agent. Kauffman, CA; Miceli, MH, 2015)	0.42
" An optimization study of this series resulted in the identification of (R)-11j, which showed a potent Aβ42-lowering effect, high bioavailability and good blood-brain barrier permeability in mice."	( Discovery of novel 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine derivatives as γ-secretase modulators. Hoashi, Y; Igari, T; Koike, T; Morimoto, S; Nakamura, M; Takai, T; Tomata, Y; Watanabe, T, 2015)	0.42
" This study aims to propose a mild extraction method to evaluate the bioavailability of the fungicide epoxiconazole to the earthworm Aporrectodea icterica."	( Evaluation of epoxiconazole bioavailability in soil to the earthworm Aporrectodea icterica. Awad, P; Delarue, G; Fraillon, F; Nélieu, S; Ollivier, E; Pelosi, C, 2016)	0.43
" Herein we describe our initial efforts to develop orally bioavailable analogs of 12 with improved selectivity of Jak1 over Jak2."	( Structure activity optimization of 6H-pyrrolo[2,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazines as Jak1 kinase inhibitors. Aguirre, A; Argiriadi, MA; Davis, H; Edmunds, JJ; Fiamengo, B; Frank, KE; Friedman, M; George, DM; George, JS; Goedken, E; Hyland, D; Li, B; Morytko, M; Murtaza, A; Somal, G; Stewart, K; Tarcsa, E; Van Epps, S; Voss, J; Wang, L; Wishart, N; Woller, K, 2015)	0.42
" Due to low gastrointestinal resorption of posaconazole suspension, bioavailability is impaired."	( Posaconazole plasma concentration in pediatric patients receiving antifungal prophylaxis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blume, O; Cabanillas Stanchi, KM; Döring, M; Feucht, J; Feuchtinger, T; Handgretinger, R; Hartmann, U; Heinz, WJ; Klinker, H; Lang, P, 2016)	0.43
" Inhibition of the exportin-1 (XPO1) mediated nuclear transport by clinical stage orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitors (SINE) prevented the nuclear export of the late intron-containing HIV RNA species and consequently potently suppressed viral replication."	( Human Exportin-1 is a Target for Combined Therapy of HIV and AIDS Related Lymphoma. Andrei, G; Boons, E; Daelemans, D; Jacquemyn, M; Landesman, Y; Neggers, JE; Nogueira, TC; Pannecouque, C; Shacham, S; Snoeck, R; Tamir, S; van den Oord, J; Vanstreels, E; Vercruysse, T, 2015)	0.42
" In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of EW-7197, an orally bioavailable transforming growth factor-β signaling inhibitor which has recently been approved as an Investigational New Drug (NIH, USA), to suppress CML-LICs in vivo."	( Novel oral transforming growth factor-β signaling inhibitor EW-7197 eradicates CML-initiating cells. Bae, E; Gu, YK; Hirao, A; Ishihara, K; Jeong, ES; Jin, CH; Jomen, Y; Kim, DH; Kim, DK; Kim, DW; Kim, SJ; Krause, DS; Li, S; Naka, K; Ooshima, A; Oshima, H; Oshima, M; Sheen, YY; Takihara, Y, 2016)	0.43
" These characteristics, in an agent available in both a highly bioavailable oral and a β-cyclodextrin-free intravenous formulation, will likely make isavuconazole a welcome addition to the triazole class of antifungals."	( Isavuconazole: Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics, and Current Clinical Experience with a New Triazole Antifungal Agent. Marx, KR; Nishimoto, AT; Rogers, PD; Rybak, JM, 2015)	0.42
"This study investigated the effects of sugarcane bagasse compost (SBC) and chicken manure compost (CMC) on the sorption-desorption, leaching and bioavailability of the fungicide penconazole in soil in a laboratory setting."	( Effects of two different organic amendments addition to soil on sorption-desorption, leaching, bioavailability of penconazole and the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Jia, LX; Jiang, L; Lin, JL; Lin, Y; Liu, Y; Pan, B; Yang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" They also exhibit sufficient potency and oral bioavailability in rat to enable extensive in vivo profiling."	( Preclinical characterization of substituted 6,7-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-8(5H)-one P2X7 receptor antagonists. Ameriks, MK; Ao, H; Bhattacharya, A; Carruthers, NI; Letavic, MA; Lord, B; Ravula, S; Rech, JC; Savall, BM; Wall, JL; Wang, Q, 2016)	0.43
" In addition, CC-509 is orally bioavailable and displays dose-dependent efficacy in two rodent models of immune-inflammatory disease."	( A Novel Triazolopyridine-Based Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor That Arrests Joint Inflammation. Baculi, F; Bates, RJ; Bennett, B; Blease, K; Brown, H; Burnett, K; Celeridad, M; Chamberlain, P; Delgado, M; Ferguson, GD; Haelewyn, J; Hickman, M; Jackson, P; Jensen-Pergakes, K; LeBrun, L; Miyazawa, K; Nadolny, L; Nguyen, T; Packard, G; Pagarigan, B; Pierce, S; Plantevin-Krenitsky, V; Tang, Y; Tehrani, L; Torres, S; Xie, W; Xu, L, 2016)	0.43
" Accordingly a study was conducted under laboratory conditions to know the dissipation and bioavailability of the fungicides cymoxanil and tebuconazole over time in a vineyard soil amended with two rates of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) (5% and 50% (w/w)), selected to prevent the diffuse or point pollution of soil."	( Effect of different rates of spent mushroom substrate on the dissipation and bioavailability of cymoxanil and tebuconazole in an agricultural soil. Álvarez-Martín, A; Pose-Juan, E; Rodríguez-Cruz, MS; Sánchez-Martín, MJ, 2016)	0.43
" With higher bioavailability of recently FDA-approved posaconazole delayed release tablets, this azole may be a therapeutic option for transplant patients who need to remain on CYP3A4-metabolized immunosuppressive agents."	( Salvage Treatment of Mucormycosis Post-Liver Transplant With Posaconazole During Sirolimus Maintenance Immunosuppression. Deyo, JC; Kozlowski, T; Lachiewicz, A; Nicolsen, N, 2017)	0.46
" However, its oral bioavailability is greatly limited by the dissolution rate of the drug."	( Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of the Complexes of Posaconazole with β- and 2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Li, H; Liao, X; Ma, X; Tang, P; Wang, L; Xiong, X; Xu, K, 2017)	0.46
"Selinexor is an orally bioavailable selective inhibitor of nuclear export that has been demonstrated to have preclinical activity in various cancer types and that is currently in Phase I and II clinical trials for advanced cancers."	( Preclinical activity of selinexor, an inhibitor of XPO1, in sarcoma. Anatone, AJ; Czaplinski, JT; Demetri, GD; Fletcher, JA; Nakayama, R; Sicinska, ET; Wagner, AJ; Zhang, YX, 2016)	0.43
" Theoretical studies also revealed that all derivatives will likely to have low toxicity, great pharmacological and oral bioavailability profiles, and a Druglikeness and Drug score similar to some commercial anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs."	( Synthesis, Anticlotting and Antiplatelet Effects of 1,2,3-Triazoles Derivatives. da Silva, AV; de Almeida, AC; de Souza, VR; Ferreira, SB; Ferreira, VF; Fuly, AL; Kaiser, CR; Menezes, MV; Moura, LA, 2016)	0.68
" This study aims to understand the impact of SLS on the solution behavior and bioavailability of hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMC-AS)-based posaconazole (PSZ) ASDs, and to identify the underlying mechanisms governing the optimal oral bioavailability of ASDs when surfactants such as SLS are used in combination."	( Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Competitively Interacts with HPMC-AS and Consequently Reduces Oral Bioavailability of Posaconazole/HPMC-AS Amorphous Solid Dispersion. Chen, Y; Hageman, M; Haskell, R; Hussain, M; Liu, C; Qian, F; Stefanski, K; Su, C; Wang, S, 2016)	0.43
"Two openlabel, single-dose, randomized crossover studies and one open-label, multiple-dose, parallel group study in healthy volunteers were conducted with the prodrug, isavuconazonium sulfate, to determine absolute bioavailability of the active triazole, isavuconazole (EudraCT 2007-004949-15; n = 14), and the effect of food (EudraCT 2007- 004940-63; n = 26), and pH (NCT02128893; n = 24) on the absorption of isavuconazole."	( Isavuconazole absorption following oral administration in healthy subjects is comparable to intravenous dosing, and is not affected by food, or drugs that alter stomach pH. Desai, A; Kowalski, D; Pearlman, H; Schmitt-Hoffmann, A; Townsend, R; Yamazaki, T, 2016)	0.43
" However, because of the poor bioavailability of the oral suspension of posaconazole with which low plasma concentrations are obtained, CYP3A4 inhibition is weak and a 50-75% dose reduction of sirolimus is sufficient to avoid sirolimus overdosage."	( Increased inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 with the tablet formulation of posaconazole. Bellissant, E; Boglione-Kerrien, C; Crochette, R; Lemaitre, F; Petitcollin, A; Tron, C; Verdier, MC; Vigneau, C, 2016)	0.43
" Single-dose pharmacokinetics (PK), bioavailability and metabolism were studied after IV 4 mg/kg, PO 4 mg/kg, or PO 30 mg/kg suspension in 1% carboxymethyl cellulose."	( Toxicity, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a novel inhibitor of IL-6-induced STAT3 activation. Beumer, JH; Colombo, R; Eiseman, JL; Grandis, JR; Guo, J; Huryn, DM; Johnston, PA; Kiesel, BF; Parise, RA; Sen, M, 2016)	0.43
" Bioavailability was ~5%."	( Toxicity, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a novel inhibitor of IL-6-induced STAT3 activation. Beumer, JH; Colombo, R; Eiseman, JL; Grandis, JR; Guo, J; Huryn, DM; Johnston, PA; Kiesel, BF; Parise, RA; Sen, M, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic parameters such as oral clearance, oral volume of distribution of the central compartment, time to reach maximum plasma concentration, absorption rate constant, and half-life in humans were predicted from animals using allometric scaling."	( Prediction of Plasma Concentration-time Profiles of Drugs in Humans from Animals Following Oral Administration: An Allometric Approach. Mahmood, I, 2016)	0.43
" The HPMCAS molecular characteristics affected the microscopic connectivity and diffusivity of polymer matrix and eventually influenced the drug release behavior, and enhanced the bioavailability of POS."	( Preparation and evaluation of posaconazole-loaded enteric microparticles in rats. Dong, Z; Wang, Y; Yang, M; Zhang, F; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Z, 2017)	0.46
" Additional studies on particle size and surface drug enrichment eventually produced HPMCAS-based enteric microparticles to enhance the oral bioavailability of POS."	( Preparation and evaluation of posaconazole-loaded enteric microparticles in rats. Dong, Z; Wang, Y; Yang, M; Zhang, F; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Z, 2017)	0.46
" However, loss of carrier stability against biological environments induces low bioavailability of encapsulated drugs after oral administration."	( Novel amphiphilic chitosan nanocarriers for sustained oral delivery of hydrophobic drugs. Kashanian, S; Motiei, M, 2017)	0.46
" Herein we disclose the discovery of a first-in-class potent, selective, and orally bioavailable EED inhibitor compound 43 (EED226)."	( Discovery of First-in-Class, Potent, and Orally Bioavailable Embryonic Ectoderm Development (EED) Inhibitor with Robust Anticancer Efficacy. Atadja, P; Dillon, MP; Fang, D; Feng, L; Fu, X; Gabriel, T; Gao, Z; Gu, J; Guo, H; Huang, Y; Jiang, X; Li, L; Lingel, A; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Mi, Y; Oyang, C; Qi, W; Shultz, MD; Sun, Y; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Yu, Z; Zeng, J; Zhang, C; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhao, K; Zhao, M, 2017)	0.46
"Lapatinib is an orally bioavailable dual inhibitor of the intracellular domain of both the HER2 protein and the epidermal growth factor receptor."	( [A Case of Interstitial Pneumonitis Induced by Lapatinib plus Letrozole]. Yamamoto, C; Yamamoto, D; Yamamoto, M, 2016)	0.43
"Neither gender nor age affects the bioavailability of single-dose doravirine 100 mg in healthy subjects, thus supporting administration of doravirine 100 mg in elderly and adult women without dose adjustment."	( Effect of gender and age on the relative bioavailability of doravirine: results of a Phase I trial in healthy subjects. Behm, MO; Fackler, P; Fan, L; Yee, KL, 2017)	0.46
" Our interpretation is that testosterone enhanced spatial performance when bioavailability of both TP and E2 are high, and high testosterone can rescue spatial memory when E2 bioavailability is low."	( Cognition in female rats after blocking conversion of androgens to estrogens. Cabrera, OH; Hoffman, J; Huffman, J; Manzella, FM; Taylor, GT, 2017)	0.46
" Mucositis was reported by site investigators and its impact on oral bioavailability was assessed."	( Impact of Mucositis on Absorption and Systemic Drug Exposure of Isavuconazole. Desai, AV; Engelhardt, M; Hope, WW; Kovanda, LL; Lademacher, C; Lu, Q; Maertens, J; Marty, FM, 2017)	0.46
" In two open-label, single-dose, randomized, two-period, crossover trials, the bioavailability of doravirine administered alone or in a fixed-dose combination (FDC) was determined under fed and fasted conditions."	( The Effect of Food on Doravirine Bioavailability: Results from Two Pharmacokinetic Studies in Healthy Subjects. Behm, MO; Fackler, P; Levine, V; Liu, R; Panebianco, D; Yee, KL, 2017)	0.46
"Benznidazole (BNZ), the only commercialized antichagasic drug, and the antifungal compound posaconazole (PCZ) have shown synergistic action in the therapy of Chagas disease, however both active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) exhibit low aqueous solubility potentially limiting their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy."	( Enhancement of dissolution rate through eutectic mixture and solid solution of posaconazole and benznidazole. de La Roca Soares, MF; de Medeiros Vieira, ACQ; Figueirêdo, CBM; Lee, PI; Nadvorny, D; Rolim Neto, PJ; Soares Sobrinho, JL, 2017)	0.46
" This finding enriches our bioinspired drug design strategy for Ti(IV)-based anticancer therapeutics, which applies a family of Fe(III) chelators termed chemical transferrin mimetic (cTfm) ligands to inhibit Fe bioavailability in cancer cells."	( Expanding the Therapeutic Potential of the Iron Chelator Deferasirox in the Development of Aqueous Stable Ti(IV) Anticancer Complexes. Benjamín-Rivera, JA; Delgado, Y; Loza-Rosas, SA; Munet-Colón, C; Negrón, LJ; Parks, TB; Rivero, KI; Tinoco, AD; Vázquez-Maldonado, AL; Vázquez-Salgado, AM, 2017)	0.46
" In silico calculations of molecular properties revealed that all of the active compounds comply with Lipinski's RO5 and Veber's criteria for good bioavailability suggesting good drug-likeness upon oral administration with a predicted high safety profile."	( Structure-based development of novel triazoles and related thiazolotriazoles as anticancer agents and Cdc25A/B phosphatase inhibitors. Synthesis, in vitro biological evaluation, molecular docking and in silico ADME-T studies. Abd El Razik, HA; Ashour, HMA; Badr, MH; Rostom, SAF, 2017)	0.73
" Total body clearance and bioavailability were 12."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics of newly discovered aromatase inhibitors by a cassette microdosing approach in healthy Japanese subjects. Fujii, H; Hojo, T; Hosoya, T; Inano, A; Ishii, A; Kataoka, M; Kusuhara, H; Sugiyama, Y; Takahashi, K; Takashima, T; Tanaka, M; Tazawa, S; Tokai, H; Watanabe, Y; Yamashita, S; Yano, T; Yoshida, S, 2017)	0.46
") biochars, produced using either fast- or slow-pyrolysis, on the bioavailability of metsulfuron and sulfentrazone herbicides in soil."	( Bioavailability of Metsulfuron and Sulfentrazone Herbicides in Soil as Affected by Amendment with Two Contrasting Willow Biochars. Hangs, RD; Schoenau, JJ; Szmigielski, AM, 2018)	0.48
" Low clearance, volume of distribution, and high oral bioavailability were observed in all species."	( Discovery of LY3104607: A Potent and Selective G Protein-Coupled Receptor 40 (GPR40) Agonist with Optimized Pharmacokinetic Properties to Support Once Daily Oral Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Adams, LA; Bouaichi, C; Cabrera, O; Campbell, AN; Cardona, GR; Chen, K; Chen, Y; Cr, S; DeBaillie, AC; Diseroad, BA; Hamdouchi, C; Kahl, SD; Lineswala, JP; Ma, X; Maiti, P; Miller, AR; Montrose-Rafizadeh, C; Neathery, GL; Otto, KA; Patel Lewis, A; Sweetana, SA; Warshawsky, AM; Wilbur, KL; Yumibe, NP; Zink, RW, 2018)	0.48
"This was an open-label, single-dose, crossover clinical pharmacology study investigating the effects of strong CYP3A4 inhibition with posaconazole (Part 1), two new oral formulations (Part 2), as well as high-energy/high-fat and low-energy/low-fat meals (Part 3) on the relative bioavailability of idasanutlin."	( Effects of posaconazole (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor), two new tablet formulations, and food on the pharmacokinetics of idasanutlin, an MDM2 antagonist, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Blotner, S; Chen, LC; Ejadi, S; Miller, W; Nemunaitis, J; Nichols, G; Razak, A; Vazvaei, F; Young, A; Zhi, J, 2018)	0.48
" Due to highly variable bioavailability of the oral suspension formulation, a delayed-release tablet was developed which showed improved bioavailability."	( Prevention of Invasive Aspergillus Fungal Infections with the Suspension and Delayed-Release Tablet Formulations of Posaconazole in Patients with Haematologic Malignancies. Combarel, D; Funck-Brentano, C; Leblond, V; Leclerc, E; Uzunov, M; Zahr, N, 2018)	0.48
" Prior to the start of clinical trials, these enabling formulations should be adequately explored in in vitro/in silico studies in order to understand their in vivo performance and to select the most appropriate and effective formulation in terms of oral bioavailability and therapeutic outcome."	( Evaluation and optimized selection of supersaturating drug delivery systems of posaconazole (BCS class 2b) in the gastrointestinal simulator (GIS): An in vitro-in silico-in vivo approach. Amidon, GE; Amidon, GL; Benninghoff, G; Bermejo, M; Cavanagh, KL; Fan, J; Gonzalez-Alvarez, I; Hens, B; Kuminek, G; Matsui, K; Rodríguez-Hornedo, N; Ruan, H; Tsume, Y, 2018)	0.48
"We have developed an orally bioavailable ERK inhibitor, MK-8353; conducted preclinical studies to demonstrate activity, pharmacodynamic endpoints, dosing, and schedule; completed a study in healthy volunteers (P07652); and subsequently performed a phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors (MK-8353-001)."	( Development of MK-8353, an orally administered ERK1/2 inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Adjei, AA; Bishop, WR; Carr, D; Chun, P; Cooper, A; Dayananth, P; Deng, Y; Flaherty, KT; Fong, PC; Hwu, WJ; Kirschmeier, P; Long, BJ; Miselis, NR; Moreno, BH; Moschos, SJ; Ramanathan, RK; Ribas, A; Robert, L; Rubin, EH; Rubino, J; Rush, TS; Samatar, AA; Schiller, J; Shapira-Frommer, R; Shipps, GW; Sullivan, RJ; Tawbi, HA; Zhang, D, 2018)	0.48
" Preliminary calculated bioavailability parameters of obtained compounds suggested good penetration via cell membranes and their good absorption after oral intake."	( ANTIBACTERIAL AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY OF (4,5-DIARYL-4H-1,2,4-TRIAZOL-3-YL)METHACRYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES. Jagiello-Wojtowicz, E; Kutkowska, J; Modzelewska-Banachiewicz, B; Paprocka, R; Pawlowskp, K; Piatkowska-Chmieiv, I, 2017)	0.46
" Herein we describe the discovery, synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and proposed binding mode of novel 2,4-diheteroaryl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-ones as orally bioavailable HIF-PH inhibitors for the treatment of anemia."	( Discovery of Molidustat (BAY 85-3934): A Small-Molecule Oral HIF-Prolyl Hydroxylase (HIF-PH) Inhibitor for the Treatment of Renal Anemia. Akbaba, M; Beck, H; Ergüden, JK; Flamme, I; Hartung, IV; Jeske, M; Karig, G; Keldenich, J; Militzer, HC; Oehme, F; Stoll, F; Thede, K; Thuss, U, 2018)	0.48
" The most relevant pharmacokinetics features are water-solubility of the prodrug, rapid cleavage of the prodrug into active moiety and cleavage product by plasmatic esterases, high oral bioavailability of isavuconazole with an extensive penetration into most tissues and a good safety profile even in case of renal impairment."	( Isavuconazole: A new broad-spectrum azole. Part 2: pharmacokinetics and clinical activity. Denis, J; Herbrecht, R; Ledoux, MP; Nivoix, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) compounds are novel, orally bioavailable class of agents that specifically inhibit XPO1."	( Clinical Implications of Targeting XPO1-mediated Nuclear Export in Multiple Myeloma. Baloglu, E; Chari, A; Cornell, RF; Gandhi, UH; Senapedis, W; Unger, TJ; Vogl, D, 2018)	0.48
" An allometrically scaled population-pharmacokinetic model was developed to investigate the effect of tablet and suspension relative bioavailability, nonlinear bioavailability of suspension, followed by a step-wise covariate model building exercise to identify other important sources of variability."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Dose Recommendations for Posaconazole in Infants and Children. Alonso, C; Boonsathorn, S; Booth, J; Cheng, I; Chiesa, R; Doncheva, B; Irwin, A; Kloprogge, F; Lee, C; Standing, JF, 2019)	0.51
"In the largest population-pharmacokinetic study to date in children, we have found similar covariate effects to those seen in adults, but low bioavailability of suspension in patients with diarrhoea or those taking concurrent proton pump inhibitors, which may in particular limit the use of posaconazole in these patients."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Dose Recommendations for Posaconazole in Infants and Children. Alonso, C; Boonsathorn, S; Booth, J; Cheng, I; Chiesa, R; Doncheva, B; Irwin, A; Kloprogge, F; Lee, C; Standing, JF, 2019)	0.51
" Thus, the present SD system has the advantage of presenting a fixed-dese combination of two synergistic antichagasic agents PCZ and BNZ together in amorphous form stabilized in the PVPVA matrix with enhanced dissolution, potentially improving their bioavailability and therapeutic activity in treating Chagas disease."	( Enhanced delivery of fixed-dose combination of synergistic antichagasic agents posaconazole-benznidazole based on amorphous solid dispersions. Figueirêdo, CBM; Lee, PI; Nadvorny, D; Rolim Neto, PJ; Schver, GCRM; Soares Sobrinho, JL; Soares, MFR; Vieira, ACQM, 2018)	0.48
" amazonensis; ravuconazole is a second-generation triazole antifungal drug that has good bioavailability after oral administration and a long terminal half-life in humans, a broad activity spectrum, high effectiveness in treatment of mycosis and negligible side effects."	( In vitro antileishmanial activity of ravuconazole, a triazole antifungal drug, as a potential treatment for leishmaniasis. Cola Fernandes Rodrigues, J; de Souza, W; Lima Prado Godinho, J; Teixeira de Macedo Silva, S; Urbina, JA; Visbal, G, 2018)	0.48
" Although a tablet formulation with better oral bioavailability is available, some patients have to rely on the oral suspension in clinical routine."	( Impact of patient education on plasma concentrations and effectiveness of posaconazole oral suspension under clinical conditions. Blank, A; Carls, A; Egerer, G; Geist, MJP; Heinz, WJ; Hohmann, N; Mikus, G, 2019)	0.51
"The objectives of this study were to determine the absolute bioavailability of lesinurad and to characterized its disposition in humans."	( Metabolism and disposition of lesinurad, a uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, in humans. Gillen, M; Hall, J; Kerr, BM; Lee, CA; Shah, V; Shen, Z; Tieu, K; Wilson, DM; Yang, C, 2019)	0.51
" The high oral bioavailability of isavuconazole and, to some extent, voriconazole makes them suitable for intravenous-to-oral switch strategies."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Second-Generation Triazoles for the Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis and Candidiasis. Folić, M; Janković, SM; Jović, Z; Kostić, M; Milovanović, D; Milovanović, J; Ružić Zečević, D; Stefanović, S, 2019)	0.77
"Posaconazole delayed-release tablets offer better bioavailability than the liquid suspension, but no post-marketing data are available in immunocompetent hosts such as those with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA)."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring and adverse events of delayed-release posaconazole tablets in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Denning, DW; Kosmidis, C; Moore, CB; Rautemaa-Richardson, R; Richardson, MD; Rodriguez-Goncer, I, 2019)	0.51
" This phase 1 study in healthy subjects evaluated the relative bioavailability of filgotinib maleate tablets versus the reference tablet (filgotinib hydrochloride) and effects of food and acid-reducing agents (ARAs) on the pharmacokinetics of filgotinib and its major metabolite."	( The Relative Bioavailability and Effects of Food and Acid-Reducing Agents on Filgotinib Tablets in Healthy Subjects. Anderson, K; Cuvin, J; Kotecha, M; Namour, F; Qin, AR; Scott, B; Sharma, S; Xin, Y; Zheng, H, 2019)	0.51
"The objective of this study is to characterize changes in the fate, behaviour and bioavailability of four conazole fungicides - CFs (prochloraz - PRO, tebuconazole - TEB, epoxiconazole - EPO, flusilazole - FLU) in 12 diverse agricultural soils in complex microcosm systems consisting of agriculturally-used fluvisols, plants (Lactuca sativa), earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and passive samplers (SPME, Empore™ discs, silicone rubber)."	( Fate and bioavailability of four conazole fungicides in twelve different arable soils - Effects of soil and pesticide properties. Bílková, Z; Hofman, J; Hvězdová, M; Neuwirthová, N; Scherr, KE; Šudoma, M; Svobodová, M, 2019)	0.51
" In this study, we show that the orally bioavailable XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330 reduced Mcl-1 protein level, by which it synergized with Bcl-xL inhibitor A-1331852 to induce apoptosis in cancer cells."	( XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330 synergizes with Bcl-xL inhibitor to induce cancer cell apoptosis by perturbing rRNA processing and Mcl-1 protein synthesis. Liu, JW; Xiong, ZQ; Yang, C; Zhao, M; Zhu, ZC, 2019)	0.51
" Excessive pesticide levels in soil can exert negative effects on soil-dwelling organisms by decreasing their bioavailability and, consequently, lowering soil quality."	( Microbiological and biochemical properties of soil polluted with a mixture of spiroxamine, tebuconazole, and triadimenol under the cultivation of Triticum aestivum L. Baćmaga, M; Kucharski, J; Wyszkowska, J, 2019)	0.51
"BOS172722 (CCT289346) is a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of spindle assembly checkpoint kinase MPS1."	( High Proliferation Rate and a Compromised Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Confers Sensitivity to the MPS1 Inhibitor BOS172722 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancers. Anderhub, SJ; Blagg, J; Burke, R; Drosopoulos, K; Eccles, SA; Faisal, A; Filosto, S; Gurden, MD; Hayes, A; Hoelder, S; Innocenti, P; Linardopoulos, S; Mak, GW; Naud, S; Raynaud, FI; Saville, H; Theofani, E; van Montfort, RLM; Walsh, K; Westwood, IM; Woodward, HL, 2019)	0.51
" These findings have important consequences for modeling and prediction of supersaturation impact on the absorption rate as well as for better defining the thermodynamic driving force for crystallization in complex media."	( Interplay of Supersaturation and Solubilization: Lack of Correlation between Concentration-Based Supersaturation Measurements and Membrane Transport Rates in Simulated and Aspirated Human Fluids. Augustijns, P; Brouwers, J; Elkhabaz, A; Moseson, DE; Taylor, LS, 2019)	0.51
"Our study demonstrates that PCZ-DRT has enhanced absorption and bioavailability than PCZ-OS in real-world clinical settings."	( Evaluation of posaconazole plasma concentrations achieved with the delayed-release tablets in Korean high-risk patients with haematologic malignancy. Cha, K; Chae, H; Cho, SY; Kim, HJ; Kim, M; Kim, Y; Kim, YJ; Lee, DG; Lee, JJ; Yi, Y, 2020)	0.56
"Ocular drug administration is usually problematic and suffers low bioavailability due to several physiological and biological factors that hinder their effective treatment."	( Integrated nanovesicular/self-nanoemulsifying system (INV/SNES) for enhanced dual ocular drug delivery: statistical optimization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Basalious, EB; El-Gazayerly, ON; Salem, HM; Yousry, C; Zikry, PM, 2020)	0.56
"Numerous nanotechnological approaches have been widely practiced to improve the bioavailability of less aqueous soluble drugs; phospholipid based vesicles (liposomes) being the most widely applied drug delivery system."	( Synthesis of biocompatible triazole based non-ionic surfactant and its vesicular drug delivery investigation. Ali, I; Hussain, K; Imran, M; Kanwal, T; Nisar, J; Raza Shah, M; Saifullah, S; Ullah, S, 2020)	0.56
" Although it holds promise to be a first-in-class Env-targeted entry inhibitor for the clinic, issues with bioavailability relegate its use to salvage therapies only."	( Composition and Orientation of the Core Region of Novel HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors Influences Metabolic Stability. Cocklin, S; Karadsheh, R; Meuser, ME, 2020)	0.56
" Study 2 investigated the absolute bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of molidustat (part 1, n = 12; part 2, n = 16)."	( Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of molidustat in healthy participants. Gerisch, M; Kaiser, A; Kern, A; Lentini, S; Matsuno, K; Thuss, U; van der Mey, D, 2020)	0.56
" This degradation pathway is a probable major reason for the poor bioavailability of FAM."	( Pentabromobenzyl-RP versus triazole-HILIC columns for separation of the polar basic analytes famotidine and famotidone: LC method development combined with in silico tools to follow the potential consequences of famotidine gastric instability. Belal, F; El-Shaheny, R; Radwan, MO; Yamada, K, 2020)	0.56
" The simulations suggest that for highly soluble drugs, such as verapamil, the predicted bioavailability was comparable pre- and post-RYGBS."	( PBPK modeling of CYP3A and P-gp substrates to predict drug-drug interactions in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Chan, LN; Chen, KF; Lin, YS, 2020)	0.56
" However, data on their environmental behaviour and bioavailability to soil organisms are surprisingly scarce."	( Ageing effect on conazole fungicide bioaccumulation in arable soils. Bílková, Z; Hofman, J; Peštálová, N; Sedláček, P; Šudoma, M, 2021)	0.62
"Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) can increase the bioavailability of drugs with poor aqueous solubility."	( Novel High-Drug-Loaded Amorphous Dispersion Tablets of Posaconazole; Baumann, JM; Biswas, N; Brodeur, TJ; Morgen, MM; Mudie, DM; Shepard, KB; Smith, A; Stewart, AM; Vodak, DT, 2020)	0.56
" However, it was observed that high accumulation of the fungicide in the stem tissue and leaf after the treatment using the chitosan-hexaconazole nanoparticles, which is good for better bioavailability for the treatment of the fungi, Ganoderma boninense."	( Residual analysis of chitosan-based agronanofungicides as a sustainable alternative in oil palm disease management. Daim, LDJ; Fakurazi, S; Hilmi, NHZ; Hussein, MZ; Idris, AS; Maluin, FN; Maznah, Z; Yusof, NA, 2020)	0.56
" For low-sorbing soil variants, the bioaccumulation was also influenced by the type of biochar corresponding to its sorbing potential and the possible effect on the bioavailability of the fungicides."	( Conazole fungicides epoxiconazole and tebuconazole in biochar amended soils: Degradation and bioaccumulation in earthworms. Bielská, L; Bílková, Z; Bošković, N; Hofman, J; Ribitsch, D; Škulcová, L; Soja, G; Šudoma, M, 2021)	0.62
"71 hours [13%]; nonlinear bioavailability ED50 99."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation Study of Posaconazole Oral Suspension in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients: A Short Communication. Allegaert, K; Annaert, P; Colita, A; Dreesen, E; Elkayal, O; Smits, A; Spriet, I; Uyttebroeck, A; Van Daele, R, 2021)	0.62
" This study describes changes in the bioavailability of (essential) elements in soil, fructification, the amount of green biomass and the production of phenolic compounds related solely to the presence of triazoles (penconazole and cyproconazole) in soil, injected as a single compound or their mixture."	( Triazole fungicides in soil affect the yield of fruit, green biomass, and phenolics production of Solanum lycopersicum L. Ćavar Zeljković, S; Jakl, M; Jaklová Dytrtová, J; Kovač, I, 2021)	0.81
" JTZ-951 (enarodustat) has been characterized as a novel, orally bioavailable inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH), and has been developed as a novel therapeutic agent for anemia with CKD."	( JTZ-951 (enarodustat), a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, improves iron utilization and anemia of inflammation: Comparative study against recombinant erythropoietin in rat. Fukui, K; Kobayashi, H; Matsuo, A; Matsushita, M; Shinozaki, Y; Yoshiuchi, H, 2021)	0.62
" Posaconazole has higher bioavailability when administered with meal and fatty components."	( Disposition of posaconazole after single oral administration in large falcons (Falco spp): Effect of meal and dosage and a non-compartmental model to predict effective dosage. Azmanis, P; Naidoo, V; Pappalardo, L; Sara, ZAJ; Silvanose, C, 2021)	0.62
" What limits the potential of the use of peptides as drugs is their low bioavailability and enzymatic degradation in vivo."	( 1,2,3-Triazoles as Biomimetics in Peptide Science. Agouram, N; Bentama, A; El Hadrami, EM, 2021)	1.1
" We comment on the poor bioavailability of posaconazole suspension to suggest that it is not useful in critically ill COVID patients."	( Suboptimal plasma concentrations with posaconazole suspension as prophylaxis in critically ill COVID-19 patients at risk of Covid-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. Beishuizen, A; Cornet, AD; Masselink, JB; Mian, P; Sportel, ET; Trof, RJ, 2022)	0.72
" Oleic acid-embedded cellulose acetate membranes (OECAMs) were developed to evaluate the bioavailability of epoxiconazole (EPO) to earthworms (Eisenia fetida)."	( Accumulation of epoxiconazole from soil via oleic acid-embedded cellulose acetate membranes and bioavailability evaluation in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Chen, Y; Dong, F; Liu, X; Wu, X; Xu, J; Yuan, S; Zheng, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Identification of orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitors has presented a formidable challenge for medicinal chemists."	( Persistence Pays Off: Milvexian Emerges from the Industry's Longstanding Search for Orally Bioavailable Factor XIa Inhibitors. Goodwin, NC, 2022)	0.72
"This study aimed to describe the absolute oral bioavailability of the solid oral formulation of posaconazole and the impact of severe intestinal mucositis in haematology patients."	( Posaconazole bioavailability of the solid oral tablet is reduced during severe intestinal mucositis. Aerts, R; Blijlevens, NMA; Brüggemann, RJM; Burger, D; Colbers, A; Jansen, AME; Maertens, JA; Muilwijk, EW; Ter Heine, R; van der Velden, WJFM; Verweij, PE, 2022)	0.72
" Absolute bioavailability in the final model was estimated at 51."	( Posaconazole bioavailability of the solid oral tablet is reduced during severe intestinal mucositis. Aerts, R; Blijlevens, NMA; Brüggemann, RJM; Burger, D; Colbers, A; Jansen, AME; Maertens, JA; Muilwijk, EW; Ter Heine, R; van der Velden, WJFM; Verweij, PE, 2022)	0.72
"Posaconazole bioavailability is reduced in haematological patients with severe intestinal mucositis, requiring an increase in oral posaconazole dose to 400 mg twice daily on day 1, followed by 400 mg once daily or a switch to intravenous therapy."	( Posaconazole bioavailability of the solid oral tablet is reduced during severe intestinal mucositis. Aerts, R; Blijlevens, NMA; Brüggemann, RJM; Burger, D; Colbers, A; Jansen, AME; Maertens, JA; Muilwijk, EW; Ter Heine, R; van der Velden, WJFM; Verweij, PE, 2022)	0.72
" Here we evaluated the anti-metastatic therapeutic potential of vactosertib, an orally bioavailable TGF-β type I receptor (activin receptor-like kinase 5, ALK5) inhibitor, via suppression of radiation-induced EMT and CSC properties, oxidative stress generation, and breast to lung metastasis in a breast cancer mouse model and breast cancer cell lines."	( Co-treatment with vactosertib, a novel, orally bioavailable activin receptor-like kinase 5 inhibitor, suppresses radiotherapy-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer cell stemness, and lung metastasis of breast cancer. Cho, I; Choi, J; Park, J; Sheen, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Oral bioavailability was estimated to be approximately 88%."	( Pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole in healthy cats after oral and intravenous administration. Dear, JD; Wittenburg, LA; Woerde, DJ, 2022)	0.72
"The majority of new drug entities exhibits poor water solubility and therefore enabling formulations are often needed to ensure sufficient in vivo bioavailability upon oral administration."	( Biopredictive capability assessment of two dissolution/permeation assays, µFLUX™ and PermeaLoop™, using supersaturating formulations of Posaconazole. Bauer-Brandl, A; Brandl, M; Holzem, FL; Klein, S; Schaffland, JP; Stillhart, C; Weck, A, 2022)	0.72
"In vitro bioaccessibility assays have been developed for high-throughput prediction of relative bioavailability (RBA)."	( Incorporating Tenax into the in vitro method to improve the predictive capability of bioaccessibility of triazole fungicides in grape. Cao, H; Deng, Y; Feng, W; Liao, M; Liu, Y; Shi, Y; Xiao, J, 2022)	0.72
" After oral administration of voriconazole at 6, 12, and 24 mg/kg, the relative bioavailability was 67."	( Single oral or intravenous administration of voriconazole achieved recommended therapeutic minimum inhibitory concentrations against Aspergillus in the common raven (Corvus corax). Buchweitz, JP; Johnson, SD; Lehner, AF, 2022)	0.72
" In addition, molecule P1 showed good oral bioavailability and was non-toxic according to ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties."	( In silico identification of 1,2,4-triazoles as potential Candida Albicans inhibitors using 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and ADMET profiling. Ajana, MA; Alaqarbeh, M; Alsakhen, N; Bouachrine, M; Bouamrane, S; El-Mernissi, R; Hajji, H; Khaldan, A; Lakhlifi, T; Maghat, H; Sbai, A, 2023)	1.19
" For the suspension, both a food effect and a dose-dependent nonlinear bioavailability were quantified, resulting in lower bioavailability when fasted or at a higher dose."	( An Integrated Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis for Posaconazole Oral Suspension, Delayed-Release Tablet, and Intravenous Infusion in Healthy Volunteers. Brüggemann, RJ; Chen, L; Heijnen, AR; Knibbe, CAJ; Krekels, EHJ, 2023)	0.91
"For both oral posaconazole formulations, we quantified bioavailability and absorption rate, including food effects, in healthy volunteers."	( An Integrated Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis for Posaconazole Oral Suspension, Delayed-Release Tablet, and Intravenous Infusion in Healthy Volunteers. Brüggemann, RJ; Chen, L; Heijnen, AR; Knibbe, CAJ; Krekels, EHJ, 2023)	0.91
" We focused on their broad spectrum of antimalarial activity of diverse hybridized 1,2,3-triazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles, structure-activity relationship (SAR), drug-likeness, bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties reported since 2018 targeting multiple stages of the Plasmodium life cycle."	( Triazole hybrid compounds: A new frontier in malaria treatment. Hasbullah, SA; Hassan, NI; Rakesh, KP; Ravindar, L, 2023)	1.13

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Eighteen patients were treated with 5-azacytidine at a dosage of 200-250 mg/m2/day X 5 intravenously (i."	( A comparative clinical trial of 5-azacytidine and guanazole in previously treated adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Levi, JA; Wiernik, PH, 1976)	0.26
" In the higher dosage group, these ratios increased markedly, whereas with the lower dosage group, the ratios stabilized at a lower value."	( The effects of aminotriazole (ATZ) on the thyroid gland and the development of the White Leghorn chick. Goldsmith, ED; Rolle-Getz, GK; Wishe, HI, 1979)	0.26
" A significant dose-response curve was obtained with triazolam and flurazepam for some of the parameters."	( Comparison of the hypnotic activity of triazolam, flurazepam hydrochloride, and placebo. Sunshine, A, 1975)	0.25
" However, parallel studies including the dosage of the active hormones (T3, T4) are necessary in order to appreciate the value of Tgl determination as an indicator of hormogenesis in this type of experiments."	( The radioimmunological measurement of thyroglobulin secretion in vitro under the influence of some herbicides. Dimitriu, V; Ghinea, E; Ghinea, L; Oprescu, M; Săhleanu, V; Simionescu, L, )	0.13
"Dissolution testing of solid oral dosage forms plays a very important part both in the development of new products and in quality control."	( The automation of dissolution testing of solid oral dosage forms. Lamparter, E; Lunkenheimer, CH, )	0.13
" Blood samples were also collected for trough level (Cmin) determination on the morning of the 5th, 6th and 7th day of 100 and 500 mg/day dosing regimens and the 3rd, 5th and 6th day of 1000 mg/day regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of nefazodone following multiple escalating oral doses in the dog. Barbhaiya, RH; Kaul, S; Marathe, PH; Pittman, KA; Shukla, UA, )	0.13
" The selective A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX also had no effect on release when administered at a low dosage (0."	( Excitatory transmitter amino acid release from the ischemic rat cerebral cortex: effects of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists. O'Regan, MH; Perkins, LM; Phillis, JW; Simpson, RE, 1992)	0.28
"25%, respectively, when dosed intravaginally."	( Saperconazole: in vitro and in vivo anticandidal activity. Foleno, B; Fu, KP; Isaacson, D; LoCoco, J, 1992)	0.28
"The effects of repeated (5 days) dosing with the non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor R 83 842 (the dextro isomer of R 76 713) on tumor aromatase and uterus weight in ovariectomized nude mice bearing JEG-3 tumors were examined."	( Aromatase inhibition by R 83 842, the dextro isomer of R 76 713, in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma grown in ovariectomized nude mice. Callens, M; De Coster, R; Janssens, B; Krekels, MD; Van Ginckel, R; Wouters, W, 1992)	0.28
" The unique pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties of SCH 39304 (low incidence of toxicity, long serum half-life, and good penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid) lend promise to pursue other triazole antifungals at higher doses as primary therapy and less frequent dosing for maintenance therapy."	( Oral SCH 39304 as primary, salvage, and maintenance therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. Chambers, HF; Lee, BL; Padula, AM; Sande, MA; Täuber, MG, 1992)	0.28
" Body weights were decreased compared to controls: 5-15% in the female and 10-12% in the male dosage groups by week 105 of the study."	( Promotional activities of the non-genotoxic carcinogen bemitradine (SC-33643). Burton, E; Chengelis, CP; Gad, SC; Levin, S; Oshiro, Y; Piper, CE; Semler, DE, 1992)	0.28
" BN 50739 caused a right shift in PAF dose-response curves of platelet aggregation both in vitro and ex vivo."	( Inhibitory effect of new PAF antagonists on PAF-induced rabbit platelet aggregation in vitro and ex vivo. Farhat, M; Feuerstein, G; Rabinovici, R; Yue, TL, )	0.13
" Dose-response functions were determined during 5-min extinction sessions."	( Discriminative stimulus properties of triadimefon: comparison with methylphenidate. Eckerman, DA; MacPhail, RC; Perkins, AN, 1991)	0.28
" No hepatic or renal toxicity was seen after 28 days of dosing with BR 40 mg/kg/d."	( Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of a novel antifungal triazole, Bay R 3783, and its long-lasting active metabolite, Bay U 3625, in rabbits. Kelly, P; Lecciones, J; Lee, JW; Pizzo, PA; Ritter, W; Walsh, TJ, 1991)	0.28
" Those involving the patient include denial of illness, misconceptions regarding the nature of the infection or its treatment, a misunderstanding of symptomatic relief versus microbiologic cure, dislike of the dosage form, nonsupport of the sexual consort, or intolerance of side effects."	( Vulvovaginitis: the role of patient compliance in treatment success. Nixon, SA, 1991)	0.28
" On day 1 and 15 of dosing with each regimen, each subject's 24-h ambulatory intragastric acidity was measured by radiotelemetry and 24-h plasma gastrin profiles were derived from hourly venous blood samples."	( The effects of 15 days of dosing with placebo, sufotidine 600 mg nocte or sufotidine 600 mg twice daily upon 24-hour intragastric acidity and 24-hour plasma gastrin. Holmfield, JH; Johnston, D; Primrose, JN; Rogers, MJ, 1990)	0.28
" In neither study were there any significant differences between the acid secretory dose-response curves to histamine in control and test animals."	( Chronic administration of H2-antagonists does not alter gastric secretory responses to histamine, or the antisecretory activity of sufotidine. Humphray, JM; Reeves, JJ; Stables, R, 1990)	0.28
" Loreclezole was dosed to reach a target plasma concentration between 1 and 3 mg/l."	( Efficacy and safety evaluation of loreclezole as add-on treatment in therapy-resistant epilepsy patients. Hulsman, J; Rentmeester, T, 1991)	0.28
" Propranolol (1 mg/kg) produced a small shift to the left and atropine (1 mg/kg) and the serotonin antagonist, methysergide (1 mg/kg), produced a small shift to the right in the bombesin dose-response curve."	( Bombesin-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig: mode of action. Barnes, PJ; Belvisi, MG; Stretton, CD, 1991)	0.28
"1 mg/kg) of Y-24180 also prevented hemoconcentration due to PAF in a dose dependent manner and produced a parallel shift of the PAF dose-response curve."	( Pharmacological actions of Y-24180: I. A potent and specific antagonist of platelet-activating factor. Aratani, H; Setoguchi, M; Tahara, T; Terasawa, M, 1990)	0.28
" The PAF receptor antagonism with BN 50730 was overcome when 10-fold larger doses of PAF were administered and the dose-response curves for changes in lung resistance and dynamic compliance were shifted to the right in a parallel manner."	( Influence of SK&F 95587 and BN 50730 on bronchoconstrictor responses in the cat. Beckerman, RC; Bellan, JA; Braquet, P; Dyson, MC; Kadowitz, PJ; McNamara, DB; Minkes, RK; Wegmann, MJ, 1990)	0.28
" The differences in the efficacies of the triazoles appeared to be due to differences in their pharmacokinetics and the dosage schedule that was used."	( In vitro and in vivo activities of Sch 39304, fluconazole, and amphotericin B against Histoplasma capsulatum. Kobayashi, GS; Medoff, G; Rinaldi, MG; Travis, SJ, 1990)	0.54
" CD-1 mice were infected with Coccidioides immitis and dosed with SCH at 2, 10, 25, or 50 mg/kg per day or FLU at 10 or 100 mg/kg per day."	( Efficacy of SCH39304 and fluconazole in a murine model of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Clemons, KV; Hanson, LH; Perlman, AM; Stevens, DA, 1990)	0.28
" In the patient who reported fever the drug was discontinued and in the patient who complained of pain at the site of injection, dosing was changed to the oral route but was discontinued due to elevated GOT, GPT, Al-P and gamma-GTP."	( [Clinical efficacy of fluconazole in the patient with pulmonary mycosis]. Hanawa, T; Hatakenaka, R; Ikeda, S; Katsura, A; Kosaba, S; Lee, Y; Matsubara, Y; Ninomiya, K; Shiota, T; Yagi, K, 1989)	0.28
" Although the dosage was 100-300 mg daily for 8 days to 6 months, neither adverse reactions nor laboratory parameter abnormalities were observed."	( [Clinical evaluation of fluconazole in patients with mycotic infection]. Adachi, M; Ikeda, H; Kawanishi, M; Matsushima, T; Nakamura, J; Tanabe, J; Tano, Y; Tomizawa, S, 1989)	0.28
" No significant adverse reactions nor abnormality in clinical laboratory tests related with the dosing of fluconazole were observed in any of the patients."	( [A clinical evaluation of injectable fluconazole in the treatment of deep mycosis associated with hematological malignancy]. Hojo, H; Lin, KY; Torii, Y; Toyama, K; Tsuda, A; Yoshikawa, O, 1989)	0.28
" It is characterized by its long serum half-life (approximately 30 hours) to allow once-a-day dosing and favorable safety profile."	( [Clinical study of fluconazole on deep-seated fungal infections]. Akahonai, Y; Ikemoto, H; Kasai, M; Kawamura, K; Mikuni, C; Mori, T; Taniuchi, A; Watanabe, K; Yoshida, K; Yoshida, T, 1989)	0.28
" When platelets were pretreated with either BDZR ligand, and then exposed to various concentrations of WEB 2086, there was no alteration of the dose-response relationship of the hetrazepine on PAF-induced aggregation, as reflected by threshold concentration, ED50, or maximum inhibition seen with WEB 2086."	( The benzodiazepine receptor ligands RO 5-4864 and RO 15-1788 do not block the inhibition of PAF-induced platelet aggregation seen with the hetrazepine WEB2086. Griffin, K; Hong, T; Levy, JV, 1989)	0.28
" Incubation of eosinophils with the PAF-antagonist WEB 2086 led to a parallel shift of the dose-response curve to the right, indicating a competitive antagonism."	( Stimulation of degranulation from human eosinophils by platelet-activating factor. Barnes, PJ; Chung, KF; Dent, G; Kroegel, C; Venge, P; Yukawa, T, 1989)	0.28
" WEB 2086 shifted the Paf dose-response curve rightwards in a parallel manner."	( Interaction of the Paf antagonist WEB 2086 and its hetrazepine analogues with human platelets and endothelial cells. Benveniste, J; Bidault, J; Delautier, D; Hirafuji, M; Keraly, CL; Korth, R, 1989)	0.28
" Most of the members of these series of compounds are effective with a single injection although the dosage can be 5 or more times as large as that needed for each of 5 daily injections."	( Development of novel embryotoxic compounds for interceptive fertility control in the dog. Lerner, LJ, 1989)	0.28
" The dose-response curve for fall in BP was shifted to the right by one order of magnitude."	( Platelet-activating factor (Paf) antagonist, WEB 2086, protects against Paf-induced hypotension in Macaca fascicularis. Antoniw, JW; Izumi, T; Piper, PJ; Stanton, AW, 1989)	0.28
" For these studies, airway responsiveness was determined from slopes of carbachol dose-response curves (DRC) performed at base line (prechallenge) and 2 h after Ascaris suum antigen challenges in the following three protocols: 1) antigen challenge alone (control trial), 2) WEB-2086 (1 mg/kg iv) given 30 min before antigen challenge (WEB pretreatment), and 3) WEB-2086 given 2 h after antigen challenge, immediately before the postchallenge DRC (WEB posttreatment)."	( A PAF antagonist blocks antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in sheep. Abraham, WM; Sielczak, MW; Solèr, M, 1989)	0.28
" By contrast, its 'relative inhibition factors' against Candida species (calculated from areas under the antifungal dose-response curves) were of the same order as those of other imidazole and triazole antifungal agents."	( Antifungal effects of fluconazole (UK 49858), a new triazole antifungal, in vitro. Abbott, AB; Cheesman, SL; Odds, FC, 1986)	0.27
" Dosage-effect, time-effect, and the effect of repeated dosing (7 days) were determined following triadimefon exposure."	( Hyperactivity induced by triadimefon, a triazole fungicide. Boncek, VM; Crofton, KM; Reiter, LW, 1988)	0.27
" The M-4 level was constantly low during 24 hr after dosing and then decreased gradually."	( [Pharmacology of a new sleep-inducer, 1H-1,2,4-triazolyl benzophenone derivative, 450191-S (VI). Determination of metabolites in monkey plasma by combined high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme immunoassay]. Sugeno, K; Yamaguchi, T; Yamashita, M, 1986)	0.27
" We test new structures in 20 well-selected human tumor xenografts and in the P388 mouse leukemia in dose-response relationships."	( Colony assay with human tumor xenografts, murine tumors and human bone marrow. Potential for anticancer drug development. Bieser, W; Fiebig, HH; Henss, H; Lohr, GW; Schmid, JR, 1987)	0.27
" High dosage affects all inter- and intralobular portions."	( Light and electron microscopical changes in the liver of mice following treatment with aminotriazole. Reitze, HK; Seitz, KA, 1985)	0.27
"The intention of this study was to determine the minimum required dosage of triazolpyridine (TAP) to consistently induce emesis in canines."	( Emetic effect of triazolopyrimidine, a pyrimidine compound, in dogs. Akahori, F; Arai, S; Ichimura, T; Masaoka, T, 1985)	0.27
" In all these data indicate that in the dog: 1) CLON induces GH release via activation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors; 2) these receptors are likely located on presynaptic sites [experiments with reserpine (1), DU-18288, mianserin, dose-response curve with CLON 2-32/micrograms/kg iv]; 3) the adrenergic receptors involved in GH release exhibit supersensitivity upon (YOH-induced) chronic pharmacologic denervation."	( Presynaptic alpha 2 -adrenergic stimulation leads to growth hormone release in the dog. Cella, SG; Mantegazza, P; Morgese, M; Müller, EE; Picotti, GB, 1984)	0.27
" Administration of nitrazepam with other drugs, except aminopyrine, or of estazolam together with haloperidol exhibited an anticonvulsive pattern different from the case of dosing with either drug alone."	( [Pharmacology of a 1H-1, 2, 4-triazolyl benzophenone derivative (450191-S), a new sleep-inducer (III). Behavioral study on interactions of 450191-S and other drugs in mice]. Horiuchi, M; Ibii, N; Yamamoto, K, 1984)	0.27
" In the second experiment, an early postinjury dosing procedure was followed."	( Chronic postinjury administration of MDL 26,479 (Suritozole), a negative modulator at the GABAA receptor, and cognitive impairment in rats following traumatic brain injury. Hamm, RJ; O'Dell, DM, 1995)	0.29
" To determine if anticonvulsant doses of loreclezole increase extracellular serotonin, we determined anticonvulsant dose-response relationships in genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs)."	( The anticonvulsant effect of the broad spectrum anticonvulsant loreclezole may be mediated in part by serotonin in rats: a microdialysis study. Dailey, JW; Jo, M; Jobe, PC; Ko, KH; Seo, DO; Yan, QS, 1994)	0.29
" The steady-state AUCTAU over the dosing interval and Cmax of S-warfarin decreased by 12%; however, this change is clinically insignificant because the prothrombin ratio and bleeding time remained unchanged."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of warfarin and nefazodone coadministration in healthy subjects. Chaikin, PC; Dockens, RC; Fulmor, IE; Milbrath, RL; Raymond, RH; Salazar, DE; Uderman, HD, 1995)	0.29
"This study indicates that a lower dosage (for example, one drop) is also efficacious and has the added benefit of fewer side effects."	( Comparison of the effects on pupil size and accommodation of three regimens of topical dapiprazole. Crowder, AM; Dale, JL; Heiser, JF; Katz, BB; Wassom, NJ; Wilcox, CS, 1995)	0.29
" Both dosage regimens were well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetics of the triazole antifungal agent genaconazole in healthy men after oral and intravenous administration. Affrime, MB; Cayen, MN; Lin, CC; Mojaverian, P; Radwanski, E, 1994)	0.29
" First, while administration of testosterone to eggs incubating at all male-producing and male-biased intermediate temperatures produced females in a dose- and temperature-dependent manner, significant numbers of intersex individuals resulted from high dosage testosterone treatment to eggs incubating at a female-biased intermediate temperature."	( Role of reductase and aromatase in sex determination in the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta), a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination. Bergeron, JM; Crews, D, 1994)	0.29
" The initial dose was 100 mg, titrated to 600 mg/day, on a twice-daily dosing schedule."	( Nefazodone in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a preliminary study. Denis, A; Freeman, EW; Pfeifer, S; Rickels, K; Sondheimer, SJ; Weil, S, 1994)	0.29
" By patient self-report, improvement of anxiety symptoms associated with depression was evident with nefazodone as early as the first week of treatment, and benefit was seen with both nefazodone dosage groups."	( A double-blind comparison of nefazodone, imipramine, and placebo in major depression. Ecker, JA; Elie, R; Faludi, G; Fontaine, R; Kaplita, S; Kensler, TT; Ontiveros, A; Roberts, DL, 1994)	0.29
" Plasma profiles of nefazodone and its metabolites following oral dosing are presented."	( Determination of nefazodone and its metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric detection. Franklin, M, )	0.13
" A further 416 (57) micrograms reduction in inhaled corticosteroid dosage was possible during the treatment phase but this was almost identical in the WEB 2086 and placebo-treated groups, amounting to 353 (92) and 481 (65) micrograms/day respectively (not significant [NS])."	( The effect of the orally active platelet-activating factor antagonist WEB 2086 in the treatment of asthma. Calverley, PM; Dhillon, P; Higgins, C; Holgate, ST; Johnston, SL; Ramhamadany, E; Spence, DP; Turner, S; Winning, A; Winter, J, 1994)	0.29
"A series of 4-substituted 1,2-diacyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-diones were synthesized and shown to be hypolipidemic in rodents; serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly reduced following intraperitoneal and oral dosing at 20 mg/kg/day."	( Hypolipidemic activity of 4-substituted 1,2-diacyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-diones in rodents. Hall, IH; Izydore, RA; Simlot, R; Wong, OT, 1994)	0.29
" dosing (1 mg/kg), the plasma concentration-time curves fitted a two-compartment model."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new thienodiazepine platelet activating factor receptor antagonist (E6123) in laboratory animals. Is there a metabolic polymorphism in the rhesus monkey? Abe, Y; Ida, S; Kusano, K; Tanaka, S; Yuzuriha, T, 1993)	0.29
" PAF injected into the peritoneal cavity induced a bell-shaped dose-response curve of EB extravasation in both strains of mouse."	( Differential sensitivity of mouse strains to platelet activating factor-induced vasopermeability and mortality: effect of antagonists. Jancar, S; Russo, M; Vásquez-Bravo, YL, 1993)	0.29
" Taking into account that dosing amount of Fe-TPAA was limited due to its toxicity, the effective ROS scavenging may not have been obtained."	( [Effects of reactive oxygen species scavenger and platelet activating factor receptor antagonist on accelerated nephrotoxic nephritis]. Kakuta, S, 1993)	0.29
" The rats were killed at 1, 6, 24, 48 or 72 h after dosing and the concentration of total radioactivity in various tissues and organs measured."	( Distribution of 1-aminobenzotriazole in male rats after administration of an oral dose. Chang, D; Garland, W; Henderson, L; Mortillo, M; Town, C, 1993)	0.29
" On repeated twice-daily dosing of nefazodone, steady-state levels of the drug and its metabolites were reached within 3 days."	( Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of nefazodone after escalating single and multiple oral doses. Barbhaiya, RH; Kaul, S; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
" The present study explores more fully the effects of dosage and timing of application of CGS16949A and examines the sex-reversing potential of CGS20267, a new and reputedly more potent aromatase inhibitor."	( Making males from females: the effects of aromatase inhibitors on a parthenogenetic species of whiptail lizard. Crews, D; Wennstrom, KL, 1995)	0.29
" When nefazodone and cimetidine were co-administered for 1 week, no change in steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters for cimetidine, nefazodone or hydroxynefazodone was observed compared with each drug dosed alone."	( Lack of interaction between nefazodone and cimetidine: a steady state pharmacokinetic study in humans. Barbhaiya, RH; Greene, DS; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
" Each dosage level was administered for 2 days before proceeding to the next higher dose from 5 mg or 10 mg 3 times a day to a maximum of 500 mg 3 times a day."	( Safety, tolerance, and preliminary pharmacokinetics of nefazodone after administration of single and multiple oral doses to healthy adult male volunteers: a double-blind, phase I study. Barbhaiya, RH; Gammans, RR; Greene, DS; Marathe, PH; Mayol, RF; Pittman, KA; Robinson, D; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
" Volunteers in the first trial were dosed with 3 mg of ZD1033 daily over 10 days to assess the effects on endocrinology of ZD1033 and establish a pharmacokinetic profile."	( Arimidex (ZD1033): a selective, potent inhibitor of aromatase in postmenopausal female volunteers. Dowsett, M; Fisher, GV; Selen, A; Wyld, PJ; Yates, RA, 1996)	0.29
" The side effects of nefazodone most often related to dosage were sedation, nausea, and visual symptoms."	( Therapeutic dose range of nefazodone in the treatment of major depression. Archibald, DG; Hardy, SA; Marcus, RN; Robinson, DS, 1996)	0.29
" With coadministration, the maximum peak concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC tau) of propranolol decreased 29% and 14%, respectively; Cmax and AUC tau of 4-hydroxy-propranolol decreased 15% and 21%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation during coadministration of nefazodone and propranolol in healthy men. Fulmor, IE; Lee, JS; Marathe, PH; Raymond, RH; Salazar, DE; Uderman, HD, 1995)	0.29
"2 micrograms ml-1, respectively, at steady-state when theophylline was administered with or without concurrent dosing of nefazodone."	( Lack of an effect of nefazodone on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of theophylline during concurrent administration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Barbhaiya, RH; Dockens, RC; Greene, DS; Rapoport, D; Roberts, D, 1995)	0.29
" Selective PAF, TXA2 and 5HT antagonists (WEB 2086, sulotroban and MCI-9042) clearly inhibited both the shape change and the aggregation induced by the appropriate agonist; in each case the effect of the antagonist was to move the dose-response curve to the right."	( Studies on the effects of agonists and antagonists on platelet shape change and platelet aggregation in whole blood. Heptinstall, S; Lösche, W; Sanderson, HM; Vickers, J, 1996)	0.29
" The enhancement of [3H]flunitrazepam binding to the benzodiazepine receptor by loreclezole as well as the effect of loreclezole on CL218872/[3H]flunitrazepam dose-response curves suggest that loreclezole does not act through the benzodiazepine site on the GABAA receptor complex, nor does it selectively modulate benzodiazepine receptor subtypes."	( Loreclezole modulates [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate and [3H]flunitrazepam binding via a distinct site on the GABAA receptor complex. Friend, JM; Gee, KW; Xue, BG, 1996)	0.29
" Serial blood samples were collected after dosing on day 1 and day 7 and before the morning dose on days 4, 5, and 6 for the determination of alprazolam and its metabolites alpha-hydroxyalprazolam (AOH) and 4-hydroxyalprazolam (4OH) and nefazodone and its metabolites hydroxynefazodone (HO-nefazodone), m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), and a triazole dione metabolite (dione) by validated high-performance liquid chromatography methods."	( Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines: III. A pharmacokinetic interaction study with alprazolam. Barbhaiya, RH; Dockens, RC; Greene, DS; Kroboth, P; Salazar, DE, 1995)	0.29
" Plasma samples were collected after dosing on day 1 and day 7 and before the morning dose on days 4, 5, and 6 for the determination of LOR, NEF, and NEF metabolites hydroxy (HO)-NEF, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), and dione by validated high-performance liquid chromatography methods."	( Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines: IV. A pharmacokinetic interaction study with lorazepam. Barbhaiya, RH; Dockens, RC; Greene, DS; Kroboth, P; Salazar, DE, 1995)	0.29
" The dosage should start at 100 mg twice daily and then be increased, depending on occurrence of ADRs and the patient's clinical response, to 300-600 mg daily."	( Nefazodone: a new antidepressant. Ellingrod, VL; Perry, PJ, 1995)	0.29
" Oral therapy with UK-109496 at a dosage of 10 or 15 mg/kg of body weight every 8 h was begun 24 h after a lethal or sublethal challenge, and results were compared with those for amphotericin B therapy and untreated controls."	( Efficacy of UK-109496, a new azole antifungal agent, in an experimental model of invasive aspergillosis. Andriole, VT; George, D; Miniter, P, 1996)	0.29
" The results showed that the pharmacokinetic profiles of the two enantiomers were similar after a single oral dosing of the racemate."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of genaconazole, a potent antifungal drug, in men. Affrime, M; Brannan, M; Cayen, MN; Kim, H; Lin, C; Radwanski, E, 1996)	0.29
" Hourly dosing with hydrochloric acid reversed the protective effect of ranitidine, cimetidine and loxtidine on macroscopic damage and, histologically, this was associated with the widespread appearance of antral ulcers and a reduction in the proportion of mucosal damage caused by superficial erosions."	( The role of acid in the pathogenesis of indomethacin-induced gastric antral ulcers in the rat. Clayton, NM; Oakley, I; Trevethick, MA; Williams, LV, 1996)	0.29
" The steady-state pharmacokinetics of nefazodone, an antidepressant drug with non-linear pharmacokinetics, were determined in a multiple-dose, three-period crossover study in 24 male volunteers to evaluate whether administration of the same total daily dose of nefazodone by different dosing schedules has an effect on systemic exposure to the drug and its metabolites."	( Comparison of the steady-state pharmacokinetics of nefazodone after administration of 200 mg twice daily or 400 mg once daily in the morning or evening. Barbhaiya, RH; Greene, DS; Lee, JS; Marathe, PH, 1996)	0.29
" Total radioactivity in plasma, urine, and feces collected for 7 days after iv and po dosing was determined."	( Pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and disposition of [14C]nefazodone in humans. Barbhaiya, RH; Dandekar, KA; Greene, DS, 1996)	0.29
" There was lack of a dose-response relationship at this concentration range (3."	( Effects of the platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist WEB 2086 on whole blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in a thromboelastography assay. Dambisya, YM; Hussaini, IM; Lee, TL, 1995)	0.29
" Data from 6 of 12 subjects in this study were evaluable because of a dosing error in the other 6 subjects."	( Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines: I. Pharmacodynamic assessment. Barbhaiya, R; Chaikin, PC; Folan, MM; Kroboth, PD; Lush, RM; Salazar, DE; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
" If triazolam is coadministered with nefazodone, a reduction in the triazolam dosage is recommended; no dosage adjustment is required for nefazodone."	( Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines: II. A pharmacokinetic interaction study with triazolam. Barbhaiya, RH; Greene, DS; Kroboth, PD; Shukla, UA, 1995)	0.29
" Serial blood samples were collected after the single dose and the morning dose on day 8 of the twice-daily administration; a blood sample for trough level was collected from each subject just before the morning dose on days 2 to 8 of the twice-daily dosing to assess the attainment of steady state."	( A study of the effect of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of nefazodone after single and multiple doses. Barbhaiya, RH; Buch, AB; Greene, DS, 1996)	0.29
" The administration of 5 mg of haloperidol to subjects dosed with nefazodone to steady state led to a modest pharmacokinetic interaction, as indicated by a 36, 13, and 37% increase in mean area under the curve (AUC0-12), highest concentration, and 12-h concentration values for haloperidol, respectively; only the increase in AUC was statistically significant."	( Investigation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions after coadministration of nefazodone and haloperidol. Barbhaiya, RH; Breul, HP; Greene, DS; Midha, KK; Shukla, UA, 1996)	0.29
" Because digoxin has a narrow therapeutic index, monitoring of plasma digoxin levels and appropriate adjustment of dosage are recommended when nefazodone and digoxin are administered concurrently."	( Assessment of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions between nefazodone and digoxin in healthy male volunteers. Barbhaiya, RH; Dockens, RC; Greene, DS, 1996)	0.29
" Serial blood samples were collected for 48 h after dosing and assayed by a validated HPLC method for NEF and the metabolites hydroxynefazodone (HO-NEF), m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), and triazoledione (dione)."	( The lack effect of food on the bioavailability of nefazodone tablets. Barbhaiya, RH; Dockens, RC; Greene, DS, 1996)	0.29
"The proportion of patients whose conditions improved from severe or moderate headache immediately before dosing to mild or no headache at 2 hours after drug administration (ie, headache relief)."	( Rizatriptan vs sumatriptan in the acute treatment of migraine. A placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Dutch/US Rizatriptan Study Group. Ferrari, MD; Jiang, K; Lines, CR; Reines, SA; Terwindt, GM; Visser, WH, 1996)	0.29
" Addition of WEB 2086 to bovine platelets in vitro induced a rightward shift in the dose-response curve to PAF."	( Inhibition of PAF-induced platelet aggregation by WEB 2086 'in-vitro', an antagonist to the receptor for platelet-activating factor, in bovine. da Silva, MB; David, JL; Dessy, C; Gustin, P; Herion, F; Lekeux, P; Raskinet, R, 1996)	0.29
" Serial plasma and urine samples were collected at specified time intervals after dosing on Days 1, 16, 18, 20 and 22."	( Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of nefazodone in subjects classified as extensive and poor metabolizers of dextromethorphan. Barbhaiya, RH; Buch, AB; Greene, DS, 1996)	0.29
"7 h, respectively, and remained essentially constant over the dosage range of 10-60 micrograms kg-1 of IV MK-462."	( Pharmacokinetics and food interaction of MK-462 in healthy males. Cerchio, KA; Cheng, H; Christie, K; James, I; McLoughlin, D; Olah, TV; Polvino, WJ; Rogers, JD; Sciberras, D; Yogendran, L, 1996)	0.29
" The optimum therapeutic dosage of nefazodone appears to be between 300 and 600 mg/day."	( Nefazodone. A review of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the management of major depression. Bryson, HM; Davis, R; Whittington, R, 1997)	0.3
" Although lower WEB 2170 doses prevented NEC, neither fourfold higher dosing with WEB 2170 nor similar dosing with WEB 2086 affected the incidence of disease in this study."	( The platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist WEB 2170 prevents neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis in rats. Adler, L; Caplan, MS; Hedlund, E; Hsueh, W; Lickerman, M, 1997)	0.3
" Dosage increases (to 500 mg/day for nefazodone and 40 mg/day for fluoxetine) were available after day 29, depending on clinician judgement."	( A multicenter, double-blind comparison of the effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep architecture and quality of sleep in depressed outpatients. Armitage, R; Cole, D; Rush, AJ; Yonkers, K, 1997)	0.3
" Venlafaxine dosage needs to be lowered in the elderly with renal impairment."	( Antidepressant use in the elderly. Current status of nefazodone, venlafaxine and moclobemide. Goldberg, RJ, 1997)	0.3
" The recommended dosage for this indication is 2 drops followed 5 minutes later by 2 drops."	( Dose-response study of dapiprazole HCl in the reversal of mydriasis induced by 2.5% phenylephrine. Bartlett, JD; Hart, KK; Hogan, TS; McDaniel, DD; Paggiarino, DA, 1997)	0.3
"05) for repeated dosing at day 2 and day 10 after probe placement."	( The design and validation of a novel intravenous microdialysis probe: application to fluconazole pharmacokinetics in the freely-moving rat model. Elmquist, WF; Wang, Q; Yang, H, 1997)	0.3
"1 mg/kg, and the clearance half-life of 7-16 h indicated that once-daily dosing would be possible in humans."	( The relevance of preclinical models to the treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer. Dukes, M, 1997)	0.3
" 75, 198-207, 1997) have suggested that dosing chemicals to newly weaned male rats for 1 month may yield a useful assay for antiandrogens."	( The weanling male rat as an assay for endocrine disruption: preliminary observations. Ashby, J; Lefevre, PA, 1997)	0.3
" In both dosage groups a statistically significant increase in the IGF-I levels was observed during three months of letrozole treatment (P=0."	( The aromatase inhibitor letrozole in advanced breast cancer: effects on serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 levels. Bajetta, E; Bichisao, E; Buzzoni, R; Celio, L; Di Leo, A; Ferrari, L; Mariani, L; Martinetti, A; Miceli, R; Seregni, E; Spagnoli, I; Zilembo, N, )	0.13
" The recommended dosage is 1 mg daily."	( Anastrozole: a selective aromatase inhibitor for the treatment of breast cancer. alKhouri, N; Higa, GM, 1998)	0.3
" Anastrozole is administered in a convenient, once-daily oral dosing regimen and does not require steroid replacement therapy."	( Anastrozole: a new addition to the armamentarium against advanced breast cancer. Buzdar, AU, 1998)	0.3
"This pilot study involved six men with major depression treated with nefazodone dosed either twice/day or once/day at bedtime."	( Nefazodone: single versus twice daily dose. Sebastian, PS; Shaurette, GN; Voris, JC; Will-Wallace, LA, )	0.13
" Twenty-two human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive male subjects were enrolled in an open, nonrandomized trial investigating the pharmacokinetics of two different dosing regimens of D0870 and assessing the safety of multiple oral doses of D0870 in HIV-positive subjects and their ability to tolerate multiple oral doses."	( Pharmacokinetics of two multiple-dosing regimens of D0870 in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: a phase I study. Clumeck, AN; De Wit, S; Edwards, J; O'Doherty, E; Smith, RP; Yates, R, 1998)	0.3
"One hundred sixty-six patients suffering from major depressive disorders were treated for 8 weeks with nefazodone in an open study in dosage ranges from 200 to 600 mg."	( Nefazodone in major depression: adjunctive benzodiazepine therapy and tolerability. Case, WG; DeMartinis, N; Garcia España, FG; Greenblatt, DJ; Mandos, LA; Rickels, K; Schweizer, E, 1998)	0.3
" On experiencing moderate or severe migraine headaches, patients rated headache severity prior to dosing and at 30-minute intervals for 2 hours after dosing."	( Rizatriptan (MAXALT) for the acute treatment of migraine and migraine recurrence. A placebo-controlled, outpatient study. Rizatriptan 022 Study Group. Block, G; Cutler, N; Gross, M; Jiang, K; Reines, S; Smith, B; Teall, J; Tuchman, M; Willoughby, E, 1998)	0.3
"Healthy volunteer/patient, single/multiple dosing differences, and age were identified as the fixed effects influencing the CL of VOR."	( Effects of demographic variables on vorozole pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers and in breast cancer patients. Huang, ML; Langenaecken, C; Piotrovsky, VK; Van Peer, A, 1998)	0.3
"The concept of proportionality between the pharmacological effects of drugs and their dosage has been questioned since the discovery of saturable phenomenon for some drug dispositions, either during their absorption or their elimination."	( Blood and cerebral concentrations of the new potential analgesic UP 26-91 measured in vivo by microdialysis after toxic doses. Bouër, R; Hermann, P; Houin, G; Malmary, MF; Poey, J; Saivin, S, 1998)	0.3
"The disposition of ethyl 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-(1,2,4- triazol-1-ylmethyl) quinoline-3-carboxylate (CAS 158146-85-1, TAK-603) after single oral dosing of 14C-labeled TAK-603 ([14C]TAK-603) at 10 mg/kg to rats and dogs was studied."	( Disposition of the new antirheumatic agent ethyl 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)- 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)quinoline-3-carboxylate (TAK-603) in rats and dogs. Kiyota, Y; Motohashi, M; Tagawa, Y; Tanayama, S; Yoshimura, Y, 1998)	0.3
" The rationale for extending the use of aromatase inhibitors to the treatment of early breast cancer is based on the efficacy observed in the advanced setting, combined with good tolerability and a convenient dosing regimen."	( Aromatase inhibitors and their future role in post-menopausal women with early breast cancer. Lønning, PE, 1998)	0.3
" In a second series of experiments, the effects of limited duration of dosing with vorozole (2."	( Chemopreventive effects of the aromatase inhibitor vorozole (R 83842) in the methylnitrosourea-induced mammary cancer model. Bowden, C; DeCoster, R; Eto, I; Grubbs, CJ; Juliana, MM; Kelloff, GJ; Lubet, RA; Steele, VE; You, M, 1998)	0.3
" Based upon its therapeutic efficacy and long half-life in the rabbit model, TAK-187 should be investigated for intermittent dosing in treatment or suppression of cryptococcal infections in humans."	( In vitro and in vivo efficacy of the triazole TAK-187 against Cryptococcus neoformans. De Almeida, GM; Dodge, RK; Okonogi, K; Perfect, JR; Schell, WA, 1998)	0.3
"Ten patients with combat-related DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) entered an open-label 12-week trial of nefazodone with a 4-week follow-up, beginning with 100 mg/day and increasing as necessary to achieve a maximal response or until reaching a maximum dosage of 600 mg/day."	( Open trial of nefazodone for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Beckham, JC; Davidson, JR; Feldman, ME; Hertzberg, MA; Moore, SD, 1998)	0.3
" The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile from the first Phase I clinical trial of CAI for the single test dose and multiple daily dosing schedule."	( Pharmacokinetics of orally administered carboxyamido-triazole, an inhibitor of calcium-mediated signal transduction. Boudoulas, S; Cole, KA; Davis, PA; Figg, WD; Goldspiel, B; Jacob, J; Piscitelli, SC; Reed, E; Soltis, MJ; Steinberg, SM, 1995)	0.29
" Monitoring blood concentrations of tacrolimus is vital, and appropriate dosage adjustments are required when the two drugs are administered concurrently to avoid serious interactions such as nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity."	( Interaction between tacrolimus and nefazodone in a stable renal transplant recipient. Bennett, WM; deMattos, AM; Norman, DJ; Olyaei, AJ, )	0.13
" In particular, patients beginning therapy with fluoxetine are more likely to receive treatment regimens that meet minimum recommended guidelines for dosage and duration and are less likely to require treatment switching/augmentation than those receiving tricyclic antidepressants or other SSRIs as initial therapy."	( Fluoxetine. A pharmacoeconomic review of its use in depression. Benfield, P; Wilde, MI, 1998)	0.3
" was added to the lithium dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of co-administration of nefazodone and lithium in healthy subjects. Cheuvart, B; Cosson, JP; Decourt, JP; Girault, J; Ingrand, I; Istin, B; Laroudie, C; Salazar, DE, 1999)	0.3
"Since there were no clinically significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of the parent compounds or metabolites, and the combination was well tolerated, no dosage adjustments of nefazodone or lithium are necessary when they are co-administered."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of co-administration of nefazodone and lithium in healthy subjects. Cheuvart, B; Cosson, JP; Decourt, JP; Girault, J; Ingrand, I; Istin, B; Laroudie, C; Salazar, DE, 1999)	0.3
" Potential drug interactions with protease inhibitors indicate that it is essential to evaluate for appropriate dosing to avoid adverse effects and increase overall antidepressant efficacy."	( Antidepressant efficacy in HIV-seropositive outpatients with major depressive disorder: an open trial of nefazodone. Bergam, K; Claypoole, K; Elliott, AJ; Roy-Byrne, PP; Russo, J; Uldall, KK, 1999)	0.3
" Rizatriptan wafer is a novel, freeze-dried dosage formulation of rizatriptan which rapidly disintegrates on the tongue, is swallowed with saliva, and may be taken without liquids."	( Efficacy and safety of rizatriptan wafer for the acute treatment of migraine. Rizatriptan Wafer Protocol 049 Study Group. Ahrens, SP; Block, GA; Farmer, MV; Jiang, K; Visser, WH; Williams, DL; Willoughby, E, 1999)	0.3
" Dose-response curves to noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction were performed before and after continuous infusions of two different PAF-receptor antagonists (WEB 2086 and yangambin) and of the phospholipase A2 inhibitor mepacrine."	( Involvement of platelet-activating factor in the modulation of vascular tone in the isolated perfused rabbit kidney. Aimbire, F; Cailleaux, S; Cordeiro, RS; Lopes-Martins, RA; Tibiriçá, E, 1999)	0.3
" Following the initial dosage adjustment, 93% (14 of 15) of patients were within the predicted range."	( A pharmacokinetically guided Phase II study of carboxyamido-triazole in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Bauer, KS; Dyer, V; Figg, WD; Hamilton, JM; Jones, EC; Linehan, WM; Pluda, JM; Premkumar, A; Reed, E; Steinberg, SM, 1999)	0.3
" Recommended initial doses are lower for the elderly for all antidepressants, although optimal doses may not differ from those for younger patients once dosing is individualized."	( Pharmacokinetic considerations of antidepressant use in the elderly. DeVane, CL; Pollock, BG, 1999)	0.3
" Generally, the brain tumor responses were considered equivocal, because the characteristics of potential neurocarcinogenic agents (such as statistically significant increased incidences, decreased latency and/or survival, and demonstration of dose-response relationships) were not observed."	( Examination of low-incidence brain tumor responses in F344 rats following chemical exposures in National Toxicology Program carcinogenicity studies. Boorman, GA; Hailey, JR; Haseman, JK; Melnick, RL; Neal, J; Sills, RC, )	0.13
" In both patients, vision returned to normal after the dosage of nefazodone was reduced or eliminated."	( Akinetopsia from nefazodone toxicity. Horton, JC; Trobe, JD, 1999)	0.3
"Ten patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for non-comorbid panic disorder or panic disorder with agoraphobia were treated in a 12-week open-label, flexible dosage trial of nefazodone."	( Pilot open-label study of nefazodone in panic disorder. Bystritsky, A; Rosen, R; Suri, R; Vapnik, T, 1999)	0.3
" Dosing extended over postnatal days (pnd) 22-35, 36-50, 36-55 and 22-35, with recovery to pnd 55 or 22-55."	( The peripubertal male rat assay as an alternative to the Hershberger castrated male rat assay for the detection of anti-androgens, oestrogens and metabolic modulators. Ashby, J; Lefevre, PA, )	0.13
" Nefazodone 200 mg twice daily was added to the dosing regimen from days 40 to 44, and a subsequent 0- to 48-hour pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on day 44."	( Carbamazepine-nefazodone interaction in healthy subjects. Cheuvart, B; Cosson, JP; Decourt, JP; Girault, J; Ingrand, I; Istin, B; Laroudie, C; Salazar, DE, 2000)	0.31
" Concentrations above the MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations for most organisms were observed at 24 h following a single oral dose in MC suspension in all five species studied (20 mg/kg for mice, rats, and rabbits and 10 mg/kg for dogs and monkeys), suggesting that once-daily administration of SCH 56592 in human subjects would be a therapeutically effective dosage regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of SCH 56592, a new azole broad-spectrum antifungal agent, in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys. Cacciapuoti, A; Cayen, MN; Gupta, S; Hare, R; Hilbert, MJ; Kumari, P; Lin, CC; Loebenberg, D; Miller, GH; Nomeir, AA, 2000)	0.31
" Chronic once-daily oral dosing of ZD4190 to young rats produced a dose-dependent increase in the femoral epiphyseal growth plate area, which may be attributed to the inhibition of VEGF signaling in vivo because vascular invasion of cartilage is a prerequisite to the process of ossification."	( ZD4190: an orally active inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling with broad-spectrum antitumor efficacy. Curry, B; Curwen, JO; Dukes, M; Hennequin, LF; Kendrew, J; Ogilvie, DJ; Richmond, GH; Stokes, ES; Thomas, AP; Wadsworth, PF; Wedge, SR, 2000)	0.31
" The findings of this study indicate that there is little potential for dosages as high as 30 mg/day, the maximum recommended dosing schedule, of rizatriptan to alter the plasma concentrations of oral contraceptives."	( A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the effect of oral doses of rizatriptan 10 mg on oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics in healthy female volunteers. Goldberg, MR; Liu, G; Shadle, CR, 2000)	0.31
" In the present study, we evaluated the influences of epinephrine and isoproterenol on the onset of TdP each time D0870 was given to 6 anesthetized open-chest dogs at a dosage of 20 mg/kg, 5 times every 40 minutes, by the simultaneous measurements of surface electrocardiogram and epicardial monophasic action potential (MAP)."	( Influences of catecholamines on the sudden death induced in dogs by an antifungal agent, D0870. Aldridge, A; Duffy, PA; Harada, T; Matsunaga, T; Mitsui, T; Murano, H; Shibutani, Y, 2000)	0.31
"In this study, the mean dosage of nefazodone was 200 mg/day."	( Nefazodone and the treatment of nonparaphilic compulsive sexual behavior: a retrospective study. Coleman, E; Gratzer, T; Nesvacil, L; Raymond, NC, 2000)	0.31
"The effect of flutriafol on the cellulose decomposition was studied in the laboratory as a dose-response experiment using a trade marked formulation."	( Effect of a triazole fungicide on the cellulose decomposition by the soil microflora. Borde, O; Munier-Lamy, C, 2000)	0.31
" Further studies to elucidate the precise mechanism of action and optimal dosing schedule in mice can now be performed to improve our understanding of the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in the mouse."	( Effect of grapefruit juice on serum voriconazole concentrations in the mouse. Liu, XP; Sugar, AM, 2000)	0.31
" Plasma ALT activities and quantitation of liver injury by light microscopy at 48 h after CHCl(3) dosing indicated that all three treatments were equally effective at protecting the liver."	( Hepatoprotection by dimethyl sulfoxide. III. Role of inhibition of the bioactivation and covalent bonding of chloroform. Begay, CK; Gandolfi, AJ; Lind, RC, 2000)	0.31
" First, a dose-response study of 12 males (mean age, 16."	( Estrogen suppression in males: metabolic effects. Hayes, V; Klein, KO; Mauras, N; O'Brien, KO, 2000)	0.31
" In all women, rizatriptan was as effective in treating menstrual as well as nonmenstrual migraine: 68% of 139 patients taking rizatriptan 10 mg with a menstrually associated migraine had pain relief at 2 hours after dosing compared with 69% of 393 patients with nonmenstrually associated attacks (test of menstrual association = nonsignificant; the analysis had 80% power to detect a difference of six percentage points between groups)."	( Rizatriptan in the treatment of menstrual migraine. Johnson-Pratt, L; Le Jeunne, C; Lines, CR; Massiou, H; McCarroll, KA; Silberstein, SD, 2000)	0.31
" This article summarizes the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and drug interactions of nefazodone as well as its administration and dosing schedule."	( The antidepressant nefazodone. A review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, dosage, and administration. Khouzam, HR, 2000)	0.31
"To review the currently available information on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage guidelines of voriconazole."	( Voriconazole: a new triazole antifungal. Abdel-Rahman, SM; Sabo, JA, 2000)	0.31
" Oral therapy with ravuconazole at a dosage of 30 mg/kg of body weight per day or the echinocandin LY-303366, given intravenously in a dosage of 5 or 10 mg/kg, was begun 24 h after a lethal or sublethal challenge, and results were compared with those for amphotericin B therapy and untreated controls."	( Efficacies of two new antifungal agents, the triazole ravuconazole and the echinocandin LY-303366, in an experimental model of invasive aspergillosis. Andriole, VT; Marino, S; Roberts, J; Schock, K, 2000)	0.31
" Headache severity, functional disability, and associated migraine symptoms were measured immediately before dosing and at regular intervals up to 4 hours after the dose."	( Within-patient consistency of response of rizatriptan for treating migraine. Dahlöf, CG; Ferrari, MD; Kramer, MS; Lines, CR; Lipton, RB; McCarroll, KA, 2000)	0.31
"Of the evaluable patients who treated three migraine attacks with 10 mg of rizatriptan (with an additional interspersed placebo-treated attack in most patients), 216 of 252 (86%) had pain relief (reduction of pain to mild or none), 122 of 252 (48%) were pain free, 211 of 250 (84%) had no nausea, 163 of 251 (65%) had no photophobia, 182 of 252 (72%) had no phonophobia, 136 of 249 (55%) had no functional disability, and 233 of 252 (92%) had no need for escape medications at 2 hours after dosing in at least two of three attacks."	( Within-patient consistency of response of rizatriptan for treating migraine. Dahlöf, CG; Ferrari, MD; Kramer, MS; Lines, CR; Lipton, RB; McCarroll, KA, 2000)	0.31
" The 2-, 6-, and 20-mg/kg dosages of POC maintained plasma drug levels above the MICs for the entire 24-h dosing interval."	( Antifungal activity and pharmacokinetics of posaconazole (SCH 56592) in treatment and prevention of experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: correlation with galactomannan antigenemia. Avila, N; Bacher, J; Candelario, M; Field-Ridley, A; Groll, AH; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Piscitelli, S; Sein, T; Walsh, TJ, 2001)	0.31
" Serial HRV recordings revealed that both the mean resting heart rate and systolic blood pressure significantly decreased after 21 days of nefazodone treatment (average dosage 413 mg/day), whereas after 10 days (average dosage 270."	( Autonomic neurocardiac function in patients with major depression and effects of antidepressive treatment with nefazodone. Agelink, MW; Klieser, E; Linka, T; Majewski, T; Postert, T; Rotterdam, S; Wurthmann, C, 2001)	0.31
"9 yr) underwent GnRH dose-response studies at baseline and after treatment with dexamethasone (0."	( Differential regulation of gonadotropin secretion by testosterone in the human male: absence of a negative feedback effect of testosterone on follicle-stimulating hormone secretion. Boepple, PA; Crowley, WF; DeCruz, S; Hayes, FJ; Seminara, SB, 2001)	0.31
" QTc prolongation (mean value over the dosing interval) was the pharmacodynamic parameter measured."	( Loratadine and terfenadine interaction with nefazodone: Both antihistamines are associated with QTc prolongation. Abernethy, DR; Barbey, JT; Brown, KS; Feirrera, I; Ford, N; Franc, J; Salazar, DE, 2001)	0.31
" It offers advantages over daily dosing throughout the menstrual cycle, such as reduced incidence and severity of side-effects, and avoids the stigma that may accompany the continuous use of psychopharmacological treatment, with the advantage that compliance may be improved."	( Intermittent, luteal phase nefazodone treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Finkel, B; Katz, S; Kodesh, A; Lerner, AG; Sigal, M, 2001)	0.31
" For each attack, patients rated headache severity, presence of associated symptoms, and functional disability prior to dosing and at intervals through 4 hours thereafter."	( Crossover comparison of rizatriptan 5 mg and 10 mg versus sumatriptan 25 mg and 50 mg in migraine. Rizatriptan Protocol 046 Study Group. Block, GA; Getson, A; Goldstein, J; Jiang, K; Lines, C; Norman, B; Ryan, R, )	0.13
"Rizatriptan is a novel, selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist with a rapid onset of action after oral dosing for the acute treatment of migraine."	( Efficacy and safety of rizatriptan versus standard care during long-term treatment for migraine. Rizatriptan Multicenter Study Groups. Block, GA; Goldstein, J; Polis, A; Reines, SA; Smith, ME, )	0.13
" In addition, anastrozole had no clinically significant effect on the pharmacodynamic effects of warfarin, as assessed 240 h after warfarin dosing by measurement of prothrombin time (s) (glsmean, anastrozole 11."	( The effect of anastrozole on the single-dose pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant activity of warfarin in healthy volunteers. März, W; Merz, M; Nauck, M; Seiberling, M; Wong, J; Yates, RA, 2001)	0.31
" Sprague-Dawley dams were administered tebuconazole (0, 6, 20, or 60 mg/kg) by oral gavage daily from gestational day 14 to postnatal day (PND)7; the pups were then dosed daily at the same levels from PND7-42."	( The effects of perinatal tebuconazole exposure on adult neurological, immunological, and reproductive function in rats. Barone, S; Chapin, RE; Davis, BJ; Harris, MW; Mauney, M; Moser, VC; Overstreet, D; Smialowicz, RJ, 2001)	0.31
" Concentrations of NFZ and TZD achieved in the intestine after chronic oral dosing may induce P-gp expression and reduce absorption of coadministered drugs."	( P-glycoprotein interactions of nefazodone and trazodone in cell culture. Greenblatt, DJ; Perloff, MD; Störmer, E; von Moltke, LL, 2001)	0.31
" The reason is that the appropriate dosage is not identical to that of Western countries."	( [Developments of hormonal agents for breast cancer]. Tominaga, T, 2001)	0.31
" Beyond better understanding of a drug's mode of action, characterization of these relationships has important implications for setting susceptibility breakpoints, establishing rational dosing regimens, and facilitating drug development."	( Antifungal pharmacodynamics: concentration-effect relationships in vitro and in vivo. Groll, AH; Piscitelli, SC; Walsh, TJ, 2001)	0.31
" The developed method was applied to the pharmaceutical dosage form (Tablet, Serzone-R) and the percentage recoveries ranged from 99."	( LC determination and purity evaluation of nefazodone HCl in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations. Geetha, S; Om Reddy, G; Sreenivas Rao, D; Srinivasu, MK, 2001)	0.31
" Appropriate dosing strategies may modulate adverse effects, allowing the patient to move more comfortably toward an efficacious response."	( Antidepressant dosing and switching guidelines: focus on nefazodone. Lusk, KM; McEnany, GW; Zajecka, J, 2002)	0.31
" It is well tolerated and has a convenient once-daily dosing regimen, ensuring maximum patient compliance."	( Anastrozole (Arimidex)--an aromatase inhibitor for the adjuvant setting? Buzdar, AU, 2001)	0.31
" Using a 200 mg q 12 h dosing regimen, geometric mean voriconazole peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 904 ng/ml on Day 1 and 2996 ng/ml on Day 14."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of oral voriconazole in patients at risk of fungal infection: a dose escalation study. Blumer, JL; Lazarus, HM; Romero, A; Schlamm, H; Yanovich, S, 2002)	0.31
" In rats following dosing with genaconazole, the RR enantiomer had a lower C(max) and a longer t(1/2) than the SS enantiomer, while the AUC(I) values of the two enantiomers were similar."	( Pharmacokinetics of the active antifungal enantiomer, SCH 42427 (RR), and evaluation of its chiral inversion in animals following its oral administration and the oral administration of its racemate genaconazole (RR/SS). Kim, H; Lin, CC; Lovey, R; Nomeir, AA; Radwanski, E, 2002)	0.31
" There has been a long tradition in preclinical behavioral pharmacology of using episodic-exposure paradigms in order to establish dose-response functions in individual organisms."	( Episodic exposures to chemicals: what relevance to chemical intolerance? MacPhail, RC, 2001)	0.31
" Preclinical research has demonstrated that the estrogen dose-response curve for breast cancer cells can be shifted by modification of the estrogen environment."	( Estrogen as therapy for breast cancer. Ingle, JN, 2002)	0.31
" Blood samples were taken prior to dosing on days 1 to 6 and on days 8 to 13."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of voriconazole following intravenous- to oral-dose escalation regimens. Allen, MJ; Ghahramani, P; Greenhalgh, K; Kleinermans, D; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2002)	0.31
" Patients were prescribed nefazodone starting at 50 mg/day, increasing every 4 days until a dosage of 200 mg/day was attained, and subsequently upward to 600 mg/day if no dose-limiting adverse effects appeared."	( Nefazodone in the treatment of elderly patients with depressive disorders: a prospective, observational study. Arias, F; Carrasco, JL; Díaz-Marsá, M; Huertas, D; Ibañez, A; Martín-Carrasco, M; Moreno, I; Rico-Villademoros, F; Saiz-Ruiz, J, 2002)	0.31
" The potent estrogen suppressive action and simple dosage regimen of anastrozole suggest it may be advantageous compared to other aromatase inhibitors such as testolactone or anti-estrogens."	( Effective aromatase inhibition by anastrozole in a patient with gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty in McCune-Albright syndrome. Albers, N; Freiberg, C; Roth, C; Zappel, H, 2002)	0.31
" Based on these data in rats, dogs, and monkeys, and the established safety profile of ABT in rats dosed up to 100 mg/kg, a pretreatment at 2 h with a single oral dose of ABT at 100 mg/kg in rats (providing 93% inhibition) and 20 mg/kg in dogs and monkeys effectively inhibited the clearance of the probe compound."	( Effective dosing regimen of 1-aminobenzotriazole for inhibition of antipyrine clearance in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Balani, SK; He, B; Lee, FW; Liu, Z; Yang, TJ; Zhu, T, 2002)	0.31
"In direct head-to-head comparative clinical trials, oral rizatriptan 10 mg enabled more migraine sufferers to function normally at 2 h after dosing than oral sumatriptan, naratriptan, and zolmitriptan."	( Restoring migraine sufferers' ability to function normally: a comparison of rizatriptan and other triptans in randomized trials. Bussone, G; D'Amico, D; Gerth, W; Lines, CR; McCarroll, KA, 2002)	0.31
" For example, using the -3 to +3 days definition, 78% of menstrual migraine attacks were relieved at 2 hours after dosing compared with 78% of nonmenstrual attacks."	( Further evaluation of rizatriptan in menstrual migraine: retrospective analysis of long-term data. Lines, CR; Massiou, H; McCarroll, KA; Silberstein, SD, 2002)	0.31
" The copper compounds cis-[CuCl(2)(H(2)L)]Cl and cis-[CuCl(2)(L(1))] exerted significant antiproliferative activity of both normal and neoplastic cells; although dose-response experiments revealed that the HT1080 cell line was more sensitive to the tested drugs than normal fibroblasts."	( Synthesis, molecular structure, solution equilibrium, and antiproliferative activity of thioxotriazoline and thioxotriazole complexes of copper II and palladium II. Dallavalle, F; Franchi-Gazzola, R; Gaccioli, F; Lanfranchi, M; Marchiò, L; Pellinghelli, MA; Tegoni, M, 2002)	0.31
"A severely neutropenic patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia developed a diffuse bilateral pulmonary infection while receiving a therapeutic daily dosage of intravenous amphotericin B for Candida glabrata esophagitis."	( Acremonium strictum pulmonary infection in a leukemic patient successfully treated with posaconazole after failure of amphotericin B. Campos, F; Fohrer, C; Herbrecht, R; Letscher-Bru, V; Natarajan-Ame, S; Waller, J; Zamfir, A, 2002)	0.31
" The potential for drug-drug interactions is high and requires that careful attention be given to dosage regimens and monitoring of serum levels and effects of interacting drugs."	( Voriconazole: a new triazole antifungal agent. Johnson, LB; Kauffman, CA, 2003)	0.32
" The dextrorotatory enantiomer of 2c ((+)-2c) was also prepared and found to be practically as active as the racemic mixture, though some differences in the steepness of the dose-response curves were observed."	( Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activities of some benzotriazolylalkanoic acids. Boido, A; Mattioli, F; Sparatore, F; Vazzana, I, 2003)	0.32
" The proposed techniques were successfully applied to the determination of PR in tablet dosage forms and human serum."	( Electroanalytical characteristics of piribedil and its differential pulse and square wave voltammetric determination in pharmaceuticals and human serum. Ozkan, SA; Uslu, B, 2003)	0.32
" Ten patients with combat-related DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) entered an open-label 12-week trial of nefazodone, beginning with 100 mg/day and increasing as necessary to achieve a maximal response or until reaching a maximum dosage of 600 mg/day."	( Three- to four-year follow-up to an open trial of nefazodone for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Beckham, JC; Davidson, JR; Feldman, ME; Hertzberg, MA; Moore, SD, 2002)	0.31
" Treatment efficacies with the five dosing intervals studied were similar, supporting the argument for the AUC/MIC ratio as the PK/PD parameter predictive of efficacy."	( In vivo pharmacodynamics of a new triazole, ravuconazole, in a murine candidiasis model. Andes, D; Conklin, R; Marchillo, K; Stamstad, T, 2003)	0.32
"0 mg/ml) resulted in tolerance to the motor effects of an acute administration of caffeine, lack of tolerance to amphetamine, apparent tolerance to MSX-3 (shift to the left of its 'bell-shaped' dose-response curve), and true cross-tolerance to CPT."	( Involvement of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the motor effects of caffeine after its acute and chronic administration. Antoniou, K; Ferré, S; Fuxe, K; Goldberg, SR; Justinova, Z; Karcz-Kubicha, M; Müller, CE; Pezzola, A; Popoli, P; Quarta, D; Reggio, R; Solinas, M; Terasmaa, A, 2003)	0.32
" This article provides an up-to-date review on the clinical pharmacology, indications, and dosage recommendations of approved and currently investigational therapeutics for treatment of invasive fungal infections in adult and pediatric patients."	( Clinical pharmacology of antifungal compounds. Gea-Banacloche, JC; Glasmacher, A; Groll, AH; Just-Nuebling, G; Maschmeyer, G; Walsh, TJ, 2003)	0.32
" To avoid toxicity with this drug, however, the dosing of immunosuppressive drugs must be reduced."	( Voriconazole in the treatment of invasive mold infections in transplant recipients. Alvarez, ME; Fortún, J; Martín-Dávila, P; Moreno, S; Pintado, V; Sánchez, MA; Sánchez-Sousa, A, 2003)	0.32
" When dosed away from meals, however, only hepatic triglycerides were increased."	( CP-346086: an MTP inhibitor that lowers plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in experimental animals and in humans. Chandler, CE; Chang, G; Harwood, HJ; Petras, SF; Pettini, JL; Savoy, YE; Vincent, J; Wilder, DE, 2003)	0.32
"0 mL volume) human prostate (PC-3), lung (Calu-6) and breast (MDA-MB-231) tumor xenografts, were dosed with ZD4190 (p."	( Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of vascular changes induced by the VEGF-signalling inhibitor ZD4190 in human tumour xenografts. Checkley, D; Curry, B; Dukes, M; Kendrew, J; Middleton, B; Tessier, JJ; Waterton, JC; Wedge, SR, 2003)	0.32
" The long elimination-phase half-life of posaconazole supports once- or twice-daily dosing in clinical trials; however, additional studies are required to determine if further division of the dose will enhance exposure."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oral posaconazole administered in single and multiple doses in healthy adults. Batra, V; Courtney, R; Laughlin, M; Lim, J; Pai, S, 2003)	0.32
" First-line therapy in all patients was liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) administered at a dosage of 3-5 mg/kg day."	( Voriconazole for invasive aspergillosis in oncohematological patients: a single-center pediatric experience. Alaggio, R; Cecchetto, G; Cesaro, S; Cusinato, R; Pillon, M; Rigobello, L; Strugo, L; Zanesco, L, 2003)	0.32
" Treatment efficacy with the four dosing intervals studied was similar, supporting the AUC/MIC ratio as the PK-PD parameter predictive of efficacy."	( In vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new triazole, voriconazole, in a murine candidiasis model. Andes, D; Conklin, R; Marchillo, K; Stamstad, T, 2003)	0.32
"8% at a dosage of 5 micromol/L caffeine."	( The effect of caffeine on peripheral vascular resistance in isolated perfused guinea pig hind limbs. Brodmann, M; Lischnig, U; Lueger, A; Pilger, E; Stark, G, 2003)	0.32
" Pharmacodynamic studies provide information useful for dose level and dosing interval selection and for the development of in vitro susceptibility guidelines."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the development of antifungal compounds. Andes, D, 2003)	0.32
"To determine the cost-effectiveness of the triptans, a meta-analysis was conducted of the efficacy data from 27 oral triptan trials, using the endpoint of "pain-free" status within 2 hours after initial dosing as the indicator of efficacy."	( Meta-analysis of oral triptan therapy for migraine: number needed to treat and relative cost to achieve relief within 2 hours. Adelman, JU; Belsey, J, )	0.13
" Values of the final day plasma pharmacokinetic parameters in Studies A and B were similar: maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) 3621 and 3063 ng ml-1; areas under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the end of the dosing interval (AUCtau) 16 535 and 13 245 ng."	( The pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous voriconazole - a novel wide-spectrum antifungal agent. Eve, MD; Greenhalgh, K; Nichols, D; Oliver, SD; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
" This dosage regimen results in plasma levels of the drug that rapidly exceed the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against important fungal pathogens, including Aspergillus spp."	( The pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous voriconazole - a novel wide-spectrum antifungal agent. Eve, MD; Greenhalgh, K; Nichols, D; Oliver, SD; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
"7 h) after single and multiple dosing and the decline in plasma concentration-time curves after tmax was generally biphasic."	( Voriconazole, a novel wide-spectrum triazole: oral pharmacokinetics and safety. Allen, MJ; Greenhalgh, K; Oliver, SD; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
"The oral dosing regimen selected for subsequent Phase II/III clinical trials on the basis of these results was 200 mg twice daily, equivalent to 3 mg kg-1 twice daily."	( Voriconazole, a novel wide-spectrum triazole: oral pharmacokinetics and safety. Allen, MJ; Greenhalgh, K; Oliver, SD; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
"The bioavailability of twice-daily 200 mg voriconazole is reduced by approximately 22% as measured by AUCtau after multiple dosing when taken with food, compared with fasting."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of multiple-dose oral voriconazole. Greenhalgh, K; Kleinermans, D; Nichols, D; Purkins, L; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
"Omeprazole had no clinically relevant effect on voriconazole exposure, suggesting that no voriconazole dosage adjustment is necessary for patients in whom omeprazole therapy is initiated."	( Effect of omeprazole on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of voriconazole. Hamlin, J; Kleinermans, D; Layton, G; Nichols, D; Purkins, L; Tan, K; Wood, N, 2003)	0.32
" This article reviews recent pertinent data with regard to dosing guidelines, efficacy, and toxicities of available systemic antifungal agents in the newborn."	( Antifungal pharmacotherapy for neonatal candidiasis. Bliss, JM; Gigliotti, F; Wellington, M, 2003)	0.32
" Kinetics and protein binding following oral posaconazole dosing were performed in neutropenic infected mice."	( Pharmacodynamics of a new triazole, posaconazole, in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis. Andes, D; Cacciapuoti, A; Conklin, R; Ezzet, F; Krishna, G; Loebenberg, D; Marchillo, K, 2004)	0.32
" Ravuconazole showed linear plasma pharmacokinetics and a large volume of distribution while maintaining concentrations in plasma above the MIC throughout the dosing interval."	( Efficacy, safety, and plasma pharmacokinetics of escalating dosages of intravenously administered ravuconazole lysine phosphoester for treatment of experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Armstrong, D; Avila, NA; Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Hemmings, M; Lyman, CA; Mickiene, D; Peter, J; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Roussillon, K; Walsh, TJ, 2004)	0.32
"To determine whether voriconazole dosage adjustment is required during continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF)."	( Disposition of voriconazole during continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) in a single patient. Buclin, T; Liaudet, L; Marchetti, O; Padoin, C; Robatel, C; Rusca, M, 2004)	0.32
"CVVHDF does not significantly affect voriconazole disposition and requires no dosage adjustment."	( Disposition of voriconazole during continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) in a single patient. Buclin, T; Liaudet, L; Marchetti, O; Padoin, C; Robatel, C; Rusca, M, 2004)	0.32
" Further studies of efficacy, dosing and optimal regimens for antifungal combinations are warranted."	( Efficacy of voriconazole plus amphotericin B or micafungin in a guinea-pig model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Chandrasekar, PH; Cutright, JL; Manavathu, EK, 2004)	0.32
" Studies in this laboratory have found that repeated dosing with TDF in adult mice leads to the development and robust expression of behavioral sensitization, a response mediated by dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems, and causing long-term changes in dopaminergic function."	( The effect of developmental exposure to the fungicide triadimefon on behavioral sensitization to triadimefon during adulthood. Cory-Slechta, DA; Reeves, R; Richfield, EK; Thiruchelvam, M, 2004)	0.32
" However, at their effective dosage regimes, VN/85-1 and VN/87-1 were each as effective as castration and more effective than finasteride or casodex, an anti-androgen used for prostate cancer (PC) therapy."	( Potent CYP17 inhibitors: improved syntheses, pharmacokinetics and anti-tumor activity in the LNCaP human prostate cancer model. Brodie, AM; Handratta, VD; Jelovac, D; Kataria, R; Long, BJ; Njar, VC; Nnane, IP, 2004)	0.32
"A significant positive correlation of the serum concentration and the daily dosage was found."	( [Determining serum concentrations of the modern antipsychotic quetiapin: clinical relevance in therapeutic drug monitoring]. Köhnlein, O; Lutz, R; Messer, T; Schmauss, M, 2004)	0.32
"While a correlation of dosage and effect could be shown with Quetiapin, inter- and intraindividual differences could be observed."	( [Determining serum concentrations of the modern antipsychotic quetiapin: clinical relevance in therapeutic drug monitoring]. Köhnlein, O; Lutz, R; Messer, T; Schmauss, M, 2004)	0.32
" Results of this single-dose study indicate that dosage adjustments for patients with varying degrees of renal disease are not required."	( Posaconazole pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability in subjects with varying degrees of chronic renal disease. Courtney, R; Laughlin, M; Marbury, T; Martinho, M; Sansone, A; Smith, W; Statkevich, P; Swan, S, 2005)	0.33
" Rational management would allow to choose appropriate antifungal drug, optimize dosage and duration of treatment and estimated costs, and above all to improve the chance to effectively control the life-threatening fungal infections."	( [Drugs used in prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections in immunosuppressed children]. Balwierz, W, 2004)	0.32
" There is minimal peritoneal clearance of voriconazole; therefore, no dosage adjustment is needed for patients on PD therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics of single, oral-dose voriconazole in peritoneal dialysis patients. Lien, YH; Peng, LW, 2005)	0.33
" These data highlight the species-specific differences in antifungal pharmacodynamics between mold-active agents that could be relevant for the development of in vitro susceptibility breakpoints and antifungal dosing in vivo."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B, itraconazole, and voriconazole against Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Scedosporium spp. Klepser, ME; Lewis, RE; Wiederhold, NP, 2005)	0.33
" Caspofungin and voriconazole are increasingly prescribed in pediatric patients, although pediatric dosage finding and safety evaluations have not been completed."	( New antifungal drugs and the pediatric cancer patient: current status of clinical development. Groll, AH; Lehrnbecher, T, )	0.13
" The dosage of nefazodone was 100 to 600 mg/d; CBASP was provided twice weekly during weeks 1 through 4 and weekly thereafter."	( Chronic depression: medication (nefazodone) or psychotherapy (CBASP) is effective when the other is not. Arnow, BA; Banks, PL; Blalock, JA; Borian, FE; Howland, R; Keller, MB; Klein, DN; Kocsis, JH; Kornstein, SG; Manber, R; Markowitz, JC; Miller, I; Ninan, PT; Rothbaum, BO; Rush, AJ; Schatzberg, AF; Thase, ME; Trivedi, MH, 2005)	0.33
" Addition of solid M1 to urine from human subjects dosed with the parent compound resulted in mean urine M1 concentrations 23."	( Characterization of the solubility of a poorly soluble hydroxylated metabolite in human urine and its implications for potential renal toxicity. Huber, AC; Matuszewski, BK; Merschman, SA; Musson, DG; Pearce, GE; Perry, KJ; Rose, MJ; Rush, DJ; Schaefer, BH; Varsolona, RJ; Woolf, EJ, 2005)	0.33
" TDZ could inhibit the proliferation of tumors in vitro and in vivo; the possible antitumor mechanism might be inducing redifferentiation at a lower dosage on vitro."	( Redifferentiation of human hepatoma cell induced by 6-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-[1-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1 H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-s-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole (TDZ). Pan, J; Wang, Q; Zhang, Q; Zheng, RL, 2005)	0.33
" This article reviews the clinical efficacy, side effect profile, dosing and administration schedule of voriconazole, a recently launched second generation triazole."	( Voriconazole in the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Keady, S; Thacker, M, 2005)	0.33
" Four 12-week dosing regimens were used: 200 mg/day; 100 mg/week; 400 mg/week and placebo."	( A phase I/II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study evaluating the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of ravuconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis. Conetta, B; Gupta, AK; Leonardi, C; Pierce, PF; Stoltz, RR, 2005)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic studies in special populations revealed no necessity for dosage adjustment based on differences in age, gender, race, renal or hepatic function."	( Posaconazole: clinical pharmacology and potential for management of fungal infections. Groll, AH; Walsh, TJ, 2005)	0.33
"Following single dosing, ravuconazole demonstrated linear plasma pharmacokinetics across the investigated dosage range."	( Compartmental pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the antifungal triazole ravuconazole following intravenous administration of its di-lysine phosphoester prodrug (BMS-379224) in rabbits. Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Kelaher, A; Mickiene, D; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Sarafandi, A; Walsh, TJ; Wuerthwein, G, 2005)	0.33
" In a human tumor xenograft model, several intermittent dosing schedules were identified that produced significant antitumor activity."	( The in vitro and in vivo effects of JNJ-7706621: a dual inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases and aurora kinases. Connolly, PJ; Emanuel, S; Fuentes-Pesquera, A; Gruninger, RH; Hollister, B; Jolliffe, L; Kruger, WW; Lin, R; Middleton, SA; Napier, C; Rugg, CA; Wetter, SK, 2005)	0.33
") dosing in rats, six of eight drugs produced dose- and time-related antinociception on both the tail flick and hot plate tests over a nearly eight-fold range of potencies."	( Antinociceptive, brain-penetrating derivatives related to improgan, a non-opioid analgesic. Hough, LB; Lu, Q; Montero, MJ; Nalwalk, JW; Shan, Z; Svokos, K; Wentland, MP, 2005)	0.33
" Studies in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models predicted maraviroc to have human pharmacokinetics consistent with once- or twice-daily dosing following oral administration."	( Maraviroc (UK-427,857), a potent, orally bioavailable, and selective small-molecule inhibitor of chemokine receptor CCR5 with broad-spectrum anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity. Armour, D; Dobbs, S; Dorr, P; Griffin, P; Irvine, B; Macartney, M; Mori, J; Napier, C; Perros, M; Price, D; Rickett, G; Smith-Burchnell, C; Stammen, B; Webster, R; Westby, M; Wood, A, 2005)	0.33
" The oral bioavailability of CZX was approximately 71% when dosed alone and reached 100% under pre-treatment with ABT."	( Effect of 1-aminobenzotriazole on the in vitro metabolism and single-dose pharmacokinetics of chlorzoxazone, a selective CYP2E1 substrate in Wistar rats. Basha, SJ; Mullangi, R; Muzeeb, S; Pasha, MK; Srinivas, NR, 2005)	0.33
" Cure was not attained with any dosage combinations."	( Comparative efficacies of conventional amphotericin b, liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome), caspofungin, micafungin, and voriconazole alone and in combination against experimental murine central nervous system aspergillosis. Clemons, KV; Espiritu, M; Parmar, R; Stevens, DA, 2005)	0.33
" To improve treatment, voriconazole dosage was adapted to reach drug concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) above the minimal fungicidal concentration and plasma specimens."	( Successful treatment with voriconazole of Aspergillus brain abscess in a boy with medulloblastoma. Burhenne, J; Foell, JL; Reiss, T; Rengelshausen, J; Staege, MS; Stiefel, M; Wawer, A, 2007)	0.34
" Sitagliptin possesses pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics that support a once-daily dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Bergman, A; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Musson, D; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Van Dyck, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2005)	0.33
" Patients were randomized and received treatment with deferasirox (n = 296) or deferoxamine (n = 290), with dosing of each according to baseline liver iron concentration (LIC)."	( A phase 3 study of deferasirox (ICL670), a once-daily oral iron chelator, in patients with beta-thalassemia. Agaoglu, L; Alberti, D; Athanassiou-Metaxa, M; Aydinok, Y; Bejaoui, M; Cappellini, MD; Capra, M; Coates, T; Cohen, A; Drelichman, G; Fattoum, S; Galanello, R; Giardina, P; Janka-Schaub, G; Kattamis, A; Kilinc, Y; Kourakli-Symeonidis, A; Magnano, C; Marks, P; Olivieri, N; Opitz, H; Perrotta, S; Piga, A; Porter, J; Ressayre-Djaffer, C; Thuret, I; Verissimo, M; Vermylen, C, 2006)	0.33
" Once-daily oral dosing of 50- or 100-mg equivalents of BAL8557 were recently demonstrated to be efficacious in a phase 2 study conducted with patients with esophageal candidiasis."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the new antifungal triazole BAL4815 after intravenous infusion and oral administration of its prodrug, BAL8557, in healthy volunteers. Brown, T; Heep, M; Maares, J; Roehrle, M; Roos, B; Schmitt-Hoffmann, A; Spickerman, J; Weidekamm, E, 2006)	0.33
"To further delineate the role of estradiol in the IGF system an experiment was conducted to determine the dosage of the aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole, needed to decreases serum concentrations of estradiol-17beta (E2) in maturing boars."	( Effects of decreased estradiol-17beta on the serum and anterior pituitary IGF-I system in pigs. Clapper, JA; Hilleson-Gayne, CK, 2005)	0.33
" A secondary end point was to compare the time of occurrence of the maximum rizatriptan plasma concentration (t(max)) of each dosing method."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of rizatriptan 10-mg tablet and 10-mg orally disintegrating tablet administered with or without water in healthy subjects: an open-label, randomized, single-dose, 3-period crossover study. Alcorn, H; Hustad, CM; Ramsey, KE; Rodgers, A; Skobieranda, F; Swan, SK; Woll, S, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetic profiles, safety, and efficacies of different dosing schedules of posaconazole oral suspension in patients with possible, probable, and proven refractory invasive fungal infection (rIFI) or febrile neutropenia (FN) were evaluated in a multicenter, open-label, parallel-group study."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of posaconazole in patients with persistent febrile neutropenia or refractory invasive fungal infection. Burchardt, A; Corcoran, G; Cornely, OA; Courtney, R; Hachem, R; Kontoyiannis, DP; Krishna, G; Martinho, M; Raad, I; Töpelt, K; Ullmann, AJ; Wexler, D, 2006)	0.33
" Multiple dosing of sitagliptin exhibited a PK/PD profile consistent with that of a QD regimen and was well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of multiple oral doses of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy male volunteers. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Laethem, M; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W; Zhou, Y, 2006)	0.33
" Seven 5-HT(1B/D) agonists have been approved in Germany with more than 20 dosage forms."	( Company reference estimates for productivity loss due to migraine and productivity gains using rizatriptan 10 mg in Germany. Diener, HC; Katsarava, Z; Krobot, KJ; Liedert, B; Limmroth, V; Yoon, MS, 2006)	0.33
"This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in a managed care organization for patients aged 18 years or older who had picked up at least one outpatient prescription for any sumatriptan dosage form at the pharmacy between January 2002 and June 2002."	( Assessment of clinical, service, and cost outcomes of a conversion program of sumatriptan to rizatriptan ODT in primary care patients with migraine headaches. Billups, SJ; Carroll, N; Delate, T; Gershovich, OE; Hoffman, CK, 2006)	0.33
" The MDZ bioavailablity in rats dosed orally and in rats dosed intravenously with ABT is 58."	( In vivo use of the P450 inactivator 1-aminobenzotriazole in the rat: varied dosing route to elucidate gut and liver contributions to first-pass and systemic clearance. Fisher, MB; Foti, RS; Strelevitz, TJ, 2006)	0.33
" Serious adverse events were observed in 2 patients in whom sirolimus dosing was not adjusted during voriconazole administration."	( Voriconazole and sirolimus coadministration after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Antin, JH; Baden, LR; Campbell, BJ; Cutler, CS; Fiumara, K; Lowry, CM; Marty, FM, 2006)	0.33
"To use a viral dynamics model to compare the effectiveness of in vivo viral inhibition of several doses of maraviroc (MVC;UK-427,857) and to use a modeling approach to support design decisions for a monotherapy study using various dosing regimens of maraviroc given with and without food."	( A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model to optimize the phase IIa development program of maraviroc. Poland, B; Rosario, MC; Sullivan, J; van der Ryst, E; Westby, M, 2006)	0.33
" Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed for 14 days by gavage with fluconazole, myclobutanil, propiconazole, or triadimefon."	( Gene expression profiling in liver and testis of rats to characterize the toxicity of triazole fungicides. Bao, W; Best, DS; Blystone, CR; Dix, DJ; Goetz, AK; Narotsky, MG; Ren, H; Rockett, JC; Schmid, JE; Strader, LF; Tully, DB; Wolf, DC; Wood, CR, 2006)	0.33
" A reduction of the ibuprofen dosage should be considered when ibuprofen is coadministered with voriconazole or fluconazole, especially when the initial ibuprofen dose is high."	( Effects of the antifungals voriconazole and fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of s-(+)- and R-(-)-Ibuprofen. Hynninen, VV; Laine, K; Leino, K; Lundgren, S; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Rane, A; Valtonen, M; Vyyryläinen, H, 2006)	0.33
" The AUC(0-24) and apparent oral clearance increased by increasing dose and dosing frequency."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of oral posaconazole in neutropenic stem cell transplant recipients. Anaissie, EJ; Dong, L; Gubbins, PO; Krishna, G; Martinho, M; Penzak, SR; Sansone-Parsons, A, 2006)	0.33
"To review the available literature on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, toxicology, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage guidelines for deferasirox, an oral iron chelator, in Phase III trials."	( Deferasirox--an oral agent for chronic iron overload. Hagemann, TM; Vanorden, HE, 2006)	0.33
" On the basis of the results of this study, it was concluded that administration of voriconazole at a dosage of 4 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours will attain plasma concentrations adequate for treatment of horses with fungal infections for which the fungi have a minimum inhibitory concentration	( Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral and intravenous administration to horses. Davis, JL; Papich, MG; Salmon, JH, 2006)	0.33
" The dosage found to result in monitored plasma levels that correlate with clinical evidence of good antifungal activity is 800 mg/day in divided doses."	( A sensitive liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry method for the determination of posaconazole in human plasma. Hayes, RN; Krishna, G; Shen, JX, 2007)	0.34
" End points included time to pain freedom (length of time from dosing to no pain) and time to onset of pain relief (mean time to onset of pain relief and proportion of patients reporting onset of pain relief at 30 minutes), satisfaction with treatment, and medication preference."	( Time to pain freedom and onset of pain relief with rizatriptan 10 mg and prescription usual-care oral medications in the acute treatment of migraine headaches: a multicenter, prospective, open-label, two-attack, crossover study. Barlas, S; Bell, CF; Foley, KA; Hu, XH; Solomon, G, 2006)	0.33
"003), with significant differences noted as early as 15 minutes after dosing (P<0."	( Time to pain freedom and onset of pain relief with rizatriptan 10 mg and prescription usual-care oral medications in the acute treatment of migraine headaches: a multicenter, prospective, open-label, two-attack, crossover study. Barlas, S; Bell, CF; Foley, KA; Hu, XH; Solomon, G, 2006)	0.33
" Reduced efficacy against amygdala-kindled seizures, both acutely and over a 13-day chronic dosing study, was also observed in beta2N265S mice."	( The role of GABAbeta2 subunit-containing receptors in mediating the anticonvulsant and sedative effects of loreclezole. Davies, A; Groves, JO; Guscott, MR; Hallett, DJ; Pike, A; Reynolds, DS; Rosahl, TW; Wafford, KA, 2006)	0.33
"When given alone, the apparent oral clearance of voriconazole after single oral dosing was 26%+/-16% (P > ."	( Potent cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype-related interaction between voriconazole and the cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor ritonavir. Burhenne, J; Ding, R; Drzewinska, M; Haefeli, WE; Mikus, G; Rengelshausen, J; Riedel, KD; Schöwel, V; Thomsen, T; Weiss, J, 2006)	0.33
" After a daily dosage of 600-800 mg posaconazole the serum concentrations varied between 100 and 3000 mug l(-1) (582 +/- 579 mug l(-1))."	( HPLC analysis of the antifungal agent posaconazole in patients with haematological diseases. Arndt, M; Cornely, OA; Müller, C; Queckenberg, C; Theisohn, M, 2006)	0.33
" Voriconazole blood levels demonstrated that the patient required a drug dosage (13."	( Severe osteomyelitis caused by Myceliophthora thermophila after a pitchfork injury. Chusid, MJ; Destino, L; Havens, PL; Helon, AL; Sutton, DA; Thometz, JG; Willoughby, RE, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic data support a once-daily dosing regimen based on body weight."	( Phase II clinical evaluation of deferasirox, a once-daily oral chelating agent, in pediatric patients with beta-thalassemia major. Alberti, D; Belleli, R; Bertrand, Y; Bordone, E; Forni, GL; Foschini, ML; Galanello, R; Hewson, N; Lavagetto, A; Leoni, G; Longo, F; Maseruka, H; Piga, A; Sechaud, R; Zappu, A, 2006)	0.33
" Following dosing on Day 7 of each treatment period, these pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for plasma sitagliptin and metformin: area under the plasma concentrations-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC(0-12h)), maximum observed plasma concentrations (C(max)), and time of occurrence of maximum observed plasma concentrations (T(max))."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of metformin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin when co-administered in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bergman, A; Herman, GA; Kipnes, M; Yi, B, 2006)	0.33
" When dosed orally, 25 dose-dependently reduced glucose excursion in ZDF rats."	( Discovery of ((4R,5S)-5-amino-4-(2,4,5- trifluorophenyl)cyclohex-1-enyl)-(3- (trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl)methanone (ABT-341), a highly potent, selective, orally efficacious, and safe dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibi Backes, BJ; Ballaron, SJ; Beno, DW; Fryer, RM; Judd, AS; Kempf-Grote, AJ; Li, X; Longenecker, K; Lubben, TH; Madar, DJ; Mika, AK; Mulhern, M; Pei, Z; Preusser, LC; Reinhart, GA; Sham, HL; Stashko, MA; Stewart, KD; Trevillyan, JM; von Geldern, TW; Yong, H; Zinker, BA, 2006)	0.33
" Bronchoalveolar lavage, dosage with anti-Aspergillus antibodies, antigen measurements and galactomannan research with Sanofi Platelia were performed."	( Successful early voriconazole treatment of Aspergillus infection in two non immunocompromised patients in Intensive Care Unit. Donati, A; Gabbanelli, V; Nataloni, S; Pantanetti, S; Pelaia, P; Rossi, R, 2007)	0.34
"Oral administration of NK026680 at a dosage of 25 mg/kg once daily or 50 mg/kg once daily significantly suppressed 1) spontaneous mortality, 2) proteinuria and hematuria, 3) blood urea nitrogen levels, 4) glomerular damage characterized histopathologically, 5) IC deposition in glomeruli, 6) the development of pANCA and anti-DNA antibodies, and 7) lymphadenopathy."	( NK026680, a novel suppressant of dendritic cell function, prevents the development of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody in SCG/Kj mice. Abe, F; Furukawa, H; Ichimura, E; Nose, M; Ono, M; Saiga, K; Tokunaka, K; Toyoda, E; Yoshida, M, 2006)	0.33
"11 for mutant F84L to 999 for two highly constitutively active mutants yielded simulated dose-response curves that mimicked the experimental curves."	( ZM241385, DPCPX, MRS1706 are inverse agonists with different relative intrinsic efficacies on constitutively active mutants of the human adenosine A2B receptor. Beukers, MW; Blad, CC; Brouwer, J; den Dulk, H; Ijzerman, AP; Li, Q; Ye, K, 2007)	0.34
" In conclusion, age, gender, and race/ethnicity have no clinically relevant effects on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in healthy adults; therefore, dosage adjustments based on these covariates are unnecessary."	( Effects of age, gender, and race/ethnicity on the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in healthy volunteers. Herron, J; Kantesaria, B; Krishna, G; Sansone-Parsons, A; Simon, J; Soni, P; Stoltz, R, 2007)	0.34
" Clinical phase I and II studies demonstrated an exclusively fecal route of iron excretion, with a long plasma half-life, suitable for once-daily dosing and 24-hour protection from labile iron."	( Deferasirox: An effective once-daily orally active iron chelator. Porter, JB, 2006)	0.33
" It was concluded that there was no active metabolite present in serum samples from healthy volunteers after oral dosing of pramiconazole."	( Absence of an active metabolite for the triazole antifungal pramiconazole. Ausma, J; Bohets, H; Borgers, M; Fothergill, A; Pennick, G; van de Velde, V, 2007)	0.34
" Lead compounds were shown to inhibit tumor growth in several nude mouse xenograft models, with high potency and efficacy, when dosed either orally or intravenously."	( Synthesis and SAR of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, a class of anticancer agents with a unique mechanism of tubulin inhibition. Afragola, J; Ayral-Kaloustian, S; Beyer, C; Gibbons, J; Hernandez, R; Lucas, J; Nguyen, T; Zhang, N, 2007)	0.34
" For EE2 a dose-response relationship was established with EC50 = 60."	( Testing estrogenicity of known and novel (xeno-)estrogens in the MolDarT using developing zebrafish (Danio rerio). Eggen, RI; Junghans, M; Muncke, J, 2007)	0.34
" A computer-controlled dosing pump compensated for the agent with the longer half-life."	( A new in-vitro kinetic model to study the pharmacodynamics of antifungal agents: inhibition of the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B against Candida albicans by voriconazole. Cars, O; Johansson, A; Lignell, A; Löwdin, E; Sjölin, J, 2007)	0.34
" Rats were dosed with the drug, and the major metabolites in the bile were separated by gradient elution high-performance liquid chromatography."	( Identification of the major metabolites of 5-n-butyl-4-{4-[2-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]phenylmethyl}-2,4-dihydro-2-(2,6-dichloridephenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one, a new angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist, in rat bile by HPLC-diode array detect Ai, H; Li, X; Lv, H; Sun, J; Wang, G; Wu, X; Xu, J; Yan, B; Zheng, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Rats were dosed with the conazoles at three dose levels by gavage for 14 days: myclobutanil (150, 75, and 10mgkg(-1) body weight day(-1); triadimefon (115, 50, and 10 mg kg(-1) body weight day-'), which included their maximum tolerated dose levels (MTD)."	( Induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes in rat liver by two conazoles, myclobutanil and triadimefon. Dix, DJ; Grindstaff, RD; Lambert, GR; Nesnow, S; Sun, G; Thai, SF; Tully, DB, 2007)	0.34
" A total of 179 patients were randomly recruited in this prospective study with 58, 61 and 60 patients in each dosage group respectively."	( Randomized controlled trial of three doses of letrozole for ovulation induction in patients with unexplained infertility. Badawy, A; Fawzy, M; Metwally, M, 2007)	0.34
"Significantly, more patients taking rizatriptan achieved both PR and PF within 2 h after dosing than other oral triptans."	( Times to pain relief and pain freedom with rizatriptan 10 mg and other oral triptans. Chen, Y; Hu, XH; Ma, L; Ng-Mak, DS; Solomon, G, 2007)	0.34
" Coadministration of posaconazole increased cyclosporine exposure and necessitated dosage reductions of 14-29% for cyclosporine in three subjects."	( Effect of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Gelone, S; Kantesaria, B; Krishna, G; Mant, TG; Martinho, M; Sansone-Parsons, A, 2007)	0.34
"These findings suggest that the dosage of cyclosporine or tacrolimus should be reduced when posaconazole therapy is started and that plasma levels of the immunosuppressant should be monitored during and at the discontinuation of posaconazole therapy so that dosages are adjusted accordingly."	( Effect of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Gelone, S; Kantesaria, B; Krishna, G; Mant, TG; Martinho, M; Sansone-Parsons, A, 2007)	0.34
" Additionally, the glycemic response to sitagliptin 100 mg daily was evaluated as a once-daily (100 mg once-daily) or twice-daily (50 mg twice-daily) dosing regimen."	( Once-daily sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Hanefeld, M; Herman, GA; Mickel, C; Sanchez, M; Stein, PP; Wu, M, 2007)	0.34
"First-line antifungal treatment strategies with voriconazole were both more effective and less costly over first-line strategies employing liposomal amphotericin B at a dosage of 4 mg/kg/day."	( Economic evaluation of targeted treatments of invasive aspergillosis in adult haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in the Netherlands: a modelling approach. Ament, AJ; de Groot, R; Donnelly, JP; Hübben, MW; Severens, JL; van 't Wout, J; Verweij, PE; Warris, A, 2007)	0.34
" Voriconazole was dosed orally at 20 mg/kg/day for 12 days (days 3 to 14)."	( In vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in an animal model of dermatophytosis. Arendrup, MC; Frimodt-Moller, N; Haedersdal, M; Kloft, C; Saunte, DM; Simmel, F; Stolle, LB; Svejgaard, EL, 2007)	0.34
"Daily divided dosing of deferasirox changes the relative cardiac and liver iron chelation profile compared with daily single dosing, trading improvements in cardiac iron elimination for less-effective hepatic chelation."	( Comparison of twice-daily vs once-daily deferasirox dosing in a gerbil model of iron cardiomyopathy. Aguilar, M; Moats, R; Nick, H; Otto-Duessel, M; Wood, JC, 2007)	0.34
"While an AZ-based regimen is associated with increased cost, the reduced rate of nephrotoxicity and availability of oral dosage forms, suggests that azoles be used preferentially over AMB."	( Antifungal prophylaxis in chemotherapy-associated neutropenia: a retrospective, observational study. Choe, L; Guglielmo, BJ; Inciardi, J; Martin, T; Riedel, A; Yuen, C, 2007)	0.34
"In the last decade, the relationship between drug dosing and treatment efficacy for life-threatening fungal infections has been clarified by application of pharmacodynamic principles to the study of antifungal agents."	( Pharmacodynamic implications for use of antifungal agents. Lewis, RE, 2007)	0.34
" It is widely recognized that the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are critical to determining an adequate dose-response relationship."	( CNS pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents. Andes, D; Kethireddy, S, 2007)	0.34
" Rats were dosed with epoxiconazole (15 or 50 mg/kg bw/day) or tebuconazole (50 or 100 mg/kg bw/day) during pregnancy from gestational day (GD) 7 and continued during lactation until postnatal day (PND) 16."	( Endocrine-disrupting activities in vivo of the fungicides tebuconazole and epoxiconazole. Andeasen, HR; Axelstad, M; Boberg, J; Dalgaard, M; Hass, U; Taxvig, C; Vinggaard, AM, 2007)	0.34
"Voriconazole should be given without a dosage adaptation in critically ill patients without liver cirrhosis undergoing CVVHDF."	( Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole during continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration. Fuhrmann, V; Holzinger, U; Jaeger, W; Kitzberger, R; Kneidinger, N; Miksits, M; Schenk, P; Thalhammer, F; Warszawska, J, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic data suggest dosing differences in children versus adult patients with some antifungals, but not all agents have been fully evaluated."	( Antifungal agents in neonates: issues and recommendations. Almirante, B; Rodríguez, D, 2007)	0.34
" While regular drug monitoring is not indicated in most patients, it may help guide dosing in patients with reduced hepatic/renal function, on concurrent therapy with drugs that affect CYP2C9, with altered CYP2C9 genotypes, or during adverse drug reactions."	( Measurement of voriconazole in serum and plasma. Boakye-Agyeman, F; Langman, LJ, 2007)	0.34
" The 400-mg qd efavirenz dose substantially reduced the steady-state mean voriconazole area under the curve over the dosing interval (AUC0-12) by 80% (90% confidence interval [CI], 75%-84%) and peak concentration (Cmax) by 66% (90% CI, 57%-73%)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between voriconazole and efavirenz at steady state in healthy male subjects. Foster, G; Gutierrez, MJ; LaBadie, RR; Liu, P; Sharma, A, 2008)	0.35
" Dosage was determined by baseline liver iron concentration (LIC)."	( Relative response of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and other transfusion-dependent anaemias to deferasirox (ICL670): a 1-yr prospective study. Alberti, D; Alimena, G; Cappellini, MD; Cario, H; Cazzola, M; Cunningham, MJ; Debusscher, L; Della Porta, M; Ford, JM; Forni, GL; Galanello, R; Gathmann, I; Gattermann, N; Giardina, P; Greenberg, P; Jeng, M; Kwiatkowski, J; Maertens, J; Neufeld, EJ; Olivieri, N; Piga, A; Porter, J; Quarta, G; Rabault, B; Rose, C; Saglio, G; Soulières, D; Stadler, M; Tchernia, G; Vichinsky, E, 2008)	0.35
"Blood samples were collected after dosing on day 2; at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12; and on the last day of oral treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral posaconazole in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with graft-versus-host disease. Chandrasekar, P; Krishna, G; Martinho, M; Patino, H; Ullmann, AJ, 2007)	0.34
" Initial studies have shown that serum concentrations determined by a microbiological assay were higher than those determined by HPLC from animals dosed with SCH 51048."	( Posaconazole (Noxafil, SCH 56592), a new azole antifungal drug, was a discovery based on the isolation and mass spectral characterization of a circulating metabolite of an earlier lead (SCH 51048). Bartner, P; Bennett, F; Cacciapuoti, A; Ganguly, AK; Girijavallabhan, V; Hare, R; Heimark, L; Hilbert, M; Korfmacher, W; Kumari, P; Lin, CC; Liu, YT; Loebenberg, D; Lovey, R; McNamara, P; Miller, G; Nomeir, AA; Pickett, C; Pike, R; Pramanik, BN; Saksena, A; Veals, J; Wang, H, 2008)	0.35
" Its extended half-life probably permits dosing less frequently than once a day."	( New and emerging treatments for fungal infections. Denning, DW; Pasqualotto, AC, 2008)	0.35
" Lack of response to therapy was more frequent in patients with voriconazole levels 1 mg/L (15 [12%] of 39 patients; P=."	( Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with invasive mycoses improves efficacy and safety outcomes. Bille, J; Bolay, S; Buclin, T; Calandra, T; Marchetti, O; Pascual, A, 2008)	0.35
" In rats dosed intravenously with [(14)C]-1, approximately 91% of the radioactivity was recovered in bile over 48 h, with 85% accounted for in the first 4-h samples."	( Importance of mechanistic drug metabolism studies in support of drug discovery: A case study with an N -sulfonylated dipeptide VLA-4 antagonist in rats. Baillie, TA; Bleasby, K; Chen, Q; Colletti, A; Dean, DC; Evers, R; Hafey, M; Hagmann, WK; Lanza, TJ; Lin, LS; Magriotis, PA; Stearns, RA; Tang, W; Teffera, Y, 2008)	0.35
"We developed a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) mathematical model that fits voriconazole time-kill data against Candida isolates in vitro and used the model to simulate the expected kill curves for typical intravenous and oral dosing regimens."	( A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic mathematical model accurately describes the activity of voriconazole against Candida spp. in vitro. Cheng, S; Clancy, CJ; Derendorf, H; Li, Y; Nguyen, MH; Schmidt, S; Zhong, L, 2008)	0.35
"In critically ill patients, dosage adjustment of voriconazole could be helpful when high-volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration is needed."	( The pharmacokinetic profile of voriconazole during continuous high-volume venovenous hemofiltration in a critically ill patient. Arnaud, P; Desmonts, JM; Lasocki, S; Massias, L; Montravers, P; Papy, E; Quintard, H, 2008)	0.35
" However, dosage reduction of imatinib may be required to avoid its potential toxicity."	( Evaluation of neoadjuvant inhibition of aromatase activity and signal transduction in breast cancer. Chow, LW; Loo, WT; Toi, M; Yip, AY, 2008)	0.35
" While the optimal dosage for voriconazole in children is still unknown, drug monitoring seems warranted to ensure adequate exposure, and after dose increments to prevent excessive exposure."	( Voriconazole plasma monitoring. Denning, DW; Pasqualotto, AC; Shah, M; Wynn, R, 2008)	0.35
" We conducted a multi-centre survey to evaluate efficacy, safety, treatment indications and dosing of voriconazole outside clinical trials."	( Treatment of invasive fungal infections in clinical practice: a multi-centre survey on customary dosing, treatment indications, efficacy and safety of voriconazole. Arenz, D; Böhme, A; Cornely, OA; Kiehl, MG; Kochanek, M; Pankraz, K; Reichert, D; Ullmann, AJ; Vehreschild, JJ, 2008)	0.35
" The sitagliptin dosage recommended by the manufacturer is 100 mg once daily as monotherapy or in combination with metformin or a thiazolidinedione."	( Sitagliptin: a novel agent for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nogid, A; Pham, DQ; Plakogiannis, R, 2008)	0.35
" The mean total recovery of dosed radioactivity was 96%, with the majority of radioactivity being recovered within 96 h postdose."	( Assessment of the absorption, metabolism and absolute bioavailability of maraviroc in healthy male subjects. Abel, S; Nedderman, AN; Ridgway, CE; Russell, D; Walker, DK; Whitlock, LA, 2008)	0.35
"To compare the effect on follicular growth and endocrine parameters of follicular phase administration of anastrozole to healthy, normoovulatory women in doses of 1 or 5 mg, respectively, with the conventional dosing regimen for ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate (CC)."	( Follicular and endocrine response to anastrozole versus clomiphene citrate administered in follicular phase to normoovulatory women: a randomized comparison. Diedrich, K; Griesinger, G; Schröer, A; Schultze-Mosgau, A; von Otte, S, 2009)	0.35
" With two drugs tested, a computer-controlled dosing pump compensated for differences in the elimination rates."	( Characterization of the inhibitory effect of voriconazole on the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B against Candida albicans in an in vitro kinetic model. Cars, O; Lignell, A; Löwdin, E; Sjölin, J, 2008)	0.35
" Dosage adjustments of both drugs are required."	( Complexity of interactions between voriconazole and antiretroviral agents. Foisy, MM; Hughes, CA; Yakiwchuk, EM, 2008)	0.35
" The current approved daily dosage of maraviroc is 300 mg bid in combination with other antiretroviral medications."	( [Clinical pharmacokinetic of maraviroc]. Peytavin, G, 2008)	0.35
" The occurrence of the hydroxymethyl isoxazole metabolite of alpha5IA in human urine precluded the use of alpha5IA in prolonged dosing studies."	( GABA(A) receptor subtype-selective efficacy: TPA023, an alpha2/alpha3 selective non-sedating anxiolytic and alpha5IA, an alpha5 selective cognition enhancer. Atack, JR, 2008)	0.35
"Data on sirolimus and voriconazole indications, doses, routes, frequencies, and administration times; number of days of coadministration; and sirolimus dosage adjustments were collected."	( Concurrent administration of sirolimus and voriconazole: a pilot study assessing safety and approaches to appropriate management. Carver, PL; DePestel, DD; Surowiec, D, 2008)	0.35
" Dosing adjustment in patients with renal dysfunction is not necessary for anastrozole."	( Anastrozole-associated sclerosing glomerulonephritis in a patient with breast cancer. Akgul, B; Camci, C; Kalender, ME; Karakok, M; Sevinc, A; Turk, HM, 2007)	0.34
" Additionally, maximal dosing limitations are being pursued."	( Echinocandins: a wealth of choice--how clinically different are they? Zaas, AK, 2008)	0.35
" Male and female rats were dosed beginning 28 d before mating, and each female rat was mated with a male rat of the same dosage group."	( Repeated-dose and reproductive toxicity of the ultraviolet absorber 2-(3',5'-di- tert-butyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole in rats. Ema, M; Fukunishi, K; Hirata-Koizumi, M; Hirose, A; Kamata, E; Matsumoto, M, 2008)	0.35
" Determination of plasma concentrations is indicated in situations to guide dosing and to individualize and improve the treatment options resulting in better therapeutic outcome or fewer side effects."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole. Aarnoutse, RE; Blijlevens, NM; Brüggemann, RJ; Burger, DM; Donnelly, JP; Mouton, JW; Verweij, PE; Warris, A, 2008)	0.35
" Especially, compounds 6c, 6g, and 6i inhibited Sclerotinia by 100% at the concentration of 50 mg/L and by 83, 83, and 82% at the dosage of 10 mg/L, respectively."	( Synthesis and antifungal activities of novel 5-amino-6-arylamino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one derivatives. Lin, CR; Wang, HQ; Wang, YY; Zhou, WP, 2008)	0.35
" Taking all features into account our study suggests that the oral dosage schedules of 10 mg/kg BW twice a day or 20 mg/kg BW once a day could be most appropriate in treating pigeons with aspergillosis."	( Designing voriconazole treatment for racing pigeons: balancing between hepatic enzyme auto induction and toxicity. Baert, K; Beernaert, LA; Chiers, K; De Backer, P; Marin, P; Martel, A; Pasmans, F, 2009)	0.35
" Whereas, posaconazole is approved for use in adults, however, the appropriate dosage and the safety of the compound have not been systematically investigated in paediatric age groups."	( Posaconazole for paediatric patients: status of development and future perspectives. Groll, AH; Lehrnbecher, T, 2008)	0.35
" Of note, prompt reduction of the everolimus dosage since the first azole coadministration, coupled with intensive therapeutic drug monitoring, represented a useful strategy to prevent drug overexposure."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between everolimus and antifungal triazoles in a liver transplant patient. Adani, GL; Baccarani, U; Baraldo, M; Cojutti, P; Franceschi, L; Furlanut, M; Londero, A; Pea, F; Tavio, M; Viale, P, 2008)	0.59
" Although statistically significant, these results were not considered clinically significant and did not necessitate posaconazole dosage adjustments."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral posaconazole in neutropenic patients receiving chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. AbuTarif, M; Angulo, D; Cornely, OA; Krishna, G; Martinho, M; Xuan, F, 2008)	0.35
" No dosage adjustments are recommended based on any covariate tested."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral posaconazole in neutropenic patients receiving chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. AbuTarif, M; Angulo, D; Cornely, OA; Krishna, G; Martinho, M; Xuan, F, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to assess the dose-response of isavuconazole, voriconazole and fluconazole in disseminated Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei infections."	( Efficacy of isavuconazole, voriconazole and fluconazole in temporarily neutropenic murine models of disseminated Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei. Denning, DW; Majithiya, J; Parmar, A; Sharp, A; Warn, PA, 2009)	0.35
" Therefore, plasma free levels can be used to optimise dosing regimens for this drug."	( Free renal levels of voriconazole determined by microdialysis in healthy and Candida sp.-infected Wistar rats. da Silva, CF; Dalla Costa, T; de Araujo, BV; Haas, SE, 2009)	0.35
" over the 12-h dosing interval and for 24 h following the last dose."	( Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of posaconazole at steady state in healthy subjects. Conte, JE; Golden, JA; Krishna, G; Little, E; McIver, M; Zurlinden, E, 2009)	0.35
"A four-part, randomized, crossover study with healthy subjects evaluated the effects of gastric pH, the dosing frequency and prandial state, food consumption timing, and gastric motility on the absorption of posaconazole."	( Pharmacokinetics and absorption of posaconazole oral suspension under various gastric conditions in healthy volunteers. Krishna, G; Ma, L; McLeod, J; Medlock, MM; Moton, A, 2009)	0.35
" voriconazole dosing regimens for pediatric patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of voriconazole plasma concentration data from pediatric studies. Karlsson, MO; Lutsar, I; Milligan, PA, 2009)	0.35
" Posaconazole and itraconazole were the most active in vitro with MICs falling well below the achievable serum levels typically observed with standard dosing regimens."	( Antifungal susceptibility testing of Exophiala spp.: a head-to-head comparison of amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole. Fothergill, AW; Rinaldi, MG; Sutton, DA, 2009)	0.35
" Preincubation with 300 and 1000 microM SCU significantly suppressed the contractile dose-response to phenylephrine, causing both a significant rise in half maximal effective concentration and a decrease in the maximal developed force."	( Nitric oxide and catalase-sensitive relaxation by scutellarin in the mouse thoracic aorta. Bofferding, A; Lust, RM; Wingard, CJ; Yang, W, 2009)	0.35
" From a practical point of view, standardised tests are currently unavailable to assess susceptibility to MVC, although in dose-response phenotype tests a maximum percentage inhibition (MPI) < 95% would be indicative of resistance to the compound."	( [Mechanisms of resistance and failure of treatment with maraviroc]. Delgado, R, 2008)	0.35
" The bioassay was applied for a dose-response study of mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), a chemical known to disrupt several steroidogenic enzymes."	( Steroidogenesis-disrupting compounds can be effectively studied for major fertility-related endpoints using in vitro cultured mouse follicles. Lenie, S; Smitz, J, 2009)	0.35
" Initial dosage and titration schedule of rufinamide were at the discretion of the treating physician according to medical need."	( Effectiveness and tolerability of rufinamide in children and adults with refractory epilepsy: first European experience. Bast, T; Boor, R; Ernst, JP; Haberlandt, E; Kluger, G; Kurlemann, G; Makowski, C; Runge, U; Schneider, F, 2009)	0.35
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, spectrum of activity and resistance, clinical utility, adverse effects, dosage and administration, and recommended monitoring of posaconazole are reviewed."	( Posaconazole: a new oral antifungal agent with an expanded spectrum of activity. Morris, MI, 2009)	0.35
" Significant drug interactions include cimetidine, rifabutin, and phenytoin, for which concomitant use should be avoided, as well as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and midazolam, for which dosage reductions are recommended."	( Posaconazole: a new oral antifungal agent with an expanded spectrum of activity. Morris, MI, 2009)	0.35
" Once-daily dosing with deferasirox > or =20 mg/kg/d provided sustained reduction in LPI levels in these heavily iron-overloaded patients, suggesting 24-h protection from LPI."	( Reduction in labile plasma iron during treatment with deferasirox, a once-daily oral iron chelator, in heavily iron-overloaded patients with beta-thalassaemia. Daar, S; Habr, D; Hmissi, A; Kriemler-Krahn, U; Nick, H; Pathare, A; Taher, A, 2009)	0.35
"8 min with no interfering peak of excipients used for the preparation of dosage forms."	( Development and validation of RP-HPLC method to determine letrozole in different pharmaceutical formulations and its application to studies of drug release from nanoparticles. Ghosal, SK; Mondal, N; Pal, TK, )	0.13
" Since VOR is metabolized more rapidly in rodents than in humans, dosage adjustment for VOR is necessary to obtain an area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) in rodents that is equivalent to that of humans."	( Combination therapy of advanced invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in transiently neutropenic rats using human pharmacokinetic equivalent doses of voriconazole and anidulafungin. Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Mathot, RA; Rijnders, BJ; Tavakol, M; ten Kate, MT; van de Sande, WW; van Vianen, W, 2009)	0.35
" As it had been 10 months since her last dosage adjustment of diltiazem, it was unlikely that the statin-induced rhabdomyolysis was precipitated by diltiazem."	( Rhabdomyolysis caused by a potential sitagliptin-lovastatin interaction. DiGregorio, RV; Pasikhova, Y, 2009)	0.35
" These results support a once-daily dosing regimen in Japanese patients with T2DM."	( Effects of once-daily sitagliptin on 24-h glucose control following 4 weeks of treatment in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Amatruda, JM; Fukao, Y; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Nonaka, K; Okuyama, K; Tsubouchi, H, 2009)	0.35
" Proper dosing of vincristine is required to maximize disease control while avoiding toxicity."	( Modification of vincristine dosing during concomitant azole therapy in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Adel, N; Harnicar, S; Jurcic, J, 2009)	0.35
" Vincristine dosing modifications were more common in the azole group (58."	( Modification of vincristine dosing during concomitant azole therapy in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Adel, N; Harnicar, S; Jurcic, J, 2009)	0.35
" We concluded that the combination of AFG with VRC in treatment of experimental IPA in persistently neutropenic rabbits was independent to synergistic at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day but independent to antagonistic at 10 mg/kg/day, as assessed by Bliss independence analysis, suggesting that higher dosages of an echinocandin may be deleterious to the combination."	( Combination therapy in treatment of experimental pulmonary aspergillosis: in vitro and in vivo correlations of the concentration- and dose- dependent interactions between anidulafungin and voriconazole by Bliss independence drug interaction analysis. Avila, NA; Bacher, J; Cotton, MP; Francesconi, A; Hope, WW; Hughes, JE; Kasai, M; Meletiadis, J; Mickiene, D; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Schaufele, RL; Sein, T; Stergiopoulou, T; Walsh, TJ, 2009)	0.35
"The mechanism of action, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, drug interactions, adverse effects, dosage and administration, cost, and role in therapy of maraviroc are reviewed."	( Maraviroc: a coreceptor CCR5 antagonist for management of HIV infection. Pasquale, TR; Sahloff, EG; Yost, R, 2009)	0.35
" Oral dosing of Drug X to rats resulted in low oral bioavailability (19%)."	( The use of 1-aminobenzotriazole in differentiating the role of CYP-mediated first pass metabolism and absorption in limiting drug oral bioavailability: a case study. Brodfuehrer, J; Buchholz, L; Clark, A; El-Kattan, AF; Poe, J; Thomas, HV, 2008)	0.35
" The flexible dosing regimen of deferasirox allows dose adjustments to be made in response to trends in serum ferritin, to changes in a patient's transfusional iron intake, and to the objectives of treatment, allowing the full benefit of transfusion therapy without the risks associated with iron overload."	( Managing iron overload in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes with oral deferasirox therapy. Garcia-Manero, G; Jabbour, E; Kantarjian, HM; Taher, A, 2009)	0.35
"In this exploratory study involving extensively treatment-experienced patients with advanced, non-R5 HIV-1 infection, neither superiority nor noninferiority was statistically demonstrated for either maraviroc dosage compared with placebo at 24 weeks of treatment."	( A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of maraviroc in treatment-experienced patients infected with non-R5 HIV-1. Clotet, B; Clumeck, N; Fätkenheuer, G; Goodrich, J; Mayer, H; Saag, M; Sullivan, J; van der Ryst, E; Westby, M, 2009)	0.35
" Significantly more patients taking rizatriptan achieved onset of PR within 2 hours after dosing than those taking almotriptan (88."	( Migraine treatment with rizatriptan and almotriptan: a crossover study. Bigal, M; Hu, XH; Ng-Mak, DS, 2009)	0.35
"We assessed PK/PD of anastrozole after 14 d daily dosing and changes in breast size (exploratory aim) by manual tape measurements (area) and ultrasound (volume) after 6 months."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anastrozole in pubertal boys with recent-onset gynecomastia. Agbo, F; Bishop, K; Emeribe, U; Lowe, E; Mauras, N; Merinbaum, D, 2009)	0.35
" Ex vivo receptor occupancy with [(3)H]FTIDC revealed that the receptor occupancy level by FTIDC correlated well with FTIDC dosage and plasma concentration."	( Correlation of receptor occupancy of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 (mGluR1) in mouse brain with in vivo activity of allosteric mGluR1 antagonists. Hata, M; Hikichi, H; Inoue, T; Ito, S; Kawagoe-Takaki, H; Kawamoto, H; Kimura, T; Maehara, S; Murai, T; Ohta, H; Ozaki, S; Satow, A; Suzuki, G, 2009)	0.35
" The dosing recommendations are based on concomitant medications due to drug interactions."	( Maraviroc: a new CCR5 antagonist. Khanlou, H; Sayana, S, 2009)	0.35
" Efficacy of vitamin A as a chemopreventive agent for skin cancer could be demonstrated with a dose-response curve after a second-order discriminant analysis was employed."	( Knowledge discovery processing and data mining in karyometry. Alberts, DS; Bartels, HG; Bartels, PH; Montironi, R; Scarpelli, M, 2009)	0.35
" Three hundred and twenty-seven were white, and the mean age and weight of subjects were similar across all dosing groups."	( Tolerability and safety profile of posaconazole: evaluation of 18 controlled studies in healthy volunteers. Krishna, G; Moton, A; Wang, Z, 2009)	0.35
" Conditions improved after the cessation of tacrolimus for three days followed by reducing the dosage of voriconazole and tacrolimus."	( Voriconazole inhibition of tacrolimus metabolism in a kidney transplant recipient with fluconazole-resistant cryptococcal meningitis. Chang, CM; Chang, HH; Ko, WC; Lee, HC; Lee, NY; Wu, CJ; Yang, YH, 2010)	0.36
"In the treatment of acute migraine, patients need a drug that provides convenient dosing and consistent effectiveness."	( Rizatriptan. Convenience and consistency. Evans, RW, 2000)	0.31
" Plasma DPP-4 activity was assessed at trough, 24 h following dosing on day 7; percent DPP-4 inhibition was corrected for sample assay dilution."	( Sitagliptin 100 mg daily effect on DPP-4 inhibition and compound-specific glycemic improvement. Alba, M; Goldstein, BJ; Guan, Y; Herman, G; Kaufman, KD; Larson, P; Sachs, JR; Sheng, D; Thornberry, N; Williams-Herman, D, 2009)	0.35
"Across sitagliptin doses in this study, the similarity of the 24-h WMG concentrations and the similarity of the corrected DPP-4 inhibition values support prior findings that the maximal glucose-lowering efficacy of sitagliptin is achieved with once-daily dosing of 100 mg."	( Sitagliptin 100 mg daily effect on DPP-4 inhibition and compound-specific glycemic improvement. Alba, M; Goldstein, BJ; Guan, Y; Herman, G; Kaufman, KD; Larson, P; Sachs, JR; Sheng, D; Thornberry, N; Williams-Herman, D, 2009)	0.35
" Effective dosing regimens for inadequately responding patients to deferasirox must be determined."	( Deferasirox pharmacokinetics in patients with adequate versus inadequate response. Bergmann, AK; Braunstein, J; Chirnomas, D; Finkelstein, Y; Grant, FD; Neufeld, EJ; Paley, C; Pereira, L; Shannon, M; Smith, AL, 2009)	0.35
"Sitagliptin is recommended for initial and maintenance dosing at 100 mg daily."	( Drug use evaluation of sitagliptin dosing by pharmacist versus nonpharmacist clinicians in an internal medicine department of a private physician-owned multispecialty clinic. Cross, LB; Gentry, C; Gross, B; McFarland, MS; Patel, UP; Tunney, J, 2009)	0.35
"To determine the prevalence of the potentially inappropriate initial dosing of sitagliptin based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at baseline for pharmacist versus nonpharmacist prescribers in an internal medicine department of a private physician-owned multispecialty clinic that included a pharmacist-managed diabetes program."	( Drug use evaluation of sitagliptin dosing by pharmacist versus nonpharmacist clinicians in an internal medicine department of a private physician-owned multispecialty clinic. Cross, LB; Gentry, C; Gross, B; McFarland, MS; Patel, UP; Tunney, J, 2009)	0.35
" For patients prescribed sitagliptin between October 17, 2006, and June 5, 2008, the variables of interest were (a) the initial sitagliptin dose; (b) the GFR, calculated for each patient using the 4-point Modification of Dosing in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula at the time of initiation of sitagliptin; and (c) whether the clinician initiating the dose was a pharmacist or nonpharmacist (i."	( Drug use evaluation of sitagliptin dosing by pharmacist versus nonpharmacist clinicians in an internal medicine department of a private physician-owned multispecialty clinic. Cross, LB; Gentry, C; Gross, B; McFarland, MS; Patel, UP; Tunney, J, 2009)	0.35
" Potentially inappropriate dosing occurred in 1 of 158 patients (0."	( Drug use evaluation of sitagliptin dosing by pharmacist versus nonpharmacist clinicians in an internal medicine department of a private physician-owned multispecialty clinic. Cross, LB; Gentry, C; Gross, B; McFarland, MS; Patel, UP; Tunney, J, 2009)	0.35
"Potentially inappropriate initial dosing of sitagliptin based on assessment of renal function was more likely to occur with nonpharmacist prescribers than with a pharmacist prescriber."	( Drug use evaluation of sitagliptin dosing by pharmacist versus nonpharmacist clinicians in an internal medicine department of a private physician-owned multispecialty clinic. Cross, LB; Gentry, C; Gross, B; McFarland, MS; Patel, UP; Tunney, J, 2009)	0.35
" Secondly, a sigmoid E(max)vs dose model of dose-normalized non-compartmental AUC from oral dosing in 134 healthy young males and females across five phase 1 studies was constructed."	( Maraviroc modelling strategy: use of early phase 1 data to support a semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetic model. McFadyen, L; Weatherley, B, 2009)	0.35
" Drug penetration was determined by the ratio of the total drug area under the concentration-time curve during the dosing interval (AUC(0-tau)) for epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar macrophages (AM) to the total drug AUC(0-tau) in plasma."	( Bronchopulmonary disposition of intravenous voriconazole and anidulafungin given in combination to healthy adults. Banevicius, MA; Crandon, JL; Crownover, PH; Fang, AF; Knauft, RF; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Pope, JS; Russomanno, JH; Shore, E, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetics (AUC for R(+) and S(-) warfarin) and pharmacodynamics (INR of R(+) or S(-) warfarin) were not meaningfully altered following coadministration of multiple-dose sitagliptin and single-dose warfarin, indicating that no dosage adjustment for warfarin is necessary when coadministered with sitagliptin."	( Multiple doses of sitagliptin, a selective DPP-4 inhibitor, do not meaningfully alter pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Herman, GA; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Liu, Q; Maes, A; Wagner, JA; Wright, DH, 2009)	0.35
" The protein content study showed biphasic dose-response curves, after 24 hours and seven days of exposure to either ethanol or acetaldehyde."	( Comparison of ethanol and acetaldehyde toxicity in rat astrocytes in primary culture. Lipnik-Stangelj, M; Sarc, L, 2009)	0.35
" Oral prophylaxy dosage is 200mg every eight hours to beginning before presumed neutropenia."	( [Prophylaxis use of posaconazole (P) in an hemato-oncology unit: a retrospective study]. Hansel-Esteller, S; Selvy, N; Villiet, M, 2010)	0.36
" The newest echinocandin, anidulafungin, offers significant promise for antifungal infections, and has a number of favourable features, including a lack of known drug interactions and no need for dosage adjustment for any degree of renal or hepatic failure."	( Pharmacological properties of antifungal drugs with a focus on anidulafungin. Mazzei, T; Novelli, A, 2009)	0.35
" In Group A, an aromatase inhibitor (letrozole, 5 mg/day) was administered along with a fixed dosage (450 IU/day) of recombinant FSH (rFSH), whereas Group B were treated with the same rFSH dosage alone."	( Use of aromatase inhibitors in poor-responder patients receiving GnRH antagonist protocols. Atabekoglu, CS; Olmus, H; Ozmen, B; Sönmezer, M, 2009)	0.35
" Increasing the standard dosing regimen may have some effect and may be clinically useful if no alternatives are available."	( Efficacy of posaconazole against three clinical Aspergillus fumigatus isolates with mutations in the cyp51A gene. Brüggemann, RJ; Mavridou, E; Melchers, WJ; Mouton, JW; Verweij, PE, 2010)	0.36
" Multiple blood samples were collected within one dosing interval from 15 patients who were initiated on a prophylactic regimen of voriconazole at 200 mg enterally (tablets) twice daily starting immediately posttransplant."	( Voriconazole pharmacokinetics in liver transplant recipients. Blisard, D; Capitano, B; Han, K; Husain, S; Johnson, HJ; Kwak, EJ; Linden, PK; Marcos, A; Paterson, DL; Potoski, B; Romkes, M; Venkataramanan, R, 2010)	0.36
" Information on demographic characteristics, dosing histories, serum concentrations, toxicity and survival, and outcomes was obtained."	( Voriconazole pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in children. Hoffman, J; Jelliffe, R; Kovacs, A; Neely, M; Rushing, T, 2010)	0.36
"0001), reflecting dosage adjustments and ongoing iron intake."	( Tailoring iron chelation by iron intake and serum ferritin: the prospective EPIC study of deferasirox in 1744 patients with transfusion-dependent anemias. Cappellini, MD; Chan, LL; Domokos, G; El-Beshlawy, A; Elalfy, M; Gattermann, N; Giraudier, S; Habr, D; Kattamis, A; Lee, JW; Li, CK; Lin, KH; Porter, J; Rose, C; Roubert, B; Seymour, JF; Taher, A; Thein, SL; Viprakasit, V, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic (PK)/RO modeling based on the PET results predicted that once daily dosing of >30mg LY686017 led to sustained trough RO of over 80%."	( Development of the 2nd generation neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist LY686017 for social anxiety disorder. Gehlert, DR; Iyengar, S; Kielbasa, W; Marek, G; Mozley, D; Peng, X; Tauscher, J; Vandenhende, F, 2010)	0.36
" Close monitoring for drug interactions is needed when triazoles are used with anti-neoplastic drugs and dosage modification of the triazole or its discontinuation may be required."	( Safety of triazole antifungal drugs in patients with cancer. Chandrasekar, PH; Cronin, S, 2010)	0.61
" Providers should be aware of the need for tropism determination and dosing requirements for maraviroc."	( Novel drug classes: entry inhibitors [enfuvirtide, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 antagonists]. McKinnell, JA; Saag, MS, 2009)	0.35
" A clear dose-response relationship was observed, as the highest dose of posaconazole (50 mg/kg) was the most effective in prolonging survival and reducing tissue fungal burden both as prophylaxis and as treatment."	( Efficacy of posaconazole as treatment and prophylaxis against Fusarium solani. Bocanegra, R; Graybill, JR; Najvar, LK; Patterson, TF; Wiederhold, NP, 2010)	0.36
" Excluding the diagnostic dilemma of an improbable failure of DFX chelation, the pathogenesis of this phenomenon remains to be clarified, thus further complicating the problem of ferritin specificity and its role in monitoring chelation efficacy and in adapting DFX dosage in a limited period of treatment."	( Paradoxically increased ferritin level in a beta-thalassemia major patient following the start of deferasirox chelation therapy. Ammirabile, M; Cinque, P; Costantini, S; Di Matola, T; Prossomariti, L; Ricchi, P; Spasiano, A, 2010)	0.36
" The results were tested against the concentration addition reference model using dose-response surface analyses."	( Pesticide cocktails can interact synergistically on aquatic crustaceans. Cedergreen, N; Nørgaard, KB, 2010)	0.36
"The results of the binary dose-response surface studies showed that mixtures with prochloraz increased toxicity up to 12-fold compared with what was expected using the reference model concentration addition (CA)."	( Pesticide cocktails can interact synergistically on aquatic crustaceans. Cedergreen, N; Nørgaard, KB, 2010)	0.36
" To explore rufinamide exposure under different dosing regimens in LGS patients, clinical trial simulations were performed."	( Supporting the recommended paediatric dosing regimen for rufinamide in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome using clinical trial simulation. Critchley, DJ; Fuseau, E; Marchand, M, 2010)	0.36
" As a patient-friendly, convenient, high local drug concentration and sustained dosing therapeutic system, the transdermal patches incorporating letrozole provide a useful strategy for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer."	( Formulation and biopharmaceutical evaluation of a transdermal patch containing letrozole. Fang, L; He, Z; Li, L; Liu, Y; Sun, Y; Xu, X, 2010)	0.36
" A baseline blood sample was drawn before oral dosing with a 100-mg tablet of sitagliptin."	( Preprandial single oral dose of sitagliptin does not affect circulating ghrelin and gastrin levels in normal subjects. Hsu, CH; Huang, CL; Huang, KC; Su, HY; Weng, SF, 2010)	0.36
" A liquid dosage form does not exist at the present time."	( Stability of extemporaneously prepared rufinamide oral suspensions. Best, R; Hutchinson, DJ; Liou, Y; Zhao, F, 2010)	0.36
" Voriconazole treatment led to a dramatic increase in tacrolimus concentration that required its discontinuation in spite of the manufacturer's guidelines that recommend a reduction of tacrolimus dosage by one-third."	( Effects of voriconazole on tacrolimus metabolism in a kidney transplant recipient. Basile, V; Capone, D; Ciotola, A; D'Alessandro, V; Federico, S; Gentile, A; Nappi, R; Polichetti, G; Renda, A; Sabbatini, M; Santangelo, M; Tarantino, G, 2010)	0.36
" Recommended voriconazole doses are inadequate to achieve drug concentrations >1 microg/mL over the entire dosing interval in some critically ill patients."	( Monitoring plasma voriconazole levels following intravenous administration in critically ill patients: an observational study. Baltopoulos, G; Despotelis, S; Evaggelopoulou, P; Evodia, E; Markantonis, SL; Myrianthefs, P; Panidis, D, 2010)	0.36
" On day 8, POS concentrations in skin and plasma for the entire dosing interval were severalfold higher than the MIC(90)."	( Skin concentrations and pharmacokinetics of posaconazole after oral administration. Beresford, E; Komjathy, S; Krishna, G; Ma, L; Martinho, M; Tavakkol, A; Vickery, D; Yu, X, 2010)	0.36
" The pediatric patients received a voriconazole dosage of 7 mg/kg intravenously twice a day."	( Determination of saliva trough levels for monitoring voriconazole therapy in immunocompromised children and adults. Basara, N; Bierbach, U; Frenzel, K; Lange, T; Mauz-Körholz, C; Michael, C; Niederwieser, D; Preiss, R, 2010)	0.36
" Five aspects are evaluated during the process of developing breakpoints: 1) the most common dosage used in each European country, 2) the definition of the wild-type population for each target microorganism at the species level and the determination of epidemiological cutoffs, 3) the drug's pharmacokinetics and 4) pharmacodynamics, including Monte Carlo simulations, and 5) the correlation of MICs with clinical outcome of patients treated with the compound."	( EUCAST breakpoints for antifungals. Arendrup, MC; Cuenca-Estrella, M; Donnelly, JP; Lass-Flörl, C; Rodríguez-Tudela, JL, 2010)	0.36
" Additional information regarding pharmacokinetics of the drug in this species must be gathered to help determine how it can be dosed most effectively with minimal adverse effects."	( Adverse neurologic events associated with voriconazole use in 3 cats. Duke, J; Hoffman, SB; Lappin, MR; Quimby, JM, )	0.13
" Anastrozole was given at a dosage of 1 mg/day while oral risedronate was given at 35 mg/week."	( Management of anastrozole-induced bone loss in breast cancer patients with oral risedronate: results from the ARBI prospective clinical trial. Antonopoulou, Z; Dafni, U; Gogas, H; Kalogerakos, K; Koukouras, D; Lazarou, S; Markopoulos, C; Misitzis, J; Papadiamantis, J; Polychronis, A; Sarantopoulou, A; Siasos, N; Tzoracoleftherakis, E; Venizelos, B; Xepapadakis, G; Zobolas, V, 2010)	0.36
" After oral dosing in monkeys, metabolite profiling of plasma and urine showed that SGX523 was indeed metabolized to M11 and its N-demethyl analog (M8)."	( Species-specific metabolism of SGX523 by aldehyde oxidase and the toxicological implications. Boer, J; Diamond, S; Falahatpisheh, N; Li, Y; Maduskuie, TP; Yeleswaram, S, 2010)	0.36
" The V(d)/F is influenced by the dosage regimen."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of posaconazole. Clancy, CJ; Derendorf, H; Li, Y; Nguyen, MH; Theuretzbacher, U, 2010)	0.36
" This as well as the predictability of the combination effects based on dose-additivity modelling will be studied further in a large dose-response study."	( Combined exposure to endocrine disrupting pesticides impairs parturition, causes pup mortality and affects sexual differentiation in rats. Boberg, J; Christiansen, S; Hass, U; Jacobsen, PR; Nellemann, C, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), steady-state area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC[τ]), and time to C(max) (T(max)) were assessed."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic drug interaction between oral posaconazole and caspofungin or micafungin. Beresford, E; Krishna, G; Ma, L; Medlock, M; Noren, C; Power, E; Vickery, D; Yu, X, 2011)	0.37
"While a paediatric dosage has not been defined, posaconazole is occasionally being used in children."	( Posaconazole salvage treatment in paediatric patients: a multicentre survey. Attarbaschi, A; Duerken, M; Garbino, J; Groll, AH; Gruhn, B; Kontny, U; Lehrnbecher, T; Lüer, S; Phillips, R; Scholz, J; Wagner, HJ; Wiesel, T, 2010)	0.36
"5 microg/ml) for Aspergillus species over the 12-h dosing interval and for 24 h following the last dose."	( Steady-state intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of posaconazole in lung transplant recipients. Conte, JE; DeVoe, C; Golden, JA; Little, E, 2010)	0.36
"There has been a progressive increase in the number of intensive care patients being transferred to nephrology units because of improper dosage of drugs, especially patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)."	( [Voriconazole compromises renal function in an elderly CDK patient with Candida albicans infection]. Anastasio, P; Bilancio, G; De Santo, NG; Marcarelli, F; Mele, AA, )	0.13
" Further studies are needed to determine optimal dosing and long term safety for women treated with the drug."	( Letrozole for ovulation induction and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Pritts, EA, 2010)	0.36
"-to-oral regimen of voriconazole in immunocompromised children aged 2 to <12 years in two dosage cohorts for the prevention of invasive fungal infections."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of voriconazole in immunocompromised children. Arrieta, AC; Driscoll, T; Groll, AH; Jafri, H; Klein, NJ; Lutsar, I; Milligan, PA; Schlamm, H; Walsh, TJ; Wood, ND, 2010)	0.36
"This study was undertaken to characterize the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of voriconazole in adult lung transplant patients during the early postoperative period, identify factors significantly associated with various pharmacokinetic parameters, and make recommendations for adequate dosing regimens."	( Bioavailability and population pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in lung transplant recipients. Bies, R; Capitano, B; Gilbert, S; Han, K; Husain, S; McCurry, K; Paterson, DL; Potoski, BA; Venkataramanan, R, 2010)	0.36
" Using a pre-specified dosing algorithm serum ferritin reduction was similar in both groups, mean difference (MD) 375."	( Deferasirox for managing transfusional iron overload in people with sickle cell disease. Antes, G; Bassler, D; Fleeman, N; Meerpohl, JJ; Niemeyer, C; Rücker, G, 2010)	0.36
" We undertook a retrospective analysis of 77 patients with refractory epilepsy and receiving rufinamide to evaluate the drug's efficacy, tolerability, safety, and dosing schedules."	( Experience with rufinamide in a pediatric population: a single center's experience. Bergin, AM; Bourgeois, BF; Duffy, FH; Eksioglu, YZ; Gooty, VD; Kothare, SV; Libenson, M; Loddenkemper, T; Poduri, A; Rotenberg, A; Takeoka, M; Vendrame, M, 2010)	0.36
" TTI-237 dosage was de-escalated to 22."	( A phase I dose escalation study of TTI-237 in patients with advanced malignant solid tumors. Arnold, SM; Bukowski, RM; Cooper, W; Gauthier, E; Lockhart, AC; Rothenberg, ML; Wang, KK; Wang-Gillam, A, 2012)	0.38
" Administration of radio-labeled TIC in combination with BSO resulted in significantly higher covalent binding to rat liver proteins than that observed after sole dosing of radio-labeled TIC."	( Ticlopidine-induced hepatotoxicity in a GSH-depleted rat model. Atsumi, R; Izumi, T; Nakazawa, T; Okazaki, O; Saji, H; Shimizu, S; Sudo, K, 2011)	0.37
"The approved treatment dose of intravenous voriconazole is a weight-based dose of 4 mg/kg of body weight twice daily; the approved oral dosing is fixed at 200 mg twice daily."	( Evaluation of hepatotoxicity with off-label oral-treatment doses of voriconazole for invasive fungal infections. Esterly, JS; Fotis, M; Gorski, E; Postelnick, M; Scheetz, MH; Trifilio, S, 2011)	0.37
" Correlation of VRCZ trough concentration and dosage was weak in fifteen cases."	( [Clinical implication of therapeutic drug monitoring on voriconazole from the aspect of the analysis for CYP2C19 gene]. Hagihara, M; Hasegawa, T; Kawasumi, N; Kimura, M; Mikamo, H; Yamagishi, Y, 2010)	0.36
" In cystic fibrosis patients, the interindividual variability in drug disposition complicates the optimal voriconazole dosing and increases the risk of toxicity."	( Effect of cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype on voriconazole exposure in cystic fibrosis lung transplant patients. Amrein, C; Beaune, PH; Berge, M; Billaud, EM; Boussaud, V; Chevalier, P; Guillemain, R; Laurent-Puig, P; Le Beller, C; Lillo-Lelouet, A; Loriot, MA; Trégouet, DA, 2011)	0.37
"In this frail population, voriconazole exposure is strongly influenced by CYP2C19 genotype, and determining the genotype before voriconazole initiation may help determine the initial dosing regimen that will promptly achieve therapeutic plasma levels without producing out-of-range levels."	( Effect of cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype on voriconazole exposure in cystic fibrosis lung transplant patients. Amrein, C; Beaune, PH; Berge, M; Billaud, EM; Boussaud, V; Chevalier, P; Guillemain, R; Laurent-Puig, P; Le Beller, C; Lillo-Lelouet, A; Loriot, MA; Trégouet, DA, 2011)	0.37
"Patients from two Taiwanese hospitals with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia, including those who showed increasing serum ferritin levels for six consecutive months, with at least one level >2,500 ng/dl, while treated with >30 mg/kg/day of once-daily deferasirox (unresponsive) or developed deferasirox-related adverse events (AEs) at the dosage required to maintain the iron burden balance (intolerant) and were treated twice-daily with the same total daily dose of deferasirox since 2008, were enrolled in the study and evaluated retrospectively by medical record review."	( Improved efficacy and tolerability of oral deferasirox by twice-daily dosing for patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia. Chang, HH; Chang, TT; Chiou, SS; Jou, ST; Liao, YM; Lin, DT; Lin, KH; Lin, PC; Lu, MY; Yang, YL, 2011)	0.37
"Twice-daily deferasirox dosing is effective in iron chelation and improves tolerability in transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia patients who are unresponsive to or intolerant of once-daily deferasirox."	( Improved efficacy and tolerability of oral deferasirox by twice-daily dosing for patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia. Chang, HH; Chang, TT; Chiou, SS; Jou, ST; Liao, YM; Lin, DT; Lin, KH; Lin, PC; Lu, MY; Yang, YL, 2011)	0.37
" It is unknown whether these trough concentrations are reached with the current recommended pediatric dosing schedule."	( Impact of therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole in a pediatric population. Brüggemann, RJ; Burger, DM; van der Linden, JW; Verweij, PE; Warris, A, 2011)	0.37
" The standard dosage is not useful to every patient."	( [Deferasirox--a new oral iron chelator--review]. Chen, BA; Gao, C; Wang, T, 2010)	0.36
" Filibuvir demonstrated a good pharmacokinetic profile and oral bioavailability in preclinical animal studies, which is consistent with twice-daily dosing in humans."	( Filibuvir, a non-nucleoside NS5B polymerase inhibitor for the potential oral treatment of chronic HCV infection. Beaulieu, PL, 2010)	0.36
" Voriconazole has excellent bioavailability and is available in oral and intravenous dosage form."	( Pharmacoeconomics of voriconazole in the management of invasive fungal infections. Al-Badriyeh, D; Heng, SC; Kong, DC; Neoh, CF; Slavin, M; Stewart, K, 2010)	0.36
" Tacrolimus levels and dosage requirements were compared during and after azole therapy."	( Voriconazole and itraconazole in lung transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus (FK 506): efficacy and drug interaction. Amital, A; Fuks, L; Kramer, MR; Shitrit, D, )	0.13
" The obtained results should be considered for future studies of formulation of structurally related TOZs in oral dosage forms."	( Assessment of the stability of novel antibacterial triazolyl oxazolidinones using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method. Abdel-Hamid, ME; Phillips, OA; Sharaf, LH; Varghese, R, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic parameter differences between birds dosed with VRC, with or without liquid diet, were not clinically significant."	( Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Clemons, KV; Kline, Y; Stevens, DA; Tell, LA; Woods, L, 2011)	0.37
" The letrozole group received letrozole 10 mg daily for 3 days followed by 800 micrograms of vaginal misoprostol, while the placebo group received placebo for 3 days followed by the same dosage of misoprostol."	( Misoprostol with or without letrozole pretreatment for termination of pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Ho, PC; Lee, VCY; Ng, EHY; Yeung, WSB, 2011)	0.37
" Most dosing and safety trials have been done in adults, and extrapolation of this data to children has proven inadequate."	( Pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents in children. Benjamin, DK; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Watt, K, 2011)	0.37
" Ingestion of a traditional Japanese breakfast prior to dosing had only a minor effect on PK parameters."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition following single doses of sitagliptin in healthy, young Japanese males. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Langdon, RB; Larson, PJ; Mistry, GC; Ruckle, JL; Snyder, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2011)	0.37
"The PK and PD findings from this study are consistent with once daily dosing of sitagliptin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition following single doses of sitagliptin in healthy, young Japanese males. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Langdon, RB; Larson, PJ; Mistry, GC; Ruckle, JL; Snyder, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2011)	0.37
" The results of residual dynamics experiment showed that after the apple was treated by flusilazole at treble of recommended high dosage (3."	( Residue and dissipation dynamics of flusilazole in apple and soil. Guo, X; Han, L; Jiang, S; Qin, D; Wu, Q; Yu, S, 2011)	0.37
"Full pharmacokinetic profiles were collected within one oral dosing interval from 13 liver transplant patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic evaluation with external validation and Bayesian estimator of voriconazole in liver transplant recipients. Bies, R; Capitano, B; Han, K; Johnson, H; Venkataramanan, R, 2011)	0.37
" After 2 years of treatment, anastrozole is still currently used at a dosage of 1 mg once daily with no side effects."	( Prepubertal gynecomastia in two monozygotic twins with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: two years' treatment with anastrozole and genetic study. Cirillo, G; Coppola, F; del Giudice, EM; Grandone, A; Perrone, L; Santarpia, M, 2011)	0.37
" The patient had difficulty complying with the four-times daily dosing and was switched to voriconazole 200 mg twice daily."	( Voriconazole-associated phototoxicity. Cohen, PR; Riahi, RR, 2011)	0.37
" The quantity we calculate, the biological pathway altering dose (BPAD), is analogous to current risk assessment metrics in that it combines dose-response data with analysis of uncertainty and population variability to arrive at conservative exposure limits."	( Estimating toxicity-related biological pathway altering doses for high-throughput chemical risk assessment. Dix, DJ; Houck, KA; Hubal, EA; Judson, RS; Kavlock, RJ; Knudsen, TB; Martin, MT; Setzer, RW; Thomas, RS; Wetmore, BA, 2011)	0.37
" Enantioselectivity could not be determined with respect to root growth of rice seedlings because a typical dosage response was not observed in the range of the concentrations studied."	( Enantioselective separation and phytotoxicity on rice seedlings of paclobutrazol. Liu, W; Xie, X; Zhang, A, 2011)	0.37
" Serial blood samples were collected for 72 hours after dosing for the measurement of rufinamide in plasma."	( Bioavailability of three rufinamide oral suspensions compared with the marketed 400-mg tablet formulation: results from a randomized-sequence, open-label, four-period, four-sequence crossover study in healthy subjects. Aluri, J; Bibbiani, F; Boyd, P; Critchley, DJ; Delargy, H; Narurkar, M; Whayman, M, 2011)	0.37
" Micafungin is an echinocandin lacking in relevant interactions and consequently its dosage requires no adjustment in any of its indications."	( [Drug interactions in critically-ill patients. An important factor in the use of micafungin?]. Garnacho-Montero, J; Jiménez Parrilla, F, 2011)	0.37
" Data on the dosing of voriconazole in obese patients are not available, which is problematic given the increased prevalence of this special population."	( Steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of oral voriconazole in obese adults. Lodise, TP; Pai, MP, 2011)	0.37
" The method was subsequently used to determine the oral pharmacokinetics of metformin and sitagliptin after dosing to male mice."	( Simultaneous quantitation of metformin and sitagliptin from mouse and human dried blood spots using laser diode thermal desorption tandem mass spectrometry. Denn, M; Gallagher, RT; Peter, RM; Swales, JG, 2011)	0.37
"aracteristic changes were observed in the waveform of the standard full-field ERGs obtained immediately after dosing of voriconazole as follows: electronegative combined rod-cone response (markedly attenuated b-wave and oscillatory potentials), undetectable rod response (eliminated b-wave); slightly abnormal single-flash cone response (flattened appearance in the bottom of the a-wave, mildly attenuated b-wave); and slightly abnormal 30 Hz flicker (mildly attenuated b-wave)."	( Mechanism of voriconazole-induced transient visual disturbance: reversible dysfunction of retinal ON-bipolar cells in monkeys. Iwata, N; Kimotsuki, T; Kinoshita, J; Ohba, M; Yasuda, M, 2011)	0.37
" Dosed orally Suvorexant significantly and dose-dependently reduced locomotor activity and promoted sleep in rats (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg), dogs (1 and 3 mg/kg), and rhesus monkeys (10 mg/kg)."	( Promotion of sleep by suvorexant-a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist. Breslin, MJ; Coleman, PJ; Cox, CD; Cui, D; Doran, SM; Fox, SV; Garson, SL; Gotter, AL; Harrell, CM; Reiss, DR; Renger, JJ; Stevens, J; Tannenbaum, PL; Winrow, CJ, 2011)	0.37
" The filibuvir doses evaluated ranged from 200-1400 mg daily, and the duration of dosing ranged from 3-10 days."	( Antiviral activity of the hepatitis C virus polymerase inhibitor filibuvir in genotype 1-infected patients. Hammond, JL; Jagannatha, S; Kantaridis, C; Neelakantan, S; Purohit, VS; Simpson, P; Thompson, R; Troke, PJ; Wagner, F, 2011)	0.37
" However, most of them exhibited significant fungicidal activity at the dosage of 50 μg/mL toward five test fungi."	( Synthesis, structure and biological activity of novel 1,2,4-triazole mannich bases containing a substituted benzylpiperazine moiety. Li, ZM; Liu, XH; Song, HB; Wang, BL; Zhang, JF; Zhang, XL, 2011)	0.37
" Iron burden was substantially reduced with appropriate dosing in patients treated for at least 4 years."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of deferasirox (Exjade) for up to 5 years in transfusional iron-overloaded patients with sickle cell disease. Bernaudin, F; Coates, T; Deng, W; Forni, GL; Gardner, R; Giannone, V; Griffel, L; Hassell, K; Heeney, MM; Inusa, B; Kutlar, A; Lane, P; Mathias, L; Porter, J; Tebbi, C; Vichinsky, E; Wilson, F, 2011)	0.37
"30 mL red blood cells/kg/d), mean deferasirox dosing (19."	( Response of iron overload to deferasirox in rare transfusion-dependent anaemias: equivalent effects on serum ferritin and labile plasma iron for haemolytic or production anaemias. Beris, P; Domokos, G; Forni, GL; Habr, D; Lin, KH; Porter, JB; Roubert, B; Taher, A; Thein, SL, 2011)	0.37
"Six patients dependent on CVVH with evidence of an invasive mycotic infection treated with intravenous voriconazole at the standard dosing regimen were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of voriconazole treatment in critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Chvojka, J; Karvunidis, T; Krouzecky, A; Matejovic, M; Novak, I; Radej, J; Stehlik, P; Sykora, R, 2011)	0.37
" Anidulafungin is unique in that it possesses no clinically relevant drug interactions and does not require dosage adjustment in renal or hepatic impairment."	( Anidulafungin: when and how? The clinician's view. George, J; Reboli, AC, 2012)	0.38
" These data complement the clinical trial results, by providing information on the efficacy and tolerability of rufinamide when used on an individualised basis in real-world practice, under less tightly restricted conditions in terms of patient population and dosing strategies."	( Rufinamide from clinical trials to clinical practice in the United States and Europe. Arzimanoglou, A; Brown, LW; Flamini, R; Harrison, M; Kerr, M; Kluger, G; Kothare, S; Narurkar, M; Philip, S; Resnick, T, 2011)	0.37
" We then increased the voriconazole dosage from 200 mg/day to 400 mg/day."	( [A case of lung scedosporiosis successfully treated with monitoring of plasma voriconazole concentration level]. Hagiwara, E; Kamei, K; Ogata, R; Ogura, T; Shiihara, J; Takahashi, H, 2011)	0.37
" Likewise, preferential MOR occupancy versus KOR and DOR was observed by autoradiography in brain slices from Long Evans rats dosed orally with the drug."	( Regulation of ingestive behaviors in the rat by GSK1521498, a novel micro-opioid receptor-selective inverse agonist. Boucheron, JA; Brainard, TA; Carballo, LH; Epperly, AH; Fisher, JC; Goetz, AS; Hommel, JD; Ignar, DM; Larkin, AL; Noble, KN; Shearer, TW; Sorensen, SD; Speake, JD; Stroup, AE, 2011)	0.37
" A twice daily dosing algorithm based on allometric scaling (body-weight based) for PSZ results in adequate exposure and appears to be safe in children with chronic granulomatous disease."	( A twice daily posaconazole dosing algorithm for children with chronic granulomatous disease. Brüggemann, RJ; Burger, DM; Gilissen, JH; Klein, N; Pajkrt, D; Van Den Berg, JM; Voogt, HW; Warris, A; Welzen, ME, 2011)	0.37
" The letrozole group had lower dosage of HMG (P<0."	( Sequential use of letrozole and gonadotrophin in women with poor ovarian reserve: a randomized controlled trial. Chan, CC; Ho, PC; Lee, VC; Ng, EH; Yeung, WS, 2011)	0.37
"The current voriconazole dosing recommendation in adolescents is based on limited efficacy and pharmacokinetic data."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and safety of voriconazole intravenous-to-oral switch in immunocompromised adolescents and healthy adults. Baruch, A; Blumer, J; Driscoll, TA; Frangoul, H; Krance, RA; Liu, P; Murphey, DK; Nemecek, ER; Yu, LC, 2011)	0.37
"It has been demonstrated that once-a-day dosing of systemically-distributed SCD inhibitors leads to adverse events in eye and skin."	( Conversion of systemically-distributed triazole-based stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) uHTS hits into liver-targeted SCD inhibitors. Falgueyret, JP; Girardin, M; Guay, J; Guiral, S; Huang, Z; Leclerc, JP; Li, CS; Oballa, R; Ramtohul, YK; Skorey, K; Tawa, P; Wang, H; Zhang, L, 2011)	0.37
"Assessment of kidney function is necessary to determine appropriate dosing regimens."	( Evaluation of Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study and Cockcroft-Gault equations for sitagliptin dosing. Hudson, JQ; Markley, BM; McFarland, MS; Zhang, P, )	0.13
" Clinical implications are the potential for excessive dosing of sitagliptin and other agents with similar dose stratification by eCLCr in individuals with kidney dysfunction."	( Evaluation of Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study and Cockcroft-Gault equations for sitagliptin dosing. Hudson, JQ; Markley, BM; McFarland, MS; Zhang, P, )	0.13
" Area under the curve over the 12-h dosing interval (AUC(0-12)) was calculated using the noncompartmental method and compared to that for adults receiving approved dosing regimens (6 → 4 mg/kg IV q12h, 200 mg PO q12h)."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and safety of voriconazole intravenous-to-oral switch in immunocompromised children and healthy adults. Arrieta, A; Baruch, A; Blumer, J; Bradfield, SM; Driscoll, TA; Frangoul, H; Graham, ML; Krance, RA; Liu, P; Nemecek, E; Yu, LC, 2011)	0.37
" Moreover, coumarin-based benzotriazoles in combination with antibacterial chloromycin or antifungal fluconazole, showed notable antimicrobial efficacy with less dosage and broader antimicrobial spectrum."	( [Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of coumarin-based benzotriazoles and their synergistic effects with chloromycin and fluconazole]. Geng, RX; Ji, QG; Shi, Y; Zhou, CH; Zhou, XD, 2011)	0.89
" dosing resulted in higher AUC(0-12) and trough concentrations compared with oral dosing."	( Population pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in adults. Hope, WW, 2012)	0.38
"This was a Phase 1 trial in which dogs with spontaneous tumors received STA-1474 under one of three different dosing schemes."	( Phase I evaluation of STA-1474, a prodrug of the novel HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib, in dogs with spontaneous cancer. Barsoum, J; Bear, MD; Foley, KP; Inoue, T; London, CA; McCleese, J; Paalangara, R; Ying, W, 2011)	0.37
" berghei infection in mice, solithromycin demonstrated a 100% cure rate when administered as a dosage regimen of four doses of 100 mg/kg of body weight, the same dose required for artesunate or chloroquine to achieve 100% cure rates in this rodent malaria model."	( In vitro and in vivo activity of solithromycin (CEM-101) against Plasmodium species. Bathurst, I; Craft, JC; Ekland, E; Fernandes, P; Fidock, DA; Lotharius, J; Wittlin, S, 2012)	0.38
" Minor, clinically nonsignificant effects on the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir coadministered with lersivirine were observed at steady state for raltegravir, with estimated mean changes of -15%, -29%, and +25% in the area under the concentration-time profile from time zero to the end of the dosing interval (AUC(tau)), maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), and concentration observed 12 h postdose (C(12)), respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic effects of coadministration of lersivirine with raltegravir or maraviroc in healthy subjects. Banerjee, S; Davis, J; Labadie, RR; Langdon, G; Layton, G; Ndongo, MN; Vourvahis, M, 2012)	0.38
" By changing the factors of laccase-mediated system pretreatment and the hydrogen peroxide bleaching process and examining the subsequent whiteness value and retained tensile strength of the samples, we find three LMS-HPBP processes that are more environment friendly than the conventional hydrogen peroxide bleaching process (CHPBP): (i) bleaching with lower dosage of hydrogen peroxide; (ii) bleaching at reduced temperature; (iii) bleaching for shortened duration."	( Laccase-mediated system pretreatment to enhance the effect of hydrogen peroxide bleaching of cotton fabric. Branford-White, C; Nie, H; Tian, L; Wang, W; Zhu, L, 2012)	0.38
" The objective of this model-based meta-analysis was to describe the time course of HbA1c response after dosing with alogliptin (ALOG), saxagliptin (SAXA), sitagliptin (SITA), or vildagliptin (VILD)."	( Quantitative model of the relationship between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition and response: meta-analysis of alogliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, and vildagliptin efficacy results. Barbee, T; Correa, I; Fredrickson, J; Gibbs, JP; Gibbs, MA; Lin, SL; Smith, B, 2012)	0.38
" Study results are integral to the design of optimal dosing strategies, prevention of toxicity, development and interpretation of susceptibility break points, and prevention and recognition of drug resistance."	( Antifungal PK/PD considerations in fungal pulmonary infections. Andes, DR; Lepak, AJ, 2011)	0.37
"To describe the pharmacokinetics of maraviroc when dosed at 150 or 300 mg once daily with 800/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir."	( Once daily maraviroc 300 mg or 150 mg in combination with ritonavir-boosted darunavir 800/100 mg. Ainsworth, J; Cook, R; Dufty, N; Gandhi, K; Hickinbottom, G; Khonyongwa, K; Okoli, C; Owen, A; Siccardi, M; Taylor, S; Thomas-William, S; Watson, J, 2012)	0.38
"Based on the current available data, deferasirox treatment is effective with a clinically manageable safety profile although appropriate dosing according to the severity of iron burden and iron intake, together with the careful monitoring of laboratory parameters and adverse events, is recommended."	( Deferasirox: pharmacokinetics and clinical experience. Campus, S; Galanello, R; Origa, R, 2012)	0.38
" Optimization of the dose and dosing frequency of ABIP dose may help to further enhance the anti-Aspergillus activity of this novel amphotericin B formulation."	( Prophylactic efficacy of single dose pulmonary administration of amphotericin B inhalation powder in a guinea pig model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Bocanegra, R; Kirkpatrick, WR; Kugler, AR; Najvar, LK; Patterson, TF; Perkins, K; Pfeiffer, J; Sweeney, TD; Vallor, AC; Wiederhold, NP, 2012)	0.38
"In pediatric migraineurs, a weight-based dosing scheme generated plasma rizatriptan AUC((0-∞)) and C(max) values that were generally similar to those historically observed in adults administered a 10-mg dose of rizatriptan ODT (a proven effective dose)."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of rizatriptan in pediatric migraineurs in a randomized study. Fraser, IP; Han, L; Han, TH; Hreniuk, D; Li, CC; Linder, S; Stoch, SA; Wagner, JA; Winner, P, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this study was to assess different dosing strategies that may result in increased posaconazole bioavailability in patients with compromised gastrointestinal function and at high risk for invasive fungal infections."	( Pharmacokinetics of different dosing strategies of oral posaconazole in patients with compromised gastrointestinal function and who are at high risk for invasive fungal infection. Cornely, OA; Heinz, W; Helfgott, D; Huyck, S; Krishna, G; Langston, A; Ma, L; McCarthy, MC; Vehreschild, JJ; Vehreschild, MJ, 2012)	0.38
" The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)), 90% inhibitory concentration (IC(90)) and dose-response curve slopes were determined for each drug."	( Baseline susceptibility of primary HIV-2 to entry inhibitors. Antunes, F; Barroso, H; Bártolo, I; Borrego, P; Caixas, U; Calado, R; Cavaco-Silva, P; Doroana, M; Maltez, F; Marcelino, JM; Rocha, C; Taveira, N, 2012)	0.38
" There was also a similar, but not significant trend for patients with a prophylactic dosage of 200 mg posaconazole three times daily (689 ng/ml vs."	( Impact of benzodiazepines on posaconazole serum concentrations. A population-based pharmacokinetic study on drug interaction. Einsele, H; Grau, A; Heinz, WJ; Helle-Beyersdorf, A; Klinker, H; Lenker, U; Schirmer, D; Ulrich, A; Zirkel, J, 2012)	0.38
" This article provides an update, based on the latest scientific evidence, of the clinical efficacy, pharmacokinetics, safety and dosing of antifungal drugs administered in the management of Candida spp."	( [Antifungal therapy update: new drugs and medical uses]. Fortún, J, 2011)	0.37
" Multiple dosing of JNJ-38431055 increased post-meal total glucagon-like peptide 1 and gastric insulinotropic peptide concentrations compared to baseline."	( Effects of JNJ-38431055, a novel GPR119 receptor agonist, in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Gambale, JJ; Katz, LB; Rothenberg, PL; Sarich, TC; Stein, PP; Vaccaro, N; Vanapalli, SR; Xi, L, 2012)	0.38
" Juvenile rats were not more sensitive to each drug dosed alone compared with adult rat data on the single drugs."	( Non-clinical safety assessment and toxicokinetics of voriconazole and anidulafungin in the juvenile rat: a combination study design in support of a Paediatric Investigation Plan. Bowman, CJ; Chmielewski, G; Cross, DM; Lewis, EM; Liu, L; Modesitt, MS; Ripp, SL; Sawaryn, CM, 2012)	0.38
"Case records of 50 overweight or obese patients with DM who successfully decreased dosage or discontinued diabetes medications after losing weight via attendance at two University-based, outpatient weight management centers were analyzed."	( Intentional weight loss and dose reductions of anti-diabetic medications--a retrospective cohort study. Boddu, ND; Cheskin, LJ; Kahan, S; Kumar, AA; Palamaner Subash Shantha, G; Samson, RJ, 2012)	0.38
"Current product labels for maraviroc and raltegravir provide no dosing guidance for patients with end-stage liver disease and worsening renal function."	( Impaired maraviroc and raltegravir clearance in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient with end-stage liver disease and renal impairment: a management dilemma. Boyd, SD; McLaughlin, M; Morse, CG; Pau, AK; Penzak, SR, 2012)	0.38
"To assess the 54-week efficacy of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and pioglitazone, compared with pioglitazone monotherapy, and to assess safety in these groups during the 30 weeks after the dosage of pioglitazone was increased from 30 to 45 mg/day, in drug-naÏve patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycaemic control [haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 8-12%]."	( Efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 54-week study. Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Kaufman, KD; Lee, M; O'Neill, EA; Steinberg, H; Teng, R; Yoon, KH, 2012)	0.38
"To further optimize the voriconazole dosing in the pediatric population, a population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted on pooled data from 112 immunocompromised children (2 to <12 years), 26 immunocompromised adolescents (12 to <17 years), and 35 healthy adults."	( Integrated population pharmacokinetic analysis of voriconazole in children, adolescents, and adults. Friberg, LE; Karlsson, MO; Liu, P; Ravva, P, 2012)	0.38
"To assess the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with sitagliptin and low dosage sulphonylureas on glycaemic control and insulin secretion capacity in Japanese type 2 diabetes."	( Sitagliptin add-on to low dosage sulphonylureas: efficacy and safety of combination therapy on glycaemic control and insulin secretion capacity in type 2 diabetes. Aono, M; Fukushima, T; Harashima, SI; Inagaki, N; Koizumi, T; Murata, Y; Ogura, M; Seike, M; Tanaka, D; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The dosage of sitagliptin was increased from 50 mg to 69."	( Sitagliptin add-on to low dosage sulphonylureas: efficacy and safety of combination therapy on glycaemic control and insulin secretion capacity in type 2 diabetes. Aono, M; Fukushima, T; Harashima, SI; Inagaki, N; Koizumi, T; Murata, Y; Ogura, M; Seike, M; Tanaka, D; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.38
"The combination therapy with sitagliptin and low dosage sulphonylureas was safe and effective for glycaemic control."	( Sitagliptin add-on to low dosage sulphonylureas: efficacy and safety of combination therapy on glycaemic control and insulin secretion capacity in type 2 diabetes. Aono, M; Fukushima, T; Harashima, SI; Inagaki, N; Koizumi, T; Murata, Y; Ogura, M; Seike, M; Tanaka, D; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" This is apparently due to MVC's twice-daily dosing schedule."	( CCR5 inhibitors: emergence, success, and challenges. Das, D; Maeda, K; Mitsuya, H; Nakata, H, 2012)	0.38
" Two phase 1, open-label, dose-escalation studies of SGX523 were conducted to evaluate both interrupted and continuous dosing schedules."	( Unexpected renal toxicity associated with SGX523, a small molecule inhibitor of MET. Burris, HA; Gordon, M; Infante, JR; Liu, R; Ramanathan, RK; Rooney, I; Rosen, L; Rugg, T; Zeh, K, 2013)	0.39
" The second protocol explored a continuous 28-day dosing schedule with SGX523 administered at a starting dose of 20 mg PO BID for 28 days without rest."	( Unexpected renal toxicity associated with SGX523, a small molecule inhibitor of MET. Burris, HA; Gordon, M; Infante, JR; Liu, R; Ramanathan, RK; Rooney, I; Rosen, L; Rugg, T; Zeh, K, 2013)	0.39
"A total of 10 patients were enrolled, 2 on the intermittent dosing protocol and 8 on the continuous dosing protocol."	( Unexpected renal toxicity associated with SGX523, a small molecule inhibitor of MET. Burris, HA; Gordon, M; Infante, JR; Liu, R; Ramanathan, RK; Rooney, I; Rosen, L; Rugg, T; Zeh, K, 2013)	0.39
" Primary endpoints were the area under the curve from the time of dosing to infinity (AUC(inf)) and the maximum observed plasma concentration (C(max)) of each drug."	( No pharmacokinetic interaction between ipragliflozin and sitagliptin, pioglitazone, or glimepiride in healthy subjects. Kadokura, T; Keirns, J; Krauwinkel, WJ; Smulders, RA; van Dijk, J; Veltkamp, SA; Zhang, W, 2012)	0.38
" Sitagliptin 100 mg daily was substituted, and glipizide was later added and its dosage adjusted over the next several months."	( Combination exenatide-sitagliptin therapy used with glipizide in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Edgerton, LP; Elmore, LK; Patel, MB; Whalin, LM, 2012)	0.38
" Estradiol was able to partially rescue the effect of 1 μM and 10 μM ZA on cell viability following treatment for 72 h, as shown by a shift to the right in the estradiol dose-response curve."	( Zoledronic acid inhibits aromatase activity and phosphorylation: potential mechanism for additive zoledronic acid and letrozole drug interaction. Brodie, AH; Nemieboka, BE; Schech, AJ, 2012)	0.38
" Pregnant and lactating rat dams were dosed with a mixture of the five pesticides at three different doses, or with the individual pesticides at one of two doses."	( Persistent developmental toxicity in rat offspring after low dose exposure to a mixture of endocrine disrupting pesticides. Axelstad, M; Berthelsen, LO; Boberg, J; Christiansen, S; Hass, U; Isling, LK; Jacobsen, PR; Mandrup, KR; Vinggaard, AM, 2012)	0.38
" In 10-day studies dosing uninfected mice, minor renal tubular changes occurred after AmBisome or Abelcet at 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg with or without cyclophosphamide treatment; nephrosis occurred only with Abelcet in cyclophosphamide-treated mice."	( Experimental central nervous system aspergillosis therapy: efficacy, drug levels and localization, immunohistopathology, and toxicity. Clemons, KV; Schwartz, JA; Stevens, DA, 2012)	0.38
" The trial included a double-blind run-in with weight-based rizatriptan dosing (5 mg for < 40 kg, 10 mg for ≥ 40 kg)."	( Efficacy and tolerability of rizatriptan in pediatric migraineurs: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using a novel adaptive enrichment design. Assaid, C; Bachman, R; Connor, K; Hämäläinen, M; Hewitt, DJ; Ho, TW; Lewis, D; Lines, C; Mahoney, E; Michelson, D; Mozley, LH; Pearlman, E; Strickler, N; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" An involvement of aromatase in the disposition of methadone may help explain the difficulty in methadone dosing and suggests a broader role for this catalyst of endogenous steroid metabolism in xenobiotic drug disposition."	( Reduced methadone clearance during aromatase inhibition. Flockhart, DA; Lu, WJ; Thong, N, 2012)	0.38
" The use of SF and PK-PD disease models can be a valuable tool to predict dose-response of NMEs and support rational dose selection for monotherapy trials."	( From in vitro EC₅₀ to in vivo dose-response for antiretrovirals using an HIV disease model. Part I: a framework. Fang, J; Jadhav, PR, 2012)	0.38
"7 years) were studied on two occasions following 2 days dosing with sitagliptin (100 mg/day) or placebo."	( The effects of sitagliptin on gastric emptying in healthy humans - a randomised, controlled study. Deacon, CF; Horowitz, M; Jones, KL; Nauck, M; Rayner, CK; Stevens, JE, 2012)	0.38
" Our data may be useful in optimizing dosing regimens for these agents and their combinations, although further studies are needed to explore the clinical usefulness of our results."	( Postantifungal effect of the combination of caspofungin with voriconazole and amphotericin B against clinical Candida krusei isolates. Dag, I; Kiraz, N; Kiremitci, A; Metintas, S; Oz, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The plasma exposure profiles for each compound following a single oral dose in mice and estimated exposure parameters after repeated twice-daily dosing for 20 days are also presented."	( Pharmacological characterization, structural studies, and in vivo activities of anti-Chagas disease lead compounds derived from tipifarnib. Bahia, MT; Buckner, FS; Charman, SA; Chatelain, E; Chennamaneni, NK; Gelb, MH; Hulverson, MA; Laydbak, JU; Lepesheva, GI; Scandale, I; Shackleford, DM; Suryadevara, PK; Verlinde, CL; White, KL, 2012)	0.38
" RUF was recommenced in two patients using a lower and slower dosing strategy; one patient showed improvement in seizure control and no weight loss but RUF was re-stopped in the second patient because of continued weight loss."	( Dramatic weight loss with rufinamide. Crespel, A; Gelisse, P; Mourand, I, 2013)	0.39
"3 hours, supporting once-weekly dosing experiments, in which ganetespib produced greater tumor growth inhibition than 17-AAG."	( Ganetespib (STA-9090), a nongeldanamycin HSP90 inhibitor, has potent antitumor activity in in vitro and in vivo models of non-small cell lung cancer. Barsoum, J; Borgman, CL; Carey, CD; Carretero, J; Chen, L; Foley, KP; Inoue, T; Jimenez, JP; Li, D; Li, YC; Meyerson, M; Perera, SA; Rodig, SJ; Sang, J; Shapiro, GI; Shimamura, T; Sinha, P; Wong, KK; Ying, W, 2012)	0.38
" Bioassay indicated that compounds 33, 35, 37 and 39 exhibited much higher activities against Botryodiplodia theobromae than commercial fungicide triadimefon at the dosage of 150 mg/L."	( One-pot synthesis of novel isoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives bearing 1,2,4-triazole moiety and their preliminary biological evaluation. Duan, AN; Ma, WF; Wu, SG; Yan, YC; You, WW; Zhao, PL; Zou, M, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetics of this new solid oral tablet of posaconazole supports the clinical evaluation of once-daily dosing regimens for fungal infections."	( A new solid oral tablet formulation of posaconazole: a randomized clinical trial to investigate rising single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety in healthy volunteers. Krishna, G; Ma, L; Martinho, M; O'Mara, E; Preston, RA, 2012)	0.38
"To report the first case of severe hypoglycaemia episodes related to voriconazole, involving neither over dosage nor any identified interaction with hypoglycaemic drugs."	( VFEND® (voriconazole)-associated hypoglycaemia without identified drug interaction. Grimault, A; Lyoen, M; Minello, A; Rostain, F; Sgro, C, 2013)	0.39
"Thirteen DSM-IV pure depressed-phase nonpsychotic bipolar outpatients received an open-label 8-week pilot trial of flexibly dosed nefazodone (mean±SD peak dose=462."	( A preliminary open trial of nefazodone added to mood stabilizers for bipolar depression. Goldberg, JF, 2013)	0.39
" Various alternative dosing strategies to potentially enhance posaconazole absorption to increase serum concentrations were attempted, including higher daily doses, frequent or continuous oral administration via feeding tube, use of enteral nutrition, and limiting use of acid-blocking agents."	( Poor absorption of high-dose posaconazole in pediatric bone marrow transplant patients. Graham, ML; Matthias, KR; Nix, DE; Peloquin, CA, 2012)	0.38
" However, given that limited alternative therapy options are available for severely ill patients with suspected posaconazole malabsorption, research regarding dosing strategies should be considered."	( Poor absorption of high-dose posaconazole in pediatric bone marrow transplant patients. Graham, ML; Matthias, KR; Nix, DE; Peloquin, CA, 2012)	0.38
"Our results suggest a strong association between supratherapeutic concentrations and morbidly obese patients when dosed at 4 mg/kg actual body weight."	( Evaluation of the effect of obesity on voriconazole serum concentrations. Koselke, E; Kraft, S; Nagel, J; Smith, J, 2012)	0.38
" MVC was added to cART for 24 weeks, at the recommended dosage per drug-drug interactions."	( Maraviroc intensification of stable antiviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients with poor immune restoration: MARIMUNO-ANRS 145 study. Allavena, C; Barbuat, C; Corbeau, P; Cuzin, L; Delobel, P; Flandre, P; Ghosn, J; Lascoux-Combe, C; Peytavin, G; Psomas, C; Reynes, J; Trabelsi, S, 2012)	0.38
" The development of drug-CD complexes as solids allows for potential advantages in dosage form design, such as the preparation of layered formulations, and it also can yield improvements in chemical and physical stability."	( 2D solid-state NMR analysis of inclusion in drug-cyclodextrin complexes. Strohmeier, M; Vogt, FG, 2012)	0.38
"Coadministration of sitagliptin with empagliflozin did not have a clinically relevant effect on the area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma at steady state over a uniform dosing interval τ (AUC(τ,ss)) (geometric mean ratio [GMR] 110."	( Pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, coadministered with sitagliptin in healthy volunteers. Brand, T; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2012)	0.38
" Recommended PCZ steady-state concentrations (C(ss)) are difficult to achieve using the traditional dosing regimen of 200 mg thrice daily."	( Evaluation of an alternative posaconazole prophylaxis regimen in haematological malignancy patients receiving concomitant stress ulcer prophylaxis. Bryant, AM; Craig, M; Cumpston, A; Hamadani, M; Ross, AL; Slain, D, 2012)	0.38
" The voriconazole dosage was tapered based on serum levels and was administered over a 12-mo period."	( Successful treatment of a severe case of fusariomycosis in a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas leucas). Berzins, IK; Naples, LM; Poll, CP, 2012)	0.38
"Growing evidence supports the value of TDM for posaconazole to identify patients who may benefit from correction of modifiable factors impacting bioavailability, dosage adjustment or switch to an alternative agent."	( Making sense of posaconazole therapeutic drug monitoring: a practical approach. Ananda-Rajah, MR; Grigg, A; Slavin, MA, 2012)	0.38
"The effect of deferasirox dosing tailored for iron burden and iron loading based on liver iron concentration (LIC) was assessed over 1 year in less versus more heavily iron-overloaded patients in a substudy of the Evaluation of Patients' Iron Chelation with Exjade®."	( Efficacy and safety of deferasirox at low and high iron burdens: results from the EPIC magnetic resonance imaging substudy. Aydinok, Y; Chan, LL; El-Beshlawy, A; Elalfy, MS; Habr, D; Lee, SH; Martin, N; Porter, JB; Sutcharitchan, P; Taher, AT, 2013)	0.39
" It is unclear whether these levels are reached with currently advised pediatric dosing schedules."	( Highly variable plasma concentrations of voriconazole in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. Bartelink, IH; Bierings, M; Boelens, JJ; de Waal, M; Egberts, TC; Jonker, M; Ververs, TT; Wolfs, T, 2013)	0.39
" Mortality mirrored qPCR results, with the greatest improvement in survival noted at the same dosing regimens that produced static or cidal activity."	( Posaconazole pharmacodynamic target determination against wild-type and Cyp51 mutant isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus in an in vivo model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Andes, DR; Lepak, AJ; Marchillo, K; Vanhecker, J, 2013)	0.39
" Therefore, the knowledge of pharmacological properties, metabolism, interactions, dosage indications in various populations and side effects is crucial."	( Voriconazole in clinical practice. Aversa, F; Cesaro, S; de Rosa, FG; Girmenia, C; Micozzi, A; Mikulska, M; Novelli, A; Sanguinetti, M; Viscoli, C, 2012)	0.38
" To test the hypothesis that continuous administration of lower doses of letrozole starting before puberty would result in both metabolic and reproductive phenotypes of PCOS, we performed a 12-wk dose-response study."	( Continuous administration of a P450 aromatase inhibitor induces polycystic ovary syndrome with a metabolic and endocrine phenotype in female rats at adult age. Benrick, A; Duleba, AJ; Johansson, J; Labrie, F; Lönn, M; Maliqueo, M; Stener-Victorin, E; Sun, M; Svensson, H, 2013)	0.39
" Optimizing sitagliptin dosing to achieve more sustained DPP-4 inhibition may further improve outcome."	( In vivo DPP-4 inhibition to enhance engraftment of single-unit cord blood transplants in adults with hematological malignancies. Abonour, R; Broxmeyer, HE; Cornetta, K; Farag, SS; Jones, DR; Messina-Graham, S; Robertson, MJ; Schwartz, J; Secrest, A; Srivastava, S; Strother, RM; Wood, L, 2013)	0.39
" According to the close drug monitoring, all 10 patients experienced supratherapeutic levels of CsA even with a preemptive CsA dosage reduction and prompt dose adjustment."	( Adverse drug interactions as a high-risk factor for lethal post-transplant complications in Chinese population. Chen, RL; Chen, ZZ; Fu, DH; Hu, JD; Li, J; Luo, XF; Qiu, HQ; Wu, XM; Yang, T; Yuan, XH; Zheng, XY, )	0.13
"Standard voriconazole dosing using actual body weight in obese and overweight patients resulted in higher associated serum concentrations."	( Voriconazole serum concentrations in obese and overweight immunocompromised patients: a retrospective review. Dadwal, SS; Davies-Vorbrodt, S; Ito, JI; Kriengkauykiat, J; Tegtmeier, BR, 2013)	0.39
"25 µg/ml; the dosage necessary to achieve this goal was posaconazole 200 mg 4 times/day."	( Posaconazole pharmacokinetics in a 2-year-old boy with rhino-cerebral-orbital zygomycosis. Egelund, EF; Egelund, TA; Ng, JS; Peloquin, CA; Wassil, SK, 2013)	0.39
" A dose-response curve for each of the suicide inhibitors was developed."	( Inhibition of cytochromes P450 and the hydroxylation of 4-monochlorobiphenyl in whole poplar. Lehmler, HJ; Schnoor, JL; Zhai, G, 2013)	0.39
" Increased systemic exposure of the parent drug 1 following oral administration of the amminium salt 2 when compared to similar studies using solution dosing of the parent compound was observed in the in vivo studies in both rats and dogs."	( Inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) attachment 13. Synthesis and profiling of a novel amminium prodrug of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-585248. Huang, XS; Jenkins, S; Johnson, KA; Kadow, JF; Meanwell, NA; Parker, D; Rahematpura, S; Regueiro-Ren, A; Simmermacher-Mayer, J; Sinz, M; Zheng, M, 2013)	0.39
" Software to aid in the individualization of dosing would be an extremely useful clinical tool."	( Software for dosage individualization of voriconazole for immunocompromised patients. Blijlevens, NM; Brüggemann, RJ; Donnelly, JP; Hope, WW; Jelliffe, RW; Neely, MN; Vanguilder, M, 2013)	0.39
"01), and the insulin dosage was reduced from 27."	( Add-on therapy with the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin improves glycemic control in insulin-treated Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ida, K; Ikeda, H; Katsuno, T; Miyagawa, J; Namba, M, 2013)	0.39
"There is a paucity of pharmacokinetic studies describing weight-based dosing of intravenous voriconazole in obese patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous voriconazole in obese patients: implications of CYP2C19 homozygous poor metabolizer genotype. Danner, RL; Figg, WD; Henning, SA; Jarosinski, PF; Moriyama, B; Penzak, SR; Walsh, TJ; Wayne, AS, 2013)	0.39
" The analysis of the clinical data showed that the optimal prescribed dosage was 250 mg 3 times a day."	( [A new antiviral drug Triazavirin: results of phase II clinical trial]. Charushin, VN; Chupakhin, ON; Deeva, EG; Kiselev, AS; Kiselev, OI; Kozeletskaia, KN; Mel'nikova, TI; Rusinov, VL, )	0.13
" These analyses also evaluated deferasirox dosing strategies for patients with NTDT."	( Deferasirox demonstrates a dose-dependent reduction in liver iron concentration and consistent efficacy across subgroups of non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients. Cappellini, MD; Chuncharunee, S; Galanello, R; Habr, D; Karakas, Z; Kattamis, A; Lawniczek, T; Porter, JB; Ros, J; Siritanaratkul, N; Sutcharitchan, P; Taher, AT; Viprakasit, V; Zhang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" In subjects dosed with 6 mg MK-0916 once daily for 14 days, the mean trough plasma concentration was 240 nm and in vivo cortisone-to-cortisol conversion was inhibited by 84%."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor MK-0916 in healthy subjects. Cilissen, C; Crumley, TM; Gottesdiener, KM; Hermanowski-Vosatka, A; Lai, E; Langdon, RB; Ramael, S; Stone, JA; Sun, L; Wagner, JA; Wenning, L; Wright, DH; Yan, K; Yang, AY; Zheng, W, 2013)	0.39
"Voriconazole at this dosage common with other antifungal agents or alone appears to be a safe and effective antifungal agent for neonatal invasive fungal sepsis."	( Compassionate use of voriconazole in newborn infants diagnosed with severe invasive fungal sepsis. Celik, IH; Demirel, G; Dilmen, U; Erdeve, O; Oguz, SS; Uras, N, 2013)	0.39
" However, frequent repeated dosing is required, and hepatic and cardiac adverse events may occur."	( A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, dose-ranging study to investigate the efficacy and safety of 4 dose regimens of oral albaconazole in patients with distal subungual onychomycosis. Malahias, S; Raterink, K; Sigurgeirsson, B; van Rossem, K, 2013)	0.39
" A total of 200 patients had either received the extended spectrum triazole posaconazole in prophylactic dosage of 200 mg tid or empirical antifungal therapy."	( Posaconazole prophylaxis--impact on incidence of invasive fungal disease and antifungal treatment in haematological patients. Ostermann, H; Ostermann, J; Peterson, L; Rieger, CT; Rieger, H, 2013)	0.39

Class	Description
1,2,3-triazole
1,2,3-triazole
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID701844	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-12, Volume: 55, Issue:13	Mitigating heterocycle metabolism in drug discovery.
AID687184	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound at pH 2 to 3 by spectrophotometric analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 55, Issue:11	Rational design of 4-aryl-1,2,3-triazoles for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibition.
AID687185	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound at pH 11 to 12 by spectrophotometric analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 55, Issue:11	Rational design of 4-aryl-1,2,3-triazoles for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibition.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1657 (6.66)	18.7374
1990's	2146 (8.62)	18.2507
2000's	6407 (25.74)	29.6817
2010's	11834 (47.55)	24.3611
2020's	2844 (11.43)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	2,252 (8.73%)	5.53%
Reviews	2,179 (8.44%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1,989 (7.71%)	4.05%
Observational	81 (0.31%)	0.25%
Other	19,307 (74.81%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	2.01	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
chloroacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organochlorine compound
ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene Chlorohydrin: Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.. chloroethanol : An organochlorine compound that is ethanol substituted by at least one chloro group.	2.04	1	0	chloroethanol	xenobiotic metabolite
2-keto-4-methylvalerate alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.	3.39	1	1	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	5.09	1	1	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.. 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.	2.01	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	1.99	1	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	3.3	6	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	10.17	75	2	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.25	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.06	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.9	4	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.74	3	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	5.1	2	1	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.27	18	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	3.59	9	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	4.65	7	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetoin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	methyl ketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	metabolite
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	3.7	10	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	11.58	78	4	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	3.76	10	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	3.57	9	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	3.21	5	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	4.05	14	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.04	4	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.48	2	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	3.2	5	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	aryl phosphate
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	9.05	14	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.	1.94	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.4	2	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	1.98	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	13.02	95	4	amino-acid anion
ureidosuccinic acid ureidosuccinic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. N-carbamoylaspartic acid : An N-carbamoylamino acid that is aspartic acid with one of its amino hydrogens replaced by a carbamoyl group.	3.05	1	0	aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; N-carbamoyl-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	4.28	19	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.55	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	3.51	2	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	14.72	83	2	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	2.72	2	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.68	3	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	5.3	52	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.38	7	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	6.81	31	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	4.32	19	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
aminoethylphosphonic acid Aminoethylphosphonic Acid: An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.. (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.	2.07	1	0	phosphonic acids; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.31	1	0	alkane	xenobiotic
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.68	3	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
2-butynedioic acid 2-butynedioic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. butynedioic acid : An acetylenic compound that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by carboxy groups.	2.06	1	0	acetylenic compound; C4-dicarboxylic acid
4-nitrophenylphosphate nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.	2.05	1	0	aryl phosphate	mouse metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	1.93	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
indoleacetamide indoleacetamide: article does not mention position of acetamide group; amide of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the natural auxin found in plants. indole-3-acetamide : A member of the class of indoles that is acetamide substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2. It is an intermediate in the production of plant hormone indole acetic acid (IAA).	2.31	1	0	indoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia	bacterial metabolite; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	5.55	4	1	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	1.99	1	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.45	2	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	12.61	27	2	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sorbitol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hexitol
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.7	3	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	2.08	1	0	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.06	1	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.1	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.43	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	3.83	11	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	2.41	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2.79	3	0	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
creatine [no description available]	4.32	4	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	3.24	6	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.53	21	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	2.06	1	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diethyl phosphate diethyl phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethyl hydrogen phosphate : A dialkyl phosphate having ethyl as the alkyl group.	2.66	2	0	dialkyl phosphate	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
dihydroxyacetone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	ketotriose; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antifungal agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	7.26	31	1	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.49	2	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	4.36	20	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2.03	1	0	chlorocyclohexane
glycine [no description available]	12.02	100	2	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	1.94	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	11.47	13	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.92	1	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	2.07	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.62	1	1
histamine [no description available]	8.67	76	2	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
thiocyanic acid thiocyanic acid : A hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.37	2	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	13.01	38	1	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	7.46	2	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	7.57	45	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	8.94	12	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indole-3-acetaldehyde indoleacetaldehyde : An aldehyde that is acetaldehyde substituted by an indolyl group.. indol-3-ylacetaldehyde : An indoleacetaldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by a indol-3-yl group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.31	1	0	indoleacetaldehyde	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	4.28	17	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
indol-3-yl pyruvic acid 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It has been found in Lycopersicon esculentum	2.1	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	8.87	12	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	3.75	3	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	5.99	7	1	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.7	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.51	2	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	10.39	58	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	2.17	1	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	14.29	19	6	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	13.02	28	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
acetanilide acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.11	1	0	acetamides; anilide	analgesic
naphthalene [no description available]	7.82	3	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	12.48	36	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	9.61	31	2	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	3.1	5	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	4.46	22	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	1.99	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.3	19	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	2.54	2	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.63	2	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	2.46	2	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	3.49	2	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.41	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	2.06	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.78	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.76	3	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.8	3	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.77	3	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	4.01	4	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	3.07	5	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	3.61	8	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.11	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; phenylacetaldehydes	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.44	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.03	1	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	2.64	3	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	5.88	17	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.	2.11	1	0	phosphoethanolamine; primary amino compound	algal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.52	2	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	8.94	2	1	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
porphobilinogen [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	2.1	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.79	3	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.65	3	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
pteridines [no description available]	3.45	7	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	3.6	9	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	7.96	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	5.76	26	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	6.23	41	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	2.37	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	3.71	10	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	1.94	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.39	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	3.13	5	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	3.63	9	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	2.37	2	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	5.56	5	1	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.77	3	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	3.42	7	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.77	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	2.03	1	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	2.78	3	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiophane [no description available]	2.41	1	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; tetrahydrothiophenes
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2.89	4	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	4.52	7	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	3.26	6	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
tryptamine [no description available]	2.76	3	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	17.24	42	5	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	13.46	42	11	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	8.34	85	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	3.21	5	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.42	2	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.	2.02	1	0	prenol phosphate	antigen; antioxidant; epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.95	4	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
sk&f 81297 [no description available]	2.21	1	0	benzazepine
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0	tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	1.98	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	3.53	8	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	2.71	3	0
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	1.98	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	1.98	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	1.95	1	0	catecholamine
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	2.7	3	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	1.95	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.78	3	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	7.49	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.53	2	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.48	2	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	7.47	154	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	6.78	14	5	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	11.56	186	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	5.29	16	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-palmityl-2-acetylglycerol 1-palmityl-2-acetylglycerol: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 5/88; platelet activating factor precursor	1.98	1	0
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	3.14	5	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	2.03	1	0	imidazoles
edelfosine edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.	2.9	4	0	glycerophosphocholine
pd 173074 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; dimethoxybenzene; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid 14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
17-octadecynoic acid octadec-17-ynoic acid : An acetylenic fatty acid that is octadecanoi acid (stearic acid) which has been doubly dehydrogenated at positions 17 and 18 to give the corresponding alkynoic acid.	2.43	2	0	acetylenic fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; monounsaturated fatty acid; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.14.14.94 (leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.15.3 (alkane 1-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	3.27	6	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	3.58	8	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	4.66	10	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.65	3	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.94	4	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	7.24	130	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-methoxytyramine 3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.	2.1	1	0	monomethoxybenzene; phenols; phenylethylamine; primary amino compound	biomarker; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.46	8	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.	3.09	5	0	oxopurine	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ro 5-4864 4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor	2.9	4	0
4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-azabenzimidazole 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole: a CK2 kinase inhibitor	7.33	77	0
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	3.29	6	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.42	7	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	7.3	21	2	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	2.41	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.	2	1	0	aromatic amine; azepanes; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; odorant receptor antagonist; sodium channel blocker
5-carboxamidotryptamine 5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	tryptamines
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.93	4	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
7-chlorokynurenic acid 7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.	2.13	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	2.02	1	0
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	4.02	14	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	5.38	22	0	oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	3.5	8	0
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	6.08	9	1	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.86	11	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	2.92	4	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2	1	0	monoazo compound
aceclidine aceclidine: was heading 1975-94; use QUINUCLIDINES to search ACECLIDINE 1975-94; cholinomimetic used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma	2.45	2	0	quinuclidines
acephate acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.48	2	0	mixed diacylamine; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	10.49	32	3	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
salophen salophen: structure given in first source	7.21	1	0	carbonyl compound
acetochlor acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.25	1	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
acridone acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.	2.11	1	0	acridines; cyclic ketone
alachlor alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	5.4	14	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	2.15	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	7.86	14	6	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	2.44	2	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	2.76	3	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.07	1	0	aromatic amine
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	12.09	35	4	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.91	4	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.38	2	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	14.47	72	1	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	6.8	10	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	10.1	13	4	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.59	2	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	2.06	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.42	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	27.37	1,295	346	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
9-anthroic acid 9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.	2.15	1	0	anthroic acid
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	4.02	14	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version	2.06	1	0
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	3.21	5	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.98	1	0	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	6.98	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	8.79	33	2	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	1.98	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.76	3	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	4.36	19	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	3.5	2	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.89	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	3.34	6	0	azobenzenes
baclofen [no description available]	4.76	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	1.98	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	2.46	2	0	carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
bentazone bentazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bentazone : A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.	2.73	3	0	benzothiadiazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	3.01	4	0	benzamides
benzamidine benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.	2.1	1	0	benzenes; carboxamidine	serine protease inhibitor
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	7.69	6	1	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.72	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	3.35	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzyl isothiocyanate benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma	2.11	1	0	benzenes; isothiocyanate	antibacterial drug
berberine [no description available]	9.39	4	1	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	3.99	14	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	7.84	16	4	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	3.59	9	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.07	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	3.52	8	0
ro 31-7549 Ro 31-7549: structure	1.98	1	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	2.15	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bithionol Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; bridged diphenyl antifungal drug; bridged diphenyl fungicide; dichlorobenzene; organochlorine pesticide; polyphenol	antifungal agrochemical; antiplatyhelmintic drug
bromazepam Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	2.06	1	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
seratrodast [no description available]	2.4	2	0	organic molecular entity
brotizolam brotizolam: structure	7.17	11	3	organic molecular entity
bumetanide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	2.47	2	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	8.38	12	3	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	2.41	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
butenafine butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.	3.5	2	0	naphthalenes; tertiary amine	antifungal drug; EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
1-o-hexadecyl-2-n-methylcarbamylphosphatidylcholine 1-O-hexadecyl-2-N-methylcarbamylphosphatidylcholine: biologically active analog of PAF; structure given in first source	3.62	9	0
1-0-octadecyl 2-0-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine 1-0-octadecyl 2-0-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine: reported to have same biological activity as natural PAF-acether; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.38	2	0
caffeine [no description available]	16.19	98	2	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	5.82	17	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.44	2	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	2	1	0	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.12	1	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	5.82	28	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.33	6	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2.43	2	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	1.99	1	0	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carvedilol [no description available]	2.48	2	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.08	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	2.45	2	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	7.74	18	3	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.46	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cgs 15943 9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.	7.48	86	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; furans; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; quinazolines; triazoloquinazoline	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; antineoplastic agent; central nervous system stimulant
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.94	4	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	6.25	11	1	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	1.95	1	0	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.36	19	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	3.38	7	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	4.96	15	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	5.01	36	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.38	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
ciclopirox [no description available]	9.88	17	2	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
cilostazol [no description available]	2.48	2	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	8.02	27	3	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.	2.05	1	0	cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	4.65	25	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	13.62	12	1	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.21	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	9.71	13	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clobenpropit clobenpropit: histamine H3 receptor antagonist. clobenpropit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea bearing S-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propyl and N-4-chlorobenzyl substituents. An extremely potent histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist (pA2 = 9.93). Also displays partial agonist activity at H4 receptors; induces eosinophil shape change with an EC50 of 3 nM.	2.1	1	0	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester; organochlorine compound	H3-receptor antagonist; H4-receptor agonist
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	3.46	8	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofilium clofilium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.08	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	5.79	3	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	4.63	8	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	6.16	10	1	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	11.98	47	8	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
croconazole croconazole: RN & structure given from first source for parent cpd	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; monochlorobenzenes
cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	1.99	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	2.08	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	2.02	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	4.52	21	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	4.34	6	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate: structure	2.21	1	0	diester; methyl ester
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.1	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	3.15	5	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	2.4	2	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.44	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	16.07	134	4	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	19.13	196	24	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
dephostatin dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
dequalinium Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.	1.98	1	0	quinolinium ion	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	9.06	11	2	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.	3.42	1	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; human metabolite; sedative
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	5.4	14	1	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.46	2	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	2.4	2	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	11.4	56	6	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	3.31	6	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
dibenzothiophene dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2.07	1	0	dibenzothiophenes; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	keratolytic drug
dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.	1.95	1	0	dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	7.6	17	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	3.75	3	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	2.08	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; diarylmethane
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.13	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.45	2	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	2.54	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	1.96	1	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	3.3	6	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	5.2	11	1	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.78	3	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.76	3	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	3.6	9	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	4.4	8	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	3.39	7	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	8.25	27	2	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	1.97	1	0
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	2.39	2	0
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	3.39	1	1	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	4.37	3	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
sarcosine dithiocarbamate sarcosine dithiocarbamate: protects against toxicity of alkylating agents	2.37	2	0
e 4031 E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD	2.63	2	0	sulfonamide
ebastine [no description available]	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.76	2	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	8.95	13	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase	3.12	5	0
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.07	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
embelin embelin: from Embelia fruit (Myrsinaceae). embelin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.	2.59	2	0	dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
emedastine emedastine: structure given in first source. emedastine : 1-Methyl-1,4-diazepane in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl group. A relatively selective histamine H1 antagonist, it is used as the difumatate salt for allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and pruritic skin disorders, and in eyedrops for the symptomatic relief of allergic conjuntivitis.	2.06	1	0	benzimidazoles	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.71	3	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	3	4	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.13	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	7.06	14	1
estazolam Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.	1.96	1	0	triazoles; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
etanidazole Etanidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.. etanidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.	3.93	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent
etazolate Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.	1.95	1	0	ethyl ester; hydrazone; pyrazolopyridine	alpha-secretase activator; antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	7.31	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.79	3	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethion ethion: minor descriptor (73-82); online & Index Medicus search INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-82). ethion : An organic thiophosphate that is S,S'-methanediyl bis[dihydrogen (phosphorodithioate)] in which all the hydroxy groups have been converted to their corresponding ethyl esters respectively. Ethion is an organophosphate insecticide with inhibitory activity towards the enzyme acetylcholinesterase ( EC 3.1.1.7).	2	1	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	2.02	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethoxyresorufin ethoxyresorufin: structure	2.89	4	0	phenoxazine
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	3.16	5	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	8.34	11	5	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
etilefrine Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.	3.13	1	0	phenols
etizolam etizolam: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	7.47	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	4.5	5	1	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	8.93	9	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	2.41	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
fendiline Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.	2.07	1	0	diarylmethane
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	5.19	3	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	8.73	7	2	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	5.87	4	2	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fenvalerate fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; monochlorobenzenes	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.47	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	3.69	9	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	20.85	746	41	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	11.51	112	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	8.28	21	1	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flumequine flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.	2.05	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	6.13	16	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	11.43	45	3	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	12.85	38	6	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	6.28	7	6	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	3.13	5	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	5.59	16	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	1.97	1	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.02	1	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furafylline [no description available]	2.01	1	0	oxopurine
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	1.95	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	3.82	11	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
liquid crystal polymer bromuconazole: a fungicide; structure in first source. bromuconazole : A member of the class of oxolanes carrying 1,2,4-triazol-ylmethyl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl substituents at position 2 as well as a bromo substituent at position 4. A foliar applied conazole fungicide for a range of crops including cereals, fruit, vegetables and vines.	3.76	8	0	conazole fungicide; dichlorobenzene; organobromine compound; oxolanes; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	6.98	9	1	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gaboxadol gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure	6.76	6	1	oxazole
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.03	1	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil [no description available]	4.13	3	1	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.68	9	0
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	3.85	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	13.49	26	18	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	9.6	14	7	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	2.74	3	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	8.35	20	4	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	5.33	19	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
go 6976 [no description available]	2	1	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.13	1	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.01	1	0	methoxybenzenes
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.78	3	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.91	4	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ha 1004 N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	isoquinolines
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	6.94	26	3	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	2.35	2	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	5.66	13	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	2.06	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	3.2	6	0	barbiturates
hexylresorcinol [no description available]	1.92	1	0	resorcinols
alpha-methylhistamine alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.	1.98	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	animal metabolite; H3-receptor agonist
hexamethylene bisacetamide N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208	2.83	3	0	acetamides
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.7	3	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.67	10	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.78	3	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
p-hydroxyamphetamine p-Hydroxyamphetamine: Amphetamine metabolite with sympathomimetic effects. It is sometimes called alpha-methyltyramine, which may also refer to the meta isomer, gepefrine.	3.38	1	1	amphetamines
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	4.01	3	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	13.84	14	3	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	2.38	2	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	15.6	28	3	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	3.29	6	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifosfamide [no description available]	4.2	3	1	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	12.57	28	13	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.15	1	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	7.63	74	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoquinol Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.	2.25	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organoiodine compound	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiseptic drug
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2.51	2	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	2.06	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
indolepropionic acid indolepropionic acid: structure in third source. 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid : An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; plant metabolite
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	2.05	1	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
irsogladine irsogladine: RN given refers to parent cpd; MN 1695 refers to maleate salt	3.09	1	0	dichlorobenzene
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	3.59	9	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoconazole 1-{2-[(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that carries a 2-[(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 1.. isoconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-isoconazole. A broad-spectrum antibacterial drug used (as its nitrate salt) for treatment of dermatomycoses.	2.88	4	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	3.01	4	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	5.63	17	1	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	5.99	8	1	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	4.37	21	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	2.39	2	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	2.43	2	0
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.05	1	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	13.98	217	11	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	4.63	8	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	3.08	4	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	3.59	9	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	1.95	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2.08	1	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kojic acid [no description available]	3.48	6	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.13	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor	2.44	2	0
lamotrigine [no description available]	11.07	17	1	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	6.69	6	2	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lapachol lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.	2.25	1	0
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	7.05	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lavendustin a lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	4.07	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	28.78	1,831	510	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lidoflazine Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.	1.95	1	0	diarylmethane
liranaftate piritetrate: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	tetralins
lithium hydroxide lithium hydroxide: used for tryptophan determinations in proteins & foods; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-OH	2.03	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
lomustine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.76	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	4.5	5	1	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	6.31	8	5	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	3.62	9	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
ly 171883 LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.	2.89	4	0	acetophenones; aromatic ether; phenols; tetrazoles	anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3.13	5	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.	2.72	3	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic amine; p-quinones; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	4.02	13	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.01	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	2.66	3	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.	2.67	3	0	diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.37	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.03	4	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	3.17	5	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	1.93	1	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	2.36	2	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	2.03	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	2	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	3.56	2	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	1.94	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	1.96	1	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	21.91	227	118	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.15	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	7.16	9	4	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methamidophos methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.	2.48	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	2.49	2	0	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	1.93	1	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2.8	3	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
nocodazole [no description available]	4.16	3	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	3.74	10	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	3.63	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	2.9	4	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	5.08	3	1	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolachlor metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.	3.46	7	0	aromatic amide; benzenes; ether; organochlorine compound
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	4.36	4	1	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	9.24	17	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	7.12	11	2	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	10.26	27	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	11.02	54	5	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	8.16	23	12	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	3.16	5	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	10.18	26	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	4.39	4	1	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
ml 7 ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).	2.13	1	0	N-sulfonyldiazepane; organoiodine compound	EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	5.91	4	1	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	2.49	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	5.58	23	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	3.08	1	0	monoterpenoid
entinostat [no description available]	4.12	5	0	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.9	4	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.75	3	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
n-benzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	3.86	12	0
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.34	7	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
n-formylmethionylphenylalanine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	peptide
fg 7142 FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist	2.4	2	0	beta-carbolines
deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.	4.36	2	2	catecholamine
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.1	1	0	purine nucleoside
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.46	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
nan 190 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.	2.42	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phthalimides	serotonergic antagonist
naratriptan naratriptan: structure given in first source	10.81	39	3	heteroarylpiperidine; sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	22.17	467	154	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.53	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	5.52	7	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	1.95	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.48	2	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.21	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	3.41	7	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	3.86	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.03	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	4.95	9	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.38	2	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	5.17	6	2	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.53	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
norfluoxetine norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.92	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	5.8	3	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
ns 1619 NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).	2.02	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzimidazoles; phenols	potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.51	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	5.95	5	1	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	7.75	20	3	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	4.03	4	0	carbazoles
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	3.22	5	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	1.96	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxatomide oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.	1.96	1	0	benzimidazoles; diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	4.59	25	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxolinic acid quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.	2.05	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	2.69	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	2.42	2	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	2.45	2	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	1.94	1	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	2.15	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	7.97	4	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	1.95	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
p-fluorophenylalanine p-Fluorophenylalanine: 3-(p-Fluorophenyl)-alanine.. 4-fluorophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.	1.95	1	0	fluoroamino acid; monofluorobenzenes; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine derivative
pamidronate [no description available]	3.79	3	0	phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	3.85	2	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	3.05	5	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	3.16	5	0	aromatic amine
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.48	2	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pca 4248 PCA 4248: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist	2.9	4	0	dihydropyridine
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.29	6	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	4.97	7	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	4.54	25	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	5	7	0	oxopurine
perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.	2.08	1	0	piperidines	cardiovascular drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	3.11	5	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	6.92	55	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	2.41	2	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	2.37	2	0	aromatic amine
phenyl biguanide phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.1	1	0	guanidines	central nervous system drug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	4.14	5	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	1.98	1	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phorate Phorate: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. phosphatidylcholine O-34:2 : A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 2 double bonds.	2.44	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
phosalone phosalone: structure. phosalone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles carrying a [(diethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the nitrogen atom, an oxo group at position 2 and a chloro group at position 6. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide.	2.31	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; carbamate ester; organochlorine insecticide; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
phthalylsulfathiazole phthalylsulfathiazole: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SULFATHIAZOLES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalylsulfathiazole : A sulfonamide incorporating 2-carboxybenzamido and 1,3-thiazol-2-yl moieties that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic indicated in the treatment of dysentery, colitis, gastroenteritis and intestinal surgery.	2.6	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	2.36	2	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	aromatic ketone
pilsicainide pilsicainide: structure given in first source. pilsicainide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.	2.21	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2	1	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	5.4	4	1	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	16.33	50	26	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipemidic acid Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.	2.17	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; pyridopyrimidine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine [no description available]	10.39	17	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	5.84	9	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	2.42	2	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.	2.46	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.39	7	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.7	3	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	4.11	4	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	3.42	7	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.91	4	0	chromones
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.15	1	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	3.57	2	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	3.75	3	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	2.75	3	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	4.06	15	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	5.71	7	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.06	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2.57	2	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procaterol Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.	1.98	1	0	quinolines
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.02	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	2.44	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.37	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
prometryne Prometryne: A triazine used as a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). prometryn : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylsulfanediyl group at position 6.	2.06	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
propargite Omite: structure	2.1	1	0	sulfite ester; terminal acetylenic compound	sulfite ester acaricide
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	3.28	6	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.71	3	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	8.15	31	3	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	2.05	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.67	3	0
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	4.5	24	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	3.02	4	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone: structure in first source. quinalizarin : A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone having the four hydroxy groups at the 1-, 2-, 5- and 8-positions.	2.49	2	0	tetrahydroxyanthraquinone	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.	2.67	3	0	piperazines; pyridines
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	1.93	1	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
rilmazafone rilmazafone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	7.11	33	1	benzophenones
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	2.1	1	0	benzothiazoles
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	2.06	1	0	alkylamine
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	4.55	4	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	3.07	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate	22.02	325	114	tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
ro 15-4513 Ro 15-4513: a partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors	2.41	2	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2.72	3	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	3.08	5	0	methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib [no description available]	4.36	2	2	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	3.27	6	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
roxatidine acetate roxatidine acetate: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	piperidines
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	3.4	7	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.17	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sarpogrelate sarpogrelate: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	hemisuccinate; stilbenoid
suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid: antineoplastic, Histone Deacetylase inhibitor	2.06	1	0	hydroxamic acid
sc-10 N-(m-heptyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: protein kinase C activator	2.01	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
dpi 201-106 DPI 201-106: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	3.33	1	1	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
carbamylhydrazine carbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0	carbohydrazide; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound; ureas
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	2.03	1	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	11.02	8	1	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
simazine Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.45	2	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.44	22	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.38	2	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
fluoroacetic acid fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.	1.93	1	0	haloacetic acid; organofluorine compound	EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	2	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.11	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	8.15	9	5	pyridines
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
fenofibrate [no description available]	3.14	1	0	benzochromenone; delta-lactone; naphtho-alpha-pyrone	platelet aggregation inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	7.73	3	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	4.82	11	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	2.4	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulconazole sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.38	2	0	dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; organic sulfide
sulfaguanidine Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine	1.94	1	0	sulfonamide antibiotic	antiinfective agent
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	1.93	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	6.06	8	1	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	4.58	6	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2.96	4	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.55	2	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.03	1	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sulthiame sulthiame: was heading 1964-94 (see under THIAZINES 1964-90); use THIAZINES to search SULTHIAME 1966-94	2.41	1	0	organic molecular entity
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	15.18	85	14	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	5	12	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
tegafur [no description available]	4.85	7	1	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	4.67	3	2	benzodiazepine
temozolomide [no description available]	3.74	9	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	2.03	1	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	4.65	6	1	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.02	1	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	2.39	2	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	7.07	19	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	3.95	13	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	3.28	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	4.43	6	0	thiazolidenedione
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	3.1	1	0	aziridines
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	2.67	3	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	4.44	8	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tioconazole tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.	3.26	6	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; thiophenes
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	3.12	1	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tofisopam tofisopam: structure; dextofisopam is the R-enantiomer of tofisopam & antidiarrheal	3.19	1	0	organic molecular entity
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.69	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	2.41	1	0	amino acid
trapidil Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.	1.95	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	13.99	37	2	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	7.19	11	3	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
triclosan [no description available]	10.84	6	1	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	3.21	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trimebutine Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.	3.82	2	1	trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.	2.6	1	0	phenothiazines
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	1.98	1	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.8	3	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	1.94	1	0	aromatic amine
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	3.05	4	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tropicamide Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.	9.76	19	11	acetamides
tyramine [no description available]	4.69	2	1	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.21	1	0	aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urethane [no description available]	3.98	4	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
usnic acid [no description available]	7.59	2	0	benzofurans
vesamicol vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0	piperidines
vigabatrin [no description available]	2	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	2.1	1	0
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine 8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist	2.69	3	0
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source	4	13	0
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2.77	3	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	6.21	3	2	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.71	3	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	12.95	44	11	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.81	3	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	6.3	7	2	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	5.75	6	1	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	3.9	12	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	7.98	18	5	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	3.71	3	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	2.66	3	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	5.27	17	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	1.95	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	1.99	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	4.48	5	1	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	6.04	37	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	3.31	6	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	3.29	6	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	4.77	29	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
2-aminophenol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.	1.99	1	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines	mutagen
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.92	4	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	5.56	23	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	4.65	6	1	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	3.79	11	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.	6.76	9	7	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	3.87	2	1	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	9.37	16	8	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	5.18	15	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.05	1	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	8.75	22	1	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	13.79	54	20	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	2.98	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	3.44	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
androsterone [no description available]	2.06	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	2.41	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	8.83	14	2	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	3	4	0
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	3.1	5	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	6.37	12	1	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	12.37	35	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	5.22	16	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.7	3	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	6.82	17	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	6.5	14	1	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	7.84	56	1	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	4.58	25	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.71	3	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.76	11	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	5.51	21	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	5.28	4	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	4.39	19	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	6.24	47	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
dimazine dimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,1-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine substituted by two methyl groups at position 1.	2.69	2	0	hydrazines	carcinogenic agent; fuel; teratogenic agent
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.65	3	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	3.2	5	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	4.55	23	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	6.34	10	4	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.02	1	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.06	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	4.47	7	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	6.31	11	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	3.66	10	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	3.47	7	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	1.94	1	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	2.68	3	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	5.59	28	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2.39	2	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	3.98	12	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	5.97	20	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	2.08	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.4	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.38	2	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.53	8	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	12.92	65	6	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	12.9	54	5	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	9.29	30	6	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
benzoxazolone benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	benzoxazole	allelochemical; phytoalexin
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	8.85	32	3	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	3.67	10	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	3.33	7	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.76	2	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	7.42	43	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
mepazine mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.	2.13	1	0	phenothiazines
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.3	17	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	2.07	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.78	11	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	2.03	1	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
4-toluenesulfonic acid 4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.49	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; toluenes
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	2.64	3	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	10.28	17	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	4.47	5	1	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	4.27	18	0	anilines; primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.64	3	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	14.23	85	15	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	4.04	4	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.95	4	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	4.65	6	1	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	6.55	18	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.08	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	6.92	28	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	2	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	8.23	17	1	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	3.26	6	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	2.06	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	4.36	21	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.75	10	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.54	8	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	2	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	1.92	1	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
bromoacetate [no description available]	1.93	1	0	carboxylic acid; organohalogen compound
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	3.82	11	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	7.33	13	9	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	3.79	2	1	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	1.99	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	3.78	11	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	3	4	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	10.83	29	6	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	5.09	1	1	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
phenacyl bromide phenacyl bromide: structure. phenacyl bromide : An alpha-bromoketone that is acetophenone substituted by a bromo group at position 2.	2.25	1	0	acetophenones; alpha-bromoketone	metabolite
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	1.99	1	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.43	2	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.44	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	5.22	51	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	6.15	9	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	4.77	9	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	4.35	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	3.39	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
alizarin [no description available]	3.86	2	1	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)	1.98	1	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	xenobiotic metabolite
chlorquinaldol Chlorquinaldol: Local anti-infective agent used for skin, gastrointestinal, and vaginal infections with fungi, protozoa, and certain bacteria. In animals, it causes central nervous system damage and is not administered parenterally. It is also used as antiseptic, fungistat, or deodorant.. chlorquinaldol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by chlorine at positions 5 and 7. An antifungal and antibacterial, it was formerly used for topical treatment of skin conditions and vaginal infections.	5.09	1	1	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antiprotozoal drug; antiseptic drug
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	6.22	32	1	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	2.49	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-chlorobenzoic acid 4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	2.13	1	0	monochlorobenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	5.99	26	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.41	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	4.07	15	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	5.03	13	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.	2.47	2	0	iodomethanes; methyl halides	fumigant insecticide
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	8.49	7	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	3.13	5	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
methylacetylene methylacetylene: structure	2	1	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
systhane systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.	7.47	86	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	2.08	1	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	1.93	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	9.63	25	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.95	4	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	1.95	1	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	2.07	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.31	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	2.11	1	0	acyl chloride
propylene oxide propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	epoxide
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.48	2	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	2.17	1	0	fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.07	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
methyl sulfate methyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl sulfate : An alkyl sulfate that is the monomethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2	1	0	alkyl sulfate; one-carbon compound
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	1.95	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	3.48	7	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	3.83	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	5.06	40	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	5.09	13	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	3.2	5	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
tabun tabun: proposed as military nerve gas and exptl cholinesterase inhibitor; extremely poisonous; structure	2.21	1	0
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	3.23	1	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.06	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
pentaerythritol tetranitrate Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.	2.51	2	0	pentaerythritol nitrate	explosive; vasodilator agent
tri-o-cresyl phosphate tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140	1.99	1	0
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	4.02	4	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	2.41	2	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	2.7	3	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
chloroacetamide [no description available]	2.41	1	0
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.78	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	2.39	2	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	4.89	10	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	1.97	1	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	1.98	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.73	3	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.81	3	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
quintozene quintozene: active ingredient of variety of fungicides. pentachloronitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which every hydrogen has been replaced by a chlorine. A fungicide used on a variety of crops, including cotton, rice and seed grains, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	2	1	0	aromatic fungicide; C-nitro compound; pentachlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical
bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid: a metabolite of DDT; RN given refers to parent cpd.. bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid : A organochlorine compound comprising acetic acid having two 4-chlorophenyl substituents attached at the 2-position.	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes
acenaphthene [no description available]	1.92	1	0	acenaphthenes
skatole [no description available]	2.94	4	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	6.52	14	1	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
lawsone lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.	2.03	1	0
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.39	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher	2.08	1	0
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	1.99	1	0	anthraquinone
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	2.96	4	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
tetrahydrophthalimide tetrahydrophthalimide: captan metabolite in fruit crops	2.15	1	0
phthalimide phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.51	2	0	phthalimides
carbazole carbazole: structure in first source	7.57	2	0	carbazole
1-naphthaleneacetic acid 1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.	2.07	1	0	naphthylacetic acid	synthetic auxin
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	1.99	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
salicylanilide salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.	1.93	1	0	benzanilide fungicide; salicylamides; salicylanilides
gramine gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.	2.41	1	0	aminoalkylindole; indole alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	5.75	11	0	penicillanic acids
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.03	1	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	3.71	9	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-furoic acid 2-furoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. furoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of a furan ring having a single carboxylic acid group on any ring position and derivatives thereof.. 2-furoic acid : A furoic acid having the carboxylic acid group located at position 2.	2.42	2	0	furoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; inhibitor; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-nitrophenol nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.	1.96	1	0	2-nitrophenols
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.04	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
picric acid picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.11	1	0	C-nitro compound	antiseptic drug; explosive; fixative
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.98	3	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
1-chloronaphthalene 1-chloronaphthalene: word preservative; in xylamon the active ingredient is 60% 1-chloronaphthalene; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2126	2.01	1	0
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.07	1	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
2-phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.	2.02	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; environmental food contaminant
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	10.21	91	2	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified	2.21	1	0	isoquinolines
quinoline [no description available]	4.7	26	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	6.06	33	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-chloronaphthalene 2-chloronaphthalene: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	3.26	6	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
2-methylquinoline 2-methylquinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylquinoline : Any member of the class of quinolines carrying at least one methyl substituent.. quinaldine : A quinoline compound in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted at C-2 with a methyl group.	2.46	2	0	quinolines
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	2.38	2	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.17	1	0
phenidone phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.67	3	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
phenylpiperazine phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.85	11	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	2.37	2	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
veratryl alcohol (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 of the phenyl group are substituted by methoxy groups.	2.43	2	0	benzyl alcohols; dimethoxybenzene; primary alcohol	fungal metabolite
2-naphthoic acid 2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid that is naphthalene carrying a carboxy group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	naphthoic acid	mouse metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	2.04	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
mecoprop mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.	2.5	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	3.61	9	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.83	3	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	10.19	446	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzothiophene [no description available]	4.04	4	0	1-benzothiophenes; benzothiophene
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	4.3	17	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
2-chlorophenol chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.	2.15	1	0	2-halophenol; monochlorophenol
dilactide dilactide: structure given in first source	2.49	2	0	dioxanes
2-methyltetrahydrofuran 2-methyltetrahydrofuran: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.72	9	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
2,4-dinitroaniline 2,4-dinitroaniline : A nitroaniline consisting of an aniline core having two nitro substituents located at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.17	1	0	nitroaniline
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.74	3	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furfuryl alcohol furfuryl alcohol: structure. furfuryl alcohol : A furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.1	1	0	furans; primary alcohol	Maillard reaction product
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	1.93	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
furfuryl mercaptan furfuryl mercaptan: major flavoring agent in coffee; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	heteroarene
benzenesulfonic acid benzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzenesulfonic acid : The simplest member of the class of a benzenesulfonic acids that consists of a benzene carrying a single sulfo group.	2.08	1	0	benzenesulfonic acids
4-tert-butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1	0	alkylbenzene
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.41	2	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.31	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.97	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dicloran 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.	2.41	2	0	aromatic fungicide; dichlorobenzene; nitroaniline	antifungal agrochemical
sym-trinitrobenzene Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.	2.1	1	0	trinitrobenzene	explosive
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	5.6	4	1	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
3-nitrobenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.41	1	0
4-bromophenacyl bromide 4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure	1.98	1	0
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.68	3	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	2.08	1	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-chloronitrobenzene [no description available]	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound
4-anisic acid 4-methoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source. 4-methoxybenzoic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid substituted with a methoxy group at position C-4.	2.08	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine.	2	1	0	benzaldehydes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	chromogenic compound
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	2.11	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocinchomeronic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	2	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid
benzyl bromide benzyl bromide: structure given in first source. benzyl bromide : A member of the class of benzyl bromides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with bromine.	2.15	1	0	benzyl bromides	lachrymator
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	8.15	5	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzyl chloride benzyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. chlorophenylmethane : A chlorohydrocarbon that is phenylmethane substituted by a chloro group at unspecified position.. benzyl chloride : A member of the class of benzyl chlorides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with chlorine.	2.1	1	0	benzyl chlorides
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	2.04	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	3.16	5	0	benzenes; nitrile
methylaniline methylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylaniline : A substituted aniline carrying one or more methyl groups at unspecified positions.	1.98	1	0	methylaniline; phenylalkylamine; secondary amine
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
anisole anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.	2.02	1	0	monomethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	5.44	10	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
phenylmethanesulfonic acid phenylmethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	2.35	2	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
triclocarban triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure. triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.	7.85	3	0	dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
diphenylmethane diphenylmethane : A diarylmethane that is methane substituted by two phenyl groups.	1.93	1	0	diarylmethane
dicyclohexylamine dicyclohexylamine: potent inhibitor of spermidine synthase; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0	primary aliphatic amine
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.08	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
boric acid [no description available]	3.53	2	0	boric acids	astringent
phenyl isocyanate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzenes; isocyanates	allergen; hapten
nonoxynol Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.	3.56	1	1
4-anisidine 4-anisidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-anisidine : A substituted aniline that is aniline in which the hydrogen para to the amino group has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is used as a reagent for the detection of oxidation products such as aldehydes and ketones in fats and oils.	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	genotoxin; reagent
anisyl alcohol anisyl alcohol: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	benzyl alcohols
betazole Betazole: A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.. betazole : Pyrazole in which a hydrogen adjacent to one of the nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is a histamine H2-receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.	1.95	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug; histamine agonist
ethyl bromoacetate [no description available]	2.44	2	0
diethyl malonate diethyl malonate: isomer of diethylmalonic acid; one of most used compounds in drug synthesis, don't confuse with ethylmalonic acid	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
4-bromoaniline 4-bromoaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1403	3.23	1	0
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2	1	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	2.06	1	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide: activates caspase cascades; structure. 4-vinylcyclohexene dioxide : The diepoxide of 4-vinylcyclohexene.	2.54	2	0	epoxide	carcinogenic agent
epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.	2.1	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound
glycidyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.	2.82	3	0	enoate ester; epoxide
ethylene dibromide Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.	2.42	2	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; fumigant; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen
1-bromopropane 1-bromopropane: used as a solvent. 1-bromopropane : A bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1.	2.13	1	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	neurotoxin; solvent
propargyl bromide propargyl bromide: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	3.57	2	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	3.4	2	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	5.74	11	0	alkylamine
acrylonitrile [no description available]	3.59	8	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.41	1	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
propargyl alcohol propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	8.56	8	0	propynol; terminal acetylenic compound; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	1.95	1	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	3.57	8	0	alkane
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.82	3	0
2-cyanoacetamide 2-cyanoacetamide: used in fluorimetric labeling of monosaccharides; structure	2.46	2	0
biuret Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.. biuret : A member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed.	2.08	1	0	condensed ureas
acetic anhydride acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.	2.39	2	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride	metabolite; reagent
gamma-valerolactone gamma-valerolactone: metabolite of n-hexane; RN given refers to cpd with methyl moiety in position 5. gamma-valerolactone : A butan-4-olide that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 5. It has been found in the urine samples of humans exposed to n-hexane.	2.13	1	0	butan-4-olide	flavouring agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	2.1	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
2,4-dimethylpyridine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	methylpyridines
cyanuric chloride cyanuric chloride : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine in which the triazine ring is substituted on each carbon by chlorine. Its main use is in the preparation of the triazine-class pesticides.	2.47	2	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; organochlorine compound	cross-linking reagent
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.08	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
cyanuric acid cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.	2.08	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; 1,3,5-triazines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound	xenobiotic
4-methylpyridine 4-methylpyridine: structure in first source. 4-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine in which the methyl substituent is at position 4.	2.05	1	0	methylpyridine
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	13.96	48	4	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	2.21	1	0	aryl thiol
2-picoline 2-picoline: structure in first source. 2-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine carrying a methyl substituent at position 2.	2.05	1	0	methylpyridine
2-chloropyridine 2-chloropyridine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	monochloropyridine
2-aminopyrimidine pyrimidin-2-amine : An aminopyrimidine carrying an amino group at position 2.. aminopyrimidine : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.	2.81	3	0	aminopyrimidine
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available]	2	1	0
dicyanmethane malononitrile : A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.1	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; dinitrile
vinyl ether vinyl ether: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search VINYL COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search VINYL ETHER (65-85)	2.08	1	0	ether
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	15.85	138	10	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	4.42	6	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	3.35	6	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	16.38	120	18	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.96	4	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
1,4-butanediol butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).	2.07	1	0	butanediol; glycol	neurotoxin; prodrug; protic solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.08	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2.45	2	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	9.46	6	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	4.7	8	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
methyl octanoate methyl octanoate : A fatty acid methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of octanoic acid with the hydroxy group of methanol.	1.99	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester; octanoate ester	metabolite
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.07	1	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
hexahydroazepine hexahydroazepine: RN given refers to parent cpd. azepane : An azacycloalkane that is cycloheptane in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	3.17	1	0	azacycloalkane; azepanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
stearyl alcohol octadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at C-1 of an unbranched saturated chain of 18 carbon atoms.. octadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of eighteen carbon atoms.	1.96	1	0	long-chain primary fatty alcohol; octadecanol	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	8.12	9	3	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.15	1	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
propylene propylene: structure	3.09	5	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
2,2,2-trichloroethanol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	chloroethanol	mouse metabolite
dicofol Dicofol: An organochlorine insecticide.. dicofol : A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine acaricide; tertiary alcohol
bromphenol blue Bromphenol Blue: A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.. bromophenol blue : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. It is used as a laboratory indicator, changing from yellow below pH 3 to purple at pH 4.6, and as a size marker for monitoring the progress of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has also been used as an industrial dye.	2.41	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
pentaerythritol pentaerythritol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6904. pentaerythritol : A tetrol that is neopentane in which one of the methyl hydrogens of all four methyl groups are replaced by hydroxy groups. It is a chemical intermediate used in the production of explosives, plastics, paints, appliances, and cosmetics.	2.67	3	0	primary alcohol; tetrol	flame retardant; laxative
triphenyl phosphate triphenyl phosphate: structure. triphenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.	2	1	0	aryl phosphate	flame retardant; plasticiser
diphenylacetic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	xenobiotic metabolite
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.75	3	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
phenyl salicylate phenyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the phenyl ester of salicylic acid. Also known as salol, it can be formed by heating salicylic acid with phenol and is used in the manufacture of some polymers, lacquers, adhesives, waxes and polishes.	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols; salicylates	ultraviolet filter
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	3.83	10	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	3.39	7	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
2,4-dinitroanisole 2,4-dinitroanisole : A member of the class of dinitroanisoles that is 2-nitroanisole in which the hydrogen para to the methoxy group is replaced by a second nitro group.	4.44	19	0	dinitroanisoles	explosive
benzoin [no description available]	3.28	6	0	benzoins; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
isoquinoline [no description available]	3.33	6	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
dianisidine Dianisidine: Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.	1.95	1	0	biphenyls
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.96	4	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
2-naphthoxyacetic acid 2-naphthoxyacetic acid: used as plant hormone to promote the growth of roots on clippings, to prevent fruit from falling prematurely; structure	2.31	1	0	naphthyloxyacetic acid
clorophene [no description available]	2.08	1	0
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	2.25	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
2,4-dinitrotoluene 2,4-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.	2.1	1	0	dinitrotoluene
triethylamine [no description available]	8.42	7	0	tertiary amine
2,5-norbornadiene [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cyclonite cyclonite: explosive & convulsant; structure. 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane : An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.	3.84	10	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; N-nitro compound	explosive
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.25	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
1,4-naphthoquinone naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.	8.03	4	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	3.92	3	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
monobutyl phthalate monobutyl phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.54	2	0	phthalic acid monoester
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. naptalam : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide which results from addition of one equivalent of 1-naphthylamine to phthalic anhydride.	2.98	3	0	carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; N-(1-naphthyl)carboxamide	herbicide
captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.	3.11	5	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
folpet folpet : A member of the class of phthalimides that is phthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethylthio group. An agricultural fungicide, it has been used to control mildew, leaf spot, and other diseases in crops sice the 1950s.	2.39	2	0	organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
peucedanin peucedanin: isolated from Peucedanum tauricum Bieb; structure in first source. peucedanin : A member of the class of furanocoumarins that is furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one, bearing additional isopropyl and methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3 respectively.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; furanocoumarin; lactone	plant metabolite
indolebutyric acid indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.	2.44	2	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	auxin; plant hormone; plant metabolite
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	2.05	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	6.25	6	1	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
syringaldehyde syringaldehyde: isolated from nonfermented fiber fractions of oat hulls and cottonseed hulls. syringaldehyde : A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. Isolated from Pisonia aculeata and Panax japonicus var. major, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.45	2	0	dimethoxybenzene; hydroxybenzaldehyde	hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	4.42	6	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
1,3-diphenyl-1-triazene 1,3-diphenyl-1-triazene: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
2-ethylhexanoic acid 2-ethylhexanoic acid: structure in first source; wood preservative; 2-ethylhexanoic acid is active ingredient in Sinesto B	2.41	1	0	branched-chain fatty acid
5-tolyltriazole 5-tolyltriazole: a corrosion inhibitor and water pollutant	4	12	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	5.38	2	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
estragole estragole : A phenylpropanoid that is chavicol in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.13	1	0	alkenylbenzene; monomethoxybenzene; phenylpropanoid	carcinogenic agent; flavouring agent; genotoxin; insect attractant; plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.94	4	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cupric acetate [no description available]	2.47	2	0
iminodiacetic acid iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.	3.15	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glycine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	chelator
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.61	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
monomethylarsonic acid monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	arsonic acids; one-carbon compound; organoarsonic acid
pregnenolone [no description available]	3.11	5	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	3.58	9	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	3.71	10	0	purine nucleoside
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	3.29	6	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.36	2	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	1.96	1	0	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
sulfalene Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.	2.06	1	0	pyrazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	5.69	5	1	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	3.25	6	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
coronene coronene: structure. coronene : A ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene that consists of six peri-fused benzene rings.	2.41	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.47	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo[b]fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene that consists of a benzene ring fused with a acephenanthrylene ring.	2.17	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	mutagen
triphenylene triphenylene: structure. triphenylene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	2.06	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene
phthalazine phthalazine : An azaarene that is the 2,3-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of phthalazines.	2.55	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	24.52	322	26	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	6.87	49	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
dibenzo(1,4)dioxin dibenzo(1,4)dioxin: structure	2.45	2	0	dibenzodioxine; heteranthrene; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; oxacycle; polycyclic heteroarene
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	9.54	46	3	indazole
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	3.01	4	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	14.06	69	1	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	18.27	147	12	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	6.1	35	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	14	87	5	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	16.03	77	3	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	17.14	341	10	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	12.64	465	1	1,2,4-triazole
pyridazine pyridazine: structure given in first source	4.34	5	0	diazine; pyridazines
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	6.8	44	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	26.48	928	281	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
1,2,4,5-tetrazine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	tetrazine
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	2.67	3	0	organic cation
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.31	1	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	3.25	1	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
allylisopropylacetamide Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.	3.2	6	0
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	20.35	286	49	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	7.53	2	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
paraoxon [no description available]	2.48	2	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	2.38	2	0
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	3.85	12	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
bromacil bromacil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromacil : A racemate consisting of equimolar concentrations of (R)- and (S)-bromacil.. 5-bromo-3-(butan-2-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione : A pyrimidone that is pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione substituted by a bromo group at position 5, a butan-2-yl group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 6.	1.99	1	0	organobromine compound; pyrimidone
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	3.11	5	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate [no description available]	5.76	2	2	heptanoate ester; sterol ester	androgen
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	3.34	7	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	10.46	23	2	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
2-fluorophenylalanine 2-fluorophenylalanine: p-fluorophenylalanine is a minor descriptor; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. 2-fluoro-DL-phenylalanine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of 2-fluoro-L-phenylalanine and 2-fluoro-D-phenylalanine.. 2-fluorophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.	1.95	1	0	monofluorobenzenes; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine derivative
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	2.54	2	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	7.1	1	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	7.52	2	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	3.15	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	4.61	26	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	3.59	9	0	ergoline alkaloid
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	1.95	1	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
cyanoacetic acid cyanoacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acetic acid bearing a cyano substituent.	2.47	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	2.43	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
perfluorobutyric acid perfluorobutyric acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid.	2.21	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	chromatographic reagent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	2.39	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)	2.35	2	0	diarylmethane
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	2.41	1	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	2.71	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.21	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	2.03	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.03	1	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
3-fluorophenylalanine 3-fluorophenylalanine: p-fluorophenylalanine is a minor descriptor; RN given refers cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	1.95	1	0
dicyandiamido dicyandiamido: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a cyano group. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, explosives, oil well drilling muds, and dyestuffs.	3.02	4	0	guanidines; nitrile	curing agent; explosive; fertilizer; flame retardant; nitrification inhibitor
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	3.85	11	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	7.21	38	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
propadiene [no description available]	3.95	3	0	allenes
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	2.96	4	0	ketene
propiolic acid propiolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propynoic acid : A terminal acetylenic compound that is a 3-carbon, straight-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid having one acetylenic bond.	2.97	4	0	acetylenic fatty acid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; monounsaturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	2.11	1	0	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.07	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.71	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	13.49	221	3
eleutherin eleutherin: InChIKey: IAJIIJBMBCZPSW-DTWKUNHWSA-N	2.08	1	0	benzoisochromanequinone; p-quinones
nitramine nitramine : Amines substituted at N with a nitro group (a contracted form of N-nitroamines); they are thus amides of nitric acid, and the class is composed of nitramide, O2NNH2, and its derivatives formed by substitution.. N-methyl-N-picrylnitramine : A nitramine that is methylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a nitro group while the other is substituted by a 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl group. A yellow crystalline powder, it is a high explosive, capable of being detonated by friction, shock, or a spark.	2.6	1	0	nitramine	explosive
phthalimidine phthalimidine: structure given in first source. isoindolin-1-one : A member of the class of isoindoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole in which the hydrogens at positon 1 are replaced by an oxo group.	2.53	2	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	2.25	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
diphenic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	4.02	14	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
flavanone flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.	2.04	1	0	flavanones
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	3.73	10	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
indole-3-carbaldehyde indole-3-carbaldehyde: metabolite of tryptophan; structure. indole-3-carbaldehyde : A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.	2.41	1	0	heteroarenecarbaldehyde; indole alkaloid; indoles	bacterial metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
bufotenin Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.	2	1	0	tertiary amine; tryptamine alkaloid	coral metabolite; hallucinogen
pamaquine pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	aminoquinoline
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	2.07	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
1,4-benzodioxan 1,4-benzodioxan: structure in first source	7.06	1	0
melarsoprol Melarsoprol: Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects.	2.15	1	0	triazines
benzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0
salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	8.05	4	0	indoles
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.31	1	0	butenolide
2-norbornene norbornene : A bridged compound that is cyclohexane with a methylene bridge between carbons 1 and 4 and a double bond at position 2.	2.17	1	0
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	3.14	4	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.49	2	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	2.87	4	0	quinone imine	dye
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.76	2	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.51	2	0	epsilon-lactone
azetidine [no description available]	3.93	3	0	azacycloalkane; azetidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,3-cyclohexanedione 1,3-cyclohexanedione: structure. cyclohexane-1,3-dione : A cyclohexanedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 1 and 3.	2.31	1	0	beta-diketone; cyclohexanedione
orcinol orcinol: used as reagent for pentoses, lignin, beet sugar, saccharoses, arabinose & diastase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. orcinol : A 5-alkylresorcinol in which the alkyl group is specified as methyl.	2.17	1	0	5-alkylresorcinol; dihydroxytoluene	Aspergillus metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	13.25	43	10
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	5.48	20	0	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.58	2	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
thioacetic acid ethanethioic S-acid : A thioacetic acid that is acetic acid in which the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.15	1	0	thioacetic acid
oleanolic acid [no description available]	5.28	14	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	5.46	6	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
cadmium carbonate cadmium carbonate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-CO3	2.08	1	0
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	9.04	13	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.26	5	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	4.06	4	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	6.78	22	3	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	6.34	6	2
n-hydroxyphthalimide N-hydroxyphthalimide: causes contact dermititis	2.17	1	0
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	2.52	2	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
tryptophol tryptophol : An indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2.	1.99	1	0	indolyl alcohol	auxin; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	14.41	70	11	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	2.55	2	0	cellobiose	epitope
apronalide apronalide: structure	1.93	1	0	N-acylurea
1,1-diphenylethylene 1,1-diphenylethylene: structure	2.06	1	0
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	2.39	2	0	thiazoles
2-iodophenol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol
dazomet dazomet: fumigant for poultry litter & eggs to control salmonella; structure. dazomet : A dithiocarbamic ester that is 1,3,5-thiadiazinane with a thione moiety at position 2 and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A fungicide, herbicide and nematicide, it is used prior to sowing or planting for the control of soil fungi, nematodes, bacteria and germinating weeds, and as fumigant for poultry litter and eggs to control Salmonella. It is a non-ozone-depleting alternative to methyl bromide.	2.66	2	0	dithiocarbamic ester; thiadiazinane	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; herbicide; nematicide
cesium carbonate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	4.1	3	1	methoxybenzenes; phenols
phenylacetylene phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS	2.44	2	0	benzenes
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.67	3	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	3.23	6	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
ethyl levulinate ethyl levulinate: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	oxo carboxylic acid
1,2-dichloroethylene 1,2-dichloroethylene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0	chloroethenes
maleimide [no description available]	2.96	4	0	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	6.56	44	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.95	4	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	2.65	3	0
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	1.95	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	3.15	5	0	phenoxazine
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	1.99	1	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
aminopenicillanic acid aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.	7.6	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; penicillanic acids	allergen
paeonol paeonol: structure	2.41	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
2-nitrobenzaldehyde 2-nitrobenzaldehyde: structure given in first source. 2-nitrobenzaldehyde : Benzaldehyde substituted at the ortho-position with a nitro group.	2.41	1	0	benzaldehydes; C-nitro compound
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	2.02	1	0
4,4'-bipyridyl 4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.	2.47	2	0	bipyridine
1,4-cyclohexanediol [no description available]	1.93	1	0
glycidol glycidol: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	epoxide; primary alcohol
diethylzinc [no description available]	2.11	1	0
2-hydroxybutyric acid 2-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hydroxybutyric acid : Any compound comprising a butyric acid core carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.. 2-hydroxybutyric acid : A hydroxybutyric acid having a single hydroxyl group located at position 2; urinary secretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid is increased with alcohol ingestion or vigorous physical exercise and is associated with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis in humans and diabetes in animals.	3.48	1	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
formestane [no description available]	12.54	38	6	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enol; hydroxy steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2.8	3	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2.25	1	0	bis(azo) compound
potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.	2.06	1	0	carbonate salt; potassium salt	catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant
4-amino-1,2,4-triazole 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole: structure in first source	3.72	9	0
nitrosobenzene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzenes; nitroso compound	xenobiotic metabolite
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	8.65	8	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
3-aminophenol 3-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminophenol : An aminophenol that is one of three amino derivatives of phenol which has the single amino substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group.	2.21	1	0	aminophenol
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	1.94	1	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	2	1	0	organic sulfide
megestrol acetate [no description available]	13.18	34	8	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
methyl carbamate methyl carbamate : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of carbamic acid with methanol.	2.17	1	0	carbamate ester
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.41	1	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
1-methylindole 1-methylindole: SKATOLE refers to 3-methylindole; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methylindole : Any member of the class of indoles carrying one or more methyl substituents.	2.1	1	0
1,1'-binaphthyl 1,1'-binaphthyl: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	3.4	7	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
nitrosomethylurethane Nitrosomethylurethane: An alkylating carcinogen that produces gastrointestinal and probably lung and nervous system tumors.	1.99	1	0	carboxylic ester
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	4.46	21	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
diazoacetic ester diazoacetic ester: structure	2.05	1	0
methoxyacetic acid methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.06	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; human xenobiotic metabolite; mutagen
ethoxyacetic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	carboxylic acid
1,4-cyclohexadiene [no description available]	2	1	0	cyclohexadiene
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	1.97	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester	hepatic steatosis inducing agent
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	3.35	6	0
clopenthixol Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	2.11	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; primary alcohol; thioxanthenes	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
diethylurea [no description available]	2.11	1	0
thiometon thiometon: minor descriptor (72-85); on-line & Index Medicus search INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (72-85); RN given refers to parent cpd	2.31	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organosulfur compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	6.25	12	3	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
precocene ii precocene II: has antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxidant activities; from plants of genus Ageratum; an antiallotropin compound capable of inhibiting juvenile hormone biosynthesis	2.39	2	0	chromenes	precocenes
formal glycol [no description available]	2.75	3	0	cyclic acetal; dioxolane
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	6.97	10	3	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	2.07	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	1.95	1	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	5.83	6	1	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
2,2-dichloroacetamide [no description available]	2.01	1	0
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	3.52	8	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide: activates carboxyl groups. 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having an isopropyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	1.99	1	0	carbodiimide	peptide coupling reagent
dodecanedioic acid dodecanedioic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is dodecane in which the methyl groups have been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acids.	2.02	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; human metabolite
2-methylimidazole [no description available]	2.08	1	0
pyridine n-oxide pyridine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine N-oxide : The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.	2.48	2	0	pyridine N-oxides	drug metabolite
2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole 2-methyl-4(5)-nitroimidazole: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde [no description available]	1.93	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans
phosmet Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.	2.41	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phthalimides	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.13	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	8.41	8	5	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
diethyl chlorophosphate diethylchlorophosphate: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
4-nitrophenyl acetate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenyl acetates
ametryne ametryne: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, TRIAZINE (75-83) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & TRIAZINES (72-74); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. ametryn : A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethylamino and an isopropylamino group at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.05	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide
boldenone boldenone: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer. boldenone : An 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and a beta-hydroxy group at position 17. It is an anabolic androgenic steroid that has been developed for veterinary use.	2.15	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid
lormetazepam lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.	3.7	1	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	sedative
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.13	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
n-nitrosobutylurea N-nitrosobutylurea: structure	1.96	1	0
2-phenylbenzothiazole 2-phenylbenzothiazole: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
terbutryne terbutryn : A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by a tert-butylamino and an ethylamino group at positions 2 and 4 respectively.	2.59	2	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	2.11	1	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
cyclopentenone 2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.	2.02	1	0	alicyclic ketone; enone	Hsp70 inducer
2-aminobenzimidazole 2-aminobenzimidazole: metabolite of benomyl; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-aminobenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group.	2.03	1	0	benzimidazoles	marine xenobiotic metabolite
4-phenylpyridine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	phenylpyridine
diphenyl sulfoxide diphenyl sulfoxide: electron acceptor for liver aldehyde oxidase	2.41	1	0	sulfoxide
methidathion methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops	1.99	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
deoxycytidine [no description available]	10.01	26	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	8.92	12	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diazoxon diazoxon: a pesticide; structure. diazoxon : An organic phosphate that is diethyl hydrogen phosphate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 6-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a metabolite of the pesticide diazinon.	2	1	0	organic phosphate; pyrimidines	marine xenobiotic metabolite
testolactone Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.	3.84	2	1	3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; seco-androstane
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	1.98	1	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.96	4	0
methylphosphonic acid methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.	1.96	1	0	one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids
chlormequat Chlormequat: A plant growth regulator that is commonly used on ornamental plants.. chlormequat : A quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants.	3.58	8	0	quaternary ammonium ion	plant growth retardant
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	3.03	4	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	2.13	1	0	phenylacetaldehydes
phenylhydroquinone phenylhydroquinone: major metabolite of o-phenylphenol; cleaves DNA; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
dichlofluanid dichlofluanid: structure. dichlofluanid : A member of the class of sulfamides that is sulfamide in which the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by methyl groups, while those attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a phenyl and a [dichloro(fluoro)methyl]sulfanediyl group. A fungicide introduced in 1965 and used in the cultivation of fruit and vegetables, as well as in wood preservatives, it is no longer approved for use in the European Union.	2.94	4	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylsulfamide fungicide; sulfamides	acaricide; antifungal agrochemical
1,3-propane sultone 1,3-propane sultone: sultone is usually defined as a derivative of 1,8-naphtholsulfonic acid; structure	2.17	1	0	sultone
4-dimethylaminopyridine 4-dimethylaminopyridine: catalyst for acetylation of hydroxy cpds; structure	2.08	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	5.09	1	1
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.47	2	0
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cadmium molecular entity
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	3.51	1	1	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.37	7	0	alkali metal hydroxide
molybdenum trioxide [no description available]	2.17	1	0	molybdenum oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	5.09	1	1	zinc molecular entity
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	3.83	3	0
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	2.04	1	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	5.32	16	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	5.66	18	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.04	1	0
pseudouridine [no description available]	3.47	2	0	pseudouridines	fundamental metabolite
3-methylpyrazole 3-methylpyrazole: methyl can be in 3 or 5 position	2.54	2	0
guanazole Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.	6.47	14	1	aromatic amine; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
tetrabutyltin [no description available]	2.15	1	0
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.	2.55	2	0	diarylmethane
daminozide daminozide: induces tumors	2.41	2	0	straight-chain fatty acid
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	2.04	1	0	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
malaoxon malaoxon: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search MALATHION/AA (72-83). malaoxon : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malaoxon. It is the active insecticide of the proinsecticide malathion.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphoryl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphoryl)thio group.	2.13	1	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
diphenyldiselenide diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	2.05	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	3.23	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
1,2-dimethylimidazole [no description available]	2.05	1	0	imidazoles
1,2-diaminoanthraquinone [no description available]	1.99	1	0
dihexadecyldimethylammonium chloride dihexadecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to chloride	2.04	1	0
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	2.97	4	0
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	3.94	12	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	3.11	5	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	8.92	20	2	tertiary amine
orange g orange G : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 7-hydroxy-8-[(E)-phenyldiazenyl]naphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid. It is often combined with other yellow dyes in alcoholic solution to stain erythrocytes in trichrome methods, and is used for demonstrating cells in the pancreas and pituitary.	2.1	1	0
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.74	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	4.34	3	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	1.98	1	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	3.41	7	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
methiocarb Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.	2.93	4	0	aryl sulfide; carbamate ester; methyl sulfide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; molluscicide; xenobiotic
4-chlorobiphenyl 4-chlorobiphenyl : A monochlorobiphenyl carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobiphenyl
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	2.46	2	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
irganox 1076 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	4.57	1	1	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
n-isopropylacrylamide N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands	2.15	1	0
octachloronaphthalene Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.	2.98	3	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	6.7	9	2	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	1.98	1	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
didecyldimethylammonium didecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; deciquam 222 refers to bromide	2.07	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
captafol captafol: RN given refers to cpd with specified chlorine locants. captafol : A dicarboximide that captan in which the trichloromethyl group is replaced by a 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethyl group. A broad-spectrum fungicide used to control diseases in fruit and potatoes, it is no longer approved for use in the European Community.	1.97	1	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.51	2	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinomethionate quinomethionate: an ingredient of Morestan. quinomethionate : A dithioloquinoxaline that results from the formal condensation of 6-methylquinoxaline-2,3-dithiol with phosgene. It has been used as a fungicide and acaricide for the control of mites and powdery mildew on citrus, vegetables, and walnuts, but is not approved for use in the EU.	1.97	1	0	dithioloquinoxaline; quinoxaline acaricide; quinoxaline antifungal agent	agrochemical
dodine dodine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-dodecylguanidine acetate : An acetate salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of 1-dodecylguanidine and acetic acid. It is used as a fungicide to control black spot and foliar diseases on apples, pears, peaches, nectarines and strawberries.	2	1	0	acetate salt; aliphatic nitrogen antifungal agent	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical
drometrizole drometrizole: structure in first source	5.45	20	0	triazoles
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	2.47	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
disperse blue 1 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	anthraquinone
acetosyringone acetosyringone: plant inducer which induces expression of VirE & VirG in A. tumefaciens. acetosyringone : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.52	2	0	acetophenones; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-asthmatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
cme-carbodiimide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
polyethylene glycol 300 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	poly(ethylene glycol)
acadesine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
isoprocarb [no description available]	2.07	1	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one: a preservative in water-based solutions such as paints, cutting fluids, printing inks, cleaning agents, polyvinyl chloride gloves, etc.. benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one : An organic heterobicyclic compound based on a fused 1,2-thiazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the S atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.	3.53	7	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	disinfectant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sensitiser; xenobiotic
ddms DDMS: a water soluble and highly specific inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 omega-hydroxylase	2.01	1	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes
chloroneb chloroneb: structure. chloroneb : A dimethoxybenzene that is p-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 5. A fungicide formerly used as a seed treatment, it is not approved for use in the European Union.	1.98	1	0	aromatic fungicide; dichlorobenzene; dimethoxybenzene	antifungal agrochemical
octogen octogen: an explosive compound, contaminant in waste water; structure given in third source. octogen : A tetrazocane that is 1,3,5,7-tetrazocane in which the hydrogen atom attached to each of the nitrogens is replaced by a nitro group.	2.81	3	0	N-nitro compound; tetrazocane	explosive
hydroxyphenytoin hydroxyphenytoin: main metabolite of diphenylhydantoin; reduces Na(+) inhibition at high Na:K ratios; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 4-hydroxyphenytoin : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing phenyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at position 5.	2.1	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; phenols	metabolite
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	2.42	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
didodecyldimethylammonium didodecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	2.72	3	0	primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.98	4	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
mepiquat mepiquat : A quaternary ammonium ion has that has two methyl groups and a pentamethylene-1,5-diyl group attached to the nitrogen. Its salts are used as plant growth inhibitors.	2.08	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	agrochemical; Maillard reaction product; plant growth retardant
dithianone dithianone: structure. dithianon : A naphthodithiin that is 5,10-dioxo-5,10-dihydronaphtho[2,3-b][1,4]dithiin which is substituted by nitrile groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a broad spectrum fungicide used to control scab, downy mildew, rust, and leaf spot in the commercial growing of grapes and other fruit, citrus, coffee, and vegetables.	2.11	1	0	dinitrile; naphthodithiin; p-quinones	antifungal agrochemical
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	3.47	7	0	thujene	plant metabolite
4-phenylpyrimidine 4-phenylpyrimidine : A biaryl that is pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by a phenyl group.	2.07	1	0	biaryl; pyrimidines
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	3.86	11	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	5.58	5	1	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
cyclacillin Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.	1.96	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug
zinc carbonate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organooxygen compound
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	7.57	6	3	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
phenoxyacetic acid phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant growth retardant
ecdysone [no description available]	2	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
ethylenebis(isothiocyanate) ethylenebis(isothiocyanate): decomposition product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate)	1.95	1	0
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	3.38	2	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
bpmc BPMC: structure. fenobucarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 2-sec-butylphenol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.51	2	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; insecticide
nafenopin Nafenopin: A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.. nafenopin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nafenopin. It is a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an hypolipidemic agent.. 2-methyl-2-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenoxy]propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid
streptomycin [no description available]	3.22	6	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	8.36	6	0	carbon oxoanion
fuberidazole fuberidazole: fumigant; structure. fuberidazole : A ring assembly consisting of benzimidazole substituted at position 2 by a 2-furyl group. A fungicide used as a seed treatment to control Fusarium spp. in cereals.	2.42	2	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; furans	antifungal agrochemical
2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.	2.46	2	0	adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
isobutylparaben isobutylparaben: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	4-hydroxybenzoate ester
cladribine [no description available]	3.64	1	1	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.75	3	0	phthalic acid monoester
strombine N-methyliminodiacetic acid: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane [no description available]	2.08	1	0
tabersonine [no description available]	2	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	2.25	1	0
nitracrine Nitracrine: Acridine antineoplastic agent used in mammary and ovarian tumors. It inhibits RNA synthesis.	2.49	2	0	acridines
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	1.96	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
vantocil polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.65	8	0
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	3.13	5	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	2.02	1	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
carboxin Carboxin: A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. carboxin : An anilide obtained by formal condensation of the amino group of aniline with the carboxy group of 2-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine-3-carboxylic acid. A fungicide for control of bunts and smuts that is normally used as a seed treatment.	2.1	1	0	anilide fungicide; anilide; enamide; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; secondary carboxamide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	3.07	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
octylmethoxycinnamate octylmethoxycinnamate: a sunscreen used for prevention of DNA photodamage	1.97	1	0	cinnamate ester
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	6.89	8	2	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
chlorpyrifos-methyl chlorpyrifos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.41	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
maleic hydrazide Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage.	2.08	1	0	pyridazinone
terbacil terbacil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
terbutylazine terbutylazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.45	2	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
olsalazine olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.	2.31	1	0	azobenzenes; dicarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
octocrylene [no description available]	2.58	2	0	diarylmethane
4-(4-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid 4-(4-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	4.34	19	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
nimorazole Nimorazole: An antitrichomonal agent which is effective either topically or orally and whose urinary metabolites are also trichomonicidal.	3.51	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
sodium metasilicate sodium metasilicate: RN given refers to silicic acid, di-Na salt. sodium silicate : An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.	1.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
propargyl ether propargyl ether: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
tert-butyl isocyanide tert-butylisonitrile: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
hepes [no description available]	2.48	2	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	11.85	18	1	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	3.62	9	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
lutetium Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.	3.48	7	0	d-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	4.2	16	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	4.65	27	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	7.86	3	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	2.8	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	2.54	2	0	vanadium group element atom
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	3.36	7	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	8.15	72	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	5.65	22	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	9.04	13	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	5.6	64	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	5.36	52	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	8.01	4	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	12.85	51	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	2.15	1	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	3.42	7	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.8	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
thorium Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.	2.05	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	5.72	18	1	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	1.93	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.71	3	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	4.68	26	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	3.48	7	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	4.97	8	1	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	5.68	5	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	3.27	6	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	8.42	53	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
hafnium Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.	2.02	1	0	titanium group element atom
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.1	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	2.21	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.75	3	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	3.57	8	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.42	2	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.43	2	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.41	2	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.89	4	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	3.48	7	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.38	2	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	5.75	15	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	3.18	5	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.05	1	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
thionyl chloride thionyl chloride: methylating agent; structure given in first source. thionyl chloride : A sulfinyl halide in which both of the halide atoms are chorines.	2.44	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; sulfinyl halide
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	2.96	4	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	3.08	4	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	2.11	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	3.49	8	0	diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	2.08	1	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	2.21	1	0	calcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.21	1	0	calcium phosphate
lead chloride lead chloride: RN in 9th CI Form Index for cotunnite: 14639-87-3; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-Cl2. lead(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride consisting of two chlorine atoms covalently bound to a central lead atom.	2.1	1	0	inorganic chloride; lead coordination entity
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	8.1	5	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.44	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	2.06	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	5.2	11	1	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	4.47	22	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	3.78	11	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.99	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
hydrazoic acid [no description available]	2.76	2	0	nitrogen hydride
silver chloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
nickel sulfate nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.	2.11	1	0	metal sulfate	allergen
thallium chloride thallium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.06	1	0	inorganic chloride; thallium molecular entity
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.03	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	3.7	1	1
phenmedipham phenmedipham: minor descriptor (72-84); on-line search CARBAMATES (72-84); Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (75-84), CARBAMATES (72-75). phenmedipham : A carbamate ester that is (3-methylphenyl)carbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group.	2.01	1	0	carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	4.19	5	0
vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.	2.4	2	0
phosphoryl chloride phosphoryl chloride: structure	2	1	0	phosphorus coordination entity
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	9.51	22	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	2.11	1	0	aluminium sulfate
1,3-dichloro-1-propene 1,3-dichloro-1-propene: soil fumigant; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 1,3-dichloropropene : A chloropropene with two chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3 respectively..	1.99	1	0
ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate: slow-acting amine polymerization accelerator. parbenate : A benzoate ester that is ethyl benzoate substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4.	2	1	0	benzoate ester; ethyl ester; tertiary amino compound
camphoroquinone camphoroquinone: a natural monoterpene, non-aromatic quinone; structure given in first source. bornane-2,3-dione : A bornane monoterpenoid that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 7 and 7 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 3.	2	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; carbobicyclic compound
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	4.56	9	0
rhamnose [no description available]	7.69	3	0	L-rhamnose
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	5.44	4	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
azidopyrimidine azidopyrimidine: structure	2.11	1	0
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	4.55	22	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
suritozole [no description available]	4.75	7	1	triazoles
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.37	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ancymidol ancymidol : A tertiary alcohol that is methanol in which the hydrogens attached to the carbon are replaced by cyclopropyl, p-methoxyphenyl and pyrimidin-5-yl groups. By inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis, ancymidol reduces plant growth, resulting in reduced internode elongation and thus more compact plants. It is used in the commercial production of a wide variety of container-grown bedding and foliage plants, including chrysanthemums, Easter lilies and poinsettias.	2.95	4	0	pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol	cellulose synthesis inhibitor; gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor; plant growth retardant
terbufos [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organosulfur compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	2.64	3	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
cysteic acid Cysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.. cysteic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.	2.1	1	0	alanine derivative; amino sulfonic acid; carboxyalkanesulfonic acid; cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	animal metabolite
kitazine kitazine: see also record for kitazin P; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	5.41	13	1	titanium oxides	food colouring
sodium tungstate(vi) sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.	2.37	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	reagent
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	3.29	6	0
quinalphos quinalphos: RN given refers to cpd with locant for quinoxalinyl group in position 2; structure	2.45	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;	2.07	1	0	anthraquinone
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.15	5	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2.05	1	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	2.9	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
devrinol devrinol: structure. napropamide : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-napropamide.. N,N-diethyl-2-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)propanamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is propanamide substituted by two ethyl groups at the nitrogen atom and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; naphthalenes
fluorodifen fluorodifen: structure	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether
chlortoluron chlorotoluron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups while the other is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl group. A herbicide that is non-toxic to honeybees but moderately toxic to mammals, birds, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.	2.96	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	3.2	6	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	3.47	8	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	6.94	27	1	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	2.72	3	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
showdomycin Showdomycin: 3-beta-D-Ribofuranosylmaleimide. Antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces showdoensis. It is possibly active also as a sulfhydryl reagent.	3.05	1	0
fluoroboric acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	boron fluoride
fluorides [no description available]	4.09	14	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
edifenphos edifenphos: structure. edifenphos : An organic thiophosphate that is the O-ethyl-S,S-diphenyl ester of phosphorodithioic acid. Used to control a variety of fungal diseases on rice including blast, ear blight and stem rot. Edifenphos is moderately toxic to mammals and fish but poses more of a risk to aquatic invertebrates.	1.98	1	0	organic thiophosphate	antifungal agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	3.57	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
18-crown-6 18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.04	1	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	phase-transfer catalyst
precocene i precocene I: cpd not in Chemline 7/20/83; structure; inhibits juvenille hormones. precocene I : A member of the class of chromenes that is 2H-chromene substituted by a methoxy group at position 7 and two methyl groups at position 2.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; chromenes	plant metabolite; precocenes
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	1.96	1	0	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2.39	2	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
benomyl [no description available]	2.68	3	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
isopropyl 4,4'-dibromobenzilate isopropyl 4,4'-dibromobenzilate: active substance in fumigant strips for mites	2.45	2	0
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	7.19	14	7	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
cl 64855 [no description available]	2.49	2	0
methoxuron 3-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea: structure in first source. metoxuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups. It is a plant growth regulator and a pre- and post-emergence herbicide used for the control of grasses and broad-leaved weeds in carrots and cereals (e.g. wheat, barley and rye).	2.02	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; photosystem-II inhibitor; plant growth regulator; xenobiotic
reactive orange [no description available]	2.04	1	0
iodine [no description available]	4.46	21	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
osmium tetroxide Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.	2.38	2	0	osmium coordination entity	fixative; histological dye; oxidising agent; poison
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	5.27	11	1	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
metribuzin metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.	2.97	4	0	1,2,4-triazines; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.02	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.	3.12	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	3.73	10	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
2,6-diaminopurine 9H-purine-2,6-diamine : A member of the class of 2,6-diaminopurines that is 9H-purine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by amino groups.	2.03	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent
10-undecynoic acid 10-undecynoic acid: inhibitor of lauric acid monooxygenase; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	2.69	3	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	2.8	3	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	11.78	96	3	benzenes; phenyl acetates
phenoxyethanol phenoxyethanol: structure. 2-phenoxyethanol : An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	1.92	1	0	aromatic ether; glycol ether; primary alcohol	antiinfective agent; central nervous system depressant
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	4.39	2	2	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
2,5-dimethylpyrazine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pyrazines
myrcene myrcene: structure in first source. beta-myrcene : A monoterpene that is octa-1,6-diene bearing methylene and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.05	1	0	monoterpene	anabolic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
acetylacetone acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.	2.54	2	0	beta-diketone
pyrrolidine [no description available]	4.88	10	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.45	2	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
methanesulfonyl chloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0
dimedone dimedone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.45	1	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	4.2	5	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	3.61	8	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	12.34	41	6	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
pirimicarb pirimicarb: structure. pirimicarb : An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.42	2	0	aminopyrimidine; carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.	2.96	4	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	2.89	4	0
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	3.54	8	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
pronamide pronamide: structure. propyzamide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-amine. It is used as a systemic post-emergent herbicide for the control grass and broadleaf weeds in a wide range of in a wide variety of fruit and root crops.	2.45	2	0	benzamides; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound	agrochemical; herbicide
triazophos triazophos: structure	7.37	132	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	9.68	14	3
androstane-3,17-diol Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.	3.86	4	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid
alkenes [no description available]	7.2	48	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	8.08	69	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	3.19	1	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	2.49	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.99	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
ethofumesate ethofumesate: structure in first source. ethofumesate : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-ethofumesate.. 2-ethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 2-ethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group.	2	1	0	1-benzofurans; ether; methanesulfonate ester
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	2.84	3	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	4.18	16	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	12.21	455	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
triforine triforine: structure. triforine : A member of the class of N-alkylpiperazines in which the two amino groups of piperazine are replaced by 1-formamido-2,2,2-trichloroethyl groups. A fungicide active against a range of diseases including powdery mildew, scab and rust.	2	1	0	amide fungicide; formamides; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	allergen; antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	3	4	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.92	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	5.02	5	2	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	2.03	1	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
oxovanadium iv oxovanadium IV: forms complexes with simple sugars	3.32	6	0	vanadium oxide
2-methyl-3-furanthiol 2-methyl-3-furanthiol: possible off-flavor in stored orange juice	2.01	1	0	heteroarene
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.14	5	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
vidarabine phosphate Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.	3.12	1	0
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	10.03	21	4	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
7-ethoxycoumarin 7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.	2.7	3	0	aromatic ether; coumarins
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	2.17	1	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
procymidone procymidone : An azabicycloalkane that is 1,5-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A fungicide widely used in horticulture as a seed dressing, pre-harvest spray or post-harvest dip for the control of various diseases.	3.54	8	0
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	3.33	6	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	13.13	52	12	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
15-crown-5 15-crown-5 : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is cyclopentadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 have been replaced by oxygen atoms to give a crown ether.	1.98	1	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
etoposide [no description available]	5.16	10	1	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	7.72	14	3	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	2.82	3	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
isoproturon isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	3.16	5	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
promegestone Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.	2.08	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	antineoplastic agent; progesterone receptor agonist; progestin
ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.	2.4	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
diflubenzuron Diflubenzuron: An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.. diflubenzuron : A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.	2.58	2	0	benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes	insect sterilant
enilconazole enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.	3.69	9	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
halofantrine halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria	1.97	1	0	phenanthrenes
iprodione iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.	3.57	8	0	benzenes; dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; nematicide
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	15.08	37	3	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	2.76	3	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
dichlormid dichlormid: antidote for EPTC injury in corn; structure	2.15	1	0	tertiary carboxamide
climbazole 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one : A ketone that is butan-2-one substituted by a 4-chlorophenoxy and a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group at position 1 and 2 methyl groups at position 3.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; hemiaminal ether; imidazoles; ketone; monochlorobenzenes
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic
pendimethalin pendimethalin : A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.	2.44	2	0	C-nitro compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide
profenofos [no description available]	3.01	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic thiophosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	1.95	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
metamitron metamitron : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, a methyl group at position 3 and a phenyl group at position 6.	2.07	1	0	1,2,4-triazines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sulbenicillin Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.	1.96	1	0	penicillin
tricyclazole tricyclazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. tricyclazole : A triazolobenzothiazole that is [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3]benzothiazole which is substituted at position 5 by a methyl group. A fungicide used for the control of rice blast, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.02	1	0	triazolobenzothiazole	antifungal agrochemical; melanin synthesis inhibitor
bezafibrate [no description available]	3.86	3	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	3.39	1	1
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	4.78	7	1	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	2.39	2	0	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxyfluorofen oxyfluorofen: structure	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether	EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
triadimefon 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	8.27	203	0	aromatic ether; hemiaminal ether; ketone; monochlorobenzenes; triazoles
lonidamine lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.	2.01	1	0	dichlorobenzene; indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; antispermatogenic agent; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
vinclozolin vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.	3.81	11	0	dicarboximide; dichlorobenzene; olefinic compound; oxazolidinone
isoprothiolane isoprothiolane: structure given in first source. isoprothiolane : A malonate ester that is diisopropyl malonate in which the two methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by a 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene group. An insecticide and fungicide used to control a range of diseases including Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium sigmoideum and Fusarium nivale.	2.17	1	0	dithiolanes; isopropyl ester; malonate ester	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; insecticide; phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-4-dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-4-dioxin: structure given in first source. 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzodioxine : An organobromine compound that is dibenzodioxine carrying four bromo substituents at positions 2, 3, 7 and 8.	2.08	1	0	dibenzodioxine; organobromine compound
n-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine: reactive arylating intermediate from acetaminophen & N-hydroxyacetaminophen; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	ketoimine; quinone imine
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	2.06	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	8.73	46	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
hexazinone hexazinone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	1.99	1	0	1,3,5-triazines
dichlorfop-methyl dichlorfop-methyl: structure; herbicide for control of wild oat & foxtails in cereal crops. diclofop-methyl : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diclofop-methyl. A proherbicide for diclofop, it is used for the control of wild oats and annual weeds in wheat, barley, rye and broad-leaved crops.. methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid with methanol.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; diether; methyl ester
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	4.21	15	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
doxantrazole doxantrazole: structure	1.97	1	0
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	2.44	2	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	2.01	1	0
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	2.39	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.94	12	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
diisopropanolnitrosamine diisopropanolnitrosamine: experimental carcinogen. N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.	1.96	1	0	diol; nitrosamine; secondary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
vindesine Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).	3.59	2	0	methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
oxfendazole [no description available]	2.07	1	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; sulfoxide	antinematodal drug
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).	4.41	2	2	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.21	1	0
meglitinide meglitinide: structure given in first source & in Negwer, 5th ed, #6436	2.1	1	0
impromidine Impromidine: A highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.	1.97	1	0
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties	2.78	3	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	1.99	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	7.41	13	1	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
n-butoxyacetic acid n-butoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	1	0	carboxylic acid
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	1.99	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.14	1	0
metalaxyl metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.	4.25	17	0	alanine derivative; aromatic amide; carboxamide; ether; methyl ester
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	8.18	9	2	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
fluridone [no description available]	3.19	5	0	phenylpyridine	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	1.96	1	0
fenarimol fenarimol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenarimol. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the treatment of blackspot, mildew and rust in tomatoes, peppers and melons, but is not approved for use within the European Union.. (2-chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-chlorophenyl group while the other is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	3.12	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol
azaconazole azaconazole: structure given in first source. azaconazole : A member of the class of dioxolanes that is 1,3-dioxolane substituted at position 2 by 2,4-dichlorophenyl and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups. A fungicide used mainly in ornamental crops to control canker and other diseases. Azaconazole is moderately toxic to mammals but is not expected to bioaccumulate. It is moderately toxic to birds, fish and aquatic invertebrates.	1.96	1	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	9.74	257	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	3.12	5	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	13.29	32	12	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.44	2	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	2.4	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	2.07	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.	2.06	1	0	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.69	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
triflumuron triflumuron: insect growth inhibitor	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound
butoconazole butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.	3.47	2	0	aryl sulfide; conazole antifungal drug; dichlorobenzene; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2	1	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
naftifine naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.	4.53	4	0	allylamine antifungal drug; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	3.23	6	0
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	1.99	1	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	4.27	18	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
fenoxaprop ethyl Puma: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising one species, Puma concolor. It is a large, long-tailed, feline of uniform color. The names puma, cougar, and mountain lion are used interchangeably for this species. There are more than 20 subspecies.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
metazachlor metazachlor: alpha-chloroacetamide herbicide. metazachlor : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl and a (1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.06	1	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazoles	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
tiotidine tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	1.97	1	0	thiazoles
nedocromil Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.	3.08	5	0	dicarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
buprofezin buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.	2.48	2	0	thiadiazinane; ureas
4,5-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid fluroxypyr : An aminopyridine that is pyridin-4-amine substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 5, a fluoro group at position 6 and a carboxymethoxy group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
pimonidazole pimonidazole: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	2.02	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	3.41	1	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
sulotroban sulotroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist	3.07	5	0
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	5.2	19	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
miglustat miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.	2.08	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
sulfometuron methyl sulfometuron methyl: structure given in first source. sulfometuron methyl : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of 2-{[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl]sulfamoyl}benzoic acid.	2.25	1	0	benzoate ester; N-sulfonylurea; pyrimidines	EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
metsulfuron methyl metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.	2.53	2	0	1,3,5-triazines; benzoate ester; N-sulfonylurea	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
dazoxiben dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	3.32	6	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.	1.96	1	0	imidazoquinoline	carcinogenic agent
dazmegrel [no description available]	1.97	1	0
oxadixyl oxadixyl: structure given in first source. oxadixyl : An oxazolidinone that is N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-methoxyacetamide in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a 2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl group. A systemic fungicide used to treat seeds of a variety of food crops, as well as lawns.	2.06	1	0	anilide fungicide; aromatic amide; carbohydrazide; ether; oxazolidinone	agrochemical
loceryl amorolfine: RN given refers to parent cpd. amorolfine : A member of the class of morpholines that is cis-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a racemic 2-methyl-3-[p-(2-methylbutan-2-yl)phenyl]propyl group. An inhibitor of the action of squalene monooxygenase, Delta(14) reductase and D7-D8 isomerase and an antifungal agent, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) for the topical treatment of fungal nail and skin infections.	6.54	14	0	morpholine antifungal drug; tertiary amino compound	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.70 (Delta(14)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
bm 13505 daltroban: thromboxane antagonist	1.98	1	0
castanospermine castanospermine: indolizidine alkaloid from seeds of Australian legume, Castanospermum australe. castanospermine : A tetrahydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that consists of octahydroindolizine having four hydroxy substituents located at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 (the 1S,6S,7R,8R,8aR-diastereomer).	2	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anti-HIV-1 agent; anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	7.91	13	3	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	1.97	1	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.42	2	0	dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	3.63	9	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	5.67	5	1	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
imazaquin imazaquin: RN given refer to parent cpd. imazaquin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazaquin. It is a pre- and post-emergence herbicide used for the control of grasses and broad-leaved weeds.. 2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]quinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group at position 2.	2.74	3	0	imidazolone; monocarboxylic acid; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid
fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester: XRM-5084 is made up of 34.9% fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester and 65.1% proprietary emulsifier; used for the control of broadleaf vegetation	2.13	1	0
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	4.71	3	2	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
clomazone clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.	2.74	3	0	isoxazolidinone; monochlorobenzenes	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.4	1	1	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	9.8	21	1	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
methyl bensulfuron methyl bensulfuron: RN given refers to parent cpds. bensulfuron-methyl : The methyl ester of bensulfuron. An acetolactate synthase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide for the control of a variety of both annual and perennial weeds in crops, particularly wheat and rice. It is not licensed for use within the UK.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; methyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; pyrimidines	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
gepirone gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	5.73	3	2	N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	10.02	16	2	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
piroximone piroximone: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	19.67	641	18	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
loxtidine loxtidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parenet cpd. loxtidine : A triazole that consists of 1,2,4-triazole bearing a methyl substituent at position 1, a hydroxymethyl substituent at position 3 and a {3-[3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl}amino group at position 5. A highly potent and selective H2-receptor antagonist.	7.06	45	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; primary alcohol; triazoles	H2-receptor antagonist
temelastine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	pyrimidone
chlorimuron ethyl chlorimuron ethyl: structure in first source. chlorimuron-ethyl : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of chlorimuron with ethanol. A proherbicide for chloimuron, it is used as herbicide for the control of broad-leaved weeds in peanuts, soya beans, and other crops.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; organochlorine pesticide; pyrimidines; sulfamoylbenzoate	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; proherbicide
rogletimide [no description available]	4.01	2	0
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.47	2	0	naphthoic acid
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	4.91	10	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
brequinar brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.	2.31	1	0	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
atamestane atamestane: aromatase inhibitor; structure given in first source	4.88	4	2
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	3.6	9	0
quinelorane quinelorane: LY 175887 is dextrorotary isomer; LY 137157 is a racemic mixture	2	1	0	quinazolines
eticlopride eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2	1	0	salicylamides
1-nitrosoindole-3-acetonitrile 1-nitrosoindole-3-acetonitrile: induces ornithine decarboxylase activity in rats	1.99	1	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	4.66	10	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.11	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
mk 458 MK 458: a sustained release formulation of a naphthoxazine compoud with selective D-2 dopamine receptor agonism. naxagolide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of naxagolide.	1.99	1	0	hydrochloride	anticonvulsant; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
cy 208-243 CY 208-243: structure given in first source	2	1	0	phenanthridines
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	tetralins
fadrozole Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.	11.19	35	2	imidazopyridine
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.	5.09	1	1	aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
clinafloxacin clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl	2.07	1	0	quinolines
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.	2.01	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
aromasil [no description available]	21.39	267	57	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
zileuton [no description available]	2.39	2	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide remacemide: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	stilbenoid
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	4.16	5	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	2.15	1	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	2.4	2	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
liarozole liarozole: inhibits all-trans-retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase; effective against hormone-dependent and hormone-independent tumors; R 75251 is chlorohydrate of R 61405; a potent inhibitor of retinoic acid metabolism; USAN name - liarozole fumarate	4.03	4	0	benzimidazoles
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	2.45	2	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
sch 37370 N-acetyldesloratadine: dual antagonist of platelet-activating factor and histamine	2	1	0
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	5.5	5	1	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	7.3	12	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
ro 24-4736 Ro 24-4736: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist	1.97	1	0
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	5.41	7	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	2.13	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	10.07	15	7	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	13.87	28	15	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	6.31	4	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	3.74	9	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
pobilukast pobilukast: a leukotriene receptor antagonist; an antiasthmatic agent; structure in first source; RN refers to (R-(R,S)-isomer	2.67	3	0
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	3.23	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
draflazine draflazine: a nucleoside transport inhibitor; has cardioprotective effect; draflazine is the (-)-enantiomer; R 88016 is the (+)-enantiomer	1.99	1	0
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	6.27	6	1
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	4.71	3	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	2.74	3	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	13.4	57	7	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.44	2	0	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	10.42	16	10	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	7.31	13	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	18.34	374	2	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
metaldehyde metaldehyde: polymer of acetaldehyde. metaldehyde : A member of the class of tetroxocanes that is 1,3,5,7-tetroxocane which carries four methyl groups at positions 2,4,6 and 8. It is a potent molluscicide and the active ingredient in most slug pellets used for crop protection.	2.17	1	0	tetroxocane	fuel; molluscicide
nitroaniline nitroaniline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for nitro moiety. nitroaniline : A substituted aniline that carries one or more nitro groups.	1.98	1	0
3-n-butylphthalide 3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	benzofurans
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	2.7	3	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	3.68	9	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing	2.08	1	0
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	2.69	2	0
3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate 3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate: RN & structure given in first source. 3-iodoprop-2-yn-1-yl butylcarbamate : A carbamate ester that is carbamic acid in which the nitrogen has been substituted by a butyl group and in which the hydrogen of the carboxy group is replaced by a 1-iodoprop-2-yn-3-yl group. A fungicide, it is used as a preservative and sapstain control chemical in wood products and as a preservative in adhesives, paints, latex paper coating, plastic, water-based inks, metal working fluids, textiles, and numerous consumer products.	3.01	4	0	acetylenic compound; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; organoiodine compound	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carfentanil carfentanil : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.	4.37	1	1	methyl ester; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; tranquilizing drug
benoxacor benoxacor: a herbicide safener that protects corn from injury by metachlor	2.03	1	0	benzoxazine
thiolactic acid thiolactic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid
vanillyl alcohol vanillyl alcohol: structure. vanillyl alcohol : A monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4.	2.41	2	0	benzyl alcohols; guaiacols	plant metabolite
perfluoropropionic acid perfluoropropionic acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1	0
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.45	2	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	3.47	7	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
4-vinylphenol 4-vinylphenol: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified. 4-hydroxystyrene : A member of the class of phenols that is styrene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	2.02	1	0	phenols	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	2.82	3	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
heptenophos heptenophos: structure	1.96	1	0	organochlorine compound; organophosphate insecticide; trialkyl phosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ici 63197 ICI 63197: structure	2.65	3	0	triazolopyrimidines
cisatracurium cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R,2'R)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.	2.06	1	0	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	14.28	45	4	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	7.31	126	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	2.55	2	0
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	12.99	35	14	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	3.41	1	1	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
2-adamantanol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-adamantanol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
rolofylline rolofylline: selective antagonist for adenosine receptors; a cardiovascular agent	2.01	1	0	oxopurine
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	15.66	64	27	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydro-2(1h)-quinolinone 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone: structure in first source	3.23	1	0	quinolines
irganox 1010 pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate): has antioxidant activity	2.15	1	0
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	4.11	2	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
ursolic acid [no description available]	3.04	4	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
propamidine propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	2.36	2	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	2.63	2	0
iodonitrotetrazolium iodonitrotetrazolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having iodonitrotetrazolium as the counterion.. iodonitrotetrazolium : An organic cation that is the cationic component of iodonitrotetrazolium violet.	2.02	1	0	organic chloride salt	histological dye
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.	5.29	4	3	anhydro sugar	human metabolite
cyclam cyclam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.75	3	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.4	7	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	4.91	10	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
prostratin prostratin: RN given refers to the (1aR-(1aalpha,1bbeta,4abeta,7aalpha,7balpha,8alpha,9aalpha))-isomer	3.21	5	0
1-((2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl)-6-(phenylthio)thymine 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylsulfanyl)thymine : A pyrimidone that is thymine which is substituted at positions 1 and 6 by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl group and a phenylsulfanyl group, respectively.	3.13	1	0	aryl sulfide; primary alcohol; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tsao-t [no description available]	1.98	1	0
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	6.08	8	1	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	3.69	9	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	2.4	2	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
diacetylfluorescein [no description available]	2.13	1	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	4.57	1	1	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.11	1	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
norvaline norvaline: differs from valine in being 1 carbon longer instead of branched; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure. L-2-aminopentanoic acid : A 2-aminopentanoic acid that has S-configuration.	2.02	1	0	2-aminopentanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	2	1	0
phosphoramidic acid phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds	2.95	4	0	phosphoric acid derivative
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.71	3	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrophenylgalactoside 4-nitrophenylgalactoside: RN refers to (beta-D)-isomer. 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactopyranoside having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.11	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative	affinity label
1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an aminocarbonyl group at position 3. It is the major catabolite and aglycon of ribavirin.	3.62	9	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide; triazoles	drug metabolite; human urinary metabolite
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	2.11	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
hexamidine hexamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of hexane-1,6-diol.	2.75	3	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
bathocuproine bathocuproine: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
testosterone undecanoate [no description available]	4.17	3	1	steroid ester
2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
2',5'-dideoxyadenosine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	deoxyribonucleoside
kasugamycin kasugamycin: experimental antimicrobial agent from Streptomyces kausugaensis; used in pseudomonas infections; interfers with protein synthesis in susceptible Escherichia coli. kasugamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is isolated from Streptomyces kasugaensis and exhibits antibiotic and fungicidal properties.	3.17	1	0
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.65	3	0	iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2.06	1	0
obtusifoliol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.41	2	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	2.69	3	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.7	3	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1	3.4	7	0	purine nucleoside
betamethasone sodium phosphate betamethasone sodium phosphate: phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975. betamethasone sodium phosphate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of betamethasone phosphate.	1.99	1	0	organic sodium salt; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	7.44	37	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
n-hydroxyamphetamine N-hydroxyamphetamine: metabolite of amphetamine; structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.37	1	1
zindoxifene zindoxifene: structure given in first source	3.11	1	0	phenylindole
dicarbine dicarbine: minor descriptor (77-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBOLINES (77-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.1	1	0
metrifudil [no description available]	1.98	1	0
lathosterol lathosterol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid; Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	2.06	1	0	beta-carbolines
d 888 devapamil: structure given in first source. devapamil : A nitrile that acts as an L-type calcium channel blocker.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
milnacipran Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.	4.34	3	0	acetamides
eltoprazine eltoprazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; suppresses hyperpolarizing responses to serotonin in rat hippocampus	2.59	2	0
sertaconazole sertaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sertaconazole. A broad spectrum antifungal with added antipruritic and anti-inflammatory activity used (as its nitrate salt) for treatment of various skin infections.. 1-{2-[(7-chloro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that carries a 2-[(7-chloro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 1.	2.25	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	13.65	556	7	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
camonagrel [no description available]	2.4	2	0
abecarnil [no description available]	3.12	1	0
bepafant bepafant: RN given from Toxlit 6/90; PAF antagonist	8.31	158	0
rp 59227 RP 59227: platelet activating factor antagonist	2.67	3	0
setipafant Setipafant: platelet activating factor antagonist	7.82	18	1
repaglinide [no description available]	6.23	5	2	piperidines
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.72	3	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
bergenin bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure	2.45	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
trenbolone acetate Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.	2.52	2	0	steroid ester
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	3.82	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hexaconazole 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	5.79	80	0	dichlorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	chelator
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	3.51	7	0
anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate: structure in first source. anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid : A member of the class of anthraquinones that is 9,10-anthraquinone substituted at positions 2 and 6 by sulfo groups.	2.31	1	0	anthraquinone; arenesulfonic acid
violuric acid violuric acid: an antihypoxic agent	3.29	6	0
salicylhydroxamic acid [no description available]	1.96	1	0	hydroxamic acid; phenols	antibacterial drug; EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor; trypanocidal drug
divinyl benzene [no description available]	2.25	1	0	styrenes
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	boronic acids
thiamorpholine thiamorpholine: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiomorpholine : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.	2.85	3	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; thiomorpholines
acetamidine acetamidine: bovine trypsin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	7.53	2	0	carboxamidine
propamidine isethionate propamidine isethionate : A guanidinium salt obtained by combining propamidine with two molar equivalents of isethionic acid. Used for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	2.07	1	0	guanidinium salt; organosulfonate salt	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	3.51	8	0	phenanthroline
pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine [no description available]	2.44	2	0
benzofurazan benzofurazan: structure	2.41	1	0	benzoxadiazole
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole [no description available]	2.46	2	0
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	5.43	11	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
1,2,4-triazine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; triazine
perfluorohexanoic acid perfluorohexanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated hexanoic acid.	2.21	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid perfluoroheptanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated heptanoic acid.	2.21	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-fluorobenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.03	1	0
isocoumarins Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.	2.63	2	0	isocoumarins
3,4-dimethoxytoluene 3,4-dimethoxytoluene: structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
1,4-diazepane 1,4-diazepane: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	3.04	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
n,n-carbonyldiimidazole [no description available]	2.13	1	0
nebularine nebularine: structure. nebularine : A purine ribonucleoside that is 9H-purine attached to a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (N-glycosyl) linkage.	2.01	1	0	purine ribonucleoside; purines D-ribonucleoside	fungal metabolite
4-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.93	3	0
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	4.36	2	2	benzoate ester; phenols
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	2.25	1	0	imidazoles
setoperone [no description available]	2	1	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	8.18	16	4	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	12.41	22	7	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
selfotel selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment	2.38	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	15.6	58	32	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
fexinidazole fexinidazole: structure given in first source	3.17	1	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.72	3	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylate cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid: inhibits 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
glycine amide glycine amide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.61	2	0	amino acid amide; glycine derivative
glycolamide [no description available]	2.31	1	0	acetamides
resorufin [no description available]	2.41	2	0	phenoxazine
phenylpropiolic acid phenylpropiolic acid: structure. phenylpropiolic acid : An acetylenic compound that is propynoic acid in which the acetylenic hydrogen is replaced by a phenyl group.	2.57	2	0	acetylenic compound; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; benzenes
acefylline acefylline: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	1	0	oxopurine
4(5)-phenylimidazole 4(5)-phenylimidazole: tautomeric cpd; cytochrome P450 14alpha-sterol demethylase, CYP51 antagonist	2.07	1	0
n,n-dimethyl-4-anisidine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
2,3-diaminonaphthalene [no description available]	3.1	5	0
benzosuberone benzosuberone: structure in first source	7.52	2	0
methyl syringate methyl syringate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of syringic acid with methanol.	2.05	1	0	benzoate ester; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
3-chloroperbenzoic acid 3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent	1.95	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; peroxy acid
opromazine opromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in 9th ed, Merck Index, #6697	2.15	1	0	phenothiazines
pentifylline pentifylline: RN given refers to 1-hexyl cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	oxopurine
3-methylxanthine 3-methyl-9H-xanthine : A 3-methylxanthine tautomer where the imidazole proton is located at the 9-position.. 3-methyl-7H-xanthine : A 3-methylxanthine tautomer where the imidazole proton is located at the 7-position.	2.21	1	0	3-methylxanthine	metabolite
4,5-dicyanoimidazole imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
8-azaadenine 8-azaadenine: xanthine oxidase inhibitor. 8-azaadenine : A triazolopyrimidine that is [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an amino substituent at position 7.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine: causes NADPH-& time-dependent in vitro loss of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450; do not confuse with etoprine, also called DDEP	1.97	1	0
1,2-benzisoxazole 1,2-benzisoxazole: structure in first source. 1,2-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,2-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzisoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	7.11	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	1.98	1	0
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	2.4	2	0
anaxirone anaxirone: structure given in first source	5.79	22	1
atipamezole [no description available]	2.25	1	0
uk 68798 [no description available]	2.54	2	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	2.08	1	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	3.51	8	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
trichlorosucrose trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.	2.49	2	0	disaccharide derivative; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
2-phenylquinoline 2-phenylquinoline: structure in first source	7.13	1	0
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	25.89	2,447	143	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
sufotidine [no description available]	6.25	8	5	piperidines
suplatast tosilate [no description available]	2	1	0
fluphenacur fluphenacur: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; N-acylurea; organofluorine compound
lamtidine lamtidine: structure given in first source	3.47	8	0	aromatic amine
efaroxan efaroxan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	1-benzofurans
gr 117289 GR 117289: angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. zolasartan : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 3-bromo-1-benzofuran which is substituted by a 2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl group at position 2 and by a (2-butyl-5-carboxy-4-chloro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl group at position 5. It is an angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonist and was in clinical trials for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).	1.98	1	0	1-benzofurans; biaryl; imidazolyl carboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; tetrazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	2.05	1	0
zidovudine triphosphate [no description available]	2.11	1	0
9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine 9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine: RN refers to (S)-isomer	2.03	1	0
7-hydroxystaurosporine [no description available]	2	1	0
hesperetin [no description available]	3.26	5	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2.49	2	0
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	4.28	5	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.55	2	0	methoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lycorine lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.	2.13	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
methylbenzoprim methylbenzoprim: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
coumarin 153 coumarin 153: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
alpha-lapachone alpha-lapachone: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
indole-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	7.13	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
urazole urazole: structure in first source	4.24	18	0
1h-benzotriazole-5-carboxylic acid 1H-benzotriazole-5-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.96	4	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.92	4	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
triasulfuron triasulfuron : An N-sulfonylurea that is N-[o-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonylurea in which one of the hydrogens attached to the non-sulfonylated nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group. A herbicide used to control broad-leaved weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life.	2.45	2	0	1,3,5-triazines; aromatic ether; N-sulfonylurea; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; herbicide
hederagenin [no description available]	2.54	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin	plant metabolite
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	2.04	1	0	carbapenems
fr 109615 cispentacin: structure given in first source; isolated from Bacillus cereus	2.08	1	0
xanthosine 5'-triphosphate xanthosine 5'-phosphate : xanthosine phosphate compounds having phosphate groups at position 5'.. 5'-xanthylic acid : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having xanthine as the nucleobase.	2.07	1	0	purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; xanthosine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
gliclazide 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid: a gap junction inhibitor	2.79	3	0
dauricine dauricine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dauricine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines; phenols; tertiary amino compound	plant metabolite
tryptanthrine tryptanthrine: minor constituent of traditional Chinese medicine qing dai	2.13	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
maslinic acid (2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria	7.55	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
prochloraz Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.	9.51	22	0	amide fungicide; aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazoles; trichlorobenzene; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
flusilazole flusilazole: structure given in first source. flusilazole : An organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which the hydrogens attached to the silicon are replaced by p-fluorophenyl groups and a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group. It is a broad-sepctrum fungicide used to protect a variety of crops.	6.82	44	0	conazole fungicide; monofluorobenzenes; organosilicon compound; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbohydrazide carbohydrazide: structure. carbohydrazide : A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.. carbonyl dihydrazine : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between hydrazinecarboxylic acid and hydrazine.	3.21	5	0	carbohydrazide; one-carbon compound
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	14.1	88	8	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	2.89	3	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroacridine 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroacridine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.21	1	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
5-phenyl-1-pentyne [no description available]	2.02	1	0
tetrahydropyrimidinone tetrahydropyrimidinone: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
acetylthiocholine iodide acetylthiocholine iodide: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	2.17	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid 1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid: RN from CHEMID. 1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid : An oxopurine that is uric acid in which the hydrogens at positions 1,3,7 and 9 are replaced by methyl groups. It is a purine alkaloid that is found in Chinese tea known as kucha (Camellia assamica var. kucha) and exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.	2.15	1	0	oxopurine; purine alkaloid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
1-hydroxybenzotriazole 1-hydroxybenzotriazole: RN given refers to parent cpd	10.89	95	0	benzotriazoles
4-nitrophenyl butyrate p-nitrophenyl butyrate : A butyrate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 4-nitrophenol with the carboxy group of butyric acid.	2.06	1	0	butyrate ester; C-nitro compound
perfluoropentanoic acid perfluoropentanoic acid: an ion-pairing agent. perfluoropentanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated pentanoic acid.	2.21	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-benzylpiperazine 1-benzylpiperazine: possesses psychomotor stimulant activity similar to dextroamphetamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-benzylpiperazine : A tertiary amino compound that is piperazine substituted by a benzyl group at position 1. It is a serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.	2.21	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine	environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
n-phenyl-1h-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diamine N-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diamine: inhibits both VEGFR2 and CDK1; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
cobalt phthalocyanine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
benzoyltyrosine ethyl ester ethyl N-benzoyl-L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosine derivative that is the ethyl ester of N-benzoyltyrosine.	2.07	1	0	benzamides; ethyl ester; L-tyrosine derivative; phenols	chromogenic compound
fenclorim fenclorim: an herbicide	2.03	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)benzotriazole 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)benzotriazole: ultraviolet absorber agent	4.53	7	0
2-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole 2-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole: a sunscreening agent	3.16	5	0	triazoles
o-bromobenzamide o-bromobenzamide: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine tris(2-aminoethyl)amine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	tetramine
4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione: structure given in first source	4.53	23	0
frovatriptan [no description available]	10.07	18	4	carbazoles
eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.	11.98	31	5	indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	11.26	17	7	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
1-dodecylimidazole [no description available]	1.97	1	0
azidotrimethylsilane azidotrimethylsilane: structure in first source	2.58	2	0
imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine: structure	2.52	2	0
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	2.47	2	0
methylenecyclopropane methylenecyclopropane: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
tetraconazole tetraconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-tetraconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of fungal infections including powdery mildew, rusts, bunt, loose smut and scab.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl group.	5.37	59	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; organofluorine compound; triazoles
2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride [no description available]	2.44	2	0
1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene [no description available]	2.51	2	0
n,n-diisopropylethylamine N,N-diisopropylethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.11	5	0	tertiary amino compound
4,4'-dimethoxytrityl cation 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl cation: RN given refers to non-ionic form; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
trimethylsilyl cyanide [no description available]	2.02	1	0
2-aminoimidazole 2-aminoimidazole: from catabolism of arginine	3.45	7	0
bexarotene [no description available]	2.73	3	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	imidazoles
tetramethrin tetramethrin: structure	2.01	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; maleimides; phthalimide insecticide	pyrethroid ester insecticide
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	3.53	7	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
dibenzo-24-crown-8 [no description available]	2.5	2	0
3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol 3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
4-aminoquinazoline 4-aminoquinazoline: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.06	1	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
trimethylsilyl iodide trimethylsilyl iodide: structure in first source	2	1	0
epidepride epidepride: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	8.97	380	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
cyproconazole cyproconazole: inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi. cyproconazole : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-cyproconazole in ratio 1:1 with the enantiomeric pair (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-cyproconazole. A broad spectrum fungicide, it is used on cereals and other field crops used to control Septoria, rust, powdery mildew and other diseases.. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-2-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group at position 2, a cyclopropyl group at position 3 and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group at position 1.	5.22	45	0	cyclopropanes; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
raptors imazamox: an experimental imidazolinone herbicide; structure in first source. 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-5-(methoxymethyl)nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which is substituted substituted at position 5 by a methoxymethyl group and at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group, that in turn is substituted by isopropyl, methyl, and oxo groups at positions 4, 4, and 5, respectively.. imazamox : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-imazamox. An inhibitor of acetohydroxyacid synthase, it is used (particularly as the corresponding ammonium salt, known as imazamox-ammonium) as a herbicide for the control of grass, broad-leaf weeds, and pond weed.	2.07	1	0	ether; imidazolines; imidazolone; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile fenbuconazole: fenbuconazole is a formulant in the fungicide Enable; structure in first source. fenbuconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenbuconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, black rot and scab.. 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-chloro-4-(3-phenylpropyl)benzene substituted at position 3 of the propyl moiety by cyano and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	4.34	18	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
spiroxamine spiroxamine: structure in first source. spiroxamine : The spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone with 3-[ethyl(propyl)amino]propane-1,2-diol. An inhibitor of ergosterol synthesis, it is a broad spectrum agricultural fungicide used particularly against powdery mildew in the production of cereals, bananas and grapes.	3.6	8	0	dioxolane; spiroketal; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
difenoconazole difenoconazole : A member of the class of dioxolanes that is 1,3-dioxolane substituted at position 2 by 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups. A broad spectrum fungicide with novel broad-range activity used as a spray or seed treatment. It is moderately toxic to humans, mammals, birds and most aquatic organisms.	7.75	134	1	aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dioxolane; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
metconazole metconazole : A member of the class of cyclopentanols carrying 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl and 4-chlorobenzyl and geminal dimethyl substituents at positions 1, 2 and 5 respectively. Used to control a range of fungal infections including alternaria, rusts, fusarium and septoria diseases.	4.33	15	0	conazole fungicide; cyclopentanols; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
carfentrazone-ethyl carfentrazone-ethyl: structure in first source. carfentrazone-ethyl : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-carfentrazone-ethylcarfentrazone-ethyl. A proherbicide for the herbicide carfentrazone (by hydrolysis of the ester group to the corresponding acid), it is used to control broad-leafed weeds in potatoes and cereal crops.. ethyl 2-chloro-3-{2-chloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-4-fluorophenyl}propanoate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-chloro-3-{2-chloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-4-fluorophenyl}propanoic acid with ethanol.	4.13	15	0	ethyl ester	proherbicide
mepanipyrim mepanipyrim : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional methyl and 1-propynyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including grey mould on strawberries, tomatoes and cucumabers, and scab on apples and pears.	2.63	2	0	acetylenic compound; aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; hepatotoxic agent
cyprodinil cyprodinil: structure in first source. cyprodinil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidine that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional cyclopropyl and methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A broad spectrum fungicide used to control a range of pathogens including Tapesia yallundae, Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Rhynchospium secalis. Whilst it is a recognised irritant no serious human health concerns have been identified. It is moderately toxic to birds as well as most aquatic organisms and earthworms, but it is not considered toxic to honeybees.	3.7	9	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; cyclopropanes; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
n-(2,4-dichloro-5-(4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2,4-dichloro-5-(4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide: FP 846 is purified form of sulfentrazone; protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor. sulfentrazone : A member of the class of triazoles that is 5-oxo-1,2,4-triazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 4 by 2,4-dichloro-5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl, methyl, and difluoromethyl groups, respectively. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide to control broad-leaved weeds in soya and tobacco crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.	4.78	28	0	dichlorobenzene; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide; triazoles	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fludioxonil fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.	3.8	10	0	benzodioxoles; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrroles	androgen antagonist; antifungal agrochemical; estrogen receptor agonist
fluquinconazole fluquinconazole: a component of the pesticide Vision 250 SC. fluquinconazole : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 6-fluoroquinazolin-4-one carrying additional 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl substituents at positions 2 and 3 respectively. A fungicide used to control Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Basidiomycetes spp. on cereals, beets and fruit.	4.59	7	0	conazole fungicide; dichlorobenzene; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
cloransulam-methyl cloransulam-methyl: structure in first source. cloransulam-methyl : The methyl ester of cloransulam. An inhibitor of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), it prevents the synthesis of amino acids in plants and is used as a herbicide for the control of post-emergence control of broad-leaved weeds in soybeans. It is not approved for use within the European Area.	2.31	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide; triazolopyrimidines	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
we 201 We 201: synthetic lysolecithin analog; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure	1.98	1	0
5-thio-d-glucose 5-thio-D-glucose: RN given refers to 5-thio-D-glucose	2.07	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	6.46	16	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
n-desmethylclobazam desmethylclobazam: major pharmacologically active metabolite of clobazam; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	benzodiazepine
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	3.39	7	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
hecogenin hecogenin: steroidal sapogenin which has been isolated from plants particularly from numerous Agave species; used in prep of steroidal hormones; structure; RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,25R)-isomer	2.08	1	0	triterpenoid
beta-thujone [no description available]	2.11	1	0	beta-thujone
lupinine lupinine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1R-trans)-isomer; structure	2.9	2	0	quinolizidine alkaloid
galaxolide galaxolide: musk fragrance; structure given in first source. galaxolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydrocyclopenta[g]isochromene substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 6, 7, 8 and 8 respectively. It is a synthetic musk used as a fragrance in cosmetics.	2.21	1	0	isochromenes; organic heterotricyclic compound	fragrance
cytidylyl-3',5'-adenosine cytidylyl adenosine: CPA removed as SY because it is also used as an abbreviation for N6-cyclopentyladenosine, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, and cyclopiazonic acid	2.69	3	0	nucleoside analogue; purines
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	3.85	2	1	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate 5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate	2	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
glycidamide glycidamide: metabolite of acrylamide; structure given in first source	2	1	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	4.29	4	1	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.95	4	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
salsolinol salsolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; EP to SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); on-line search SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); Index Medicus search ISOQUINOLINES (78-82). (S)-salsolinol : A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.	2.31	1	0	1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol	human urinary metabolite
tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	alkylbenzene
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp 8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	2.03	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound	protein kinase agonist
pyrimethanil pyrimethanil: structure in first source. pyrimethanil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6. A fungicide used to control grey mould on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals as well as leaf scab on pome fruit. Also commonly employed to control Botrytis cinerea throughout the winemaking process in grapes, must, fermenting must and wine.	4.78	9	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
bitertanol bitertanol: a triazole fungicide; structure given in first source. bitertanol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-bitertanol in a 4:1 ratio with the enantiomeric pair (1R,2R)- and (1S,2S)-bitertanol. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including scab, powder mildew, rusts and blackspot. It is moderately toxic to most animal and insect species but is non-toxic to honeybees.. 1-(biphenyl-4-yloxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane-1,2-diol substituted at position O-1 by a biphenyl-4-yl group.	4.08	14	0	aromatic ether; biphenyls; secondary alcohol; triazoles
nuarimol, (+-)-isomer nuarimol: inhibits C14-demethylation in oat & rye sterol biosynthesis; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nuarimol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nuarimol. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a systemic fungicide but is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.4	2	0
penconazole penconazole: structure given in first source. penconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-penconazole. A fungicide used to control powdery mildew, scab and other pathogenic Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the classof triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl group.	7.67	70	0	dichlorobenzene; triazoles
fenpropidine fenpropidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]piperidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-isobutylpiperidine in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a p-tert-butylphenyl group.. fenpropidin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenpropidin. A systemic fungicide, it is used for the control of foliar diseases in cereals and sugar beet.	2.46	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine
triflumizol triflumizol: structure given in first source. triflumizole : A carboxamidine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)aniline with the oxygen of the acetyl group of N-(propoxyacetyl)imidazole. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the control of powdery mildew, scab and other diseases on a variety of crops.	2.72	3	0
fenpiclonil fenpiclonil : A member of the class of pyrroles carrying cyano and 2,3-dichlorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. A fungicide used mainly to control seed-borne pathogens in cereal crops.	2.17	1	0	dichlorobenzene; nitrile; pyrroles	antifungal agrochemical
flutriafol flutriafol: fungicide; structure in first source. flutriafol : A racemate comprising an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-flutriafol. A systemic fungicide, it is used to control fungal diseases in cereal crops.. 1-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanol : A tertiary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by an p-fluorophenyl group, the other hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, and one of the hydrogens at position 2 is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group.	4.5	21	0	monofluorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
fluazinam fluazinam: structure given in first source. fluazinam : A member of the class of aminopyridines that is 2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A fungicide used to control grey mould, downy mildew and other fungal pathogens.	2.85	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aminopyridine; C-nitro compound; chloropyridine; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	allergen; antifungal agrochemical; apoptosis inducer; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hexafluoron hexafluoron: insect growth regulator against mosquito larva; the active agent in Sonet, a Russian product, is hexaflumuron. hexaflumuron : An N-acylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, while a hycrogen attached to the other nitorgen is replaced by a 3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl group.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; N-acylurea; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine insecticide
fluxofenim fluxofenim: herbicide safener	2.03	1	0	organochlorine compound
cadusafos cadusafos: pesticide; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
pyridaben [no description available]	2.94	4	0	organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; pyridazinone	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
n-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-5-methyl(1,2,4)-triazol(1,5-a)pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide [no description available]	2.01	1	0	sulfonamide
halosulfuron methyl halosulfuron methyl: an herbicide; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	pyrazoles
sk&f 95282 zolantidine: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0	piperidines
chlorfenapyr chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.	2.01	1	0	hemiaminal ether; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine acaricide; organofluorine insecticide; pyrroles	proacaricide; proinsecticide
iodosobenzene iodosobenzene: oxygen donor	1.99	1	0
testosterone acetate testosterone acetate : An androstanoid that is the acetate derivative of testosterone.	2.11	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid; sterol ester	human metabolite
adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate [no description available]	3	4	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
triazolealanine triazolealanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triazolealanine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl group.	1.95	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; triazoles
fluoromisonidazole [no description available]	3.18	5	0
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.46	2	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl [no description available]	2.25	1	0
5-((2-aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid 5-((2-aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
tetcyclacis [no description available]	3.61	9	0
1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amino-4-chlorophenyl)xanthine [no description available]	2.38	2	0
triadimenol a [no description available]	3.08	5	0
trinexapac-ethyl trinexapac-ethyl: structure in first source. trinexapac-ethyl : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of trinexapac with ethanol.	2.8	3	0
clodinafop-propargyl clodinafop-propargyl: an herbicide. clodinafop-propargyl : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of clodinafop with the hydroxy group of prop-2-yn-1-ol. It is widely used as a herbicide for the control of annual grass weeds in cereal crops.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; propyzamide; pyridines	agrochemical; EC 6.4.1.2 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) inhibitor; herbicide
melanotan-ii melanotan-II: synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, an analog of alpha-melanotropin (4,10); capable of stimulating melanin synthesis & promoting rapid tanning of skin; currently in trials for use in the prevention of sunlight-induced skin cancer	2.47	2	0	organic molecular entity
lopinavir [no description available]	5.99	9	3	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
11-hydroxyprogesterone 11-hydroxyprogesterone: RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer	2.05	1	0
orotidine orotidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. orotidine : A nucleoside formed by attaching orotic acid to a ribose ring via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond.	3.05	1	0	nucleoside; pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid; uridines	bacterial metabolite; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite
propionyl-coenzyme a propionyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	acyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
totarol totarol: structure given in first source; isolated from the bark of Podocarpus nagi	7.31	1	0	diterpenoid	metabolite
androstan-3-ol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	2.51	2	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	3.61	2	0
irganox 3114 Irganox 3114: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
fenpropimorph [no description available]	3.13	5	0	alkylbenzene
cloquintocet-mexyl cloquintocet-mexyl: an herbicide safener. cloquintocet-mexyl : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-cloquintocet-mexyl. It is a colourless crystalline herbicide safener which protects small cereal crops against the toxicity of the herbicide clodinafop-propargyl. The World Health Organization have categorized it as a class III toxin.. heptan-2-yl [(5-chloroquinolin-8-yl)oxy]acetate : A member of the class of quinolines that is quinoline which is substituted by a chloro group at position 5 and by a 2-[(heptan-2-yl)oxy]-2-oxoethoxy group at position 8.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; organochlorine compound; quinolines
novaluron novaluron: insecticide	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	3.06	4	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
pyrroline pyrroline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for dihydro moiety. pyrroline : Any organic heteromonocyclic compound with a structure based on a dihydropyrrole.	2.57	2	0	pyrroline
1-(ethan-1-ol)-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one 1-(ethan-1-ol)-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate [no description available]	2.11	1	0
pyrogallol sulfonphthalein [no description available]	2.15	1	0
3-(n-salicyloyl)amino-1,2,4-triazole 3-(N-salicyloyl)amino-1,2,4-triazole: synthetic chelating agent used chiefly to inhibit corrosion of copper	1.96	1	0
diprotin a [no description available]	2.78	3	0	peptide
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.48	2	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-dihydrodiol 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-dihydrodiol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine 6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport	1.99	1	0
6-n-propyluracil [no description available]	2.05	1	0
nitrophenylgalactosides Nitrophenylgalactosides: Includes ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenylgalactosides.. 2-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside having a 2-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.11	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; C-nitro compound	chromogenic compound
8-cyclopropyltheophylline [no description available]	2.02	1	0
5-iodotubercidin 7-iodotubercidin: inhibits Toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase	1.99	1	0	organoiodine compound
3-methyl-s-triazolo(3,4-a)phthalazine 3-methyl-s-triazolo(3,4-a)phthalazine: metabolite of hydralazine; structure. 3-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine : A 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine having a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.65	3	0	triazolophthalazine
1,3,4-oxadiazole 1,3,4-oxadiazole: structure in first source	4.1	13	0
hexylglutathione S-hexylglutathione : An S-substituted glutathione that is glutathione in which the hydrogen of the thiol has been replaced by a hexyl group (PDB entry: 1PN9).	2.11	1	0	S-substituted glutathione
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine 5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2	1	0
diosgenin [no description available]	3.28	5	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
isosteviol isosteviol: an antihyperglycemic agent; obtained by acid hydrolysis of stevioside; was indexed to steviol 1985-2007	3.05	4	0	diterpenoid
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs	3.89	12	0
calvatic acid calvatic acid: structure	2	1	0
phorbolol myristate acetate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	3.64	1	1
combretastatin combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN	3.72	9	0
enkephalinamide-leu enkephalinamide-Leu: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	1.98	1	0
ribavirin 5'-diphosphate ribavirin-5'-phosphate: RN given refers to 5'-phosphate cpd; structure. ribavirin 5'-monophosphate : A 1-ribosyltriazole that is ribavirin in which the hydroxy group at the 5'-position is replaced by a phosphonooxy group. It is the active metabolite of the antiviral agent ribavirin.	1.95	1	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide; ribose monophosphate	antiviral agent; drug metabolite; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; human blood serum metabolite
4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	chloroindole-3-acetic acid	auxin
l 10503 [no description available]	2.65	3	0
jjc 323 JJC 323: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
n-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate: heterobifunctional reagent	2.03	1	0
histidinoalanine histidinoalanine: cross-linking amino acid in calcified tissue collagen; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.06	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
dibenzyldimethylammonium [no description available]	2.1	1	0
cinchonidine cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.25	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer	2	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	5.2	2	1	methyladenosine
benzyloxyamine benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).	2.99	4	0	nitrile; phenols	estrogen receptor agonist
l-phenylalanine ethylester L-phenylalanine ethylester: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
3,4,6-tri-o-acetylglucal 3,4,6-tri-O-acetylglucal: RN given refers to (D)-isomer with unspecified acetate locants	2.75	3	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	5.03	39	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.38	7	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	19.21	142	35	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
aflatoxicol aflatoxicol: metabolite of aflatoxin B; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,6beta,9abeta))-isomer; structure	2.06	1	0
mafosfamide mafosfamide: RN given refers to cis-(+-)-isomer	2.37	2	0
uftoral UFT(R) drug: a drug containing tegafur and uracil; a biochemical modulator of 5-fluorouracil; used for postoperative chemotherapy of colon cancer; reported to cause severe liver injury; do not confuse with 1-UFT protocol	2.06	1	0
hydrogen sulfite [no description available]	2.1	1	0	sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	3.43	7	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
mizoribine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	2.05	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination [no description available]	1.99	1	0
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	3.38	7	0	organic thiophosphate
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.72	3	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	3.92	12	0	oligopeptide
copper cuprous ion: RN given refers to Cu(1+)	2.02	1	0	copper cation; monoatomic monocation	cofactor
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	7.1	1	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.53	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
cremophor el cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A	2.17	1	0
alphaxalone alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure	2.92	4	0	corticosteroid hormone
sr141716 [no description available]	5.15	8	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol : A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.	3.23	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines; secondary alcohol	biomarker; carcinogenic agent; human urinary metabolite
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	2.69	3	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2.25	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.07	1	0
2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5h)-one 2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5H)-one: a mixed agonist/antagonist of the benzodiazepine receptor	2.67	3	0
cyfluthrin cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.	2.58	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cp 96345 CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345	2.41	2	0
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	3.09	5	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.41	2	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source	3.38	7	0	beta-carbolines
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	2.89	4	0	aromatic ketone
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.42	2	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.02	1	0
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0
dihydrorhodamine 123 dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes	2.72	3	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	3.68	10	0
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	3.35	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	3.82	2	1
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source	3.47	2	0	beta-carbolines
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	1.99	1	0
adamantyl isothiocyanate adamantyl isothiocyanate: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	3.87	10	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	2	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.51	24	0
pentoxyresorufin [no description available]	2.4	2	0
cgp 35348 CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors	2	1	0
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
dihydroergocristine Dihydroergocristine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position of the molecule.. dihydroergocristine : Ergocristine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. It is used as the mesylate salt for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease.	2.01	1	0	ergot alkaloid	adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
indoxacarb indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.	2.1	1	0	methyl ester; organochlorine insecticide	voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
cv 6209 CV 6209: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.29	19	0
methoctramine methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.	2.1	1	0	hydrochloride	muscarinic antagonist
gr 127935 GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.	2.02	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
6-hydroxydopa 6-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.03	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	2.07	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
tryptoline tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.22	5	0	beta-carbolines
afdx 116 otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	benzodiazepine
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.11	1	0	proanthocyanidin
dihydrokainate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	dicarboxylic acid
sr 95531 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	methoxybenzenes
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.44	2	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
bretazenil bretazenil: RN given for (S) isomer	4.23	5	0
cl 218872 CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure	3.8	3	0	pyridazines; ring assembly
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	2.54	2	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
triptolide [no description available]	2.55	2	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine: a potent agonst of metabotropic glutamate receptors	2.47	2	0	alpha-amino acid
cobaltiprotoporphyrin cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX	2.1	1	0
sri 63-441 SRI 63-441: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	5.22	16	0
tryptoquivaline tryptoquivaline: tremor-producing metabolite from Aspergillus clavatus; tetrapeptide derived from tryptophan, anthranilic acid, valine, & methylalanine; structure & N1 names previously assigned to tryptoquivaline C & tryptoquivaline D found to be incorrect & are revised in third source; see also record for tryptoquivalone; structure in third source	2.03	1	0
benzamil [no description available]	2.17	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
schizandrin b schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant	2.42	2	0
carboxyamido-triazole carboxyamido-triazole: structure given in first source; coccidiostat; U.S. patent No. 4,590,201	13.52	87	15
senktide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	16.05	717	10	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
hydroxyitraconazole hydroxyitraconazole: a hydroxylated metabolite of itraconazole; likely contributes importantly to the in vivo activity attributed to itraconazole	6	9	1
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	6.57	17	3
tadalafil [no description available]	2.52	2	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
prolinamide prolinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-prolinamide : The carboxamide derivative of L-proline.	2.13	1	0	amino acid amide; L-proline derivative; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
polyterephthalic acid anhydride [no description available]	2.15	1	0
propizepine propizepine: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym UP 106 refers to HCl; structure	3.13	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
rb 6110 RB 6110: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
desmethylsertraline desmethylsertraline: metabolite of sertraline	2.92	1	0
sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine : A sulfonamide compound having a 4-hydroxylaminophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom and a 1,2-oxazol-3-yl group attached to the nitrogen atom.	2.04	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	allergen; metabolite
n-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	3.26	6	0
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	3.23	6	0
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	2.17	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
sc 41930 SC 41930: leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.38	2	0
bn 50739 BN 50739: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	7.19	51	0
trypanothione trypanothione disulfide : An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)-spermidine from the insect-parasitic trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata.	2.41	1	0	organic disulfide
2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone: do not confuse with Pro-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl or with Phe-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl, both sometimes also referred to as PPACK	1.98	1	0
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	4.64	26	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
2,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran 2,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran: orally active & competitive receptor antagonist of platelet activating factor; structure given in first source	4.06	15	0
ici 198615 ICI 198615: an LTD4 receptor antagonist; SRS-A antagonist; structure given in first source	2.68	3	0
bn 52063 BN 52063: mixture of ginkolide A derivatives; platelet activating factor antagonist isolated from Ginkgo biloba tree	3.99	2	0
ginkgolide a [no description available]	2.41	2	0	diterpene lactone
1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane 1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane: GABA(A) receptor ligand for autoradiography	2.03	1	0
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	4.08	4	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
sc 58125 1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole: a COX-2 inhibitor	3.01	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
nitisinone [no description available]	2.01	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; cyclohexanones; mesotrione	EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	3.09	1	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
thiodigalactoside thiodigalactoside: RN given refers to beta-D-galactopyranoside (D-Gal)-isomer	2.05	1	0
ak 2123 AK 2123: a 3-nitrotriazole cpd	8.94	35	6
efonidipine efonidipine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.. 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethanol.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxylic ester; dihydropyridine; tertiary amino compound
4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-6,9-dimethyl-6h-thieno(3,2-f)(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)diazepine 4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-6,9-dimethyl-6H-thieno(3,2-f)(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)diazepine: PAF antagonist	7.44	38	1
lithospermate b lithospermate B: major biologically active component of dan shen ; improves renal failure	2.55	2	0
clofarabine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
l 11204 L 11204: antifertility agent in vivo; inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis; structure	2.37	2	0
sch 23982 8-iodo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine-7-ol: labeled with 125I; D-1 dopamine receptor antagonist	2	1	0
Prothioconazole-desthio prothioconazole-desthio: desulfurization metabolite of prothioconazole	4.16	11	0	organochlorine compound
foropafant Foropafant: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	3.59	9	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.07	5	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source	4.7	26	0	thiadiazole
ah 6809 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD	3.33	6	0	xanthones
n-formylnorleucyl-leucyl-4-phenylalanine N-formylnorleucyl-leucyl-4-phenylalanine: used to demonstrate the specific binding of chemotactic peptides to receptors in rabbit neutrophils	1.97	1	0
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	2.1	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
gr 73632 GR 73632: neurokinin receptor agonist	4.36	1	1
valdecoxib [no description available]	2.02	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
perimidine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	perimidine
n-iodosuccinimide [no description available]	2.53	2	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
1,4-diethynylbenzene 1,4-diethynylbenzene: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
4,4-dimethyloxazoline 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	2.48	2	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
rp 48740 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1H,3H-pyrrolo(1,2-c)thiazole-7-carboxamide: platelet activating factor antagonist	2.89	4	0
mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source	6.88	5	5	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	3.51	2	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source	2.63	2	0
dl 111-it 3-(2-ethylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole: non-hormonal antifertility agent; RN & N1 from CA Vol 90	4.9	36	0
sri 63-675 SRI 63-675: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.67	3	0
ly 255283 LY 255283: structure given in UD; leukotriene B4 antagonist	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone
s-nitroso-n-acetylcysteine S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine: activates bovine coronary arterial & rat hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2	1	0
formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl ester [no description available]	2.06	1	0	peptide
zoxamide zoxamide: no further info available 4/02. zoxamide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-zoxamide. A fungicide used for the control of various fungal infections including blight in potatoes and tomatoes.. 3,5-dichloro-N-(1-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxopentan-3-yl)-4-methylbenzamide : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-dichloro-4-methylbenzamide with the amino group of 3-amino-1-chloro-3-methylpentan-2-one.	2.25	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; benzamides; dichlorobenzene
phytosphingosine phytosphingosine: differ with an additional hydroxyl at C-4 & no double bond between C-4 & C-5	2.13	1	0	amino alcohol; sphingoid; triol	mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ym 022 YM 022: a potent and selective gastrin/cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0
l 659989 L 659989: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor receptor antagonist; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.38	2	0
luzindole luzindole: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. luzindole : A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.1	1	0	acetamides; indoles	melatonin receptor antagonist
1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide methiodide [no description available]	2.02	1	0
piperaquine piperaquine : An aminoquinoline that is 1,3-di(piperazin-1-yl)propane in which the nitrogen at position 4 of each of the piperazine moieties is replaced by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group.	2.25	1	0	aminoquinoline; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	antimalarial
5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	acetate ester	fluorochrome
5-ethynyl-1-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide 5-ethynyl-1-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide: used in therapy of experimental leukemia	2.02	1	0
celastrol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin: structure in first source. 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is the 9- epimer of 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin.	2.31	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound; phenols	antineoplastic agent
dehydroacetic acid [no description available]	2.17	1	0	ketone; pyran-2,4-dione	antibacterial agent; fungicide; plasticiser
n-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-n-methyl-4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1h-purin-8-yl)benzenesulfonamide N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-N-methyl-4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1H-purin-8-yl)benzenesulfonamide: structure given in first source; purinergic receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0
benzyne benzyne: structure in first source. benzyne : 1,2-didehydrobenzene and its derivatives formed by substitution.	7.74	3	0	aryne; benzyne
phenoxy radical phenoxy radical : An organic radical generated from phenol.	2.52	2	0	organic radical
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	6.64	63	0	carbene; methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	3.15	5	0	nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	2.06	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	3.01	4	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	7.05	23	1	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.	11.41	26	4	indoles; sulfonamide; tertiary amine	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663 [no description available]	3.43	1	1	bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	5.48	8	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	11.65	20	7	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
bay n 7133 vibunazole: structure given in first source	6.29	37	1
fluorescein glucuronide fluorescein glucuronide: fluorescein metabolite	2.02	1	0
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	5.59	17	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
adenophostin a adenophostin A: structure given in first source; an inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate agonist isolated from Penicillium brevicompactum	2.11	1	0	disaccharide phosphate
bay x 1005 2-(4-(quinolin-2-yl-methoxy)phenyl)-2-cyclopentylacetic acid: inhibits synthesis of leukotriene B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; inhibits five-lipoxygenase activating protein(FLAP)and leukotriene A4 hydrolase(LTA4H); structure given in first source;	1.98	1	0
kf 17837s KF 17837: adenosine A(2a) receptor antagonist; KF17837S is the equilibrium mixture of (E)- and (Z)-isomers	2.69	3	0
4-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
neurotensin (8-13) neurotensin (8-13): binds in human brain to the same site as neurotensin but with higher affinity	2.11	1	0
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine 2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors	4.25	18	0
angiotensin ii, des-asp(1)-des-arg(2)-ile(5)- angiotensin II, des-Asp(1)-des-Arg(2)-Ile(5)-: 3-8 hexapeptide fragment of angiotensin II; smallest potent angiotensin II antagonist	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
cyclic adp-ribose Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.	2.5	2	0	cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleotide-sugar	metabolite; ryanodine receptor agonist
h-d-phe-pip-arg-pna S 2238: chromogenic substrate for thrombin; used in amidolytic assay; patterned after N-terminal portion of A alpha chain of fibrinogen; synonym S-2238 refers to di-HCl	2.07	1	0
3-tyr-octreotide 3-Tyr-octreotide: cyclic octapeptide analog of somatostatin; potent somatostatin agonist; RN given refers to (R-(R,R))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/90	2.05	1	0
rmi 12330a RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure	2.71	3	0
phosphohistidine phosphohistidine: RN given refers to N-phosphono-L-histidine	3	4	0
7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: potent reversible inhibitor of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; structure. 7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline : A 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hacing chloro substituents at the 7- and 8-positions.	1.97	1	0	isoquinolines; organochlorine compound
naadp nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate : A nicotinic acid dinucleotide that is NADP(+) in which the carboxamide group on the pyridine ring is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.1	1	0	nicotinic acid dinucleotide	calcium channel agonist; metabolite; signalling molecule
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	2.15	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
garenoxacin garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; isoindoles; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-(2-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)thioethyl)-4-methylsydnone 3-(2-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)thioethyl)-4-methylsydnone: porphyrinogenic agent; structure given in first source	2	1	0
rubimaillin rubimaillin: structure given in first source. rubimaillin : A benzochromene that is 2H-benzo[h]chromene which is substituted by two methyl groups at position 2, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a hydroxy group at position 6. Found in the Chinese medical plant Rubia cordifola, It has an anti-cancer effect by inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation. It is also a dual inhibitor of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 and 2 (ACAT1 and ACAT2), but is more selective for the ACAT2 isozyme.	2.31	1	0	benzochromene; methyl ester; phenols	acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium: condensing agent to promote internucleotide bond formation in phosphotriester oligodeoxyribonucleotide synthesis; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cp 66713 CP 66713: adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.6	3	0
c 1303 C 1303: DNa-binding drug; structure given indicates that the cpd should be the dimethylamino cpd, but it is named as the diethylamino cpd	1.98	1	0
tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine receptor antagonist	2.5	2	0
1-o-hexadecyl-2-n-methylcarbamol -sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine 1-O-hexadecyl-2-N-methylcarbamol -sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine: PAF analog found in rabbit cornea; induces collagenase expression in corneal epithelial cells	2.92	4	0
hydantocidin hydantocidin: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces hydroscopicus	2	1	0
t-butyloxycarbonyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
adenosine amine congener adenosine amine congener: a highly potent & selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist	2.01	1	0
furamidine furamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; WR 199385 refers to di-HCl; pafuramidine is a prodrug of this	2.06	1	0
dendrodoine dendrodoine: structure given in first source;RN from Chem Abst. Index Guide 1986; from the tunicate Dendrodoa grossularia	2.06	1	0
amthamine amthamine: histamine H2 receptor agonist; structure & RN given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	thiazoles
cgp 47645 leflutrozole: structure given in first source	2.9	4	0
lavendustin c6 lavendustin C6: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	15.01	45	19	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
2-phenyl-6-(2'-(4'-(ethoxycarbonyl)thiazolyl))thiazolo(3,2-b)(1,2,4)triazole 2-phenyl-6-(2'-(4'-(ethoxycarbonyl)thiazolyl))thiazolo(3,2-b)(1,2,4)triazole: structure given in first source	5.41	11	0
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	4.87	4	0	aromatic ether
idph-791 [no description available]	2.91	4	0
s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl)thiosulfuric acid ester S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl)thiosulfuric acid ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. thiosultap : A nereistoxin analogue insecticide that is 2-(dimethylamino)propane-1,3-dithiol with both sulfhydryls bearing sulfate groups.	2.1	1	0	nereistoxin analogue insecticide
ono 6240 [no description available]	1.97	1	0
1-hexadecyl-2-methoxyglycero-3-phosphocholine 1-hexadecyl-2-methoxyglycero-3-phosphocholine: RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt (R)-isomer	1.98	1	0
ro 32-0432 [no description available]	2.46	2	0
zm 189154 ZM 189154: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-hydroxy-n-(4-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl)benzamide 3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(4-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl)benzamide: a 5-HT(1D) receptor antagonist; RN given refers to HCl salt	2.04	1	0
salvinorin a salvinorin A: from the herb, Salvia divinorum	2.05	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound	metabolite; oneirogen
n-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate N-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine binding inhibitor from bovine cerebral cortex	2.04	1	0	beta-carbolines
4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione: structure given in ifrst source	4.35	6	0
6-(5-methylimidazol-1-yl)methyl-2-naphthoic acid hydrochloride 6-(5-methylimidazol-1-yl)methyl-2-naphthoic acid hydrochloride: RN given refers to HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 6/89	1.97	1	0
e 6080 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
n(6)-2-(4-amino-3-iodophenyl)ethyladenosine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
tamsulosin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source	23.06	152	22	aromatic amide; heteroarene
l 670596 L 670596: thromboxane and prostaglondin endoperoxide receptor antagoist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	carbazoles
3-mercapto-3,3-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0
as 35 AS 35: a leukotriene receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
sulbactam [no description available]	3.1	5	0	penicillanic acids
flustramine b flustramine B: from Flustra foliacea L.; exhibits muscle relaxant activity both in vivo & in vitro; structure given in first source	3.14	1	0
sri 62-834 SRI 62-834: related to ET-18-OCH(3); MLS-266-337 is (R(+))-isomer; structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
7-ethoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin [no description available]	2.41	2	0
ulipristal acetate RTI 3021-012: progesterone receptor antagonist. ulipristal acetate : A 20-oxo steroid obtained by acetylation of the 17-hydroxy group of (11beta,17alpha)-17-acetyl-11-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3-oxoestra-4,9-dien-17-ol (ulipristal). A selective progesterone receptor modulator, which is employed as an emergency contraceptive.	2.11	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester; tertiary amino compound	contraceptive drug; progesterone receptor modulator; progestin
e 5880 E 5880: platelet activating factor antagonist; RN given refers to chloride; RN for parent cpd not avail 2/92; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
n-hydroxysuccinimidyl digoxigenin-3-o-methylcarbonyl-epsilon-aminocaproate N-hydroxysuccinimidyl digoxigenin-3-O-methylcarbonyl-epsilon-aminocaproate: used to bind to catalytic alpha-subunit of the sodium pump and to cardiac glycoside receptors	2.05	1	0
ici 153066 ICI 153066: structure given in first source	4.27	19	0
pak 104p PAK 104P: used for reversing multidrug resistance	2.03	1	0
ym 264 YM 264: PAF antagonist	2.38	2	0
fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.	7.61	5	2	sulfonamide	prodrug
4-(2-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalinyl)ethyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione 4-(2-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalinyl)ethyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione: used for fluorescent labeling of vitamin D & in assaying vitamin D metabolites	5.23	9	0
sc 51316 SC 51316: structure given in first source; an angiotensin II receptor antagonist	4.47	7	0
c 1311 C 1311: an imidazoacridinone; arrests cell-cycle progression in the G2 phase of L1210 cells; structure given in first source	3.47	7	0
cl 184005 CL 184005: platelet activating factor antagonist; maybe useful in the treatment of gram-negative bacterial sepsis; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
l 368899 L 368899: a selective oxytocin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	3.51	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
abiraterone [no description available]	6.96	4	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
zm 230487 ZM 230487: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor	1.99	1	0
ivabradine Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; benzazepine; carbobicyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiotonic drug
4-(3-(benzotriazol-1-yl)propyl)-1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine 4-(3-(benzotriazol-1-yl)propyl)-1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine: a putative 5-HT1A receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.91	4	0
rupatadine rupatadine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to trihydrochloride	1.99	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine
avitriptan avitriptan: an anti-migraine agent; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	tryptamines
rhc 3164 7-chloro-5-propyl-1,2,4-triazolo(4,3-a)quinoxaline-1,4(2H,5H)-dione: structure given in first source	2.88	4	0
castasterone castasterone: a brassinosteroid; RN refers to ((2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 6-oxo steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator
dichlorophenyl-bis-triazolylpropanol dichlorophenyl-bis-triazolylpropanol: structure given in first source	2.91	4	0	amine
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	12	23	4	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
carbapenems [no description available]	4.3	5	0
aspartame [no description available]	2	1	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
pomalidomide 3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	10.58	6	1	D-xylose
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	5.25	15	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
phenyldiazene phenyldiazene: structure	2.4	2	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	7.28	30	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2.46	2	0
2-(1-octynyl)adenosine YT 146: an adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
fusidic acid terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid: structure given in first source; abreviated as TDSA; FDA approved 2006 as component of Anthelios SX along with avobenzone and octocrylene	2.46	2	0	monoterpenoid
n-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-pyridinyl)-1h,3h-pyrrolo(1,2-c)thiazole-7-carboxamide N-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-pyridinyl)-1H,3H-pyrrolo(1,2-c)thiazole-7-carboxamide: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist	2.89	4	0
azidohomoalanine azidohomoalanine: structure in first source	2.57	2	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	10.16	28	3	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
lonafarnib lonafarnib: inhibitor of farnesyl protein transferase. lonafarnib : A 4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide that has R configuration. It is used as oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
tariquidar [no description available]	7.25	1	0	benzamides
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	7.93	7	2	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.02	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
androst-5-en-3-ol androst-5-en-3-ol: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	2.17	1	0
nepafenac nepafenac: amide analog of amfenac; structure in first source. nepafenac : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is amfenac in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted into the corresponding carboxamide. It is a prodrug for amfenac, used in eye drops to treat pain and inflammation following cataract surgery.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
1-methylcyclopropene 1-methylcyclopropene: do not confuse with 1-methylcyclopropane. 1-methylcyclopropene : A member of the class of cyclopropenes that is cyclopropene in which the hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by a methyl group. A gas at room temperture and pressure, it is a (synthetic) ethylene perception inhibitor and is used to prolong the life of cut and potted flowers, other ornamental plants, and fruit.	2.06	1	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes	agrochemical; plant growth regulator
cilomilast [no description available]	2.52	2	0	methoxybenzenes
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
vatalanib [no description available]	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
n-acetylglucopyranosylamine N-acetylglucopyranosylamine: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
dirhodium tetraacetate dirhodium tetraacetate: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
11-dodecynoic acid 11-dodecynoic acid: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid
gulonic acid gulonic acid: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. gulonic acid : A hexonic acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde group of gulose to a carboxylic acid group.	2.05	1	0	gulonic acid
histidylproline His-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and L-proline residues.	2.06	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
1-hydroxy-6-nitrobenzotriazole 1-hydroxy-6-nitrobenzotriazole: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
imidazole-4-carboxamide imidazole-4-carboxamide: see also related record for imidazolecarboxamide, unspecified position	2.41	1	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	9.08	18	9	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
as 3201 ranirestat: an aldose reductase inhibitor; AS-3201 and SX-3202 are the (R-(-))- and (S-(+))-isomers, respectively; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
tak 603 TAK 603: potential anti-inflammatory agent; structure given in first source	5.47	15	1
2-phenylbenzotriazole 2-phenyl-2H-benzotriazole: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
2-(2-(acetylamino)-4-(n-(2-cyanoethyl)ethylamino)-5-methoxyphenyl)-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2h-benzotriazole 2-(2-(acetylamino)-4-(N-(2-cyanoethyl)ethylamino)-5-methoxyphenyl)-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2H-benzotriazole: structure in first source	3.8	11	0
schizandrin a schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities	2.02	1	0
besonprodil besonprodil: CI-1041 is also known as PD19680; NMDA receptor antagonist for treatment of Parkinson's disease; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	10.87	17	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	11.9	20	1	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
lubiprostone [no description available]	2.45	2	0
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	6.26	9	4	organic sulfate salt
telbivudine [no description available]	3.14	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
tipifarnib [no description available]	5.03	3	1	imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
ds 4574 DS 4574: peptidoleukotriene receptor antagonist used in treatment of hypersensitivity; RN from Chemline for pyrimidin-9(1H)-one cpd	5.8	12	2
sdz 64-412 SDZ 64-412: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	1.97	1	0
cerium sulfate [no description available]	2	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	3.01	4	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
peroxymonosulfate peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)	2.11	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	3.16	5	0
combivir lamivudine, zidovudine drug combination: contains half the typical daily doses of both drugs in one tablet	4.41	2	2
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.46	2	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	3.8	11	0	carbodiimide
6-aminophenanthridine 6-aminophenanthridine: a prion inhibitor; structure in first source	7.11	1	0
zinc hematoporphyrin [no description available]	2.46	2	0
nortilidine nortilidine: active metabolite of tilidine. (1R,2S)-nortilidine : An ethyl 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate that is ent-dextilidine in which one of the methyl groups attached to the nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen. ent-Dextilidine is metabolised to (1R,2S)-nortilidine by the liver.	3.43	1	1	ethyl 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate	drug metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
glyceollin glyceollin: found in plants; structure	2.59	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound
acyloin [no description available]	2.06	1	0
mdl 19660 [no description available]	2.89	4	0
2-(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)aminothiazole 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)aminothiazole: structure given in first source; cpd is also a free radical scavenger	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
bw a522 BW A522: blocks adenosine A3 receptor-mediated hypotensive responses in rats	1.99	1	0
methyl 2-((3,4-dihydro-3,4-dioxo-1-naphthalenyl)amino)benzoate methyl 2-((3,4-dihydro-3,4-dioxo-1-naphthalenyl)amino)benzoate: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
4-methyl-3-methylsulfonyl-5-phenyl-4h-1,2,4-triazole 4-methyl-3-methylsulfonyl-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole: structure given in first source; selectively reverses strychnine-induced seizures	2.9	4	0
ahc 52 AHC 52: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
bn 50726 BN 50726: platelet activating factor inhibitor; antagonizes PAF receptor binding	4.5	4	0
tinuvin 770 Tinuvin 770: used as a light stabilizer for polyolefins; an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker; structure given in first source	3.82	2	1
aminopotentidine aminopotentidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the oxalate. aminopotentidine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 1-(2-aminoethyl)-2-cyano-3-{3-[3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl}guanidine.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; guanidines; nitrile; piperidines; substituted aniline	H2-receptor antagonist
2-hexynyladenosine-5'-n-ethylcarboxamide 2-hexynyladenosine-5'-N-ethylcarboxamide: adenosine receptor agonist	3.6	3	0
doranidazole doranidazole: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0
ly 300164 talampanel: AMPA receptor antagonist	3.13	1	0	benzodioxoles
methylinositol methylinositol: from Ebenus haussknechtii; structure in first source. pinitol : A cyclitol ether formed by etherification of the 3-hydroxy group of chiro-inositol. It is plant metabolite isolated from the leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens.. 1D-4-O-methyl-myo-inositol : A member of the class of methyl myo-inositols that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 (the 1R,2S,3S,4S,5S,6S-isomer).. D-pinitol : The D-enantiomer of pinitol.	2.03	1	0
cupric hydroxide copper hydroxide: used as an antifungal agent	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
histidinol L-histidinol : An amino alcohol that is propanol substituted by 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2 (the 2S stereoisomer).	1.95	1	0	amino alcohol; imidazoles	EC 2.3.1.97 (glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	13.51	78	5	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	2.39	2	0
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	2.15	1	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
amplex red Amplex Red: a component of the Amplex Red Hydrogen Peroxide Assay Kit	2.31	1	0
vinylphosphonic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0
desosamine desosamine: RN given for (D-xylo)-isomer; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	amino sugar
1,2-diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine [no description available]	2.25	1	0
procyanidin C1 procyanidin trimer C1: a flavonoid found in multiple plant sources including grape, apple, and cacao, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. procyanidin C1 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of three (-)-epicatechin units joined by two successive (4beta->8)-linkages.	2.17	1	0	hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	4.06	4	0
alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid: inhibits phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.1	1	0
terics terics: medicated blocks used for control of cattle bloat; RN given is for teric N; nonylphenol ethoxylate is resistant to environmental breakdown so EPA discourages use	2	1	0
bay-i 9139 BAY-i 9139: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; in titles should be BAY i 9139	3.83	12	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	3.62	8	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxyma [no description available]	3	4	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	10.94	33	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
gr 144053 GR 144053: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	piperazines
prolylleucine prolylleucine: RN given refers to (D-Leu-L-Pro)-isomer	1.98	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.6	9	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	4.45	21	0
mesotrione mesotrione: brandname is after the Callistemon (MYRTACEAE) plant it was found in; structure in first source. mesotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(methanesulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl group.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-triketone; C-nitro compound; sulfone	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.51	2	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
sb 216763 [no description available]	2.46	2	0	indoles; maleimides
zm 241385 ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor	13.58	347	3	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	7.42	12	1	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
bifenazate bifenazate: an acaricide. bifenazate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of 2-(4-methoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)hydrazinecarboxylic acid with 2-propanol.	2.21	1	0	carboxylic ester	acaricide
propoxycarbazone [no description available]	3.46	7	0
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	9.47	46	3	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
spirodiclofen spirodiclofen: an acaricide	2.84	3	0	dichlorobenzene; gamma-lactone; organochlorine acaricide; oxaspiro compound
ym 511 YM 511: a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor; structure given in first source	3.25	6	0
dexketoprofen trometamol dexketoprofen trometamol: a water-soluble tromethamine salt of the racemic ketoprofen, rac(+-)-ketoprofen	3.23	1	0
antalarmin antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).	2.45	2	0	pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
ly 353381 LY 353381: structure in first source	4.08	1	0
nickel monoxide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
gvs 111 [no description available]	2.5	2	0
ceric ammonium nitrate cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate: a catalyst	2.06	1	0
sch 51048 [no description available]	3.38	7	0
iodoaminopotentidine iodoaminopotentidine: histamine H2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0
1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole: structure in first source	4.06	14	0
tak 779 [no description available]	4.65	8	0
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	2.05	1	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
propargylglycine propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.41	2	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.47	2	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
1,4,7-triazacyclononane 1,4,7-triazacyclononane: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
aspartimide aspartimide: formed under acid or basic conditions in the synthesis of aspartic acid-containing peptides	2	1	0	dicarboximide; primary amino compound; pyrrolidinone	Maillard reaction product
bis(diazo)benzidine bis(diazo)benzidine: structure	2.41	1	0
etravirine [no description available]	10.69	30	5	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
cafenstrole cafenstrole: structure in first source	3.16	5	0	benzenes; sulfone; triazoles	agrochemical; antimitotic; herbicide
diazipine diazipine: structure given in first source	2	1	0
cucurbit(6)uril cucurbit(6)uril: a macrocyclic cavitand comprising six GLYCOLURIL units; can be used for creating ROTAXANES. cucurbituril : A macrocycle consisting of repeating 2,5-dioxodihydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-1,3,4,6-tetrayl (glycoluril) units linked by methylene groups. The number of glycoluril units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in cucurbit[n]uril name.	2.46	2	0
palmarumycin cp(1) palmarumycin CP(1): a type of spirobisnaphthalene, which contain two naphthalene-derived c10 units bridged through a spiroketal linkage with two oxygen bridges; structure in first source	3.12	1	0
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2.44	2	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
2-deoxystreptamine 2-deoxystreptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure.. 2-deoxystreptamine : An amino cyclitol consisting of scyllo-inositol with the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 replaced by unsubstituted amino groups and that at position 2 replaced by hydrogen.	2.1	1	0
maropitant maropitant: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for treatment and prevention of emesis	3.18	1	0
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	anabasine
muraglitazar muraglitazar: has glucose- and lipid-lowering activities; structure in first source; molecule composed of benzyloxazole-phenoxy-oxybenzylglycine-phenoxyl having structural analogy to PHENOXYBENZAMINE	3.13	1	0	1,3-oxazoles
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	14	29	3	indanes
lapatinib [no description available]	15.27	42	15	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
albaconazole albaconazole: UR-9825 is the (1R,2R)-isomer; structure in first source	9.46	25	1
pinoxaden pinoxaden: structure in first source. pinoxaden : A pyrazolooxadiazepine that is 7-oxo-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[1,2-d][1,4,5]oxadiazepin which is substituted at positions 8 and 9 by 2,6-diethyl-4-methylphenyl and pivaloyloxy groups, respectively. A pro-herbicide (by hydrolysis of the pivalate ester to give the corresponding enol), it is used for control of grass weeds in cereal crops.	2.06	1	0	pivalate ester; pyrazolooxadiazepine	agrochemical; EC 6.4.1.2 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; proherbicide; xenobiotic
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	3.28	5	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
n-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide: structure in first source. fenhexamid : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2,3-dichlorophenol.	2.82	3	0	anilide fungicide; aromatic amide; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.72 (methylsterol monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
famoxadone famoxadone: strobilurin analogue; structure in first source. famoxadone : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-famoxadone. It prevents spore germination and mycelial growth of sensitive fungi, and is used in agriculture for the control of various fungal diseases. Only the (S)- enantiomer is active.. 5-methyl-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-3-(phenylamino)-1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenylamino group and the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by methyl and 4-phenoxyphenyl groups.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; carbohydrazide; oxazolidinone
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	12.66	31	7	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
eglumetad eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
dapivirine Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission	8.63	10	3
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	23.66	643	119	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
fosfluconazole fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole	3.56	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	prodrug
elarofiban elarofiban: a GPIIb and GPIIIa receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2	1	0
tolvaptan [no description available]	2.49	2	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib [no description available]	7.22	14	2	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	7.66	13	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
senicapoc senicapoc: a Gardos channel blocker; structure in first source	3.13	1	0
lasofoxifene Lasofoxifene: structure in first source. lasofoxifene : A member of the class of tetralins that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 6 are replaced by 4-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl and phenyl groups, respectively (the 5R,6S-stereoisomer). It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator indicated for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.	4.08	1	0	aromatic ether; N-alkylpyrrolidine; naphthols; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; estrogen receptor agonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
ocinaplon ocinaplon: pyrazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidine that exhibits an anxioselective profile in both preclinical procedures and in patients with generalized anxiety disorder; GABA(A) receptor modulator & Anti-Anxiety Agent	2.06	1	0
regadenoson [no description available]	2.42	2	0	purine nucleoside
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	5.08	7	0	N-acyl-amino acid
cellobial cellobial: RN & structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
santonin Santonin: Anthelmintic isolated from the dried unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia maritima and other species of Artemisia found principally in Russian and Chinese Turkestan and the Southern Ural region. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	7.51	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; santonin	plant metabolite
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.74	3	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	10.19	35	2	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	3.11	5	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	3.75	10	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
androstane-3,17-dione, (5alpha)-isomer androstane-3,17-dione: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. androstane-3,17-dione : An androstanoid that is androstane substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17.. 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3,17-dione.	2.41	2	0	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; androstane-3,17-dione	mouse metabolite
2-amino-5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2-amino-5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure in first source	2	1	0
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.85	2	1	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	2.01	1	0
propargylamine propargylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.57	2	0
2,3-dihydro-1h-imidazo(1,2-b)pyrazole 2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo(1,2-b)pyrazole: inhibitor of DNA synthesis	3.47	2	0
lanosterol [no description available]	3.83	11	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nsc 74859 NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.	2.1	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; tosylate ester	STAT3 inhibitor
mrs 1067 3,6-dichloro-2'-isopropyloxy-4'-methylflavone: structure in first source	2	1	0
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	2.03	1	0
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.05	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	12.24	38	0
potassium bromide potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.	2	1	0	potassium salt
coronopilin coronopilin: isolated from Ambrosia arborescens	2.1	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
norfentanyl norfentanyl: metabolite of fentanyl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. norfentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(N'-phenyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. A major metabolite of fentanyl.	3.43	1	1	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	drug metabolite; opioid analgesic
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	2.45	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
1,4-diphenyl-1,2,3-triazole [no description available]	2.48	2	0
wortmannin [no description available]	2.72	3	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	3.37	6	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole: inhibits transcript elongation	2.13	1	0
o-iodoxybenzoic acid o-iodoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source. 1-hydroxy-1,3-dioxobenziodoxole : A benziodoxole compound having hydroxy and oxo substituents at the 1-position and an oxo substituent at the 3-position. It is a mild and efficient hypervalent iodine synthetic reagent used to carry out several selective oxidation reactions.	2.07	1	0	benziodoxole	EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; oxidising agent
nsc 401077 NSC 401077: inhibits DNA methyltransferase DNMT1; structure in first source	3.53	2	0
indole-3-acetonitrile indole-3-acetonitrile: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-acetonitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.31	1	0	indoles; nitrile	auxin; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	4.54	5	1
cercosporin cercosporin: phyytotoxin from Cercospora beticola Sacc; posses photodynamic action on mice, bacteria & plants. cercosporin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is perylo[1,12-def][1,3]dioxepine-6,11-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 12, by methoxy groups at positions 7 and 10, and by 2-hydroxypropyl groups at positions 8 and 9 (the R,R-stereoisomer). It is a phytotoxin which was first isolated from the pathogenic soybean fungus, Cercospora kikuchii and later found in multiple members of the genus Cercospora.	2.03	1	0
ku 2285 KU 2285: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	4.3	3	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
harmicine harmicine: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
isocryptolepine isocryptolepine: synthetic antimalarial alkaloid; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
bortezomib [no description available]	10.77	25	3	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
2-(2-nitro-1h-imidazol-1-yl)-n-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide 2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide: a pentafluorinated derivative of etanidazole	3.93	3	0
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2	1	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	12.84	40	19	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
acetogenins Acetogenins: Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.	2.52	2	0
mrs 1191 MRS 1191: a selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.72	10	0	cinnamate ester
mrs 1220 9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-5-phenylacetylamino(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazoline: structure in first source	7.6	32	1	quinazolines
4-amino-5-benzoyl-2-(4-methoxyphenylamino)thiazole 4-amino-5-benzoyl-2-(4-methoxyphenylamino)thiazole: upregulates the DR5 receptor; structure in first source	3.3	6	0
bardoxolone methyl methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source	2.59	2	0	cyclohexenones
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	10.85	30	0
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	2.06	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.74	3	0
carboplatin [no description available]	6.84	12	2
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	3.43	7	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
leptomycin b [no description available]	2.8	3	0
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	3.38	7	0
arabinose [no description available]	7.89	4	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	3.32	6	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mannose-6-phosphate beta-D-mannose 6-phosphate : A D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.01	1	0	D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.44	2	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	7.89	23	1	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	2.37	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.	4.94	2	1
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	3.27	6	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.	2.03	1	0	D-galacturonic acid
elastin [no description available]	2.8	3	0	oligopeptide
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	5.59	5	1	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.03	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	6.87	21	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	4.3	18	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
laminaran beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.	4.92	6	0
7-dehydrocholesterol [no description available]	2.43	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid; Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	3.79	11	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	2.1	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	3.1	5	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	2.35	2	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	2.41	2	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.57	2	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
alpha-aminobutyric acid alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.	2.31	1	0	alpha-aminobutyric acid; D-alpha-amino acid
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	2.08	1	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
nicotinamide-beta-riboside N-ribosylnicotinamide : A pyridine nucleoside consisting of nicotinamide with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position.	2.05	1	0	N-glycosylnicotinamide; pyridine nucleoside	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	3.39	7	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	2.42	2	0
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.94	4	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
24,25-dihydrolanosterol lanostenol: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer; structure. 24,25-dihydrolanosterol : A 3beta-sterol formed from lanosterol by reduction across the C-24-C-25 double bond.	2.05	1	0	3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	1.99	1	0	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	6.26	4	2	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nivalenol nivalenol: RN given refers to 3alpha,4beta,7alpha-isomer	2.73	3	0	trichothecene
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	2.45	2	0
iduronate Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.	2.17	1	0	idopyranuronic acid; L-iduronic acid
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	8.22	6	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	3.28	6	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	3.98	4	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	5.59	14	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	5.45	4	1	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	1.96	1	0	benzazocine
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	2.06	1	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	4.28	5	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
miglitol [no description available]	6.68	8	7	piperidines
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	2.31	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
terconazole terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.	14.4	200	19	1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
linezolid [no description available]	3.67	9	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.39	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
indican [no description available]	2.11	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	2.42	2	0
carnosol carnosol: isolated from Lepechinia hastata	7.11	1	0	diterpenoid
ingenol [no description available]	2.15	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.48	2	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
theasinensin a theasinensin A: a tea polyphenol formed from (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, suppresses antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. theasinensin A : A biflavonoid that is obtained by coupling of two molecules of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate resulting in a bond between positions C-2 of the hydroxyphenyl ring. It is a natural product found in oolong tea.	2.31	1	0	biflavonoid; gallate ester; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; melanin synthesis inhibitor; plant metabolite
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	2.25	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	6.49	16	1
bispyribac bispyribac: acute human self-poisoning with bispyribac-containing herbicide Nominee has been reported; structure in first source. bispyribac : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by (4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy groups at positions 2 and 6. Its sodium salt is used as a broad spectrum post emergent herbicide for the control of grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds in rice crops.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; pyrimidines	herbicide
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	2.37	2	0
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.01	1	0	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	4.96	38	0	tripeptide
validamycin a validamycin A : A member of the class of validamycins that is (1R,2S,3S,4S,6R)-4-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane-1,2,3-triol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 has been converted to its beta-D-glucoside and in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a (1R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl group. It is the major validamycin produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.1	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; polyol; secondary amino compound; validamycins	antifungal agrochemical; EC 2.4.1.231 [alpha,alpha-trehalose phosphorylase (configuration-retaining)] inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.64 (alpha,alpha-trehalose phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.28 (alpha,alpha-trehalase) inhibitor
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.05	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
tibolone tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.	6.15	3	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	bone density conservation agent; hormone agonist
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	7.33	7	6	organic molecular entity
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	8.7	42	2	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	2.25	1	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.42	2	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.11	1	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	7.47	60	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.05	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	8.91	42	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	11.77	46	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.07	1	0	cyclodextrin
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	3.99	1	1	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.92	4	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	1.98	1	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	8.83	10	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	4.55	7	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
ribothymidine ribothymidine : A methyluridine having a single methyl substituent at the 5-position on the uracil ring.	2.08	1	0	methyluridine	antigen; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
latrunculin a latrunculin A: 16-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin B; structure given in first source. latrunculin A : A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.	2.08	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.41	7	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	11.12	61	7	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
farnesyl pyrophosphate farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.	2.15	1	0	farnesyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.31	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	5.27	3	1	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	4.57	24	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	2.42	2	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	4.02	14	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	5.67	5	1	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
tetragastrin Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.	1.98	1	0	peptidyl amide; tetrapeptide	anxiogenic; human metabolite
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	4	2	1
gw 409544 GW 409544: a PPARalpha agonist; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
brivudine brivudine: anti-herpes agent	2.15	1	0
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	8.84	18	2	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.49	2	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
cyfluthrin cethromycin: a ketolide;. cethromycin : A macrolide antibiotic which displays in vitro activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is currently under investigation for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have also granted orphan drug designation to cethromycin for the treatment of anthrax prophylaxis, tularemia, and plague (PDB entry: 1NWX).	2.63	2	0
2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.	2.05	1	0	enal
argininamide argininamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. L-arginine amide : An amino acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-arginine with ammonia.	2.21	1	0	amino acid amide; guanidines; L-arginine derivative
obeticholic acid obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.	3.71	2	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	farnesoid X receptor agonist; hepatoprotective agent
n-(4-methoxybenzyl)-n'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea: structure in first source	2.58	2	0
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	3.03	4	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	7.82	66	1	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.68	3	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.88	4	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	2.97	4	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
zeatin Zeatin: An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)	3.06	4	0	zeatin	plant metabolite
argifin argifin: possible lead insecticide; isolated from Gliocladium; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
roflumilast [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.31	6	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
gs 4071 GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.	2.11	1	0	acetate ester; amino acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.51	2	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	4.29	5	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	1.97	1	0	oligopeptide
taribavirin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	nucleobase-containing molecular entity
decitabine [no description available]	4.98	6	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
sm 8668 Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive	10.94	55	5
steviol steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.02	1	0	bridged compound; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid; tertiary allylic alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.96	4	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
purvalanol a 6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;	2.02	1	0	purvalanol
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	4.9	14	0	actinomycin	mutagen
saperconazole [no description available]	3.76	3	0
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.02	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
bevirimat bevirimat: an HIV inhibitor; disrupts late step in processing HIV Major Core Protein p24, preventing the capsid precursor p25 from being converted to mature capsid p24. bevirimat : A pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained by the formal condensation of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of betulinic acid. It is isolated from the Chinese herb Syzygium claviflorum. The first in the class of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors to be studied in humans, bevirimat was identified as a potent HIV drug candidate and several clinical trials were conducted, but development into a new drug was plagued by numerous resistance-related problems.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	HIV-1 maturation inhibitor; metabolite
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	1.97	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	1.97	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
arsphenamine Arsphenamine: An organoarsenic compound that was commonly used for treating SYPHILIS and other diseases.	1.93	1	0
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	2.37	2	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	5.58	6	1	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	3.88	12	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.74	3	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	14.62	45	19	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ravuconazole ER 30346: structure in first source. ravuconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-butyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the butyl group is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 3 by hydroxy, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively (the R,R stereoisomer). It exhibits antifungal activity by inhibition of 14alpha demethylase, an enzyme involved in sterol synthesis, resulting in lysis of the fungal cell wall and fungal cell death. (NCIO4)	14.51	102	7	1,3-thiazoles; fluorobenzenes; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	antifungal drug; antileishmanial agent; EC 1.14.14.154 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	24.74	1,442	109	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
l 743,872 [no description available]	17.77	352	8
5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
l 731988 L 731988: structure in first source	3.82	3	0
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	14	112	6	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.21	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
tak 187 TAK 187: structure in first source; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor with possible usage against Trypanosoma	4.35	6	0
efinaconazole efinaconazole: an antifungal agent; structure in first source. efinaconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-methylenepiperidin-1-yl groups, respectively (the 2R,3R stereoisomer). It is an antifungal drug used for the topical treatment of onychomycosis (a nail infection caused mainly by dermatophytes).	15.98	123	24	conazole antifungal drug; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
bay 41-4109 BAY 41-4109: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	4.29	2	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	3.08	5	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
potassium thiocyanate potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.	3.55	2	0	potassium salt
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	1.98	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.49	2	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.07	1	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	metallophthalocyanine; zinc tetrapyrrole	fluorochrome
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	2.17	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	5.39	10	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
calix(4)arene calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source	4.09	14	0
1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole: structure in first source	3.37	6	0
pyrrolopyrimidine pyrrolopyrimidine: structure in first source	2.89	3	0
tolfenamic acid tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.	5.7	3	1	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
xantphos xantphos: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
iron tetraphenylporphyrin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.1	1	0	triterpenoid
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	3.23	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	3.4	2	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	2.03	1	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
geraniol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	9.76	65	1
4-oxothiazolidine 4-oxothiazolidine: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	6.59	32	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	8.09	42	1	isomethyleugenol
piplartine piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	cinnamamides; dicarboximide
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	2.13	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	7.08	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	3.24	6	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	4.73	30	0	stilbene
2'-hydroxychalcone 2'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2'.	2.25	1	0	chalcones; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	3.28	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.53	2	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	9.76	15	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	4.81	3	2	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.49	2	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
sea 0400 SEA 0400: structure in first source	3.31	1	0
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	3.28	6	0	diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	2.11	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.55	2	0	benzamides
s 1033 [no description available]	2.78	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bz-423 [no description available]	3.84	3	0
bikinin bikinin: inhibits GSK3-like kinases; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
mezlocillin Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	1.99	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
trilostane trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.	2.11	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; epoxy steroid; nitrile	abortifacient; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
bucillamine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	5.09	1	1	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
tram 34 TRAM 34: inhibits IKCa1; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	organochlorine compound
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	9.98	19	8	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine [no description available]	5.5	5	1	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.87	4	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
physostigmine salicylate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	azaheterocycle salicylate salt; salicylates
r 59949 R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor	2.01	1	0	diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	4.68	28	0
4-amino-3-(2-furyl)-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole 4-amino-3-(2-furyl)-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	triazoles
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	6.09	15	0
chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.	2.38	2	0	chlorprothixene
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	3.1	5	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	3.08	5	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	3.95	4	0	pyrimidone
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	3.4	7	0
4-ethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3h-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione 4-ethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	2	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
crotamiton [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cinromide [no description available]	8.85	7	0	cinnamamides; secondary carboxamide
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	8.16	5	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4h-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol: a YUCCA enzyme inhibitor; structure in first source	3.43	6	0	triazoles
captax captax: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol : 1,3-Benzothiazole substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.	2.51	2	0	aryl thiol; benzothiazoles	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-beta-d-glycero-hex-3-enopyran-2-ulose 1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhex-3-enopyran-2-ulose: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	anhydrohexose; deoxyketohexose
ceefourin 1 ceefourin 1: inhibits multidrug resistance protein 4; structure in first source	3.3	5	0
2-mercaptobenzimidazole 2-mercaptobenzimidazole: purine synthesis antimetabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	7.9	3	0
2-mercaptobenzoxazole [no description available]	7.1	1	0	benzoxazole
4-amino-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-4h-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol 4-amino-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol: a ligand of some antineoplastic metal complexes; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
phenylalanine methyl ester phenylalanine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-phenylalaninate : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of L-phenylalanine.	2.13	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-phenylalanine derivative
4-amino-3-phenyl-1h-1,2,4-triazole-5(4h)-thione 4-amino-3-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
thioacetanilide thioacetanilide: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
n-(3-chlorophenyl)picolinamide N-(3-chlorophenyl)picolinamide: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGlu4) positive allosteric modulator; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	5.22	3	1	diarylmethane
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	4.13	5	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	4.31	17	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
secinh3 SecinH3: a small molecule antagonist of cytohesins; structure in first source	5.76	25	0	triazoles
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	2.46	2	0	thiazolidinone
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	2	1	0	diarylmethane
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.37	2	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
5-(4-ethylbenzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one [no description available]	2.55	2	0
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	3.23	1	0
n-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-((4-ethyl-5-(3-pyridinyl)-4h-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)acetamide N-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-((4-ethyl-5-(3-pyridinyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)acetamide: an agonist of orphan receptor ion channel Orco; structure in first source	4.18	15	0
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.37	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
r-7050 [no description available]	2.54	2	0
4-thioxothiazolidin-2-one 4-thioxothiazolidin-2-one: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	5.2	11	1	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	20.27	161	72
terbinafine [no description available]	18.55	122	4	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
pyridine-2-carbothioamide pyridine-2-carbothioamide: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	3.6	2	0
ac 55649 4'-octyl-4-biphenylcarboxylic acid: an RAR beta2 agonist; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.41	2	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
longifolene longifolene: from plant products; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,3abeta,4alpha,8abeta))-isomer; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0	longifolene
threoninol [no description available]	2.05	1	0
reversan reversan: inhibits multidrug resistance-associated protein 1	2.21	1	0
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	3.45	2	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	2.43	2	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	4.25	16	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	6.67	41	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	4.97	2	1
3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole: structure in first source	4.06	14	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	8.94	21	1	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
potassium oxonate potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice	2.41	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium ethoxide sodium ethoxide : An organic monosodium salt that has ethoxide as the counterion.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	nucleophilic reagent
4-amino-5-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol 4-amino-5-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol: for detection of aldehydes as a spray reagent; structure	2.36	2	0
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	3.46	7	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	3.56	2	0
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.97	4	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	3.21	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	8.14	10	5	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
n-hydroxy-n'-(4-butyl-2-methylphenyl)formamidine HET0016: 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid synthesis inhibitor	3.74	10	0	toluenes
ytterbium(iii) triflate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
tamoxifen [no description available]	26.21	853	252	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin [no description available]	2.75	3	0
nadp [no description available]	5.14	46	0
d-glucal [no description available]	2.05	1	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	4.6	23	0
8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate [no description available]	2.11	1	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	2.15	1	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
t 0070907 T 0070907: a PPARgamma antagonist; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
ssya10-001 SSYA10-001: a helicase inhibitor with antiviral activity; structure in first source	3.91	3	0
krn 7000 KRN 7000: has an alpha-galactosylceramide structure; structure given in first source. alpha-galactosylceramide : A galactosylceramide in which the galactosyl residue has alpha anomeric conofiguration.. 1-O-(alpha-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine : A glycophytoceramide having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the O-1 position and a hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen.	3.17	5	0	glycophytoceramide; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylphytosphingosine	allergen; antigen; antineoplastic agent; epitope; immunological adjuvant
sirtinol [no description available]	3.57	2	0	aldimine; benzamides; naphthols	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	3.76	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.17	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
r-82913 R-82913: antiviral target on reverse transcriptase of HIV-1	1.98	1	0
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	4.73	10	0	dithiocarbamic acids
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.38	2	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
trovirdine trovirdine: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor	1.98	1	0
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	9.47	14	6	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	8.58	20	3	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ly 73497 LY 73497: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.41	2	0
aplaviroc aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source	5.94	8	0
latoconazole latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.38	6	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug
tak 456 TAK 456: structure in first source	2.43	2	0
maraviroc [no description available]	22.95	575	105	tropane alkaloid
nnd 502 luliconazole: structure in first source	6.75	20	0	dichlorobenzene
methallibure Methallibure: A dithiobiurea compound with anti-gonadotropic activity.	1.95	1	0
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	8.85	19	4	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
rwj 67657 RWJ 67657: inhibits p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
vicriviroc vicriviroc: structure in first source	8.44	27	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
telaprevir [no description available]	3.48	1	1	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
pramiconazole pramiconazole: has antifungal activity; R-126638 is the (2S-cis)-isomer; structure in first source	8.09	14	6	piperazines
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	5.34	53	0
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.96	4	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
bms 387032 N-(5-(((5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl)methyl)thio)-2-thiazolyl)-4-piperidinecarboxamide: a CDK2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. N-(5-{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of piperidine-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-amine. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of CDK2, CDK7 and CDK9 kinases and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	2.11	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; 1,3-thiazoles; organic sulfide; piperidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	11.87	12	1	alkali metal atom
thiamylal Thiamylal: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919). thiamylal : A member of the class of barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.	1.95	1	0	barbiturates; organosulfur compound	sedative
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	4.95	13	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.12	5	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	10.27	3	1	nitrogen oxide
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	4.93	13	0
triethyl phosphine gold triethyl phosphine gold: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.31	1	0
thiophanate Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.	3.7	9	0	benzimidazole precursor fungicide; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; thioureas	antifungal drug
burimamide Burimamide: An antagonist of histamine that appears to block both H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It has been used in the treatment of ulcers.	3.06	1	0	imidazoles
dapiprazole [no description available]	12.49	64	21	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyridines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; miotic; ophthalmology drug
droloxifene [no description available]	3.11	1	0	stilbenoid
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	3.12	5	0	salicylamides
triazulenone triazulenone: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.13	1	0	imidazobenzodiazepine
fenchlorazole-ethyl fenchlorazole-ethyl: an herbicide safener	3.3	6	0	dichlorobenzene
bn 50730 BN 50730: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	10.71	48	2
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.48	2	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene idoxifene: structure given in first source	3.51	2	0	stilbenoid
loreclezole loreclezole: RN given for Z-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/90	7.36	60	0
quinine [no description available]	4.49	7	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
kaurenoic acid kaurenoic acid: isolated from leaves of Montanoa tomentosa; structure given in first source. ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is ent-kauran-19-oic acid in which a double bond is present at position 16(17); exhibits anticancer and anti-HIV 1 activity.	2.77	3	0
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	7	53	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
nitenpyram nitenpyram: a nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source. (E)-nitenpyram : A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.. nitenpyram : A C-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine where one of the nitrogens bears ethyl and (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl while the other nitrogen carries a methyl group.	2.41	1	0	chloropyridyl insecticide; nitenpyram
ra vii RA VII: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.45	2	0
tat 59 TAT 59: structure given in first source	3.11	1	0	aryl phosphate
glycodeoxycholic acid Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.	2.05	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.1	1	0
e 6123 E 6123: platelet activating factor antagonist	5.65	25	0
2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene sulfonic acid [no description available]	2.1	1	0
gea 3162 GEA 3162: structure given in first source; a nitric oxide-releasing compound	4.92	36	0
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate [no description available]	2	1	0
4-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine 4-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	piperidines
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source	4.65	6	1
ws 7739 b FR 900452: platelet activating factor antagonist from fermentatiion products of Streptomyces phaeofaciens; MF C22-H25-N3-O3-S	1.97	1	0
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	3.83	4	0	primary aliphatic amine
ee 581 EE 581: photosensitive azido derivative of tyrosine(3)-octreotide used to label the somatostatin receptor; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.06	1	0
cystine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	2.43	2	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
ly335979 [no description available]	2.55	2	0	carbopolycyclic compound
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.55	2	0	benzazepine
ci 986 CI 986: structure given in first source; a nonulcerogenic anti-inflammatory agent	1.98	1	0
ifetroban ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative	2.39	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
modipafant modipafant: structure given in first source ; PAF antagonist	3.25	6	0
rasagiline [no description available]	4.45	1	1	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
safingol safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R,S))-isomer	2.13	1	0	amino alcohol
4-(3-3,4-p-menthadien-(1,8)-yl)olivetol 4-(3-3,4-p-menthadien-(1,8)-yl)olivetol: has vasodilating activity	2.17	1	0
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	5.01	11	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ephedrine, phenobarbital, theophylline drug combination ephedrine, phenobarbital, theophylline drug combination: Negwer gives a number for tedral, a synonym of mephenhydramine	3.25	1	0
4-azidophenylalanine 4-azidophenylalanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 4-azido-L-phenylalanine : A 4-azidophenylalanine that has L-configuration. It is used as a bioorthogonal click-chemistry reagent.. 4-azidophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative that is phenylalanine substituted by an azido group at position 4.	2.11	1	0
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-phenylalanine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
web 2347 WEB 2347: PAF antagonist	2.89	4	0
diclosulam diclosulam: structure in first source	3.31	6	0	sulfonamide
2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(2-(4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)-2h-1,2,4-triazol-3-one-4-yl)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol Syn 2869: structure in first source	3.5	8	0
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	3.31	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ferrocenium ferrocenium: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
2-(4-(2-(2-((4-aminophenyl)methylcarbonylamino)ethylaminocarbonyl)ethyl)phenyl)ethylamino-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-(2-((4-aminophenyl)methylcarbonylamino)ethylaminocarbonyl)ethyl)phenyl)ethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source	2	1	0
europium cryptate europium(III) trisbipyridine cryptate: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	4.81	30	0
gma-edma GMA-EDMA: copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate & ethylene dimethacrylate; used for enzyme immobilization	2.13	1	0
dipyrromethene dipyrromethene: structure in first source. dipyrrin : A dipyrrin that consists of pyrrole bearing a pyrrol-2-ylidenemethyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.25	1	0	dipyrrins
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.9	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.43	2	0
phosphonic acid phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.	2.08	1	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.05	4	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	8.76	167	1	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
riamilovir [no description available]	4.3	17	0
savirin savirin: savirin - Staphylcoccus aureus virulence inhibitor; inhibits agr quorum sensing; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	quinazolines
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	2.74	3	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.44	2	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	6.65	52	1
epoxiconazole epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	7.25	113	0	epoxide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; triazoles
quinoxyfen quinoxyfen: structure in first source. quinoxyfen : A member of the class of quinolines carrying two chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 together with a 4-fluorophenoxy substituent at position 4. A fungicide used mainly to control powdery mildew in cereals.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; quinolines	antifungal agrochemical
gw 7647 GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.	2.49	2	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; ureas	PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.97	4	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
prohexadione-ca prohexadione-Ca: a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase inhibitor reduces the incidence and severity of fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora and other plant diseases. prohexadione(2-) : An organic anion derived from prohexadione by deprotonation of both the carboxy group and a hydroxy group of any of the enolate forms of the triketo moiety. The corresponding calcium salt, prohexadione-calcium, is used as an anti-lodging agent in small-grain cereals.	2.05	1	0
fh535 FH535: inhibits Wnt signaling	2.07	1	0	sulfonamide
galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.	12.39	52	5	oligosaccharide
dimethyldithiocarbamate Dimethyldithiocarbamate: A chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Its salts are agricultural fungicides. It is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent.. dimethyldithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the removal of the proton from the dithiocarbamic acid moiety of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.	2	1	0	dithiocarbamate anions
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.05	1	0
sb 242084 6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source	2.11	1	0
2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine 2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine: activates mGlu(5) receptors; structure in first source	2.71	3	0
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	3.7	10	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
mrs 1523 2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist	2.71	3	0
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.93	4	0	quinoxaline derivative
sb 225002 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	nitrophenol
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
homoserine lactone homoserine lactone: a putative signal for starvation in E. coli; structure in first source. homoserinium lactone : The conjugate acid of homoserine lactone; major species at pH 7.3.. homoserine lactone : A butan-4-olide having an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.11	1	0	ammonium ion derivative; organic cation
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.13	5	0
ferrostatin-1 ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.	2.25	1	0	ethyl ester; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	antifungal agent; antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
4-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(n,n-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole 4-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.15	1	0	benzenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	6.47	33	0
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	3.43	2	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	2.1	1	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	3.81	2	1	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	1.97	1	0
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940	2.94	4	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	3.19	5	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ly 367265 LY 367265: a 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibitor; a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source. LY-367,265 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by 1-[2-(2,2-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-2lambda(6)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[4,3,2-ij]quinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (Ki = 2.3 nM) and an antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor (Ki = 0.81 nM).	2	1	0	dihydropyridine; fluoroindole; tertiary amino compound; thiadiazoloquinoline	antidepressant; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.	2.07	1	0	2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols	antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
mrs2159 MRS2159: an antagonist of both P2X1 and P2X7 receptors	2.21	1	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.73	3	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
ex 527 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.	2.13	1	0	carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound
4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzimidazole 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzimidazole: structure in first source	4.23	5	0
nor-beta-lapachone nor-beta-lapachone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2.01	1	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
sq 109 N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity	2.11	1	0
tak-220 TAK-220: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
jtk-303 [no description available]	9.17	11	3	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
ku 55933 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	3.78	10	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	3.78	10	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
ubiquinone q2 Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.5	2	0	ubiquinones
bilirubin [no description available]	6.76	10	2	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	8.64	53	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	3.27	6	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.17	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gibberellin a1 gibberellin A1: RN given for (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure in first source. gibberellin A1 : A C19-gibberellin, initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi.	2	1	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone	plant metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	2.03	1	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3.32	6	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.71	3	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	3.4	7	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	4.42	7	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.46	2	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	4.24	5	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	4.85	34	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.44	2	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	4.59	26	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.31	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	3.12	5	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
apigetrin apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.06	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alprostadil [no description available]	3.89	12	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	2.38	2	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	3.87	2	1	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.39	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	7.3	11	4	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.58	2	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	2.92	4	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	2.39	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	4.91	14	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	3.64	3	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	2.08	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
prostaglandin f1 prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	2.38	2	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	7.43	2	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	3.63	9	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	21.8	1,021	25	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.38	2	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.75	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.73	3	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	3.45	7	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
strigol strigol: a strigolactone from roots of various PLANTS; it stimulates seed germination of parasitic STRIGA and OROBANCHE; structure in first source. strigol : A strigolactone in which the tricyclic lactone moiety bears a hydroxy substitutuent at the position para to the gem-dimethyl group.	2.06	1	0	indenofuran; secondary alcohol; strigolactone
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	2.38	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	7.8	3	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
alpha-farnesene alpha-farnesene: structure given in first source. alpha-farnesene : A farnesene that is 1,3,6,10-tetraene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 respectively.. farnesene : A sesquiterpene that is any of the four possible isomers of 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene (alpha-farnesene) or of the two possible isomers of 7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene.	2.21	1	0	alpha-farnesene
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	3.93	3	0	alpha-humulene
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	2.48	2	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
baicalein [no description available]	2.21	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	7.54	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
myricetin [no description available]	2.54	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
pterostilbene [no description available]	3.14	1	0	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
chicoric acid chicoric acid: inhibits HIV-1 integrase	3.12	1	0	organooxygen compound	geroprotector; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	2.11	1	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
shogaol shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	enone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	5.3	3	0	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	3.8	10	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
7-hydroxyflavone 7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group.	2.11	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
prostaglandin a1 [no description available]	1.98	1	0	prostaglandins A
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	4.34	3	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2.58	2	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	2.05	1	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
miocamycin Miocamycin: A macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections.	2.25	1	0
rokitamycin rokitamycin: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	organic molecular entity
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.01	1	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	2.82	3	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.44	2	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	10.62	15	12
neticonazole neticonazole: RN refers to (E)-isomer. neticonazole : An enamine that is ethene which is substituted at positions 1, 1, and 2 by o-pentoxyphenyl, 1H-imidazol-1-yl, and methylthio groups, respectively (the E isomer). An inhibitor of P450-dependent C-14alpha-demethylation of lanosterol (preventing conversion to ergosterol and inhibiting cell wall synthesis in fungi), it is used in Japan (generally as the corresponding hydrochloride salt) as an antifungal drug for the treatment of superficial skin infections.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; benzenes; conazole antifungal drug; enamine; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; methyl sulfide	antifungal drug; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	3.09	5	0	cinnamic acids
pibutidine hydrochloride IT 066: structure in first source. pibutidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of pibutidine. It is a H2 receptor antagonist which was developed for the treatment of peptic ulcers and duodenal ulcers. It was in phase III clinical trials in Japan (now discontinued).	1.99	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist
2-dodecenoic acid 2-dodecenoic acid: structure in first source. trans-2-dodecenoic acid : The trans isomer of 2-dodecenoic acid.. 2-dodecenoic acid : A dodecenoic acid having its double bond at position 2.	7.21	1	0	2-dodecenoic acid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	2.07	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
17-phenyltrinorprostaglandin e2 17-phenyltrinorprostaglandin E2: an EP1 receptor agonist. 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is 18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin E2 in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.03	1	0	alicyclic ketone; beta-hydroxy ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; olefinic compound; oxo monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	human metabolite; prostaglandin receptor agonist
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	6.53	26	2	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.	4.33	19	0	HETE; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide: 5-HPETE is used inconsistently in literature as syn for cpds with various tetraene locants; RN given refers to (6,8,11,14)-isomer; RN in CA Vol 91 Form Index for (E,Z,Z,Z)-isomer: 70968-82-0; RN for (5,8,11,13)-isomer: 71133-12-5; in Merck, arachidonic acid is the (5,8,11,14)-isomer. 5-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 5.	1.98	1	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
oleylamide oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor. aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.	2.13	1	0	primary fatty amide	human metabolite; plant metabolite
n-oleoylethanolamine N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.	3.14	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-acylethanolamine 18:1	EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	2.05	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	3.01	4	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
meptyldinocap meptyldinocap: active ingredient of dinocap; structure in first source. meptyldinocap : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-meptyldinocap. A fungicide that is active against powdery mildew mainly on grapes, cucurbits and strawberries. Whilst it is not highly to toxic to birds is is toxic to many aquatic species including fish and algae.. 2,4-dinitro-6-(octan-2-yl)phenyl (E)-but-2-enoate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-methylacrylic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 2,4-dinitro-6-(octan-2-yl)phenol.	2.11	1	0	C-nitro compound; enoate ester
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.72	3	0	hydrochloride
mepyramine maleate histosol: proprietary mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons forming an extremely nonpolar organic solvent	2.17	1	0
ethisterone Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.	7.84	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	drug metabolite; progestin
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
hydroxystilbamidine hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.93	1	0
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	5.84	9	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	2.11	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	5.18	11	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	4.74	6	1	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	14.29	62	12	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	11.57	21	1	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
brefeldin a [no description available]	3.22	5	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	3.05	4	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol seocalcitol: structure given in first source	2	1	0
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	4.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
topiroxostat FYX-051: xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor	3.86	2	0
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source. alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.	5.54	6	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	Hsp90 inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	4.38	20	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
mre 3008-f20 MRE 3008-F20: InChIKey: CJRNHKSLHHWUAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N	3.51	8	0
2-methylthio-atp 2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
adp beta s adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate): partial agonist toward platelet aggregation; see also record for 1-thiodiphosphate cpd	2.7	3	0
ah 23848 AH 23848: thromboxane antagonist. AH23848 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (1R,2R,5S)- and (1S,2S,5R)-enantiomers of (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid. The hemicalcium salt is a potent, specific thromboxane receptor-blocking drug that is orally active and has a long duration of action.. (1R,2R,5S)-AH23848 : A (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid in which the stereocentres at positions 1, 2 and 5 have R-, R- and S-configuration respectively.	2.07	1	0	(4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid
benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.	2.39	2	0	amphetamines; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent
bibp 3226 BIBP 3226: a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; BIBP-3435 is the S-enantiomer	2.07	1	0
bw 723c86 1-(5-(2-thenyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-amine: a 5-HT(2B) agonist	2.21	1	0
istradefylline [no description available]	7.77	21	1	oxopurine
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	2.08	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
cloprostenol Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.	2.13	1	0	prostanoid
cp 99994 3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer	1.99	1	0
denopamine denopamine: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	2.02	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	2.46	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	2	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	15.08	51	24	organic molecular entity
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	3.09	5	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
taprostene [no description available]	2.11	1	0	benzoic acids
ly 334370 4-fluoro-N-(3-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)benzamide: 5-HT(1F) receptor agonist	2	1	0
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.13	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	4.72	9	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	4.57	4	0
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.44	2	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.56	2	0	phenylalanine derivative
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	2.03	1	0
ono 3708 ONO 3708: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist	1.98	1	0
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	2.92	4	0
u 44069 U 44069: has contractile effect on rat pulmonary veins & arteries; a thromboxane-A2 mimetic	1.97	1	0	prostanoid
sq 29548 SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist	2.91	4	0
stiripentol stiripentol: structure	5.53	6	0
sulfenamide sulfenamide: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
onapristone onapristone: induces vaginal bleeding and luteal regression in monkeys; structure given in first source; progesterone antagonist	1.99	1	0
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	2.46	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
silodosin silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	indolecarboxamide
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	2.03	1	0	piperazines
s 145 S 145: TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (+)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/88; S-1452 is the calcium hydrate form of S-145	2.68	3	0	monoterpenoid
sulprostone sulprostone: structure	2.03	1	0	prostanoid
decaprenoic acid decaprenoic acid: synthetic isoprenoid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	monoterpenoid
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	10.49	14	4	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	7.46	88	0
pd 161570 PD 161570: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
bosutinib 4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.79	2	1	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; N-methylpiperazine; nitrile; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.08	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
su 11248 [no description available]	3.2	5	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib [no description available]	16.52	54	26	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
jnj-7706621 [no description available]	5.55	15	0	sulfonamide
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	3.18	5	0
stilbamidine stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.93	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	6.3	11	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
sulindac sulfide sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity.	2	1	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	2	1	0
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.	4.44	8	0	monochlorobenzenes; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.02	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
bay 11-7085 BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; nitrile; sulfone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor
oxiconazole oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.	3.08	5	0	conazole antifungal drug; dichlorobenzene; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; oxime O-ether	antiinfective agent
2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene 2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene: potent inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 1B1; an antihypertensive agent; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	3.62	9	0
methyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl ketone methyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl ketone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.25	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	7.57	2	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	3.1	5	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.67	3	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin: possess strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activities; structure in first source	7.1	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
triphenyltin triphenyltin: triphenyltin derivatives widely used as pesticides; all of first source is triphenyltin cpds	3.64	3	0
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2.43	2	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	3.91	12	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	2.03	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	2.01	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	3.12	5	0	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.78	3	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.38	11	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.41	2	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	8.25	12	3	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	4.66	3	2	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
dextrorphan Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.	2.41	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	2.1	1	0	boron group element atom
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	2.25	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	4.34	3	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	2.03	1	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
batimastat batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.	3.5	2	0	hydroxamic acid; L-phenylalanine derivative; organic sulfide; secondary carboxamide; thiophenes; triamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	3.4	1	1	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	9.77	30	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	2.31	1	0	azoxy compound
geldanamycin [no description available]	9.34	5	0
2-cyano-n-((ethylamino)carbonyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamide 2-cyano-N-((ethylamino)carbonyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.76	3	0
2-pentenenitrile 2-pentenenitrile: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
musk musk: pure essence from secretion of preputial follicles of Moschus moschiferus L.	2.49	2	0	macrolide
2,3-oxidosqualene 2,3-oxidosqualene: an oxidized derivative of SQUALENE that can fold in several ways: chair-boat-chair-boat to LANOSTEROL; chair-chair-chair-boat to dammarane; or all chair to hopane and on to cycloartenol; RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer. 2,3-epoxysqualene : A squalene triterpenoid obtained by formal epoxidation across the 2,3 C=C bond of squalene.	2.05	1	0	epoxide; squalene triterpenoid
piperic acid piperinic acid: from Piper longum; structure in first source. (E,E)-piperic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (E)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum).	2.11	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; benzodioxoles	plant metabolite
monocrotophos Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.47	2	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid amide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
isoalloxazine isoalloxazine: structure	3.53	8	0	benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	1.97	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
ajoene ajoene: major antiplatelet compound in methanol extract of garlic; also inhibits trypanothione reductase.	2.06	1	0	sulfoxide
minfiensine minfiensine: structure in first source	3.14	1	0
bedaquiline bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.	3.35	1	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; quinolines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antitubercular agent; ATP synthase inhibitor
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	7.02	9	1	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	2.38	2	0
nsc 600032 combretastatin A-1: from Combretum caffrum; structure given in first source	2.48	2	0
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.15	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	7.62	10	1	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	2.41	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	8.09	43	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
isophthalate isophthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.01	4	0	dicarboxylic acid dianion
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	8.29	6	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	6.29	11	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	3.62	8	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	2.08	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	4.72	2	1	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hexanitrostilbene hexanitrostilbene: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
dimethomorph dimethomorph: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (Z)-dimethomorph : An enamide resulting from the formal condensation of (2Z)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid with the amino group of morpholine. The agricultural fungicide dimethomorph is a mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.. dimethomorph : A mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph in an unspecified ratio. It is used as a systemic fungicide used on vines, potatoes, and greenhouse crops; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; enamide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholine fungicide; tertiary carboxamide
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	3.54	8	0
n-hydroxy-n'-aminoguanidine N-hydroxy-N'-aminoguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
bakuchiol bakuchiol: chief component of Psoralea corylifolia Linn; structure	2.07	1	0
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
artepillin c artepillin C: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.15	1	0
1,5-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)formazan 1,5-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)formazan: structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
apocarotenal apocarotenal: structure. 8'-apo-beta,psi-caroten-8'-al : An apo carotenoid triterpenoid compound arising from oxidative degradation of the beta,beta-carotene skeleton at the 8'-position.	2.03	1	0	apo carotenoid triterpenoid; enal
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	7.33	10	1	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
ancriviroc Ancriviroc: CCR5 receptor antagonist	2.42	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
cmpd 167 CMPD 167: has antiviral activity	2.74	3	0
monodehydroascorbate semidehydroascorbic acid: structure	1.99	1	0	organic radical	mouse metabolite
dermorphin dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2.76	3	0
sinigrin sinigrin: glucosinate in mustard seeds etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd. sinigrin : An alkenylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 4-[(sulfooxy)imino]but-1-en-4-yl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.11	1	0	alkenylglucosinolic acid
methoxysuccinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-valine chloromethyl ketone methoxysuccinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-valine chloromethyl ketone: prevents elastase-induced emphysema. methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val chloromethyl ketone : A tripeptide derived from methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val by conversion of the terminal carboxy group to the corresponding chloromethyl ketone.	2.05	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; methyl ester; tripeptide	EC 3.4.21.37 (leukocyte elastase) inhibitor
l 643441 L 643441: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	4.58	4	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	3.64	2	0
homocastasterone homocastasterone: putative ecdysteroid antagonist	2.05	1	0
guanylin guanylin: from rat jejunum; contains 15 amino acids; activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase; stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank Z73607 (pig)	2.03	1	0
acyl carrier protein (65-74) [no description available]	2.05	1	0
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.85	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
vx680 [no description available]	2.47	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
bms 806 BMS 806: prevents entry of HIV into cells by binding HIV envelope protein gp120; no further info available 4/2002	2.74	3	0
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	1.99	1	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	5.32	51	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
25-hydroxyvitamin d 2 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2: 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.	2.51	2	0	hydroxycalciol; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; nutraceutical
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	2.42	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	2.05	1	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
c.i. fluorescent brightening agent 28 4,4'-bis({4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid : An organosulfonic acid comprising stilbene having 4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino groups at the 4 and 4'-positions and sulfo groups at the 2- and 2'-positions.	2.48	2	0
kresoxim-methyl kresoxim-methyl: strobilurin analogue; an industrial fungicide. kresoxim-methyl : A carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetic acid. A fungicide for the control of scab on apples and pears and other fungal diseases on a wide range of crops.	3.77	10	0	aromatic ether; methoxyiminoacetate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; oxime O-ether	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid 2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid: bacterial toxin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; RN given refers to (S-(E))-isomer	2.17	1	0
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2	1	0
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.17	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sk&f 93479 SK&F 93479: inhibits nocturnal acid secretion	2.37	2	0
ma-1 tipiracil: inhibits thymidine phosphorylase. tipiracil : A member of the class of pyrimidones that is uracil substituted by chloro and (2-iminopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl groups at positions 5 and 6 respectively. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) in combination with trifluridine, a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor, for treatment of advanced/relapsed unresectable colorectal cancer.	5.09	1	1	carboxamidine; organochlorine compound; pyrimidone; pyrrolidines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.4 (thymidine phosphorylase) inhibitor
monorden monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II	3.85	3	0	cyclic ketone; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antifungal agent; metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
coomassie brilliant blue [no description available]	2	1	0
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	2.17	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	3.99	13	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.06	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	8.91	12	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
cyhexatin cyhexatin: structure	2	1	0
allylsilane allylsilane: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
selenourea [no description available]	2.11	1	0
triphenyltin hydroxide fentin hydroxide : An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a hydroxy group. A fungicide used to control a variety of infections including blight on potatoes, leaf spot on sugar beet and alternaria blight on carrots.	2.51	2	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	1.94	1	0
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd	2.4	2	0	organic anion
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	2.07	1	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
n-desmethyltamoxifen N-desmethyltamoxifen: main metabolite of tamoxifen; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.03	1	0	stilbenoid
psammaplin a psammaplin A: isolated from marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in second source	7.21	1	0
vlx600 VLX600: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	5.05	8	1
raubasine raubasine: RN given refers to (19alpha)-isomer; structure	2.05	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	4.09	15	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.67	3	0	amidobenzoic acid
pyrachlostrobin pyraclostrobin : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.	6.38	27	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; carbanilate fungicide; methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	azoxy compound
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	3.59	1	1
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	2.69	3	0
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.11	1	0
ralitoline [no description available]	1.99	1	0
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.58	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
himbacine himbacine: muscarine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4beta(1E,2(2R,6S)),4abeta,8aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. himbacine : A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias.	2	1	0	gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; piperidine alkaloid	muscarinic antagonist
aminoethoxyvinylglycine aminoethoxyvinylglycine: RN given for (S-(E))-isomer	2.48	2	0
n,n',n''-triacetylfusarinine c N,N',N''-triacetylfusarinine C: from Mycelia sterilia; ferric ionophore for this organism; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	iron coordination entity; organonitrogen compound
triticonazole triticonazole: a fungicide triticonazole. triticonazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-triticonazole. A seed treatment fungicide for the control of common bunt, loose smut and covered smut on barley, oats and wheat.	4.52	19	0
uniconazole uniconazole: structural analog of diniconazole; RN refers to ((E)-(+-))-isomer; structure given in first source. uniconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of uniconazole-P and its enantiomer, (R)-uniconazole.. (1E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole which is substituted at position 1 by a 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylpent-1-en-2-yl group.	5.66	73	0	monochlorobenzenes; secondary alcohol; triazoles
diniconazole diniconazole: structure given in first source. diniconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diniconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including mildew, bunts and smuts.. (1E)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol substituted at position 1 by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.	4.92	34	0	dichlorobenzene; olefinic compound; secondary alcohol; triazoles
uniconazole-p uniconazole-P: structure in first source. uniconazole P : A (1E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol that has S configuration at the chiral centre. It is the enantiomer of (R)-uniconazole; the fungicide and plant growth retardant uniconazole is the racemic mixture comprising (R)-uniconazole and uniconazole-P.	3.56	8	0	(1E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol; conazole fungicide; triazole fungicide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.78 (ent-kaurene oxidase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	2	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
involucrin involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor	2.05	1	0
3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid SDZ EAA 494: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0
manoalide manoalide: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; sesterterpene from marine sponge L. variabilis; structure given in first source. manoalide : A sesterterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Luffariella variabilis and which has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity towards phospholipase A2.	2	1	0	butenolide; lactol; sesterterpenoid	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; metabolite
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
mucidin mucidin: produced by basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida; strobilurin A produced by wood rot fungus Strobilurus tenacellus;. mucidin : An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E,3Z,5E)-2-(methoxymethylene)-3-methyl-6-phenylhexa-3,5-dienoic acid.	2.13	1	0	enoate ester; enol ether	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite
2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid 2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer	1.98	1	0
bwa 4c [no description available]	2	1	0
microcystin rr microcystin RR: structure given in first source; isolated cyanobacterium	1.99	1	0	microcystin; organic molecular entity	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ono 4057 ONO-LB 457: LTB4 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
1-o-hexadecyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-O-hexadecyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer	1.99	1	0
ici 192605 ICI 192605: structure given in first source; thromboxane receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
pironetin pironetin: a microbial secondary metabolite having the activity of shortening plant height from Streptomyces sp.; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	aliphatic alcohol
ro 24-0238 Ro 24-0238: PAF antagonist	1.97	1	0
bw a1433 BW A1433: adenosine receptor antagonist	2.39	2	0
1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-vitamin d3 1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-vitamin D3: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	psoralens
goniothalamin goniothalamin: has antineoplastic activity; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
zeatin riboside zeatin riboside: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-ribosyl-trans-zeatin : A 9-ribosylzeatin having trans-zeatin as the nucleobase.	2.11	1	0	9-ribosylzeatin; nucleoside analogue	cytokinin; plant metabolite
everolimus [no description available]	18.92	42	11	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	2.61	2	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
ornithylamphotericin methyl ester ornithylamphotericin methyl ester: RN given refers to (R)-isomer	2.37	2	0
trk 820 TRK 820: structure in first source	2.76	2	0	phenanthrenes
ixabepilone [no description available]	2.44	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
ym 461 YM 461: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	1.97	1	0
16-(2'-o-glucopyranosylglucopyranosyloxy)hexadecanoic acid 1',4''-lactone 6',6''-diacetate 16-(2'-O-glucopyranosylglucopyranosyloxy)hexadecanoic acid 1',4''-lactone 6',6''-diacetate: from Torulopsis apicola; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
ganglioside, gd2 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
axitinib [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
cgp-56697 Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.	2.05	1	0
s 1360 [no description available]	6.96	15	0
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	2.06	1	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
prothioconazole prothioconazole: a fungicide. prothioconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prothioconazole. A fungicide for use both as a seed treatment and foliar spray to treat a variety of diseases in cereals.. 2-[2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl]-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione substituted at position 2 by a 2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl group.	5.76	70	0	cyclopropanes; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; thiocarbonyl compound; triazoles
l 744832 L 744832: a CaaX peptidomimetic; a specific farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitor; structure given in first source. L-744,832 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(2S,3S)-2-{[(2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropyl]amino}-3-methylpentyl]oxy}-3-phenylpropanoic acid with the amino group of propan-2-yl (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfonyl)butanoate. It is a farnesyltransferase inhibitor that exhibits anticancer properties.	2.07	1	0	benzenes; ether; isopropyl ester; secondary carboxamide; sulfone; thiol	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; geroprotector
rilpivirine [no description available]	6.36	14	0	aminopyrimidine; nitrile	EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	2.44	2	0
5,6-epoxycholesterol [no description available]	2.15	1	0
r-120758 R-120758: structure in first source	5.14	8	0
cyclosporin h cyclosporin H: non-immunophilin-binding cyclosporin; RN given for (D)-Val	2.49	2	0
opc-67683 OPC-67683: an antitubercular agent	3.23	1	0	piperidines
epoxyfarnesyl diazoacetate 2'-deoxy-4'-C-ethynyl-2-fluoroadenosine: has anti-HIV activity; structure in first source	7.66	4	2
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	6.44	16	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	3.61	9	0
paclobutrazol paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.	6.72	209	0
beta-escin [no description available]	2.67	3	0
4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	3.38	7	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	2.41	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
sb 334867-a 1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist	3.63	2	0	naphthyridine derivative
lactacystin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone 4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone: structure	2.37	2	0
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	5.36	10	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.44	2	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	4.05	4	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
androstane androstane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.1	1	0	steroid fundamental parent
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	5.2	6	2	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
corrole corrole: structure in first source. corrole : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is the octadehydro drivative of corrin.	2.06	1	0
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	2.4	2	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.85	4	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
fk 866 N-(4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide: inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	benzamides; N-acylpiperidine
17-n,n-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-azaandrostane-3-one 17-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-azaandrostane-3-one: inhibitor of testosterone 5-alpha reductase, receptor binding & nuclear uptake of androgens in the prostate	1.98	1	0
fumagillin [no description available]	8.55	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
cv 1808 2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects	3.1	5	0	purine nucleoside
vapiprost vapiprost: thromboxane receptor antagonist; prostaglandin receptor antagonist	2.39	2	0
cilofungin cilofungin: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin; a modified form of Echinocandin B; antimycotic agent against Candida albicans. cilofungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus spp. By inhibiting the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, it invades a fungus' ability to synthesize cell walls. A modified form of echinocandin B, it is an antimycotic agent against Candida albicans.	3.76	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
vorozole vorozole: structure given in first source; vorozole/R 83842 is ((+)/dextro-isomer), RN 129731-10-8; R 83839 ((-)/levo-isomer)	14.99	113	10	benzotriazoles
flibanserin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	benzimidazoles; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound	antidepressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonergic antagonist
finrozole finrozole: an aromatase inhibitor	6.66	12	5
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	5.29	4	3	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
hexarelin hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6	2.75	3	0
ganaxolone ganaxolone: a selective, high-affinity, steroid modulator of the GABA(A) receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer	3.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
e 5842 [no description available]	4.1	15	0
beta-elemene beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.	2.21	1	0	beta-elemene	antineoplastic agent
pd 174494 PD 174494: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	piperidines
isavuconazole isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.	19.94	340	38	1,3-thiazoles; conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor; orphan drug
vildagliptin [no description available]	17.16	95	9	amino acid amide
fesoterodine fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
mrk 016 MRK 016: an inverse agonist of GABA(A) alpha5 receptors; structure in first source	3.16	1	0
pep005 3-ingenyl angelate: protein kinase C agonist and antineoplastic; structure in first source	2.53	2	0
kmi-420 KMI-420: a protease inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
xct790 XCT790: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	cinnamamides
panobinostat Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.	6.61	10	1	cinnamamides; hydroxamic acid; methylindole; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.1	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.1	1	0	borneol
phenylalanylglycine phenylalanylglycine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Phe-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and glycine residues.	2	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
bromopyruvate [no description available]	2.17	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion
7-azatryptophan 7-azatryptophan: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.95	1	0
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	5.9	18	0	ammonium ion derivative
1-aminoadenosine 1-aminoadenosine: structure	1.95	1	0
1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol: RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E,22E)-isomer. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 : A hydroxycalciol that is vitamin D2 bearing additional hydroxy substituents at positions 1alpha and 25.	2.1	1	0	hydroxycalciol; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; nutraceutical
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	3.41	1	1	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.38	2	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oleanane oleanane: from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	terpenoid fundamental parent; triterpene
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	6.13	5	1	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
ursane ursane: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	terpenoid fundamental parent; triterpene
9h-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-n-(1-methylethyl)- 9H-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-N-(1-methylethyl)-: an epichaperome (purine-scaffold) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	4.4	6	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	4.72	28	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.98	4	0
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	4.14	3	1	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
aldicarb Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.	1.99	1	0
phoxim phoxim: structure	2.03	1	0
fla-136 FLA-136: RN given refers to FLA 136	3.05	5	0
pymetrozine pymetrozine: an anti-feedant against aphids, whiteflies, and leaf hoppers. pymetrozine : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.	2.41	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; pyridines	antifeedant; environmental contaminant; TRPV channel modulator; xenobiotic
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
n-acetylglucosaminono-1,5-lactone o-(phenylcarbamoyl)oxime N-acetylglucosaminono-1,5-lactone O-(phenylcarbamoyl)oxime: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
binodenoson [no description available]	2.41	2	0
6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde o-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime: a constitutive androstane receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ferrihydrite ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O	2.52	2	0
s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.	1.99	1	0	L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound	hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
s-allylmercaptocysteine S-allylmercaptocysteine: a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation	2.17	1	0
orteronel orteronel: non-steroidal 17,20-lyase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.68	2	0
mk-0916 MK-0916: structure in first source	3.87	2	1
r 115866 R 115866: structure in first source. talarozole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-talarozole. It is used for the treatment of keratinization disorders, psoriasis and acne.. N-{4-[2-ethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butyl]phenyl}-1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 2-amino-1,3-benzothiazole in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 4-[2-ethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butyl]phenyl group.	8.57	26	3	aromatic amine; benzothiazoles; secondary amino compound; triazoles
desvenlafaxine succinate Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	3.43	1	1
8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Sp)-8-bromo-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having 8-bromoadenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).	2.44	2	0
ebericol ebericol: RN given refers to the unlabeled compound. eburicol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is 24,25-dihydrolanosterol carrying an additional methylene substituent at position 24. A natural product found in Taiwanofungus camphoratus.	2.46	2	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	fungal metabolite
gw 501516 GW 501516: a selective PPARdelta agonist; structure in first source. GW 501516 : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.	3.85	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	carcinogenic agent; PPARbeta/delta agonist
lexipafant lexipafant: an imidazolyl derivative which forms part of a fused heterocyclic system	3.14	1	0
macimorelin [no description available]	2.84	3	0
givinostat [no description available]	2.15	1	0	carbamate ester
atl 146e BMS-068645: structure in first source	3.27	6	0
telapristone acetate telapristone acetate: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	steroid ester
l-826266 L-826266: a prostanoid EP3 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
pachastrissamine pachastrissamine: a cytotoxic anhydrophytosphingosine from a marine sponge, Pachastrissa sp. ; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
vidofludimus vidofludimus: a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
r 121919 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
abiraterone acetate Abiraterone Acetate: An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER.. abiraterone acetate : A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.	2.13	1	0	pyridines; sterol ester	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor; prodrug
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
kb r7943 2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source	2.47	2	0
zd 7155 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cp-346086 CP-346086: an MTP inhibitor that lowers plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in experimental animals and in humans; structure in first source	4.53	5	1
pd 0325901 mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).	2.54	2	0	difluorobenzene; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; propane-1,2-diols; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
nikkomycin [no description available]	8.79	3	0
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	5	6	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
omacor Omacor: a drug containing the n-3 fatty acids that corrects plasma lipid; antiarrhthymic	2.03	1	0
jasplakinolide jasplakinolide: cyclodepsipeptide isolated from marine sponge Jaspis; active against Candida; RN refers to 2S-(2R,4E,6S,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source. jaspamide : A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.	2.03	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; phenols	actin polymerisation inducer; animal metabolite; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; marine metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ro 19-3704 Ro 19-3704: platelet activating factor antagonist	2.38	2	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.94	4	0	oligopeptide
uk-432097 UK-432097: a highly potent and selective agonist and drug candidate for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
efavirenz, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: Inhibitor of reverse transcriptases or of RNA-directed DNA polymerases.	2.11	1	0
lesogaberan lesogaberan: a gastrointestinal system agent; structure in first source	4.14	1	0
18f-fluoroethyl-l-tyrosine (18F)fluoroethyltyrosine: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
avibactam avibactam : A member of the class of azabicycloalkanes that is (2S,5R)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxamide in which the amino hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a sulfooxy group. Used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftazidime pentahydrate for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis.	2.25	1	0	azabicycloalkane; hydroxylamine O-sulfonic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; ureas	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
3,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazolidin-4-one 3,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazolidin-4-one: structure given in first source; SM-12502 is the (+) enantiomer of SM-10661; PAF antagonist	3.08	5	0
ucb 34714 brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.	4.42	3	0	gamma-lactam; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative	anticonvulsant
tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.	2.05	1	0	alkylbenzene
azd9272 AZD9272: an mGluR5 antagonist	2.1	1	0
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	4.72	11	0
l 772405 L 772405: an h5-HT(1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.41	2	0
pr-104a PR-104A: 3,5-dinitrobenzamide nitrogen mustard, an alkyating antineoplastic; PR-104A is the corresponding alcohol of PR104	2.15	1	0
paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	2.04	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; fatty acid ester; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine
ppi-0903 ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.	3.25	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; iminium betaine; organic phosphoramidate; oxime O-ether; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; prodrug
bms201038 BMS201038: an anticholesteremic agent and microsomal triglycide transfer protein inhibitor. lomitapide : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 9-[4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)butyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide. Used (as its mesylate salt) as a complement to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; fluorenes; piperidines	anticholesteremic drug; MTP inhibitor
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	2.67	3	0	organic molecular entity
flag peptide FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.	1.99	1	0	peptide
cyazofamid cyazofamid: a fungicide; structure in first source. cyazofamid : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying dimethylsulfamyl, cyano, chloro and 4-tolyl substituents at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5 respectively. A fungicide used mainly for controlling Oomycete and Plasmodiophora diseases on potatoes and tomatoes. It is a skin and eye irritant and is moderately toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms.	2.06	1	0	imidazole fungicide; imidazoles; nitrile; organochlorine compound; sulfamides; sulfonamide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	7.44	37	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.	2.15	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic amide; ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide	beta-adrenergic agonist
agn 194310 4-((4-(4-ethylphenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(2H)-thiochromen-6-yl)ethynyl)benzoic acid: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
mk-0524 MK-0524: a potent orally active human prostaglandin D(2) receptor 1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
biphenyl-indanone a biphenyl-indanone A: an mGluR2 agonist; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	biphenyls
yf 476 YF 476: gastrin and CCK-B receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	3.47	2	0	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
em 800 EM 800: EM-800 is the prodrug of EM-652; EM-800 and EM-776 are (S)- and (R)-isomers, respectively; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
sr 16234 TS 108: an antiestrogen; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	7.29	6	3	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
n-((1s,trans)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl)adenosine N-((1S,trans)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl)adenosine: structure given in first source; an adenosine A1 receptor agonist	1.98	1	0	purine nucleoside
4-(3-pentylamino)-2,7-dimethyl-8-(2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidine 4-(3-pentylamino)-2,7-dimethyl-8-(2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidine: an hCRF(1) antagonist; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
dapagliflozin [no description available]	8.23	6	6	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
bay36-7620 BAY36-7620: a potent non-competitive mGlu1 receptor antagonist with inverse agonist activity. ; structure in first source	3.56	2	0
miv 150 MIV 150: structure in first source	3.62	2	0
l 838,417 L 838,417: structure in first source	6.83	33	0
2-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethoxy)adenosine 2-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethoxy)adenosine: a adenosine A2A receptor agonist	2.02	1	0
zibotentan ZD4054: a potent endothelin receptor A antagonist that inhibits ovarian carcinoma cell proliferation	2.05	1	0	phenylpyridine
hki 272 [no description available]	3.58	2	0	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ly686017 LY686017: neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonist, a possible therapy for alcoholism; structure in first source	6.16	6	2
fk 881 3-methoxy-1,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole: structure in first source	3.01	4	0
perampanel perampanel : A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.	3.82	2	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	AMPA receptor antagonist; anticonvulsant
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	11.22	25	1	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
mavoglurant mavoglurant: antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	2.57	2	0
ry 024 RY 024: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	2.04	1	0	diterpenoid
l 706000 L 706000: a spirobenzopyran piperidine; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
6h-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine-6-acetamide, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-, (6s)- [no description available]	4.12	13	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
pasireotide pasireotide : A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease.	2.08	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	antineoplastic agent
zeolites [no description available]	5.53	4	1
pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source	3.35	1	0	organochlorine compound
vosaroxin vosaroxin: has antineoplastic activity; vosaroxin was formerly voreloxin; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
u 18666a 3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.	2.89	3	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; nicotinic antagonist; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
a 85783.0 A 85783.0: a platelet activating factor antagonist; structure in first source	2	1	0
l-161982 L-161982: A prostanoid EP4 receptor antagonist	4.56	23	0	biphenyls
medigoxin spirotetramat: for the control of a broad spectrum of sucking insects; structure in first source. spirotetramat : An azaspiro compound that is methoxycyclohexane which is fused at position 4 to the 5-position of a 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one that is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by 2,5-dimethylphenyl and (ethoxycarbonyl)oxy groups, respectively (the cis isomer). It is a proinsecticide (via hydrolysis of the ethyl carbonate group to give the corresponding 4-hydroxypyrrol-2-one, "spirotetramat-enol") and is used for the control of a wide range of sucking insects on fruit and potato crops.	2.21	1	0
pwz-029 PWZ-029: a compound with moderate inverse agonist functional selectivity at GABA(A) receptors containing alpha5 subunits, improves passive, but not active, avoidance learning in rats; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.76	3	0
ici 195739 ICI 195739: structure given in first source	9.95	48	4
epiyangambin epiyangambin: a furofuran lignan; also a PAF receptor antagonist; from the leaves of Rollinia pickeli; RN given for epiyangambin, the (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	2.91	4	0
pnu 142633f PNU 142633F: structure in first source	2	1	0
pateamine a pateamine A: a 19-membered macrolide; structure in first source; inhibits eukaryotic translation initiation. pateamine : A marine macrodiolide that is isolated from the sponge Mycale hentscheli and exhibits anticancer and antiviral properties	2.13	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; macrodiolide; olefinic compound; primary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; eukaryotic initiation factor 4F inhibitor; marine metabolite
a25822b A25822B: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer; structure	1.98	1	0
pimavanserin pimavanserin: A 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist; ACP-103 is the dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) salt. It is used to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PARKINSON DISEASE; structure in first source.. pimavanserin : A member of the class of ureas in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by 4-fluorobenzyl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, and 4-(isopropyloxy)benzyl groups. An atypical antipsychotic that is used (in the form of its tartrate salt) for treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; ureas	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist; antipsychotic agent; serotonergic antagonist
vorapaxar vorapaxar: has antiplatelet activity; structure in first source. vorapaxar : A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.	2.08	1	0	carbamate ester; lactone; naphthofuran; organofluorine compound; pyridines	cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist
arl-67156 6-N,N-diethyl-beta,gamma-dibromomethylene-D-ATP: an inhibitor of ecto-ATPase	2.99	4	0
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	3.16	5	0
18f-faza fluoroazomycin arabinoside: used for hypoxia-specific imaging; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
n-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide: inhibits rat renal microsomal arachidonic acid epoxidation	2.45	2	0
ly-2157299 LY-2157299: an orally active transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGF-beraR) kinase inhibitor. LY-2157299 : A pyrrolopyrazole that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 6-methylpyridin-2-yl and 6-(aminocarbonyl)quinolin-4-yl groups, respectively. A Transforming growth factor-betaRI (TGF-betaRI) kinase inhibitor, it blocks TGF-beta-mediated tumor growth in glioblastoma.	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; methylpyridines; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolopyrazole; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; TGFbeta receptor antagonist
4-hydroxy-n-desmethyltamoxifen 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen: metabolite of tamoxifen in human bile	2.17	1	0	stilbenoid
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	8.38	18	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	3.36	6	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-hexyl-1h-1,2,4-triazole 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole: a neutral cannabinoid receptor antagonist with antiobesity effects; structure in first source	4.55	7	0
odanacatib odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I	2.81	3	0
besifloxacin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	quinolines
apixaban [no description available]	3.69	2	0	aromatic ether; lactam; piperidones; pyrazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
ly 379268 LY 379268: group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source. LY 379268 : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is (1R,5S)-2-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane carrying amino, carboxy, and carboxy groups at positions 4R, 4R and 6R, respectively. It is a potent agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR3 (EC50 = 2.69 nM and 4.48 nM, respectively) that exhibits antipsychotic-like action in animal models of schizophrenia.	2.1	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; bridged compound; organic heterobicyclic compound	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
sb674042 SB674042: nonpeptide antagonist to the human orexin-1 receptor; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
fluorapatite fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.	7.13	1	0
tasimelteon tasimelteon : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is propionamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is replaced by a [(1R,2R)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-yl)cyclopropyl]methyl group. A melatonin receptor agonist used for the treatment of non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder.	3.25	1	0	1-benzofurans; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide	melatonin receptor agonist
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.55	2	0
int 131 INT 131: a hypoglycemic agent; structure in first source	3.19	1	0
levovirin valinate hydrochloride levovirin valinate hydrochloride: structure in first source	4.68	6	1
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.	3.23	1	0	chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sn003 SN003: structure in first source	2.72	3	0
aee 788 AEE 788: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	6-{4-[(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]phenyl}-N-(1-phenylethyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; trypanocidal drug
saracatinib [no description available]	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; diether; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; oxanes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
anoplin anoplin: an antimicrobial peptide from the venom of the solitary wasp Anoplius samariensis; peptide sequence in first source	2.15	1	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	3.04	4	0
1-azafagomine 1-azafagomine: inhibits processing glycosidase; structure in first source	2	1	0
azd3965 AZD3965: a monocarboxylate transporter-1 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
(1,2-bis(1,2-benzisoselenazolone-3(2h)-ketone))ethane (1,2-bis(1,2-benzisoselenazolone-3(2H)-ketone))ethane: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
cgs 24012 CGS 24012: adenosine agonist with both high affinity & selectivity for the adenosine A2 receptor	3.1	5	0
isoeleutherin isoeleutherin: an immune response modulator; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
ipragliflozin [no description available]	4.37	1	1	glycoside
volasertib BI 6727: a polo-like kinase inhibitor with broad antitumor activity; structure in first source	2.58	2	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	12.63	136	2
js399-19 phenamacril: an effective agent against several fungi species belonging to the Fusarium genus	2.66	2	0
4,5-diaminofluorescein 4,5-diaminofluorescein: structure in first source	3.55	2	0
sch 442416 SCH 442416: an adenosine A2A receptor ligand	2.98	4	0	triazolopyrimidines
spliceostatin a spliceostatin A: antiangiogenic agent that blocks expression of VEGF; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
benzene oxide benzene oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	3.59	9	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	5.14	2	1	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
fluoxastrobin fluoxastrobin: a fungicide. fluoxastrobin : An oxime O-ether that is the O-methyl oxime of (2-{[6-(2-chlorophenoxy)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}phenyl)(5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-dioxazin-3-yl)methanone. A fungicide used for disease control of potatoes and a wide range of vegetables.	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; dioxazine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; oxime O-ether; pyrimidines; strobilurin antifungal agent	antifungal agrochemical; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
montanine montanine: has anxiolytic, antidepressant, and anticonvulsant activities	2.15	1	0
r-106 [no description available]	3.11	1	0
streptogramin b Streptogramin B: A specific streptogramin group B antibiotic produced by Streptomyces graminofaciens and other bacteria.. pristinamycin IA : A cyclodepsipeptide that is (together with pristinamycin IIA) a component of pristinamycin, an oral streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. Pristinamycin exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.	2.25	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
mefenoxam metalaxyl-M : A methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate that is the more active R-enantiomer of metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.	2.04	1	0	acylamino acid fungicide; anilide fungicide; D-alanine derivative; methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate	agrochemical
regorafenib [no description available]	6.75	3	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; hepatotoxic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
3beta-hydroxy-17-(1h-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene 3-hydroxy-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	4.14	2	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
degrasyn degrasyn: a JAK2 kinase inhibitor that induces rapid degradation of c-Myc protein in MM-1 multiple myeloma and other tumor cell lines; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
wrenchnolol wrenchnolol: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
uamc00039 UAMC00039: dipeptidyl peptidase II inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	4.35	4	1
lurasidone hydrochloride Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	3.98	2	1	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
amd 070 mavorixafor: a derivative of AMD3100; a CXCR4 blocker	3.15	1	0	aminoquinoline
fg-4592 roxadustat: structure in first source. roxadustat : An N-acylglycine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of glycine with the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-7-phenoxyisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. It is an inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH).	5.65	4	0	aromatic ether; isoquinolines; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor
cardanol cardanol: from pink pepper; phenol with hydrocarbon side chain which can vary in length & unsaturation	2.11	1	0	phenols
chlorantranilipole chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.	2.84	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; organobromine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyrazoles; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
arbaclofen placarbil arbaclofen placarbil: an R-baclofen prodrug; may improve the treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease, spasticity; structure in first source	4.14	1	0
mp470 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
cenicriviroc cenicriviroc: an inhibitor of HIV-1. cenicriviroc : A member of the class of benzazocines that is (5Z)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-benzazocine which is substituted by a 2-methylpropyl, N-{4-[(S)-(1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methanesulfinyl]phenyl}carboxamide and 4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl groups at positions 1, 5 and 8, respectively. It is a potent chemokine 2 and 5 receptor antagonist currently in development for the treatment of liver fibrosis in adults with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).	3.62	2	0	aromatic ether; benzazocine; diether; imidazoles; secondary carboxamide; sulfoxide	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; chemokine receptor 2 antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	6.46	18	0	nystatins
pirarubicin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	anthracycline
topramezone topramezone: corn herbicide, an inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase; structure in first source. topramezone : An aromatic ketone that is phenyl 1H-pyrazol-4-yl ketone in which the pyrazolyl group is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively, and in which the phenyl group is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by methyl, 4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl, and methylsulfonyl groups, respectively. A potent inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) that is rapily metabolised by corn to non-active substances, it is used as a herbicide for the treatment of broadleaf weeds.	2.11	1	0
bms-626529 [no description available]	8.72	15	4
telcagepant telcagepant: structure in first source	6.16	3	1
bms-663068 fostemsavir: an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor; structure in first source	9.44	10	4
nu 7441 8-dibenzothiophen-4-yl-2-morpholin-4-yl-chromen-4-one: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	dibenzothiophenes
cryptophane a cryptophane A: cryptophane organic host molecules constructed from two cyclotriguaiacylene (CTG) units connected by three alkane linkers, possess a hydrophobic cavity that can encapsulate a wide variety of guests; structure in first source	2.45	2	0
chamuvarinin chamuvarinin: from the roots of Uvaria chamae; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
er-086526 eribulin: a halichondrin B derivative that suppresses microtubule growth and acts as an antimitotic agent; structure in first source. eribulin : A fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of marine sponge natural products. Inhibits growth phase of microtubules via tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism, which leads to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage	2.15	1	0	cyclic ketal; cyclic ketone; macrocycle; polycyclic ether; polyether; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
bi 2536 [no description available]	2.1	1	0
penthiopyrad penthiopyrad: a fungicide. penthiopyrad : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-penthiopyrad. Used to control rust and Rhizoctonia diseases and also shows activity against grey mould, powdery mildew and apple scab.. 1-methyl-N-[2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-thienyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)thiophen-3-amine.	2.88	3	0	aromatic amide; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; thiophenes
nvp-ast487 NVP-AST487: antineoplastic; a RET kinase inhibitor that blocks growth and calcitonin gene expression through distinct mechanisms in medullary thyroid cancer cells	2.13	1	0
nutlin-3a nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source	4.18	3	0	stilbenoid
3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate 3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole phosphate : A phosphate salt obtained by reacting 3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole with one equivalent of phosphoric acid. It is a nitrification inhibitor and when used on crops, it prevents nitrogen loss from soil, increases nitrogen use efficiency, and boosts crop yields.	2.17	1	0	phosphate salt	nitrification inhibitor
alogliptin alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.	10.98	21	3	nitrile; piperidines; primary amino compound; pyrimidines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
pr-104 PR-104: 3,5-dinitrobenzamide nitrogen mustard, an alkyating antineoplastic; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
psn 632408 PSN 632408: a GPR119 agonist; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
cp 154526 CP 154526: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
tedizolid phosphate tedizolid phosphate: a prodrug of DA-7157; structure in first source. tedizolid phosphate : A phosphate monoester resulting from the formal condensation of equimolar amounts of phosphoric acid with the hydroxy group of tedizolid . It is a prodrug of tedizolid, used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.	3.25	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone; phosphate monoester; pyridines; tetrazoles	antimicrobial agent; prodrug; protein synthesis inhibitor
cevipabulin [no description available]	6.07	8	1
arq 197 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	indoles
iodosulfuron [no description available]	2.07	1	0
tavaborole tavaborole: has antifungal activity; structure in first source. tavaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2,1-benzoxaborole substituted at position 5 by a fluoro group. A topical antifungal agent used for the treatment of onychomycosis (fungal infection of the toenails and fingernails).	9.09	19	2	benzoxaborole; organofluorine compound	antifungal agent; EC 6.1.1.4 (leucine--tRNA ligase) inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
olodaterol [no description available]	3.21	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoxazine; phenols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
pyrazolone pyrazolone: non-steroid antirheumatic agent. pyrazolone : A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.	2.49	2	0
vrx-480773 VRX-480773: structure in first source	2.75	3	0
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.77	3	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
emamectin benzoate emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).	3.08	4	0	emamectins
carfilzomib [no description available]	7.93	11	2	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
hcv 796 HCV 796: inhibits HCV RdRp; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
apremilast [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
niranthin niranthin: RN given for (R,R)-isomer; has anti-HBsAg activity; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	26.25	807	279
chlorophyll b [no description available]	2.45	2	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	1.98	1	0
tozadenant tozadenant: an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist	2.8	3	0	benzothiazoles
14-deoxyandrographolide 14-deoxyandrographolide: from Andrographis paniculata; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
idelalisib idelalisib: an antineoplastic agent and p110delta inhibitor; structure in first source. idelalisib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	4.88	2	1	aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; purines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	6.86	10	2	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
atl 313 ATL 313: A2A adenosine receptor agonist	3.42	7	0
pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidine pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidine: structure in first source	2.46	2	0
cgp 57380 CGP 57380: inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinase Mnk1	2.21	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
cefdinir Cefdinir: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. cefdinir : A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.	2	1	0
lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.	2.54	2	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant
aminocandin aminocandin: a lipopeptide belonging to the echinocandin class of antifungal compounds; inhibits glucan synthase. aminocandin : A member of the family of echinocandins that shows broad-spectrum in vitro activity against Aspergillus and Candida spp.	4.07	2	0	aromatic ether; echinocandin; homodetic cyclic peptide	antiinfective agent
n-(2-(1,1'-bicyclopropyl)-2-ylphenyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1h-pyrazole-4-carboxamide N-(2-(1,1'-bicyclopropyl)-2-ylphenyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide: sedaxane is the (trans)-isomer; structure in first source. sedaxane : A diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of the two possible cis-isomers as well as the two possible trans-isomers of sedaxane. Used in seed treatment for the control of pathogens such as Ascomycetes and Oomycetes species in crops such as fruit and wheat.. N-{2-[1,1'-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]phenyl}-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1pyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-[1,1'-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]aniline.	3.01	2	0	aromatic amide; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; ring assembly
psb 36 1-butyl-8-(3-noradamantyl)-3-(3-hydroxypropyl)xanthine: an A1 receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0	oxopurine
ru 66647 telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;	4.52	8	0
florasulam florasulam: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	sulfonamide
trametinib [no description available]	4.64	5	1	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
bay 60-6583 BAY 60-6583: structure in first source. BAY 60-6583 : A member of the class of cyanopyridines that is 6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-sulfanylpyridine in which the hydroxy and sulfanyl hydrogens are replaced by cyclopropylmethyl and carboxamidomethyl groups respectively.	2.46	2	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; cyanopyridine; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A2B receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent; cardioprotective agent
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	10.87	30	4
hydroxynefazodone hydroxynefazodone: an active metabolite of the antidepressant nefazodone; structure given in first source	7.02	15	6	piperazines
granite granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite	2.31	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
imidazolone imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source	2.75	3	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
sesone 7-deazaxanthine: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc Sialyl Lewis X Antigen: A sialylated version of Lewis X antigen expressed on cell surfaces. It is a ligand for SELECTINS.. alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc : A branched amino tetrasaccharide consisting of a sialyl residue, linked (2->3) to a galactosyl residue that in turn is linked (1->4) to a glucosaminyl residue, which is also carrying a fucosyl residue at the 3-position.	2.15	1	0	amino tetrasaccharide; glucosamine oligosaccharide	epitope
5-(5-nitrothiazol-2-ylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine 5-(5-nitrothiazol-2-ylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine: structure in first source. halicin : A member of the class of thiadiazoles that is 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine which is substituted by a (5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)sulfanediyl group at position 5. It is a c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor (IC50 = 0.7uM) and exhibits antibacterial properties.	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; organic sulfide; primary amino compound; thiadiazoles	antibacterial agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor
td-5108 TD-5108: a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
empagliflozin [no description available]	8.71	6	4	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
lc15-0444 LC15-0444: Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors; orally active small molecule for the treatment of type II diabetes	4.98	2	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
octanoylcarnitine octanoylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-octanoyl-L-carnitine : The L-enantiomer of an O-octanoylcarnitine.	1.99	1	0	O-octanoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	human metabolite
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	2.07	1	0
emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of emtricitabine and tenofovir that is used as an ANTI-HIV AGENT in the treatment and prevention of HIV INFECTIONS.	4.49	2	2
peramivir peramivir hydrate : A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of peramivir. Used for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.. peramivir : A member of the class of guanidines that is used (as its trihydrate) for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.	3.21	1	0
at 13387 (2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)-(5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)methanone: structure in first source. onalespib : A member of the class of isoindoles that is isoindole in which the amino group has been acylated by a 2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylbenzoyl group and in which position 5 of the isoidole moiety has been substituted by a (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl group. A second-generation Hsp90 inhibitor.	4.18	4	0	benzamides; isoindoles; N-alkylpiperazine; resorcinols; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; Hsp90 inhibitor
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	4.23	18	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	4.44	19	0
wk-x-34 WK-X-34: inhibitor of P-glycoprotein and BCRP (breast cancer resistance protein); structure in first source	2.1	1	0
veliparib [no description available]	2.15	1	0	benzimidazoles	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
sar 1118 lifitegrast: An LFA-1 (LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1) antagonist that is used in the treatment of DRY EYE SYNDROMES.. lifitegrast : An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-[2-(1-benzofuran-6-carbonyl)]-5,7-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-(methanesulfonyl)-L-phenylalanine. Used for treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome).	3.65	2	0	1-benzofurans; isoquinolines; L-phenylalanine derivative; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 antagonist
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.71	3	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.76	2	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	3.26	6	0
vindoline [no description available]	2.25	1	0
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	3.65	8	0	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
brexpiprazole brexpiprazole: a serotonin agent; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.75	3	0
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	2.03	1	0
lhrh, ala(6)-gly(10)-ethylamide- LHRH, Ala(6)-Gly(10)-ethylamide-: a growth hormone agonistic analog; RN given is for acetate salt	4.77	3	0
th 302 TH 302: an hypoxia-activated prodrug of bromo-isophosphoramide mustard; an antineoplastic agent	2.11	1	0
arhalofenate arhalofenate: a PPAR-gamma modulator	6.57	5	0
24-hydroxycholesterol 24-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 24.	2.48	2	0	24-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; oxysterol
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	3.39	7	0
grandiflorenic acid grandiflorenic acid: structure. grandiflorenic acid : A tetracyclic diterpenoid with formula C20H28O2 which exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antileishmanial and wound-healing properties.	2.05	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	2.17	1	0
ethidium homodimer ethidium homodimer: structure	2.06	1	0
tenuigenin tenuigenin: decreases secretion of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta-protein in cultured cells	2.13	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid
ent-dextilidine Tilidine: An opioid analgesic used similarly to MORPHINE in the control of moderate to severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1097). ent-dextilidine : An ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate that has R configuration at the carbon bearing the phenyl group and S configuration at the carbon bearing the dimethylamino group. It is the enantiomer of dextilidine; the opioid analgesic tilidine is the racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextilidine and ent-dextilidine.. tilidine : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of the two trans diastereoisomers of ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate, namely dextilidine and ent-dextilidine. It is used (commonly as the hydrochloride hemihydrate) as an opioid analgesic for the management of moderate to severe pain. A prodrug, it is metabolised in the body to nortilidine, which is responsible for the analgesic activity; virtually all of the opioid activity resides in the (1S,2R) isomer.	3.43	1	1	ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate
thienopyrimidine thienopyrimidine: structure in first source. thienopyrimidine : A class of aromatic heterobicyclic compounds each of which contains a pyrimidine ring ortho fused to a 5-membered thiophene ring.	3.37	6	0
1,4-dihydroquinoline 1,4-dihydroquinoline: structure in first source	2.52	2	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.21	6	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.94	4	0
yessotoxin yessotoxin: produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in invertebrates (e.g., Patinopecten gessoensis also known as YESSO SCALLOP) that feed on them. RN given refers to parent compound	2.02	1	0	ciguatoxin
butaprost butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.77	3	0
ludartin ludartin: a TRPA1 channel activator; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	2.92	4	0
jaw [no description available]	3.3	6	0	indolecarboxamide
2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid: inhibits salicylic acid synthesis	2.07	1	0
methampicillin brassinazole: a triazole-type brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor; structure in first source. brassinazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by phenyl, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl and p-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. An inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis.	6.99	54	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor
cyclosporin o cyclosporin O: isolated from Cylindrocarpon lucidum and Tolypocladium inflatum; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ametoctradin ametoctradin: an oomycete-specific fungicide. ametoctradin : A member of the class of triazolopyrimidines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine carrying additional ethyl and octyl substituents at positions 5 and 6 respectively. A fungicide for the control of late blight and downey mildew on potatoes and other crops including vines.	3.27	5	0	aromatic amine; triazolopyrimidines	antifungal agrochemical; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
homopropargylglycine homopropargylglycine: structure in first source	2.59	2	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	9.43	22	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mdv 3100 [no description available]	7.63	8	2	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; imidazolidinone; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; thiocarbonyl compound	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
azd2066 [no description available]	7.68	6	3
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	4.16	15	0
azamulin azamulin: a Cyp3A inhibitor; structure in first source	3.47	7	0
fluxapyroxad fluxapyroxad: carboxamide; succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor. fluxapyroxad : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3',4',5'-trifluorobiphenyl-2-amine. Used to control a number of cereal fungal pathogens including those belonging to the Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Zygomycetes families.	2.89	3	0	anilide fungicide; aromatic amide; biphenyls; pyrazoles; trifluorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
calcitonin [no description available]	3.48	1	1
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	3.37	1	1
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	2.93	4	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.93	4	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	2.02	1	0
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	2.73	3	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	4.42	4	1	polypeptide
tachyplesin peptide, tachypleus tridentatus tachyplesin peptide, Tachypleus tridentatus: isolated from the hemocytes of the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus); cationic peptide; 17 amino acid residues given in first source	2.06	1	0
enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.	9.84	19	1
thymalfasin Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.	1.97	1	0	polypeptide
peptide t1249 peptide T1249: peptide derived from HR2 segment; gp41, intertwined heptad-repeat (HR2) regions form hydrophobic grooves that fold over and bind to corresponding HR1 coiled coils, collapsing gp41 into a stable six-helix or trimer of hairpins configuration; HIV fusion inhibitor	2.07	1	0
hevein hevein: 43-amino acid residue protein from the rubber tree; homology with thionins and WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS; not strictly a lectin since it does not act as an agglutinin but has the hevein motif characteristic of lectins;	2.25	1	0
abarelix abarelix: RN & structure in first source. abarelix : A polypeptide compound composed of ten natural and non-natural amino acid resiudes in a linear sequence.	3.12	1	0	polypeptide	antineoplastic agent; hormone antagonist
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.15	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide: potent stimulator of insulin released in perfused mammalian pancreas	5.08	3	1
(prolyl-hydroxylprolyl-glycine)10 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	7.36	26	5
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.98	4	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	13.8	37	14	peptide hormone
emerimicins Peptaibols: A group of peptides characterized by length of 1-2 dozen residues with a high proportion of them being non-proteinogenic, notably alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) and isovaline, and have a C-terminal amino alcohol and N terminal alkyl group. They are found in FUNGI and some are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. They form channels or pores in target organisms. The term is a contraction of peptide-Aib-alcohol.	2.53	2	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.73	3	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	3.39	7	0
lactoferricin b lactoferricin B: amino acid sequence given in first source	1.99	1	0
cucurbit(8)uril cucurbit(8)uril: a macrocyclic polymer compound comprising 8 GLYCOLURIL units with methylene bridges	2.06	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	4.05	4	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	7.33	56	0
liraglutide [no description available]	17.17	72	14	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
antarelix antarelix: a synthetic decapeptide, water-soluble LHRH antagonist; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
ziconotide ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.	2.79	3	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	21.55	234	65
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt	2.05	1	0	polypeptide
insulin glulisine insulin glulisine: provides greater beta-cell protective action	3.48	1	1
oritavancin oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.	3.19	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
insulin detemir Insulin Detemir: A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	5.8	2	2
acyline [no description available]	4.75	2	1
diapep 277 DiaPep 277: a 24-mer laboratory-made peptide derived from Hsp60(437-460)	3.17	1	0
alx-0600 ALX-0600: glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) analog. teduglutide : A 33-membered polypeptide consisting of His, Gly, Asp, Gly, Ser, Phe, Ser, Asp, Glu, Met, Asn, Thr, Ile, Leu, Asp, Asn, Leu, Ala, Ala, Arg, Asp, Phe, Ile, Asn, Trp, Leu, Ile, Gln, Thr, Lys, Ile, Thr and Asp residues joined in sequence. A glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonist used for the treatment of short-bowel syndrome.	2.07	1	0	polypeptide	antioxidant; glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonist; metabolite; protective agent
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	16.03	82	13
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	11.63	24	18
exendin (9-39) exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4	2.51	2	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	4.84	31	0	glycoside
sodium borate borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.	1.98	1	0
perovskite calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.	2.13	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	3.9	12	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	7.28	18	1	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	3.37	1	1	21-hydroxy steroid
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.63	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
gdc-0973 cobimetinib: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. cobimetinib : A member of the class of N-acylazetidines obtained by selective formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodoanilino)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group from the azetidine ring of 3-[(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]azetidin-3-ol. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that is used (as its fumarate salt) in combination with vemurafenib for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.	2.11	1	0	aromatic amine; difluorobenzene; N-acylazetidine; organoiodine compound; piperidines; secondary amino compound; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
buparlisib NVP-BKM120: a pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	4.23	3	1	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; morpholines; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	4.74	28	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
lumacaftor lumacaftor: a corrector of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CTFR); structure in first source. lumacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid with the aromatic amino group of 3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.63	2	0	aromatic amide; benzodioxoles; benzoic acids; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; pyridines	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
phentin acetate phentin acetate: see also triphenyltin hydroxide.; structure. fentin acetate : An organotin compound that is the O-acetyl derivative of triphenyltin hydroxide. A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.	2.42	2	0	acetate ester; organotin compound	antifungal agrochemical
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	2	1	0	organotin acaricide
pha 848125 N,1,4,4-tetramethyl-8-((4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-h)quinazoline-3-carboxamide: a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor	2.17	1	0
3-(3-(4-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine APX001A: has antifungal activity; structure in first source	3	4	0
ro5126766 RO5126766: a dual MEK/RAF kinase inhibitor. CH5126766 : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-methyl-7-[(pyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]coumarin carrying an additional [2-[(methylaminosulfonyl)amino]-3-fluoropyridin-4-yl]methyl substituent at position 3.	2.61	2	0	aryloxypyrimidine; coumarins; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfamides	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
fedratinib fedratinib: a selective small-molecule inhibitor of JAK2	2.1	1	0	sulfonamide
uk 453,061 UK 453,061: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor/anti-HIV agent; structure in first source	3.46	1	1	aromatic ether
ns 11394 3'-(5-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)benzoimidazol-1-yl)biphenyl-2-carbonitrile: an anxiolytic agent; structure in first source	2.48	2	0
flupyradifurone flupyradifurone: has insecticidal activity; structure in first source. flupyradifurone : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which the nitrogens have been replaced by (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, and 5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl groups, respectively. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonist, it is used as an insecticide to control sucking pests in a variety of crops.	2.66	2	0	butenolide; enamine; monochloropyridine; organofluorine insecticide; tertiary amino compound	insecticide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
nsc 23766 NSC 23766 trihydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of NSC 23766 with 3 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride. An inhibitor of the signalling G-protein known as RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1).. Rac1 inhibitor : Any inhibitor of Rac1.	2.31	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.6.5.2 (small monomeric GTPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist
adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.	7.93	4	0
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	3.06	4	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	4.76	5	0
sm 164 SM 164: a bivalent Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	4.42	19	0	benzenes; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary carboxamide; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; radiosensitizing agent
sr 1078 SR 1078: a RORalpha and RORgamma agonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.08	1	0
1,5-benzothiazepine [no description available]	2.46	2	0
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.08	1	0
1,2,4-trioxane 1,2,4-trioxane: structure in first source	2.69	2	0
pyrazolopyridine pyrazolopyridine: act as competitive antagonists of brain adenosine A1 receptors	2.17	1	0
v 2006 3-(4-amino-3-methylbenzyl)-7-(2-furyl)-3H-(1,2,3)triazolo(4,5-d)pyrimidine-5-amine: antiparkinson agent; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
menotropins Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.	9.75	14	8
chitosan [no description available]	7.38	30	1
septide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
tris(pyrazolyl)borate tris(pyrazolyl)borate: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
mrk-409 MRK-409: GABA-A Receptor Agonists; structure in first source	4.07	1	0
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	2.73	3	0
bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials	1.98	1	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	3.25	6	0
yil 781 YIL 781: an appetite suppressant and weight loss promoter; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
tegobuvir tegobuvir: a non-structural protein 5B polymerase inhibitor	2.1	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.78	11	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.08	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium tetradecyl sulfate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	3.09	1	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
raltegravir potassium Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.	14.54	65	15
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination [no description available]	10.04	30	2
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	4.57	1	1	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
merocyanine dye merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure	2.53	2	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	7.56	8	1
pyrithiobac sodium [no description available]	2.45	2	0	organic molecular entity
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.	3.04	4	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.93	4	0
quinupristin quinupristin: component of RP 59500; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide
arginine Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.	2.03	1	0
olaparib [no description available]	4.1	12	0	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
almorexant almorexant: a dual orexin receptor antagonist for treatment of insomnia	4.71	3	0	isoquinolines
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	2.4	2	0
neolamellarin a neolamellarin A: from the sponge Dendrilla nigra; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
plx 4720 PLX 4720: a B-Raf(V600E) kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.53	2	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; organochlorine compound; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
lcl161 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic ketone; L-alanine derivative; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpyrrolidine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
cx 4945 [no description available]	2.87	3	0
pci 34051 PCI 34051: an HDAC8 inhibitor	2.17	1	0	indolecarboxamide
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	3.49	7	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mln 8237 MLN 8237: an aurora kinase A inhibitor	2.91	3	0	benzazepine
snx 2112 SNX 2112: an orally available small molecule Hsp90 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.58	2	0
bms 754807 BMS 754807: an IGR-1R kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	pyrazoles; pyridines; pyrrolidines; pyrrolotriazine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
lomibuvir lomibuvir: an antiviral agent with polymerase NS5 inhibitory activity	2.49	2	0	thiophenecarboxylic acid
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	3.62	9	0
canagliflozin canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.	13.37	20	16	C-glycosyl compound; organofluorine compound; thiophenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
imeglimin imeglimin: a tetrahydrotriazine-containing oral antidiabetic	3.48	1	1
2',3'-o-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate: analog of ATP; do not confuse with TNP-ATP record	2.02	1	0	C-nitro compound; spiroketal	antagonist
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	6.18	10	1	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ponatinib [no description available]	3.95	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; acetylenic compound; benzamides; imidazopyridazine; N-methylpiperazine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
essramycin essramycin: from the culture broth of the marine Streptomyces; structure in first source	3.18	5	0	triazolopyrimidines	metabolite
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	2.13	1	0	glycoside
arabinogalactan [no description available]	2.58	2	0
sitagliptin phosphate, metformin hydrochloride drug combination Sitagliptin Phosphate, Metformin Hydrochloride Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of sitagliptin phosphate and metformin hydrochloride that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	6.37	4	1
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	2.04	1	0
mk-1775 adavosertib: a Wee1 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	piperazines
AMG-208 [no description available]	4.41	1	1	aromatic ether; quinolines; triazolopyridazine	antineoplastic agent; c-Met tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sch772984 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	biaryl; indazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpyrrolidine; N-arylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
apalutamide [no description available]	3.23	1	0
quizartinib [no description available]	2.63	2	0	benzoimidazothiazole; isoxazoles; morpholines; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; necroptosis inhibitor
tak 733 [no description available]	2.1	1	0
mk 2206 MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent	4.2	3	1	organic heterotricyclic compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
suvorexant suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.	21.32	218	62	1,3-benzoxazoles; aromatic amide; diazepine; organochlorine compound; triazoles	central nervous system depressant; orexin receptor antagonist
navitoclax [no description available]	3.26	5	0	aryl sulfide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; piperazines; secondary amino compound; sulfone; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
oz 439 artefenomel: an antimalarial ozonide; structure in first source	5.18	3	1
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	3.81	10	0	BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	5.06	7	0	fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	5	7	0
trelstar Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.	9.35	12	6
cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.	8.5	10	5	oligopeptide	antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist
rimorphin rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin	2.11	1	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.42	2	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
deslorelin deslorelin: Ovuplant is tradename for a short-term-release implant containing deslorelin acetate; RN given refers to D-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/90	3.53	1	1	oligopeptide
ah 111585 AH 111585: an RGD-based integrin peptide-polymer conjugate for imaging breast cancer	2.05	1	0
cabozantinib cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; dicarboxylic acid diamide; organofluorine compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
pf-04418948 1-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-3-(((6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)oxy)methyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
defactinib [no description available]	2.25	1	0
dora-22 DORA-22: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	4.64	9	0
incb-018424 [no description available]	4.03	3	0	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
3-azido-7-hydroxycoumarin 3-azido-7-hydroxycoumarin: structure in first source	2.47	2	0
mk-6096 MK-6096: antagonist of orexin receptors 1 and 2; structure in first source	4.97	4	0
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	2.07	1	0	tartrate salt
4-phenyl-1-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanone 4-phenyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanone: inhibits heme oxidase; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
mannans [no description available]	12.42	53	5
cobicistat [no description available]	3.73	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; ureas	P450 inhibitor
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	2.53	2	0	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
TAK-580 MLN 2480: brain-penetrant RAF dimer antagonist. TAK-580 : A 1,3-thiazolecarboxamide that is 2-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the amino group of 5-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine and in which the amino group undergoes formal condensation with the carboxy group of 6-amino-5-chloropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid. It is a pan-RAF kinase inhibitor which is currently in clinical development for the treatment of radiographically recurrent or progressive low-grade glioma in children and young adults.	2.41	1	0	1,3-thiazolecarboxamide; aminopyrimidine; chloropyridine; organofluorine compound; pyrimidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-Raf inhibitor
17-dihydroexemestane [no description available]	3.23	1	0
ixazomib ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.	5.08	2	1	benzamides; boronic acids; dichlorobenzene; glycine derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; orphan drug; proteasome inhibitor
ver 155008 VER 155008: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	purine nucleoside
sb 649868 N-((1-((5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)carbonyl)-2-piperidinyl)methyl)-4-benzofurancarboxamide: antagonist of both orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors; for treating insomnia; structure in first source	4.1	2	0
(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone (2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone: a microtubule modulator; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
enfumafungin enfumafungin: from endophytic Hormonema species; structure in first source. enfumafungin : A triterpene glycoside and hemiacetal isolated from a fermentation of Hormonema sp. and which specifically inhibits glucan synthesis in fungal cells.	2.25	1	0	lactol; monosaccharide derivative; triterpenoid saponin	antifungal agent
cem 101 solithromycin: an antibacterial fluoroketolide; structure in first source	15.51	81	14
5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-3-(pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)-1-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-1,3-dihydro-2h-indol-2-one 5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-3-(pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one: a voltage-gated calcium channel 2 blocker with analgesic activity; structure in first source	3.18	5	0
3-(1-(3-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-1h-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1h-indole-5-carboxylic acid 3-(1-(3-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid: an SHP2 inhibitor; structure in first source	3.02	4	0
azd2014 vistusertib: potent and selective dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.98	3	0
(5-(2,4-bis((3s)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol (5-(2,4-bis((3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol: a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor with in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	benzyl alcohols; morpholines; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; mTOR inhibitor
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.37	2	0
plx4032 [no description available]	5.22	10	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
gsk 1363089 GSK 1363089: a multikinase inhibitor that acts on Met, RON, Axl, and VEGFR; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether
GDC-0623 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	hydroxamic acid ester; imidazopyridine; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.	1.96	1	0	3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion
mk-7655 relebactam: structure in first source	2.72	2	0
urushiol [no description available]	2.17	1	0
debio 0932 CUDC 305: an Hsp90 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	5.1	12	0
psb603 PSB603: an adenosine A2B receptor antagonist	3.46	2	0
bms 665053 BMS 665053: structure in first source	3.17	1	0
pf 04929113 [no description available]	3.18	1	0
elafin Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.	2.51	2	0
baricitinib [no description available]	8.23	14	0	azetidines; nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
arry 520 filanesib: a kinesin spindle protein inhibitor	3.25	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	23.51	256	19
cay 10580 CAY 10580: a E-prostanoid EP4 receptor agonist. 2-(3-hydroxyoctyl)-5-oxo-1-pyrrolidineheptanoic acid : A pyrrolidin-2-one substituted by 6-carboxyhexyl and 3-hydroxyoctyl groups at positions 1 and 2, respectively. It is a potent prostaglandin EP4 receptor agonist (Ki=35 nM).	2.11	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolidin-2-ones; secondary alcohol	prostaglandin receptor agonist
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	4.45	7	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	2.41	2	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	8.33	35	1
sansalvamide a sansalvamide A: a cyclic depsipeptide; inhibits poxvirus topoisomerase; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
dabrafenib [no description available]	2.5	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
nitd 609 NITD 609: an antimalarial and coccidiostat; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
anagliptin anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound	3.19	1	0	amino acid amide
targocil targocil: structure in first source	3.03	4	0
siponimod siponimod: S1P receptor modulator	2.17	1	0
gsk2586184 GSK2586184: a Janus kinase inhibitor	6.73	4	3
grazoprevir grazoprevir: has antiviral activity; component of Zepatier. grazoprevir : An azamacrocyclic compound that is a hepatitis C protease inhibitor used in combination with elbasvir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.	4	3	0	aromatic ether; azamacrocycle; carbamate ester; cyclopropanes; lactam; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; quinoxaline derivative	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent
ribociclib ribociclib: inhibits both CDK4 and CDK6	10.27	9	5
letermovir letermovir: has antiviral activity; structure in first source	3.56	1	1
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	3.05	4	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	3.91	3	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor	4.24	3	1	benzoxazole
p(1),p(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate P(1),P(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate: structure. P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate(5-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the pentaphosphate OH groups of P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate.	2	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion
int-777 [no description available]	3.27	1	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	18.78	132	22
kavain kavain: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; see also kavaform; structure	2.05	1	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
abemaciclib [no description available]	9.65	7	4
nvp-bsk805 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
wzb117 WZB117: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
mk-3118 ibrexafungerp: a glucan synthase inhibitor with antifungal activity; structure in first source	4.18	2	0
gsk 1070916 GSK 1070916: an antineoplastic agent with aurora B/C kinase inhibitory activity	2.11	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
jnj38877605 [no description available]	3.59	2	0	quinolines
dinaciclib [no description available]	2.1	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
lgk974 LGK974: a potent and specific small-molecule inhibitor of Porcupine (PORCN) acyltransferase. LGK974 : A carboxamide, the structure of which is that of acetamide substituted on carbon by a 2',3-dimethyl-2,4'-bipyridin-5-yl group and on nitrogen by a 5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl group. It is a highly potent, selective and orally bioavailable Porcupine inhibitor (a Wnt signalling inhibitor).	2.11	1	0	bipyridines; pyrazines; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	Wnt signalling inhibitor
gdc-0152 GDC-0152: structure in first source	2.51	2	0
gsk525762a molibresib: mimicks acetylated histones; structure in first source	6.48	30	0	benzodiazepine
gilteritinib gilteritinib: an FLT3/AXL protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. gilteritinib : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine-2-carboxamide which is substituted by {3-methoxy-4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]phenyl}nitrilo, (oxan-4-yl)nitrilo and ethyl groups at positions 3,5 and 6, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of FLT3 and AXL tyrosine kinase receptors (IC50 = 0.29 nM and 0.73 nM, respectively). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in patients who have a FLT3 gene mutation.	4.81	4	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxybenzene; N-methylpiperazine; oxanes; piperidines; primary carboxamide; pyrazines; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
alectinib [no description available]	3.91	2	1	aromatic ketone; morpholines; nitrile; organic heterotetracyclic compound; piperidines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
glpg0634 [no description available]	19.18	107	38
birinapant birinapant: a Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity	2.58	2	0	dipeptide
abt-199 venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.	9.61	16	2	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; oxanes; pyrrolopyridine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
xl765 [no description available]	3.5	1	1	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; benzamides; quinoxaline derivative; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
vu0409106 VU0409106: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
pf-4989216 PF-4989216: inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
azd4547 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzamides; N-arylpiperazine; pyrazoles	fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	3.26	6	0
2-(1h-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate: activator for peptide synthesis	3.81	11	0
nirtetralin nirtetralin: RN given for (5alpha,6beta,7alpha)-isomer; suppresses HBsAg and HBeAg expression; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
gsk1210151a GSK1210151A: inhibitor of the BET family of proteins; structure in first source	6.81	20	1	imidazoquinoline
oligomycin a [no description available]	2.49	2	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; diketone; oligomycin; pentol	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; nematicide
3-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(6-(4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methylurea infigratinib: structure in first source. BGJ-398 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.	2.57	2	0	aminopyrimidine; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
gs-9669 [no description available]	4.81	2	1
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	3.39	7	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	6.33	7	2	polypeptide
acy-1215 ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	4.85	35	0
rg7388 RG7388: structure in first source	3.69	2	0
incb039110 INCB039110: a JAK1 inhibitor; structure in first source	3.82	2	0
lesinurad lesinurad: a uric acid reabsorption inhibitor. lesinurad : A member of the class of triazoles that is [(3-bromo-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]acetic acid substituted at position 1 of the triazole ring by a 4-cyclopropylnaphthalen-1-yl group. Used for treatment of gout.	16.03	75	16	aryl sulfide; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; triazoles	uricosuric drug
kpt-185 KPT-185: binds CRM1 to inhibit nuclear export; has antineoplastic activity	7.28	21	1
trifloxystrobin trifloxystrobin : The methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino)[2-({[(E)-{1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino]oxy}methyl)phenyl]acetic acid. A foliar applied fungicide for cereals which is particularly active against Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Oomycetes	5.87	28	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	6.37	38	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	3.85	3	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.96	4	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.17	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	2.76	3	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	5.46	12	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	1.94	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	4.51	5	1	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	4.37	4	1	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
laquinimod [no description available]	3.35	1	0	aromatic amide
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	3.51	1	1	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	11.59	109	6	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
dihydroxyfumarate dihydroxyfumarate: RN given refers to ((E)-isomer); structure. dihydroxyfumaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid consisting of fumaric acid having two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions.	1.98	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid
sch 37224 Sch 37224: structure in first source; inhibits leukotriene formation; inhibits thromboxane B2 release	2.4	2	0
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	4.05	2	0	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
4-hydroxycoumarin 2-hydroxychromone: structure	2.11	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
sudoxicam sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)	2.04	1	0
teriflunomide [no description available]	2.83	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
choline salicylate choline salicylate: exists as gel or solution	2.31	1	0	hydroxybenzoic acid
tigecycline [no description available]	2.79	3	0
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	2.47	2	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pf 00868554 filibuvir: inhibits HCV RNA replicase	9.59	16	4	triazolopyrimidines
gsk1265744 [no description available]	3.65	2	0	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
s 1 (combination) S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer	3.01	4	0
dolutegravir [no description available]	8.46	8	3	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
ew-7197 vactosertib: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase inhibitor with antifibrotic and antineoplastic activities; structure in first source	5.92	20	1
toxin ii (anemonia sulcata) toxin II (Anemonia sulcata): toxic polypeptide closely related to anthopleurin A with potent cardiac stimulant activity from Anemonia sulcata; do not confuse with altertoxin II which is also abbreviated ATX II	2.55	2	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.75	3	0
microcystin microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.	3.49	2	0	peptide
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.1	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	4.03	13	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.4	2	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	12.77	29	1
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	2.77	3	0
chromated copper arsenate chromated copper arsenate: wood preservative; serves as substrate for trimethylarsine biosynthesis; RN given refers to (Cu(+2)[2:3] salt)	2.07	1	0
cgs 12066b CGS 12066B: RN given for ((Z)-2-butenedioate (1:2))-salt (CGS 12066B); CGS 12066A is the (ethanedioate (1:2))-salt; structure given in first source. 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline dimaleate : A maleate salt that is the dimaleate salt of 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.21	1	0	maleate salt	prodrug; serotonergic agonist
naloxegol naloxegol: A peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist specific for mu-opioid receptors. Used to decrease the constipating effects of opioids.. naloxegol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone in which the keto group is replaced by a PEG moiety. Used for treatment of opioid-induced constipation.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; phenols; polyether; tertiary alcohol	cathartic; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
vuf 2274 VUF 2274: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	4.05	5	0	ketal
cep 33779 [no description available]	3.9	11	0
tcv 309 TCV 309: PAF antagonist	3.78	3	0
phosphatidylethanol phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.	1.97	1	0
ceritinib ceritinib: an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor. ceritinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.	2.52	2	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; piperidines; secondary amino compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pelabresib CPI-0610: a bromodomain and extra-terminal protein inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic heterotricyclic compound; primary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.06	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
wnt-c59 2-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)acetamide: a PORCN acyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
kpt-251 KPT-251: a selective inhibitor of nuclear export; structure in first source	3.95	4	0
(1-(3-isopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl methanesulfonate (1-(3-isopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl methanesulfonate: a GPR119 agonist	5.83	2	2
gs-458967 6-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)pyridine: an anti-arrhythmia agent that inhibits late sodium current; structure in first source	6.04	32	0
MK-8353 MK-8353: ERK inhibitor used in oncology. MK-8353 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole substituted by a 6-(propan-2-yloxy)pyridin-3-yl group at position 3 and by a {[(3S)-3-(methylsulfanyl)-1-(2-{4-[4-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl]-3,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl}-2-oxoethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbonyl}amino group at position 5. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of ERK1 and ERK2 in vitro (IC50 values of 23.0 nM and 8.8 nM, respectively). The drug is being developed by Merck Sharp & Dohme and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of advanced/metastatic solid tumors.	5.22	3	1	aromatic ether; dihydropyridine; indazoles; methyl sulfide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
cc-115 1-ethyl-7-(2-methyl-6-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydropyrazino(2,3-b)pyrazin-2(1H)-one: an mTOR kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	6.02	8	1
doravirine [no description available]	17.83	96	35
gkt137831 setanaxib: NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor; a pyrazolopyridine dione derivative	2.13	1	0
vx-970 berzosertib: an ATR kinase inhibitor	2.69	2	0	sulfonamide
3-fluoro-2-(4-((2-nitro-1h-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-1h-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propan-1-ol 3-fluoro-2-(4-((2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propan-1-ol: a radiosensitizing agent used for PET imaging of hypoxia; structure in first source	9.28	9	5
bay 85-3934 [no description available]	12.81	33	13
pyrethrins [no description available]	5.34	50	0
epz-6438 tazemetostat: a histone methyltransferase EZH2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity	2.25	1	0
t-2307 T-2307: antimalarial	3.27	1	0
gsk2194069 GSK2194069: a beta-ketoacyl reductase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.57	2	0
ledipasvir ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	2.58	2	0	azaspiro compound; benzimidazole; bridged compound; carbamate ester; carboxamide; fluorenes; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
gs-5816 velpatasvir: an NS5A inhibitor used for treating hepatitis C infections. velpatasvir : A complex organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the brand name Epclusa) for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C of all six major genotypes.	3.25	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ring assembly	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
g007-lk G007-LK: potent and specific small-molecule tankyrase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.1	13	0
gsk-2816126 GSK-2816126: inhibits EZH2 methyltransferase; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	piperazines; pyridines
3-(6-isobutyl-9-methoxy-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12a-octahydropyrazino(1',2'-1,6)pyrido(3,4-b)indol-3-yl)propionic acid tert-butyl ester 3-(6-isobutyl-9-methoxy-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12a-octahydropyrazino(1',2'-1,6)pyrido(3,4-b)indol-3-yl)propionic acid tert-butyl ester: a breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
lipoxin b4 lipoxin B4: structure in first source. lipoxin B4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (14R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (6E)- (8Z)-, (10E)- and (12E)-double bonds.. lipoxin B4(1-) : A hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of lipoxin B4: major species at pH 7.3.	1.98	1	0	hydroxy fatty acid anion; lipoxin anion
2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol mefentrifluconazole: a newly available triazole fungicide. 2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol : An aromatic ether that is diphenyl ether substituted by a 2-hydroxy-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-yl group at position 1, trifluoromethyl group at position 2 and a chloro group at position 4.. mefentrifluconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-mefentrifluconazole. A fungicide developed by BASF for the control of Septoria in wheat.	3.16	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
gsk343 GSK343: an EZH2 methyltransferase inhibitor. GSK343 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1-isopropyl-1H-indazole-4-carboxamide in which the nitrogen of the carboxamide group is substituted by a (6-methyl-2-oxo-4-propyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl group and in which the indazole ring is substituted at position 6 by a 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-4-yl group. A highly potent and selective EZH2 inhibitor (IC50 = 4 nM).	2.66	2	0	aminopyridine; indazoles; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyridone; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.1.1.43 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) inhibitor
cpi203 CPI203: a BET protein bromodomain inhibitor	2.17	1	0
sc 26196 [no description available]	2.31	1	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	3.25	5	0
1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-1h-benzotriazole-5-carboxylic acid 1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-1H-benzotriazole-5-carboxylic acid: a partial RXR agonist; structure in first source	2.84	3	0
selinexor selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1	20.15	205	49
verdinexor verdinexor: a selective inhibitor of nuclear export	2.54	2	0
kpt-276 KPT-276: a selective inhibitor of nuclear export; inhibits both the XPO1 gene and the CRM1 protein	5.66	6	1
a-1331852 A-1331852: a Bcl-X(L) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	5.37	18	0
arsenic trisulfide [no description available]	2.54	2	0
mk-8742 elbasvir: inhibits NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus. elbasvir : A complex organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with grazoprevir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.	3.68	2	0	carbamate ester; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent
sar405 SAR405: a Vps34 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	1.97	1	0
glutaminase [no description available]	3.61	2	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	11.59	34	13
alpha-conotoxin pnia alpha-conotoxin PnIA: blocks neuronal acetylcholine receptors of Aplysia; isolated from the snail Conus pennaceus; amino acid sequence in first source	2	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.37	2	0
ly 355703 cryptophycin 52: an antimitotic antitumor agent; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
azd0914 zoliflodacin: a DNA gyrase inhibitor for treatment of gonorrhea	5.86	3	1
mancozeb dithane M-45: coordination product of zinc ion & manganese ethylene bis dithiocarbamate	2.07	1	0
vt-1161 VT-1161: has antifungal activity	3.97	3	0	organic molecular entity
gamma2-msh gamma2-MSH: The 11-residue peptide that is without amidation.	2.51	2	0
hp 228 HP 228: a heptapeptide; inhibits the induction of nitric oxide synthase; RN given refers to (ALL-L)-isomer	2.03	1	0
pf-06687252 PF-06687252: a SMARCA2/4 bromodomain inhibitor; structure in first source. PFI-3 : An azabicycloalkane that is (1R,4R)-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane which is substituted at position 2 by a 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl group and at position 5 by a pyridin-2-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of polybromo 1 (Kd = 48 nM), SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 (Kd = 89 nM) bromodomains.	2.13	1	0	azabicycloalkane; enone; phenols; pyridines
vt-464 VT-464: a CYP17A1 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	6.79	9	1
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.49	2	0
asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.	2.08	1	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	3.46	7	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
nitroguanidine nitroguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroguanidine : An N-nitro compound that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a nitro group. It can exist in distinct tautomeric forms, as 1-nitroguanidine (a nitroimine) or 2-nitroguanidine (a nitroamine); in both solid and in solution, the nitroimine form predominates.	3.94	11	0	nitroguanidine; one-carbon compound
ferbam ferbam: structure. ferbam : A dithiocarbamate salt that is the iron(III) salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. Formerly used as a fungicide.	2	1	0
dafachronic acid dafachronic acid: structure in first source. (5alpha)-3-oxocholestan-26-oic acid : A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholestan-26-oic acid in which the hydrogens at position 3 are replaced by an oxo group.	2.1	1	0	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; cholestanoid; dafachronic acids
3-chloro-5-(6-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)benzonitrile 3-chloro-5-(6-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)benzonitrile: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.54	2	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	4.03	14	0
sj733 SJ733: antimalarial; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
enasidenib [no description available]	3.31	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; aminopyridine; aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
bictegravir bictegravir: HIV Integrase Inhibitors. bictegravir : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R,5S,13aR)-8-hydroxy-7,9-dioxo-2,3,4,5,7,9,13,13a-octahydro-2,5-methanopyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazepine-10-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,4,6-trifluorobenzylamine. It is a second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) and used (as its sodium salt) for the treatment of HIV-1.	4.04	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary carboxamide; trifluorobenzene	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
peptide yy peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	2.07	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	4.38	4	1
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
gsk1278863 GSK1278863: a HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor. daprodustat : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid substituted by cyclohexyl groups at positions 1 and 3, and by a (carboxymethyl)aminocarbonyl group at position 5. It is an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase developed by GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.	5.08	2	0
ferric oxide, saccharated Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.	3.19	1	0
contrast agent p792 contrast agent P792: a gadolinium macrocyclic compound based on a Gd-DOTA structure substituted by hydrophilic arms; rapid clearance blood pool agent for magnetic resonance imaging; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	1.96	1	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	2.47	2	0
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	4.17	3	1
lithospermic acid lithospermic acid: isolated from Lithospermum ruderale	2.11	1	0
diospyros Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.	2.21	1	0
sta 2 STA 2: thromboxane A2 agonist; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
desferrithiocin desferrithiocin: a siderophore; structure given in first source	3.52	2	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	8.05	78	0
ginkgolide c ginkgolide C: ginkolide; inactive to PAF receptor; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
oridonin [no description available]	7.52	2	0
gibberellins [no description available]	7.41	141	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	2.06	1	0
trichodermin Trichodermin: Antifungal metabolite from several fungi, mainly Trichoderma viride; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes; proposed as antifungal and antineoplastic; used as tool in cellular biochemistry.. trichodermin : A tetracyclic spiroepoxide which acts as an antifungal and protein synthesis inhibitor.	2.08	1	0
ht-2 toxin HT-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin.	2.06	1	0
daptomycin [no description available]	2.17	1	0
nonactin nonactin: macrolide tetrolide antibiotic isolated from cycloheximide-producing species of Streptomyces; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ANTIBIOTICS (75-86)	2.45	2	0
sanggenone c sanggenone C: inhibits TNF-alpha-stimulated adhesion between polymorphonuclear lymphocytes and synovial cells; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
steganacin steganacin: bisbenzocyclooctadiene lactone extract from Steganotaenia araliacea; structure	2.44	2	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.18	5	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.81	3	0
ferric ammonium citrate ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.	2.15	1	0
insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	14.36	30	16
oblimersen oblimersen: targets the Bcl-2 oncogene good efficacy with low toxicity tumour regressions	3.12	1	0
insulin degludec [no description available]	4.82	2	1
mulundocandin mulundocandin: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin from Aspergillus sydowi No. Y-30462; active against yeasts and filamentous fungi; MF: C48-H77-N7-O16; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
s 8932 [no description available]	4.08	3	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
ged0301 GED0301: a Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide	3.25	1	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	9.75	9	3
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.49	2	0
dalfopristin dalfopristin: component of RP-59500; structure in first source. dalfopristin : A macrolide that is pristinamycin IIA in which the double bond between positions 26 and 26a of the pyrroline ring has been reduced and position 26R carries a [2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfonyl group. It is a semi-synthetic streptogramin antibiotic and often used as a mixture with quinupristin for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.	2.03	1	0
nickel ferrite nickel ferrite : A mixed metal oxide with formula Fe2NiO4.	2.25	1	0
cystobactamid 919-2 [no description available]	2.25	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	11.15	53	6
blasticidin s blasticidin S: RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. blasticidin S : A blasticidin that is an antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces griseochromogene.	2.21	1	0
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.4	2	0
ginkgolide j ginkgolide J: a naturally occurring ginkgolide from GINKGO	1.97	1	0
apicidin apicidin: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	7.13	7	3
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	4.44	6	0
icg 001 ICG 001: PRI-724 is an enantiomer of ICG-001; binds to cAMP response element-binding protein; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
technetium tc 99m medronate Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.	2.08	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	3.57	8	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.69	3	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	3.12	5	0
lewis y antigen [no description available]	2.15	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.5	2	0
9-(2'-hydroxyethylamino)-4-methyl-1-nitroacridine 9-(2'-hydroxyethylamino)-4-methyl-1-nitroacridine: anti-cancer agent; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.75	3	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	5.36	4	1
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	3	1	0
rupestonic acid rupestonic acid: isolated from Artemisia rupestris; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
echinocandin b echinocandin B: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity; inhibits beta-1,3-glucan synthesis. echinocandin B : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity.	7.04	10	0
lupane lupane: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	4.54	7	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
nu 1025 NU 1064: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	phenols; quinazolines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	4.96	2	1	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	4.9	35	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	4.66	6	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	2	1	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.73	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate mannose Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.. GDP-D-mannose : A GDP-mannose in which the mannose fragment has D-configuration.. GDP-alpha-D-mannose : The alpha-anomer of GDP-D-mannose.	2.07	1	0	GDP-D-mannose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.83	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.89	12	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	8.96	13	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	3.81	11	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	3.1	5	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.54	2	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	3.97	13	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2.04	1	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	3.2	5	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	4.04	14	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	3.63	8	0
neopterin [no description available]	3.82	2	1
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	9.48	27	5	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	5.75	11	2	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.32	6	0	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	2.47	2	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	3.18	5	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	2.25	1	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	6.01	4	1	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	2.61	2	0	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	2.71	3	0	triazolopyrimidines
2-hydroxy-1-naphthylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
inosine dialdehyde inosine dialdehyde: do not confuse synonym ''diglycolaldehyde'' with synonym of same name for oxydiacetaldehyde (C4H603); RN given refers to (R-(R,R))-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	13.62	66	5	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	3.2	6	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	2.44	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	3.64	1	1	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one 5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one: impact-insensitive explosive; structure in first source	5.55	63	0
allopurinol riboside allopurinol riboside : A nucleoside analogue that is allopurinol with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position.	1.96	1	0	nucleoside analogue	metabolite
4-hydroxyquinazoline 4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	quinazolines
norclozapine norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.	2	1	0	dibenzodiazepine; organochlorine compound; piperazines	delta-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone: acts as iron chelating agent	2.02	1	0
8-azahypoxanthine 8-azahypoxanthine: an antimalarial that inhibits hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; structure. 8-azahypoxanthine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 1,4-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	1.94	1	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimalarial; EC 2.4.2.8 (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	2.05	1	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	2.17	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
cytarabine Guanosine Diphosphate Fucose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar formed from GDPmannose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls, and for blood group substances and other glycoproteins.	2.1	1	0	GDP-fucose
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	3.48	7	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	2.46	2	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	4.09	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
ceftobiprole ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).	3.25	1	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles	antimicrobial agent
pyrazofurin pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.	1.96	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; pyrazoles	antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
deferitrin 4'-hydroxydesazadesferrithiocin: structure in first source	4.04	2	0
vardenafil dihydrochloride Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.	3.85	2	1
9-ethylguanine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
xav939 XAV939: selectively inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transcription; structure in first source. XAV939 : A thiopyranopyrimidine in which a 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine skeleton is substituted at C-4 by a hydroxy group and at C-2 by a para-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.	3.05	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; thiopyranopyrimidine	tankyrase inhibitor
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	3.51	8	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	2.06	1	0	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.07	1	0
nintedanib nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.	2.08	1	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.67	3	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
4,5-dihydro-1h-1,2,4-triazol-5-one 4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one: a 1,2,4-triazole derivative; structure given in first source	2.47	2	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	4.34	4	1	guanosines	biomarker
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-gmp 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cGMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	2	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; ribonucleotide	protein kinase agonist
propyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ly 518674 LY 518674: a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist; structure in first source	8.89	11	4
ulodesine ulodesine: a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor	4.12	2	0
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	3.75	3	0
galloflavin galloflavin: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
bemotrizinol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	methoxybenzenes
enng [no description available]	1.99	1	0
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	4.75	27	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
porphyrin a porphyrin a: porphyrin derivative. cytoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing several substituents including methyl, vinyl, formyl, hydroxy and hydroxyalkatrienyl. The parent of the class of cytoporphyrins.	2.11	1	0
luf 5834 2-amino-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-(1H-imidazol-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
cgs 15696 CGS 15696: adenosine antagonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
7-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate(1-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.	2.17	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion
rvx 208 apabetalone: a bromodomain and extra-terminal domain protein (BET) inhibitor; prevents interactions between BET proteins and acetyl-lysine residues on histone tails to modify epigenetic regulation	2.1	1	0
sta 9090 [no description available]	14.84	112	13	ring assembly; triazoles
amelubant amelubant: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
bmn 673 talazoparib: inhibits both PARP1 and PARP2; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
bay 80-6946 copanlisib: an antineoplastic agent with PI3K inhibitory activity; structure in first source. copanlisib : An imidazoquinazoline that is 2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline substituted by (2-aminopyrimidine-5-carbonyl)amino, methoxy, and 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 8, respectively. It is a intravenous pan-class I PI3K inhibitor used for the treatment of relapsed follicular lymphoma in patients who have received at least 2 prior systemic therapies.	2.31	1	0
defibrotide defibrotide: Single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian organs and used in the treatment of HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE in patients with kidney or lung abnormalities following HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION	4.08	4	0
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	1.99	1	0
clothianidin clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.	3.25	5	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
pitstop 2 pitstop 2: inhibits clathrin-independent endocytosis	2.21	1	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	1.98	1	0
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	2.21	1	0
eye [no description available]	5.63	18	1
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.31	1	0
steviolbioside steviolbioside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. steviolbioside : A beta-D-glucoside that is steviolmonoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the glucoside moiety has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside.. steviolbioside(1-) : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of steviolbioside. The major species at pH 7.3.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	2.41	1	0
ferroquine ferroquine: an antimalarial agent; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
molnupiravir molnupiravir: prodrug that’s metabolized into N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), a ribonucleoside analog. molnupiravir : A nucleoside analogue that is N(4)-hydroxycytidine in which the 5'-hydroxy group is replaced by a (2-methylpropanoyl)oxy group. It is the prodrug of the active antiviral ribonucleoside analog N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), has activity against a number of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. It is currently in phase III trials for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.	2.41	1	0	isopropyl ester; ketoxime; nucleoside analogue	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	1.99	1	0
chaetocin chaetocin: inhibits G9a histone methyltransferase	2.13	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.84	11	0
nirmatrelvir nirmatrelvir: component of COVID-19 drug Paxlovid. Paxlovid : A mixture containing nirmatrelvir and ritonavir. It is co-administered in tablet form for the treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19.. nirmatrelvir : An azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by {(1S)-1-cyano-2-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]ethyl}aminoacyl, 3-methyl-N-(trifluoroacetyl)-L-valinamide, methyl and methyl groups at positions 2S, 3, 6 and 6, respectively. It is the first orally administered inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease developed by Pfizer and used in combination with ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19.	2.41	1	0	azabicyclohexane; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.48	2	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	3.21	5	0
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.07	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.37	2	0
thrombin aptamer thrombin aptamer: nucleotide sequence given in first source; a synthetic polynucleotide	2.49	2	0
recombinant soluble cd4 recombinant soluble CD4: recombinant CD4 with the transmembrane and C-terminal regions deleted; blocks in vitro infectivity of HIV	2.05	1	0
sifuvirtide sifuvirtide: a linear 36-amino acid residues anti-HIV peptide; MW 4727 Da; amino acid sequence in first source	2.13	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	5.52	8	2
pkh 26 PKH 26: no further information available 8/91	2.01	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	9.7	69	1
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.9	11	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	10.57	61	2
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	15.57	61	2
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	21.96	232	135
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	21.96	232	135
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	4.01	14	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	11.52	59	10
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	13.82	148	12
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	11.52	59	10
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	14.97	99	8
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	14.97	99	8
Mucorales Infection [description not available]	17.63	270	11
Mucormycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.	22.63	270	11
Nail Fungus [description not available]	17.12	129	31
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	17.12	129	31
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	9.86	3	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	6.87	19	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	24.21	928	92
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	5.06	8	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	8.25	23	1
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	4.86	3	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	6.87	19	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	24.21	928	92
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	5.06	8	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	13.25	23	1
Kahler Disease [description not available]	16.71	90	21
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	16.71	90	21
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome [description not available]	18.19	84	9
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	4.12	5	0
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	4.12	5	0
Lennox Gastaut Syndrome A childhood-onset epilepsy syndrome.	18.19	84	9
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	10.76	29	3
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	21.26	244	91
Common Migraine [description not available]	5.85	4	2
Migraine without Aura Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	5.85	4	2
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	12.93	34	7
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	12.93	34	7
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	18.48	161	42
Metastase [description not available]	19.64	163	49
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	10.91	72	6
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	19.64	163	49
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	10.91	72	6
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	22.25	784	50
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	6.24	30	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	22.25	784	50
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	6.24	30	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	20.16	332	41
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	20.16	332	41
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	3.29	6	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	5.37	4	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	5.37	4	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	23.92	530	172
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	18.11	714	13
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	8.61	54	3
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	12.12	86	5
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	8.61	54	3
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	12.12	86	5
Armstrong Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis [description not available]	15.07	120	7
Aspergilloses, Bronchopulmonary [description not available]	13.26	97	3
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	10.66	28	2
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	4.76	11	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	12.49	44	8
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	4.76	11	0
Pulmonary Aspergillosis Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	18.26	97	3
HbS Disease [description not available]	13.74	41	12
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	7.08	74	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	27.03	832	414
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	15.3	70	22
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	13.74	41	12
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	27.03	832	414
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	15.3	70	22
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	3.09	4	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	12.14	97	2
Sinus Infections [description not available]	7.87	29	1
Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	5.04	15	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	12.14	97	2
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	7.87	29	1
Sporotrichosis The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with SPOROTHRIX.	5.04	15	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	23.83	594	143
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	23.83	594	143
Emesis [description not available]	9.92	18	4
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	5.72	7	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	13.93	33	15
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	9.92	18	4
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	15.92	178	16
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	13.41	81	12
Thrombopenia [description not available]	11.26	31	12
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	15.92	178	16
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	13.41	81	12
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	11.26	31	12
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	6.39	36	1
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	15.38	46	25
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	15.92	56	27
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	15.38	46	25
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	17.9	152	23
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	17.9	152	23
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.87	3	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	18.95	100	42
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	18.95	100	42
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.31	1	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	3.66	9	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	12.79	71	10
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	12.79	71	10
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	10.12	16	4
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	10.12	16	4
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	7.93	14	3
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	11.83	46	12
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	7.93	14	3
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	10.4	36	3
Bilharziasis [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	10.4	36	3
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	2.92	4	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	4.95	37	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	8.16	21	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	4.95	37	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	13.16	21	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.31	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	16.21	188	13
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	11.18	13	5
Arthritis, Spinal [description not available]	5.59	2	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	16.21	188	13
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	11.18	13	5
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	9.39	17	8
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	9.39	17	8
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	10.23	39	3
Anemia, Congenital Hypoplastic, Of Blackfan And Diamond [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	21.87	337	82
Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan A rare congenital hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. The disease is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, occasional neutropenia or thrombocytosis, a normocellular bone marrow with erythroid hypoplasia, and an increased risk of developing leukemia. (Curr Opin Hematol 2000 Mar;7(2):85-94)	3.92	4	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	10.23	39	3
Canine Diseases [description not available]	6.45	22	2
Coccidioides immitis Infection [description not available]	11.2	59	4
Coccidioidomycosis Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.	16.2	59	4
Breast Cancer [description not available]	30.4	2,313	945
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	30.4	2,313	945
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.72	2	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	3.63	9	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	6.23	32	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	5.38	21	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	10.6	56	2
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	12.32	52	5
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	10.6	56	2
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	12.32	52	5
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	15.06	59	21
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	11.89	61	7
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	7.86	22	2
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	11.89	61	7
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	12.51	27	8
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2.31	1	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	5.93	7	1
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	5.8	6	1
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	5.8	6	1
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	5.93	7	1
Candidiasis, Invasive An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.	12.39	33	5
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	13.55	61	8
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	9.1	17	1
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	9.1	17	1
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	5.48	8	2
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	3.96	4	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	5.48	8	2
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	15.49	121	12
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	15.49	121	12
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	10.02	41	1
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	10.02	41	1
Aura [description not available]	13.24	82	6
Absence Seizure [description not available]	12.46	115	3
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	13.24	82	6
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	12.46	115	3
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	7.99	26	2
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	9.12	46	2
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	9.12	46	2
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	10.17	48	4
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	10.17	48	4
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	10.86	18	3
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	11.62	16	5
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	10.86	18	3
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	11.62	16	5
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	6.46	69	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	8.7	22	2
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	8.7	22	2
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	5.94	2	1
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	5.94	2	1
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	16.5	65	45
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	16.5	65	45
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	6.74	22	1
Ear Infection [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	9.7	11	4
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	6.74	22	1
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	2.59	2	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	5.33	4	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	6.6	17	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	15.59	213	21
Chronic Illness [description not available]	18.24	148	54
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	11.41	38	3
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	18.24	148	54
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	19.78	248	69
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	5.87	8	1
Acetonemia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	5.87	8	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	14.05	68	8
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	14.05	68	8
Recrudescence [description not available]	18.12	144	44
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	4.16	13	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	9.57	68	1
Cancer of Head [description not available]	6.06	25	1
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	4.16	13	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	9.57	68	1
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	6.06	25	1
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	8.34	14	2
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	8.56	18	2
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	8.34	14	2
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	8.56	18	2
Disseminated Fungal Infection [description not available]	17.02	154	15
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	9.7	15	3
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	9.7	15	3
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	11.65	53	3
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	19.09	252	44
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	19.09	252	44
Sterility, Female [description not available]	20.82	194	78
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	20.82	194	78
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	10.66	79	1
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	10.66	79	1
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	9.25	38	1
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	9.25	38	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	22.07	313	7
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	9.78	27	6
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	27.07	313	7
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	9.78	27	6
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.77	3	0
Anasarca [description not available]	8.4	117	1
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	6.92	25	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	8.4	117	1
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	6.92	25	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	3.69	9	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	3.86	10	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	8.03	18	2
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	3.86	10	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	15.5	96	17
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	8.03	18	2
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	18.14	163	55
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	18.14	163	55
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	8.2	34	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	8.2	34	1
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	5.89	39	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	5.89	39	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.77	3	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	6.79	9	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	6.79	9	1
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	10.9	20	5
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	10.9	20	5
Choked Disk [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.82	11	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	2.41	1	0
Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).	2.41	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	3.82	11	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	4.24	6	0
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	3.32	5	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	21.8	245	7
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	21.8	245	7
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	4.04	13	0
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	3.26	5	0
Actinomycetoma [description not available]	8.18	80	0
Mycetoma A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.	13.18	80	0
Merkel Cell Cancer [description not available]	4.31	6	0
Carcinoma, Merkel Cell A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)	4.31	6	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	5.55	8	2
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	7.24	6	3
Acquired Communication Disorders [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Communication Disorders Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive LANGUAGE DISORDERS, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., MENTAL RETARDATION), psychiatric conditions, and HEARING DISORDERS.	4.72	1	1
Allodynia [description not available]	9.58	39	4
Ache [description not available]	14.36	83	19
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	14.36	83	19
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	2.76	3	0
Black Fever [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	3.35	6	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	13.45	46	11
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	13.45	46	11
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	2.82	3	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	6.35	4	1
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	5.33	8	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	5.33	8	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	16.37	81	23
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	16.37	81	23
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	10.8	18	4
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	9.64	23	5
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	9.64	23	5
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	12.46	77	7
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	12.46	77	7
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.14	5	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	2.82	2	0
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor [description not available]	8.54	8	5
Liposarcoma A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	8.54	8	5
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	4.69	6	1
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	4.69	6	1
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	2.88	3	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	11.75	32	8
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	11.75	32	8
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	14.24	74	21
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	14.24	74	21
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	7.48	24	2
Grippe [description not available]	7.21	13	1
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	7.21	13	1
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	2.82	2	0
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	2.74	3	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	15.42	75	15
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	15.42	75	15
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	3.44	2	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	3.44	2	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	4.59	5	1
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	4.59	5	1
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	3.35	6	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	18.29	143	36
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	18.29	143	36
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	13.79	58	9
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	13.79	58	9
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	7.42	19	1
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	7.42	19	1
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	3.2	5	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	10.89	37	2
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	7.48	10	1
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	9.44	9	5
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	9.44	9	5
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	11.43	20	4
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	11.43	20	4
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	6.24	12	3
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	6.24	12	3
Autism [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	2.82	3	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	4.19	16	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	4.19	16	0
Teratogenesis The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.	2.72	2	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	9.6	40	4
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	9.6	40	4
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	5.38	13	1
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	5.38	13	1
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	10.35	32	5
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	10.35	32	5
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	8.88	47	2
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	8.88	47	2
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	6.46	6	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	6.46	6	1
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	11.54	41	6
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	11.54	41	6
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	3.57	8	0
Bleeding [description not available]	6.6	11	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	6.6	11	1
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	9.34	21	4
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	11.43	15	0
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	9.34	21	4
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	4.11	11	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	4.11	11	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	2.47	2	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	3.47	2	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	4.51	23	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	15.67	69	22
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	15.67	69	22
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	6.18	29	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	6.18	29	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.95	4	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	17.72	133	33
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	10.63	19	6
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	5.56	10	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	5.56	10	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	11.11	33	9
Sepsis Associated Delirium [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	11.11	33	9
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	14.84	49	12
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	8.93	17	2
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	8.93	17	2
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	4.02	4	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	8.22	35	1
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	8.22	35	1
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	4.02	4	0
Adenosis of Breast [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Fibrocystic Breast Disease A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	2.41	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	10.12	35	2
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	10.12	35	2
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	13.33	27	17
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	3	4	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	3	4	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	12.62	89	4
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	12.62	89	4
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	3.65	8	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	3.83	10	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	3.83	10	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	4.07	11	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	4.07	11	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	19.45	156	58
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	19.45	156	58
Bone Cancer [description not available]	11.72	51	3
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	8.04	18	1
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	11.72	51	3
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	8.04	18	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	7.96	54	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	8.11	15	3
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	8.11	15	3
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	3.83	10	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.83	10	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	3.4	7	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	2.83	3	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	10.57	15	8
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	7.91	23	1
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	7.91	23	1
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	12.22	32	7
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	12.22	32	7
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	2.75	3	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	5.59	28	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	11.05	19	5
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	7.86	5	2
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	11.88	25	6
Malnourishment [description not available]	4.91	1	1
DDPAC [description not available]	4.91	1	1
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	5.41	4	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	12.71	55	8
African Lymphoma [description not available]	5.99	9	1
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	8.03	4	4
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	7.99	15	2
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Exanthem [description not available]	6.94	11	1
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	12.73	32	10
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	5.53	5	1
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	6.48	3	2
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	12.23	26	7
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	7.5	19	3
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	7.26	4	2
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	9.72	18	5
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	14.81	68	17
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	6.53	7	1
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	4.94	2	1
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	8.01	28	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	6.93	26	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	9.7	48	1
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	7.05	14	2
Hoarseness An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.	4.91	1	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	4.91	1	1
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	5.41	4	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	12.71	55	8
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	4.91	1	1
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	6.44	9	1
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	5.99	9	1
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	4.91	1	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	7.99	15	2
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	4.91	1	1
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	6.94	11	1
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	4.8	2	1
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	6.48	3	2
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	12.23	26	7
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	7.5	19	3
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	9.72	18	5
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	14.81	68	17
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	6.53	7	1
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	4.94	2	1
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	8.01	28	1
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	6.93	26	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	9.7	48	1
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	7.86	5	2
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	7.05	14	2
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	11.88	25	6
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	4.91	1	1
Azoospermia A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).	6.06	5	2
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	4.91	1	1
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	4.91	1	1
Lichen Ruber Planus [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Lichen Planus An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	2.6	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	13.26	27	17
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	13.26	27	17
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	5.02	9	0
Carditis [description not available]	4.55	5	1
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	5.02	9	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	4.55	5	1
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection [description not available]	9.33	30	2
Histoplasmosis Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.	9.33	30	2
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	3.53	2	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	3.64	2	0
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.	2.69	2	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	4.01	13	0
Acinar Carcinoma [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	3.1	4	0
Carcinoma, Acinar Cell A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)	2.6	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	17.29	76	31
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.85	3	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	9.02	49	2
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	9.02	49	2
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	12.05	38	6
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	12.05	38	6
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	13.87	40	20
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	13.87	40	20
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	15.78	79	20
Carcinoma, Lobular A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.	12.37	39	12
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	14.38	210	7
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	14.42	71	18
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	7.37	40	0
Central Nervous System Phaeohyphomycosis [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	4.35	18	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	4.35	18	0
Binge Eating [description not available]	5.87	4	2
Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.	5.87	4	2
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	9.26	10	3
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	9.26	10	3
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	15.14	82	16
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	15.14	82	16
Disseminated Trichosporonosis [description not available]	6.24	17	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	6.61	30	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	6.61	30	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	11.39	106	3
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	2.21	1	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	10.51	51	6
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	10.51	51	6
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	2.21	1	0
Ejaculatio Praecox [description not available]	7.54	7	4
Premature Ejaculation The emission of SEMEN and seminal fluid during the act of preparation for sexual intercourse, i.e. before there is penetration, or shortly after penetration.	7.54	7	4
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	5.44	62	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	3.91	12	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	3.91	12	0
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	8.14	10	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	2.61	2	0
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).	10.6	53	1
Hepatic Insufficiency Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	4.8	2	1
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	11.43	31	6
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	11.43	31	6
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	6.75	20	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	6.75	20	0
Cutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis [description not available]	5.17	16	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	5.03	8	1
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	5.03	8	1
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	2.79	3	0
Lassitude [description not available]	9.89	13	5
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	11.73	18	6
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	8.98	11	2
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	9.89	13	5
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	11.73	18	6
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	8.98	11	2
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	2.25	1	0
AIDS, Simian [description not available]	4.95	13	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	3.35	7	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	9.36	16	6
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	4	13	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	4	13	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	3.76	10	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	3.76	10	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Acute Onset Aura Migraine [description not available]	3.71	3	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	22.84	315	147
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	22.84	315	147
Migraine with Aura A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	3.71	3	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	6.19	32	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	11.19	32	0
Atrioventricular Conduction Block [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Atrioventricular Block Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.	3.12	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	13.61	35	6
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.58	2	0
Infection [description not available]	11.64	16	6
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	11.64	16	6
Febrile Neutropenia Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.	4.9	7	1
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	2.25	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	8.15	12	4
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	8.15	12	4
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	4.17	17	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	2.25	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.79	3	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	5.74	19	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	10.45	17	4
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	10.45	17	4
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	2.8	3	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	9.24	21	7
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	9.24	21	7
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	4.63	9	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.81	3	0
Fungemia The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.	15.1	119	7
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	22.25	280	138
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	16.13	76	25
Lassa Virus Infection [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Lassa Fever An acute febrile human disease caused by the LASSA VIRUS.	2.66	2	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	5.72	7	1
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	3	4	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	5.78	12	0
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	4.5	22	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	6.72	21	1
Binge-Eating Disorder A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	7.27	4	2
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	9.23	23	3
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	9.23	23	3
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	10.4	44	1
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	10.4	44	1
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	4.2	6	0
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	3.67	3	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	4.2	6	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	5.28	19	0
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.53	2	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	7.33	55	2
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	3.6	8	0
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	3.6	8	0
Shingles [description not available]	4.07	2	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	4.07	2	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.69	2	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	4.01	5	0
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	4.01	5	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	5	4	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	5	4	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	6.4	5	3
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	6.4	5	3
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.25	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	3.67	10	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	2.93	3	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	13.79	30	27
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	13.79	30	27
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	4.8	2	1
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	4.8	2	1
Blastomycosis, North American [description not available]	8.66	27	1
Blastomycosis A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.	8.66	27	1
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	3.81	11	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	4.68	28	0
Infusion Site Adverse Event [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	5.72	6	1
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	5.23	11	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	3.03	4	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	5.3	20	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	3.02	4	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	3.97	13	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	3.97	13	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	5.04	9	1
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	3.69	3	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	3.78	10	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	3.78	10	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.32	6	0
Athlete's Foot [description not available]	6.76	12	2
Tinea Pedis Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.	11.76	12	2
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	9.72	36	2
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	3.94	12	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	3.94	12	0
DIPG Brain Tumors [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma A rare, aggressive brain tumor that forms in the GLIAL CELLS in the PONS.	2.66	2	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	5.93	39	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	5.93	39	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	18.6	164	49
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	18.6	164	49
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	2.73	3	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	3.37	6	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	3.37	6	0
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	5.55	5	1
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	5.55	5	1
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	4.71	2	1
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	4.39	1	1
Astrocytosis [description not available]	5.25	4	1
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	5.03	3	1
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	5.45	5	1
Dent Disease X-linked recessive NEPHROLITHIASIS characterized by HYPERCALCIURIA; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; and PROTEINURIA. It is associated with mutations in the voltage-gated chloride channel, CLC-5 (Dent Disease I). Another group of mutations associated with this disease is in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-5-phosphatase gene.	4.39	1	1
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	5.55	5	1
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	4.39	1	1
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	5.03	3	1
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	4.39	1	1
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	3.41	2	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	11.05	15	8
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	11.05	15	8
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	5.48	4	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	3.31	2	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	9.06	11	4
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	9.06	11	4
Cutaneous Hyalohyphomycosis [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	9.45	19	5
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	14.45	19	5
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	4.1	5	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	2.85	3	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	4.04	13	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	4.04	13	0
Neurovisceral Storage Disease with Vertical Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that is characterized by accumulation of CHOLESTEROL and SPHINGOMYELINS in cells of the VISCERA and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Type C (or C1) and type D are allelic disorders caused by mutation of the NPC1 gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol transport from LYSOSOMES. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly and chronic neurological symptoms. Type D is a variant in people with a Nova Scotia ancestry.	2.54	2	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.94	4	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	8.74	34	1
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses [description not available]	11.39	40	2
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.	11.39	40	2
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	4.62	9	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	4.62	9	0
Chromoblastomycosis Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)	4.2	16	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.66	2	0
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome [description not available]	6.32	4	1
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.	6.32	4	1
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	4.62	9	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	4.62	9	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	14.36	54	7
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	14.36	54	7
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	3.76	9	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	3.76	9	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	5.49	15	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	5.49	15	0
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	2.25	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	3.77	10	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	3.77	10	0
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	3.15	5	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	8.86	15	4
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	8.86	15	4
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	2.25	1	0
Chagas Cardiomyopathy A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.	3.89	4	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	5.04	5	2
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	2.25	1	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	5.04	5	2
Tumour Lysis Syndrome [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Tumor Lysis Syndrome A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.	2.84	3	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	2.44	2	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	10.88	29	4
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	5	14	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	5	14	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	3.94	12	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	2.61	2	0
Entomophthoramycosis [description not available]	11.19	70	1
Zygomycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.	11.19	70	1
Candida Infection [description not available]	18.04	419	15
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	23.04	419	15
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	17.91	151	21
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	3.29	6	0
Fungal Meningitis [description not available]	8.28	29	1
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	2.81	3	0
Kerion Celsi An inflammatory manifestation of tinea capitis with a pronounced swelling that develops into suppurative central and indurated peripheral area called kerion.	3.67	3	0
Tinea Capitis Ringworm of the scalp and associated hair mainly caused by species of MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON, which may occasionally involve the eyebrows and eyelashes.	3.67	3	0
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	2.74	3	0
Brain Stem Neoplasms Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.	3.06	4	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	4.06	15	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	4.06	15	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	3.14	5	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	7.63	12	1
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	7.63	12	1
Necrotizing Pneumonia [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	5.77	4	2
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	12.02	15	10
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	5.77	4	2
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	12.02	15	10
ATLL [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	3.15	5	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	8.02	35	1
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	8.02	35	1
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	3.93	4	0
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	3.93	4	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	7.47	6	3
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Cannabis Abuse [description not available]	7.4	5	2
Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.	7.4	5	2
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	7.47	6	3
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	5.58	10	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	8.79	36	1
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	8.79	36	1
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	6.09	8	4
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	2.25	1	0
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	2.31	1	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.94	2	1
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	3.94	2	1
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	9.47	47	2
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	4.26	6	0
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	2.46	2	0
Bechterew Syndrome [description not available]	4.71	3	0
Spondylarthropathies Heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features. They are associated with the HLA-B27 ANTIGEN and some with a triggering infection. Most involve the axial joints in the SPINE, particularly the SACROILIAC JOINT, but can also involve asymmetric peripheral joints. Subsets include ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; and others.	4.71	3	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	2.31	1	0
ACL Injuries [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	6.6	27	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	2.31	1	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	8.23	11	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	8.23	11	0
Oxaluria, Primary [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Hyperoxaluria, Primary A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.	3.23	1	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2.51	2	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	2.83	3	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	3	4	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	3	4	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	6.81	42	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	11.81	42	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.5	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	2.52	2	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.53	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	3.53	2	0
Cerebral Cryptococcosis [description not available]	6.67	32	0
Meningitis, Cryptococcal Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)	6.67	32	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	6.52	12	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	6.52	12	0
Co-infection [description not available]	8.64	11	2
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	7.72	13	3
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	4.73	2	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	7.72	13	3
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	4.73	2	1
Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome [description not available]	3.88	10	0
Polyomavirus Infections Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).	2.31	1	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	10.85	20	11
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	10.85	20	11
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	5.82	12	0
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	5.82	12	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.61	2	0
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	3.91	11	0
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	3.91	11	0
Malignant Neurilemmoma [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Neoplasms, Nerve Sheath [description not available]	3.95	2	0
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.	3.95	2	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	3.16	5	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	7.31	16	1
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	3.07	4	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	3.14	5	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	12.29	35	5
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	12.29	35	5
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	4.17	3	1
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	4.17	3	1
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	7.55	29	1
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	7.55	29	1
Pyrexia [description not available]	15.07	65	15
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	15.07	65	15
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	3.47	2	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	3.47	2	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	3.92	4	0
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	2.9	4	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	18.93	103	83
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	18.93	103	83
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	3.46	7	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	2.7	3	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	4.21	3	1
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	4.21	3	1
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	4.18	6	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	4.18	6	0
AL Amyloidosis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis A nonproliferative disorder of the PLASMA CELL characterized by excessive production and misfolding of IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see AMYLOID DEPOSITS) in various tissues. Clinical features include LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, and neuropathies.	2.31	1	0
Bedwetting [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Nocturnal Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.	2.31	1	0
Debility [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	9.19	14	5
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	9.19	14	5
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	2.31	1	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	3.33	6	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	3.33	6	0
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	5.94	4	2
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	5.94	4	2
Chills The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.	2.53	2	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.53	2	0
Periostitis Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.58	17	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	3.65	9	0
Candidemia A form of invasive candidiasis where species of CANDIDA are present in the blood.	10.7	31	3
Diverticular Bleeding [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Latent Infection Delayed infection of the host by a dormant or inactive pathogen.	3.23	1	0
Diverticular Diseases Diseases of the DIVERTICULUM often due to infection and/or inflammation (DIVERTICULITIS).	3.23	1	0
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	2.54	2	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	5.1	10	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	12.04	39	9
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	5.1	10	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	3.39	7	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	4.01	4	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	5.46	10	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	6.4	24	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	3.86	11	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	3.86	11	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	6.4	24	0
Diathesis [description not available]	9.04	18	1
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	4.92	2	1
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	10.47	27	6
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	10.47	27	6
Asystole [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	2.85	3	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	3.74	10	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	17.59	72	44
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	10.96	28	12
Myelolipoma A rare benign tumor of the adrenal gland, several centimeters in diameter, composed in varying proportions of adipose tissue, lymphocytes, and primitive myeloid cells, probably a developmental abnormality. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.15	1	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	2.69	3	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	17.59	72	44
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	10.96	28	12
Blast Phase [description not available]	5.35	4	1
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	5.35	4	1
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Chloasma [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	2.58	2	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	2.52	2	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	2.55	2	0
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.	7.73	10	4
Endometrial Hyperplasia Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.	7.73	10	4
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	22.29	265	107
Ape Diseases Diseases of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.	2.47	2	0
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	3.08	4	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	7.04	17	1
Cryoglobulinemia A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.	2.15	1	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	7.04	17	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	10.12	9	6
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	10.12	9	6
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.77	3	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	9.41	13	5
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	9.41	13	5
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	4.07	5	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	9.09	13	6
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	11.14	36	7
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	2.39	2	0
Carcinosarcoma A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.77	3	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	3.09	5	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	9.09	13	6
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	11.14	36	7
Infections, Soft Tissue [description not available]	5.32	12	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Soft Tissue Infections Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)	5.32	12	0
Breast Cancer, Male [description not available]	7.84	14	2
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	3.44	7	0
Breast Neoplasms, Male Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.	7.84	14	2
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	13.95	35	22
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	13.95	35	22
Arrhythmia [description not available]	6.31	20	2
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	6.31	20	2
Dry Eye [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	2.52	2	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	3.85	2	1
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	6.55	9	2
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	2.57	2	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	3.43	7	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	3.15	5	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	3.15	5	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.6	9	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.83	3	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.	2.98	4	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	3.73	10	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	5.11	10	0
Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid [description not available]	6.68	4	1
Carcinoma, Endometrioid An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.	6.68	4	1
Immune Reconstitution Disease [description not available]	4.62	9	0
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus [description not available]	4.51	8	0
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)	4.51	8	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2.15	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	9.67	20	6
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	9.67	20	6
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	4.02	5	0
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	3.92	4	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	4.02	5	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	4.09	5	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	2.15	1	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	3.66	3	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	3.33	6	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	3.33	6	0
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.8	3	0
Delayed Awakening from Anesthesia [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	4.08	5	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.05	5	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Leiomyomatosis The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.36	4	1
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	2.79	3	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	5.07	3	1
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	6.42	5	3
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	7.49	18	1
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	7.49	18	1
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	4.38	4	1
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	3.79	11	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	4.38	4	1
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	3.79	11	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	14.76	63	21
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	14.76	63	21
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	2.15	1	0
Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.	2.55	2	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	12.69	47	9
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	12.69	47	9
Cancer of Granulosa Cells [description not available]	4.38	7	0
Anemia With Multinucleated Erythroblasts [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Itching [description not available]	6.76	8	1
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	4.45	1	1
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	6.76	8	1
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	2.49	2	0
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	2.52	2	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	3.08	4	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	4.49	8	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	4.49	8	0
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.	3.73	3	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	4.05	5	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	4.24	6	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	4.92	8	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	4.24	6	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	4.92	8	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	9.4	67	1
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	9.4	67	1
Duncan Disease [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	2.77	3	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	2.65	3	0
Nocturnal Wandering [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	11.56	17	11
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	3.53	8	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	15.85	95	28
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	10.62	15	6
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	10.62	15	6
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	6.17	6	2
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	6.17	6	2
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	4.58	3	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.56	8	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	4.58	3	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	2.53	2	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	3.71	3	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	5.75	7	1
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	3.71	3	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	8.34	15	4
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	8.34	15	4
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous [description not available]	12.14	22	8
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.	12.14	22	8
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma [description not available]	6.36	14	0
Sarcoma, Endometrial Stromal A highly malignant subset of neoplasms arising from the endometrial stroma. Tumors in this group infiltrate the stroma with a wide range of atypia cells and numerous mitoses. They are capable of widespread metastases (NEOPLASM METASTASIS).	6.36	14	0
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	5.14	3	1
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.15	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	3.06	4	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	2.5	2	0
Orbital Neoplasms Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	2.17	1	0
Enophthalmos Recession of the eyeball into the orbit.	2.17	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	8.19	23	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	8.19	23	1
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	2.17	1	0
Acne [description not available]	5.95	5	1
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	6.49	3	1
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	12.7	18	14
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	5.95	5	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	9.03	15	4
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	9.03	15	4
Familial Precocious Puberty [description not available]	9.06	24	5
Puberty, Precocious Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.	9.06	24	5
Infections, Picornaviridae [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	2.55	2	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	8.22	10	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	8.22	10	1
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	17.77	119	30
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	17.77	119	30
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	2.48	2	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	3.4	2	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	5.08	3	1
Colicky Pain [description not available]	5.66	6	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	5.08	3	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	5.66	6	1
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.8	3	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	2.58	2	0
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	2.75	3	0
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	2.17	1	0
Hives [description not available]	4.07	5	0
Angiitis [description not available]	4.06	5	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	4.07	5	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	4.06	5	0
Pseudarthrosis A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.09	1	0
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease [description not available]	3.9	2	1
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.	3.9	2	1
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	2.17	1	0
Acanthamoeba Meningoencephalitis [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Aneurysm, Bacterial [description not available]	4.56	5	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	3.04	4	0
Acute Mesenteric Arterial Embolus [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.64	3	0
Infarct [description not available]	4.14	3	0
Human Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Adenovirus Infections, Human Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.	2.17	1	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	2.96	4	0
ADPKD [description not available]	4.26	6	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	4.26	6	0
Sister Joseph's Nodule [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.	3.93	2	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	4.86	7	1
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	4.86	7	1
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	11.48	18	9
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	10.06	12	9
Cellulitis, Orbital [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	7.15	48	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	5.02	6	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	2.17	1	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.17	1	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	4.88	2	1
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	4.88	2	1
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	14.84	43	25
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	14.84	43	25
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	2.52	2	0
Oligomenorrhea Abnormally infrequent menstruation.	2.15	1	0
Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.	14.58	31	13
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Adverse Effects, Long Term [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Choroid Neoplasms Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).	3.43	7	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	2.52	2	0
Acrania [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	2.21	1	0
Sleepiness Compelling urge to sleep.	5.44	2	2
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	3.34	6	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	3.34	6	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	4.88	2	1
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	4.88	2	1
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	6.2	32	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	2.48	2	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	4.72	6	1
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	4.72	6	1
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	5.13	10	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	5.13	10	0
Chromosome Inversion An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.	2.17	1	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	2.52	2	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	3.6	9	0
Intra-Abdominal Infections [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Intraabdominal Infections Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.	2.17	1	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	4.65	10	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	4.65	10	0
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	9.8	24	1
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	9.8	24	1
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	2.17	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.83	3	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	3.66	9	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	3.66	9	0
Mast-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	4.17	3	1
Leukemia, Mast-Cell A form of systemic mastocytosis (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC) characterized by the presence of large numbers of tissue MAST CELLS in the peripheral blood without skin lesions. It is a high-grade LEUKEMIA disease with bone marrow smear of	4.17	3	1
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	3.3	6	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	5.85	13	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	5.85	13	0
Absence Status [description not available]	3.18	5	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	3.18	5	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	2.38	2	0
Rhabdoid Tumor A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)	2.21	1	0
Fasciitis, Necrotizing A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.	2.96	4	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	2.88	4	0
Megacolon, Toxic An acute form of MEGACOLON, severe pathological dilatation of the COLON. It is associated with clinical conditions such as ULCERATIVE COLITIS; CROHN DISEASE; AMEBIC DYSENTERY; or CLOSTRIDIUM ENTEROCOLITIS.	2.17	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	3.37	2	0
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.	8.19	5	5
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	3.98	2	1
Cancer of Muscle [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Myositis Ossificans A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.	2.17	1	0
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic CD4-Positive Reproducible depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes below 300 per cubic millimeter in the absence of HIV infection or other known causes of immunodeficiency. This is a rare, heterogeneous syndrome and does not appear to be caused by a transmissible agent.	2.17	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	3.42	7	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Paranasal Sinus Diseases Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.	5.05	15	0
B-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	3.02	4	0
MODS [description not available]	4.2	6	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	4.2	6	0
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration A developmental anomaly in which a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue lacks normal connection with the tracheobroncheal tree and receives an anomalous blood supply originating from the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta. The mass may be extralobar, i.e., completely separated from normally connected lung, or intralobar, i.e., partly surrounded by normal lung.	2.51	2	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	5.25	12	1
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	3.02	4	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	3.82	2	1
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	2.21	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	4.51	8	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	4.51	8	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	3.59	1	1
Encephalitis Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Aspergillosis, Nervous System Invasive [description not available]	7.23	41	0
Neuroaspergillosis Infections of the nervous system caused by fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS, most commonly ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS. Aspergillus infections may occur in immunocompetent hosts, but are more prevalent in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. The organism may spread to the nervous system from focal infections in the lung, mastoid region, sinuses, inner ear, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. Sinus infections may be locally invasive and enter the intracranial compartment, producing MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; cranial neuropathies; and abscesses in the frontal lobes of the brain. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch 27, pp62-3)	7.23	41	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	3.52	8	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	3.52	8	0
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.48	2	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	2.54	2	0
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	3.93	2	0
Cataleptic Attacks [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	3.93	2	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	6.82	18	4
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	6.82	18	4
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Cavernous Sinus Thrombophlebitis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	11.93	56	5
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	6.21	20	0
Granulomas [description not available]	3.85	11	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	3.85	11	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	3.29	6	0
Infections, Hantavirus [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Acute respiratory illness in humans caused by the SIN NOMBRE VIRUS whose primary rodent reservoir is the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. First identified in the southwestern United States, this syndrome is characterized most commonly by fever, myalgias, headache, cough, and rapid respiratory failure.	3.12	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.	3.41	2	0
Hantavirus Infections Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.	3.12	1	0
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	4.1	5	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	3.5	8	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2.96	4	0
Diplopia A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.	2.21	1	0
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	16.16	56	32
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	16.16	56	32
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	2.75	3	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	3.51	8	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	3.51	8	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	5.03	16	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	13.91	39	13
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	13.91	39	13
Bone Fractures [description not available]	12.3	27	11
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	12.3	27	11
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	6.74	25	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	3.65	3	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	6.74	25	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	13.19	29	11
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	13.19	29	11
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	2.46	2	0
Gradenigo Syndrome Inflammation of PETROUS BONE secondary to chronic OTITIS MEDIA. Its symptoms include fever, occipital headache, ear and retroorbital pain, and facial paralysis.	2.08	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	11.79	29	9
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	11.79	29	9
Polyarthritis [description not available]	4.56	9	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	4.56	9	0
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	7.54	7	3
Erythrohepatic Protoporphyria [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of FERROCHELATASE (heme synthetase) in both the LIVER and the BONE MARROW, the last enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include mainly neurological symptoms, rarely cutaneous lesions, and elevated levels of protoporphyrin and COPROPORPHYRINS in the feces.	2.08	1	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2.75	3	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	4.07	5	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	4.07	5	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.99	4	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	2.08	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	3.31	6	0
Leukorrhea A clear or white discharge from the VAGINA, consisting mainly of MUCUS.	2.4	2	0
Isochromosomes Metacentric chromosomes produced during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS when the CENTROMERE splits transversely instead of longitudinally. The chromosomes produced by this abnormal division are one chromosome having the two long arms of the original chromosome, but no short arms, and the other chromosome consisting of the two short arms and no long arms. Each of these isochromosomes constitutes a simultaneous duplication and deletion.	2.99	1	0
Abscess, Epidural [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Spondylitis Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.	6.88	8	1
Psychoses [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.71	3	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	6.22	7	1
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	8.59	14	4
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	8.59	14	4
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	12.1	21	12
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.87	2	1
Rubeola [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Infections, Respirovirus [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	2.1	1	0
Nelson Syndrome A syndrome characterized by HYPERPIGMENTATION, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum ACTH. It is caused by the expansion of an underlying ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS, usually after ADRENALECTOMY.	2.08	1	0
Central Nervous System Cysts Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement.	2.08	1	0
Jorge Lobo Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.08	1	0
Spherocytosis, Hereditary A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.	2.08	1	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Cheilitis Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.	4.18	6	0
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.	2.44	2	0
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	4.94	8	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	5.64	6	1
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	6.48	5	2
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	5.99	3	1
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	6.48	5	2
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	5.99	3	1
Atheroma [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	10.6	13	6
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	4.06	5	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	4.06	5	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.94	4	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	3.14	5	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.78	3	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	8.39	29	2
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	8.39	29	2
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	4.34	4	1
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	6.37	8	2
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	6.37	8	2
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Corneal Perforation A puncture or hole through the CORNEAL STROMA resulting from various diseases or trauma.	5.63	3	2
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	3.74	10	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	8.35	10	2
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	8.35	10	2
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	2.97	4	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Eye Injuries, Penetrating Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.	2.96	4	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	2.92	4	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	2.49	2	0
Leukemia, Smoldering [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.	2.1	1	0
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.06	5	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	5.28	4	1
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	8.05	9	4
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	3	1	0
Iron Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)	7.17	7	1
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	3	1	0
Bronchiolitis, Exudative [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.	3.89	4	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	2.75	3	0
48,XXYY Syndrome [description not available]	4.69	6	1
Klinefelter Syndrome A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).	4.69	6	1
Cardiovirus Infections Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.	2.08	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	3.45	7	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	3.63	9	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	2.77	3	0
Calculosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	8.84	17	5
Lentiginosis, Perioral [description not available]	3.33	6	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	2.08	1	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	8.84	17	5
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome A hereditary disease caused by autosomal dominant mutations involving CHROMOSOME 19. It is characterized by the presence of INTESTINAL POLYPS, consistently in the JEJUNUM, and mucocutaneous pigmentation with MELANIN spots of the lips, buccal MUCOSA, and digits.	3.33	6	0
Acute Chest Syndrome Respiratory syndrome characterized by the appearance of a new pulmonary infiltrate on chest x-ray, accompanied by symptoms of fever, cough, chest pain, tachypnea, or DYSPNEA, often seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA. Multiple factors (e.g., infection, and pulmonary FAT EMBOLISM) may contribute to the development of the syndrome.	4.39	1	1
Poisoning, Fluoride [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	5.62	6	1
Fluoride Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.	2.49	2	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	8.99	8	3
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	2.48	2	0
Adult Premature Aging Syndrome [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.7	10	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	3.7	10	0
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	2.75	3	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	4.69	6	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	4.69	6	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	4.35	4	1
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	4.35	4	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	8.92	23	2
Eye Infections, Viral Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.	2.1	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	8.92	23	2
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	2.1	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	2.7	3	0
Episcleritis [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Scleritis Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.	3.29	6	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	2.08	1	0
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.	2.08	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	3.27	6	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	2.5	2	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	5.27	4	1
DRESS Syndrome [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	2.08	1	0
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	5.16	10	0
Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia FEVER accompanied by a significant reduction in NEUTROPHIL count associated with CHEMOTHERAPY.	2.49	2	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	2.92	4	0
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	5.77	12	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.95	4	0
Fibroid [description not available]	9.5	17	6
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	9.5	17	6
Ectopic Pregnancy [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Pregnancy, Ectopic A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (	3.48	1	1
Papulosquamous Disorders [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	5.4	23	0
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	2.48	2	0
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	2.48	2	0
Aplasia Pure Red Cell [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.	2.49	2	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	4.43	21	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.1	1	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	10.21	11	2
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	10.21	11	2
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	2.98	4	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	7.26	4	2
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	2.49	2	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	2.08	1	0
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	4.52	24	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	4.52	24	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	6.2	4	1
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	6.2	4	1
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	12.92	32	27
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	3.43	7	0
Eye Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.	2.9	4	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	3.43	7	0
Near Drowning Non-fatal immersion or submersion in water. The subject is resuscitable.	5.24	6	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	7.71	12	2
Asbestosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.	3.01	1	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	7.71	12	2
7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Deficiency [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder of CHOLESTEROL metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. This syndrome is characterized by multiple CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, growth deficiency, and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY.	2.1	1	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	4.39	1	1
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	4.39	1	1
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	3.17	5	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	5.41	5	1
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	3.91	4	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.41	5	1
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	3.91	4	0
Macrophage Activation Syndrome A serious complication of childhood systemic inflammatory disorders that is thought to be caused by excessive activation and proliferation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. It is seen predominantly in children with systemic onset JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.	3.01	1	0
Sinusitis, Maxillary [description not available]	5.85	8	1
Maxillary Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	5.85	8	1
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	2.46	2	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	2.46	2	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5.14	17	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Lentigines [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Lentigo Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).	2.49	2	0
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)	3.4	2	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	3.88	2	0
Mediastinitis Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.	5.01	6	0
Empyema Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.	3.87	4	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	3.88	2	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	4.02	5	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	4.14	3	1
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	5.09	5	2
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	4.14	3	1
Dyspareunia Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.	5.73	7	3
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	5.09	5	2
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	5.31	12	1
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	5.31	12	1
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	4.65	6	1
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	2.48	2	0
Adipocere [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	2.1	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2.1	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	6.91	9	3
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Hypersomnia, Post-Traumatic [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	3.01	1	0
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	2.1	1	0
Bradykinesia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	7.35	6	1
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	7.35	6	1
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules A number of small lung lesions characterized by small round masses of 2- to 3-mm in diameter. They are usually detected by chest CT scans (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY). Such nodules can be associated with metastases of malignancies inside or outside the lung, benign granulomas, or other lesions.	2.1	1	0
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	3.16	5	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	4.63	3	2
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	4.22	17	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	4.77	2	1
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	9.33	13	8
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	9.33	13	8
Cortical Malformations, Group II [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Discitis Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.	4.35	7	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2.74	3	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.73	3	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	10	13	6
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	10	13	6
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	5.29	4	1
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	5.29	4	1
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.	2.1	1	0
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	2.1	1	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	2.1	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	2.47	2	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.1	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.46	2	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	2.48	2	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	5.27	4	1
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	2.48	2	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	2.1	1	0
Aneurysm, False Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.	2.1	1	0
Nanism [description not available]	5.85	4	2
Stunted Growth [description not available]	9.85	22	11
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	5.85	4	2
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	9.85	22	11
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	2.92	4	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	4.13	3	1
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	2.48	2	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	4.17	6	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	4.17	6	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	3.83	2	1
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	4.1	3	1
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.1	1	0
Alactasia [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Lactose Intolerance The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.	3.48	1	1
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	3.91	4	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.91	4	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	2.1	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	4.29	7	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.1	1	0
Infections, Ureaplasma [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	2.48	2	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	2.48	2	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	2.1	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Embryonal A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)	2.43	2	0
Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis A form of systemic mastocytosis in which patients have impaired organ functions due to multifocal infiltrates of pathological MAST CELLS in bone marrow, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, or skeletal system. The cytomorphology shows a low to high grade.	2.1	1	0
Mastocytosis, Systemic A group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of MAST CELLS in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. These diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis.	2.1	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	2.51	2	0
Schizencephalic Cleft [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	12.46	28	14
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	2.46	2	0
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	2.1	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	6.39	15	3
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	6.39	15	3
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	4.79	2	1
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	4.7	3	2
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	3.48	1	1
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	4.7	3	2
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	3.03	1	0
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	3.03	1	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Hemarthrosis Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.	2.1	1	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	2.95	4	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	3.4	2	0
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)	2.1	1	0
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	4.4	1	1
Delayed Puberty [description not available]	8.48	14	11
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	4.4	1	1
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	3.81	2	1
Carney Complex Autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by cardiac and cutaneous MYXOMAS; LENTIGINOSIS (spotty pigmentation of the skin), and endocrinopathy and its associated endocrine tumors. The cardiac myxomas may lead to SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH and other complications in Carney complex patients. The gene coding for the PRKAR1A protein is one of the causative genetic loci (type 1). A second locus is at chromosome 2p16 (type 2).	2.1	1	0
Sertoli Cell Tumor Gonadal neoplasm composed entirely of SERTOLI CELLS or may have a component of GRANULOSA CELLS. Some of the Sertoli cell tumors produce ESTROGEN or ANDROGENS, but seldom in sufficient quantity to cause clinical symptoms such as FEMINIZATION or masculinization (VIRILISM).	2.77	3	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	3.68	3	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	10.56	43	2
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	5.29	2	1
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	10.56	43	2
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	5.29	2	1
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Ductal Carcinoma [description not available]	8.18	9	4
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	2.46	2	0
Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.	8.18	9	4
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	5.05	3	1
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	5.05	3	1
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	4.78	7	1
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	4.78	7	1
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	5.25	4	3
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	2.49	2	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	2.11	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	4.23	6	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	3.72	10	0
Pythiosis A granulomatous disease caused by the aquatic organism PYTHIUM insidiosum and occurring primarily in horses, cattle, dogs, cats, fishes, and rarely in humans. It is classified into three forms: ocular, cutaneous, and arterial.	3.01	4	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	4.34	7	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	4.34	7	0
Gonadal Agenesis The complete failure of gonadal development.	2.1	1	0
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	2.11	1	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	2.49	2	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	2.89	4	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	3.61	8	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	3.61	8	0
Icterus [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	2.93	4	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	3.31	6	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	3.24	6	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.95	4	0
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	3.03	1	0
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	4.35	4	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	7.79	9	3
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	7.79	9	3
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	3.33	2	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	3.15	5	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	4.08	3	1
Lymphoma, T Cell, Peripheral [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.	2.13	1	0
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	3.35	2	0
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)	3.03	1	0
Pemphigoid [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	2.11	1	0
Alternariosis Opportunistic fungal infection by a member of ALTERNARIA genus.	3.34	6	0
Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.	2.44	2	0
Cancer of Maxillary Sinus [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cardiac Tamponade Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.	2.11	1	0
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	3.38	2	0
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	2.49	2	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	2.11	1	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	2.5	2	0
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	3.9	4	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.9	12	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	2.11	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous A form of LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS caused by Leishmania aethiopica in Ethiopia and Kenya, L. pifanoi in Venezuela, L. braziliensis in South America, and L. mexicana in Central America. This disease is characterized by massive dissemination of skin lesions without visceral involvement.	2.11	1	0
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	8.25	12	6
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	2.13	1	0
Hyperphosphatemia A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.	2.11	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	4.97	3	1
Buckley Syndrome [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	4.97	3	1
Job Syndrome Primary immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by recurrent infections and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Most cases are sporadic. Of the rare familial forms, the dominantly inherited subtype has additional connective tissue, dental and skeletal involvement that the recessive type does not share.	3.03	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.49	2	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	3.44	7	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	2.49	2	0
Chemotherapy-Induced Acral Erythema [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Hand-Foot Syndrome Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various CYTOSTATIC AGENTS. Symptoms range from mild ERYTHEMA and/or PARESTHESIA to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. These cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies.	3.45	2	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Endolymphatic Stromal Myosis [description not available]	2.75	3	0
AIDS-Associated Lymphoma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.	2.11	1	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	4.07	5	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	4.07	5	0
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.	2.13	1	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	4.7	3	2
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	4.7	3	2
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.	2.51	2	0
CACH Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	4.75	11	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	4.75	11	0
Embolus [description not available]	7.72	5	4
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	7.72	5	4
Infections, Neisseriaceae [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	3.36	2	0
Hypercalciuria Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.	2.78	3	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	2.73	3	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	3.71	10	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	3.71	10	0
Hyperkinetic Dysphonia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Laryngitis Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.	2.13	1	0
Central Nervous System Syphilis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Dysphonia Difficulty and/or pain in PHONATION or speaking.	2.13	1	0
Neurally Mediated Faint [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Central European Encephalitis [description not available]	3.7	3	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.13	1	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	9	10	6
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	9	10	6
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	4.14	6	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	3.83	2	1
Myeloproliferative-Myelodisplastic Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Myelodysplastic-Myeloproliferative Diseases Clonal myeloid disorders that possess both dysplastic and proliferative features but are not properly classified as either MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES or MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.	2.13	1	0
Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.	2.51	2	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	6	3	1
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	6	3	1
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	3.78	2	1
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.93	4	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	2.54	2	0
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.	3.46	2	0
Micrometastases, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Carcinomatous Meningitis [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	2.98	4	0
Meningeal Carcinomatosis Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.	2.78	3	0
Geotrichosis Infection due to the fungus Geotrichum.	4.75	11	0
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	3.35	2	0
Analgesic Overuse Headache [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	2.46	2	0
ARC [description not available]	4.36	2	2
AIDS-Related Complex A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.	4.36	2	2
LCIS, Lobular Carcinoma In Situ [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Breast Carcinoma In Situ A condition in which abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct, lobule, or nipple to other tissues of the breast. There are 3 types of breast carcinoma in situ: DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU; LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU; and PAGET DISEASE OF THE NIPPLE.	2.13	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.13	1	0
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	5.58	3	2
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	5.58	3	2
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	2.53	2	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	2.94	4	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Sexually Transmitted Disease, Viral [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Cafe-au-Lait Spots Light brown pigmented macules associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS and Albright's syndrome (see FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).	2.5	2	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Albright Syndrome [description not available]	6.06	10	1
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	2.48	2	0
Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome.	6.06	10	1
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	3.25	6	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	6.35	5	1
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	6.35	5	1
Intertrigo A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation.	2.13	1	0
Myotonia Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.	2.15	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	2.73	3	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	2.42	2	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Chronic Wasting Disease [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	7.45	16	9
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.74	3	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4 [description not available]	4.2	6	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.	4.2	6	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.76	3	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.15	1	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.15	1	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	3.88	4	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	2.73	3	0
Muscle Pain [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Breathlessness [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	3.53	1	1
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	3.53	1	1
Extranodal NK-T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	2.47	2	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	2.15	1	0
Benign Neonatal Sleep Myoclonus [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Great Pox [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	2.37	2	0
Devic Disease [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Neuromyelitis Optica A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.	3.06	1	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	2.15	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	5.98	10	1
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	5.98	10	1
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	2.03	1	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	12	24	11
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	12	24	11
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.46	2	0
Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS.	2.04	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	3.88	4	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	2.04	1	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	3.64	3	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	2.96	1	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	3.65	3	0
Skin Diseases, Vascular Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.	2.04	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	5.63	18	1
Benign Mastocytoma [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Polyploid [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	9.9	8	1
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	5.01	9	1
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	5.01	9	1
Amnesia, Pre-Ictal [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	2.43	2	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	6.37	15	1
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)	2.05	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	2.04	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	2.04	1	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	4.67	6	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	3.43	1	1
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection [description not available]	2.04	1	0
HTLV-I Infections Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.	2.04	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	2.72	3	0
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	2.04	1	0
Pus [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	4.81	7	1
Earache Pain in the ear.	2.05	1	0
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Mastoiditis Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.	2.05	1	0
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	2.05	1	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	4.07	3	1
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	3.81	4	0
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	3.38	2	0
Atypical Cluster Headache [description not available]	2.72	3	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	7.94	11	3
Fibromatosis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Meigs Syndrome The triad of benign FIBROMA or other ovarian tumors with ASCITES, and HYDROTHORAX due to large PLEURAL EFFUSIONS.	2.05	1	0
Fibroma A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.	2.38	2	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	8.07	12	5
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	8.07	12	5
Maxillary Diseases Diseases involving the MAXILLA.	2.45	2	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	2.46	2	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	4.1	3	1
Dysthymia [description not available]	6.88	7	4
As If Personality [description not available]	4.62	3	2
Dysthymic Disorder Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)	6.88	7	4
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	5.39	7	2
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	5.39	7	2
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	2.46	2	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	5.25	4	1
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	5.25	4	1
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	2.05	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.05	1	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	2.05	1	0
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	3.43	1	1
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	6.36	14	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Rheumatoid Nodule Subcutaneous nodules seen in 20-30% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. They may arise anywhere on the body, but are most frequently found over the bony prominences. The nodules are characterized histologically by dense areas of fibrinoid necrosis with basophilic streaks and granules, surrounded by a palisade of cells, mainly fibroblasts and histiocytes.	2.05	1	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2.96	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	2.44	2	0
Choroid Diseases Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.	2.05	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.94	4	0
Empyema, Thoracic [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Empyema, Pleural Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.	2.73	3	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	2.05	1	0
Central Nervous System Infection [description not available]	4.68	6	1
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	3.25	6	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	3.39	7	0
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cholangitis, Sclerosing Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.	2.05	1	0
Sinusitis, Sphenoid [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Retinal Artery Occlusion Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.	2.05	1	0
Chloracne ACNE-like skin eruptions caused by exposure to CHLORINE-containing compounds. Exposure can be by inhalation, ingestion, or through the skin. Chloracne is often seen in people who have occupational contact with chlorinated pesticides, wood preservatives, and sealants.	2.05	1	0
Dyskeratosis Congenita, X-Linked [description not available]	4.91	4	0
Dyskeratosis Congenita A predominantly X-linked recessive syndrome characterized by a triad of reticular skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy and leukoplakia of mucous membranes. Oral and dental abnormalities may also be present. Complications are a predisposition to malignancy and bone marrow involvement with pancytopenia. (from Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):328-34) The X-linked form is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called dyskerin.	4.91	4	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	6.01	5	2
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	6.01	5	2
Thoracic Diseases Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.	2.05	1	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	2.46	2	0
Narcosis A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.	2.05	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Cranial [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Intracranial Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE over the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE.	2.05	1	0
Myopia, Pathological [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Myopia, Degenerative Excessive axial myopia associated with complications (especially posterior staphyloma and CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION) that can lead to BLINDNESS.	2.05	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Asialia [description not available]	4.1	3	0
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	4.1	3	0
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.46	2	0
Air Sickness [description not available]	5.96	3	3
Motion Sickness Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.	5.96	3	3
Infection, Wound [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bilateral Deafness [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	2.05	1	0
Acute Biphenotypic Leukemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute An acute leukemia exhibiting cell features characteristic of both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages and probably arising from MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS.	2.05	1	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	2.05	1	0
Colitis, Ischemic Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.	3.38	2	0
Siderosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.	4.13	3	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	3.13	5	0
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.44	2	0
Malassezia furfur Infection [description not available]	5.97	5	2
Tinea Versicolor A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).	5.97	5	2
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Bacterial Infections, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	2.05	1	0
Bezoars Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.	2.97	1	0
Bladder Exstrophy A birth defect in which the URINARY BLADDER is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the ABDOMINAL WALL. It is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; SKIN; MUSCLES; and the pubic bone.	2.05	1	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	2.66	3	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	2.97	1	0
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.05	1	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	2.05	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.45	2	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	2.44	2	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	2.05	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.44	2	0
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	2.05	1	0
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Femoral Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.	2.05	1	0
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.	6.18	4	1
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.	2.05	1	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Abscess, Abdominal [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.05	1	0
Abdominal Abscess An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.46	2	0
Lacerations Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.	2.05	1	0
Leukoma [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Infections, Serratia [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	2.46	2	0
Choroiditis Inflammation of the choroid.	2.05	1	0
Indigestion [description not available]	4.36	1	1
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	4.36	1	1
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	2.46	2	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.91	4	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	2.05	1	0
Chorioretinitis Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.	3.13	5	0
46,XX Gonadal Dysgenesis, Complete, Sry-Positive [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	3.15	5	0
Gambling, Pathologic [description not available]	5.81	4	2
Gambling An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.	5.81	4	2
Cardiac Death [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	5.8	22	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	5.8	22	0
Impotence [description not available]	5.99	5	2
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	5.99	5	2
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	2.05	1	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	2.06	1	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	2.46	2	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	2.05	1	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Synovioma [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	3.36	2	0
Sarcoma, Synovial A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)	2.06	1	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	2.05	1	0
Candidiasis, Cutaneous Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.82	4	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	2.9	4	0
Eye Infections, Parasitic Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.	2.46	2	0
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	2.05	1	0
Ethmoid Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the ETHMOID SINUS. It may present itself as an acute (infectious) or chronic (allergic) condition.	4.34	4	1
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	5.96	3	1
Myxoid Liposarcoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Liposarcoma, Myxoid A liposarcoma containing round mesenchymal cells and a myxoid extracellular matrix in stroma.	2.05	1	0
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	2.06	1	0
Burns, Inhalation Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.	2.05	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.68	3	0
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	2.06	1	0
Cardiovascular Abnormalities Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.	2.06	1	0
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Gliosarcoma Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)	2.05	1	0
Bone Hypertrophy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Blow Out Fracture [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy.	4.76	7	1
Exostoses Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component.	2.47	2	0
Tracheal Diseases Diseases involving the TRACHEA.	2.06	1	0
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever [description not available]	3.39	2	0
West Nile Fever A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)	3.39	2	0
Primary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.	2.1	1	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.73	3	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	3.6	9	0
Cerebral Nocardiosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Claustrophobia [description not available]	5.82	8	3
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	5.82	8	3
Inflammatory Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms Metastatic breast cancer characterized by EDEMA and ERYTHEMA of the affected breast due to LYMPHATIC METASTASIS and eventual obstruction of LYMPHATIC VESSELS by the cancer cells.	2.06	1	0
Pseudophakia Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.	2.06	1	0
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	2.06	1	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	3.66	3	0
Infections, Microspora [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.95	4	0
Hemisensory Neglect [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Perceptual Disorders Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.	3.84	4	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	3.87	4	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.71	3	0
Mediastinal Diseases Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.	2.7	3	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	2.37	2	0
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	2.07	1	0
Adolescent Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.44	2	0
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Spinocerebellar Ataxias A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)	2.06	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	3.3	2	0
Lymphangitis A lymphatic disease characterized by INFLAMMATION of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	2.06	1	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	2.74	3	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	2.06	1	0
Sycosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	2.06	1	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	2.43	2	0
Carcinoma, Verrucous A variant of well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma that is most common in the oral cavity, but also occurs in the larynx, nasal cavity, esophagus, penis, anorectal region, vulva, vagina, uterine cervix, and skin, especially on the sole of the foot. Most intraoral cases occur in elderly male abusers of smokeless tobacco. The treatment is surgical resection. Radiotherapy is not indicated, as up to 30% treated with radiation become highly aggressive within six months. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.06	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.07	1	0
Parasitic Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	2.91	4	0
Back Ache [description not available]	3.84	2	1
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	3.84	2	1
Entamoeba histolytica Infection [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Stomatitis, Denture Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.	5	3	1
Adenoma, Hepatocellular [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Benign Essential Tremor [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Essential Tremor A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)	3.46	1	1
Alcohol-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Lymphangiomyomatosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).	2.06	1	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Collagenous Colitis [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Lymphocytic Colitis [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	3.66	3	0
Colitis, Collagenous A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show larger-than-normal band of subepithelial COLLAGEN.	2.98	1	0
Colitis, Lymphocytic A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show infiltration of LYMPHOCYTES in the superficial EPITHELIUM and the underlying connective tissue (lamina propria).	2.98	1	0
Bites [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	2.48	2	0
Tenosynovitis Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.	2.06	1	0
Mixed Tumor, Malignant A malignant tumor composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.98	1	0
Adult Rickets [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	2.07	1	0
Segond Fracture [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Fractures, Compound [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	2.45	2	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Benign Optic Nerve Neoplasm [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	2.73	3	0
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	2.06	1	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	2.98	1	0
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	2.07	1	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.07	1	0
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	2.07	1	0
Acantholysis Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and DARIER DISEASE.	2.06	1	0
Xeroderma [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Ichthyosis Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.	2.06	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	2.06	1	0
Tachypnea Increased RESPIRATORY RATE.	2.07	1	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	2.71	3	0
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.44	2	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	2.07	1	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Papillary An adenocarcinoma in which the tumor elements are arranged as finger-like processes or as a solid spherical nodule projecting from an epithelial surface.	2.99	1	0
Mixed Tumor, Mullerian A tumor, basically a carcinoma with a single sarcoma such as leiomyosarcoma or angiosarcoma or multiple sarcomas of uterine origin. The role of estrogen has been postulated as a possible etiological factor in this tumor. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1703)	4.74	2	1
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	2.43	2	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	2.07	1	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	2.07	1	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	2.07	1	0
Corneal Endothelial Cell Damage [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Anosmic Hypogonadism [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Kallmann Syndrome A genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by hypothalamic GNRH deficiency and OLFACTORY NERVE defects. It is characterized by congenital HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM and ANOSMIA, possibly with additional midline defects. It can be transmitted as an X-linked (GENETIC DISEASES, X-LINKED), an autosomal dominant, or an autosomal recessive trait.	3.46	1	1
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.46	2	0
Iris Diseases Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.	2.07	1	0
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)	2.07	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	2.38	2	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	4.48	5	1
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	4.37	1	1
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	4.37	1	1
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Basal Cell Cancer [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	4.62	10	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.41	2	0
Adenitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.71	3	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	2.07	1	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	3.6	9	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	3.6	9	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	2.95	4	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	3.97	5	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	2.08	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	2.72	3	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	2.07	1	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	3.33	2	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	2.08	1	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	2.08	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	5.04	3	1
Kraurosis Vulvae [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus Atrophy and shriveling of the SKIN of the VULVA that is characterized by the whitish LICHEN SCLEROSUS appearance, inflammation, and PRURITUS.	2.78	3	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	3.81	2	1
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	2.08	1	0
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.07	1	0
Aberrant Crypt Foci Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.	2.07	1	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	3	1	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	3	1	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	2.46	2	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	4.59	26	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	2.07	1	0
Ascites, Chylous [description not available]	2.07	1	0
(pPNET) Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.	2.08	1	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	2.08	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	2.08	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	2.39	2	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.07	1	0
Altidudinal Hemianopia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Diseases of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	3	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	2.49	2	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	3	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	3	1	0
Vulvovaginitis Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.	9.62	3	2
Frigidity [description not available]	8.55	13	3
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)	8.55	13	3
Suffocation [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Brain Dead [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	2.39	2	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	4.31	4	0
Urethral Obstruction Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.	2.01	1	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	7.18	10	4
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	7.18	10	4
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.	5.56	3	2
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	4.6	3	2
Combat Disorders Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.	7.84	10	8
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	2.42	2	0
Diaphragmatic Paralysis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Ankle Injuries Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.	2.01	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	2.42	2	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	3.24	6	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	2.42	2	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	5.77	4	2
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	1.93	1	0
Hysteria Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.	1.93	1	0
Astasia-Abasia [description not available]	3.73	2	1
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	2.33	2	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Bulbar Polio [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	1.93	1	0
Insulin Coma Severe HYPOGLYCEMIA induced by a large dose of exogenous INSULIN resulting in a COMA or profound state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused.	1.93	1	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.36	2	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	2.36	2	0
Beuren Syndrome [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Amblyopia, Developmental [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Amblyopia A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.	2.93	1	0
Refractory Anemia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Anemia, Refractory A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.	2.01	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	1.93	1	0
Porphyria [description not available]	3.98	5	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	3.98	5	0
Astigmatism Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.93	1	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Agnosia Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities.	1.93	1	0
Apraxia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Apraxias A group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. The two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see APRAXIA, IDEOMOTOR) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. For example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7)	1.93	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	2.34	2	0
Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)	1.93	1	0
Varices [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	2.36	2	0
Fibromatosis, Abdominal A relatively large mass of unusually firm scarlike connective tissue resulting from active participation of fibroblasts, occurring most frequently in the abdominal muscles of women who have borne children. The fibroblasts infiltrate surrounding muscle and fascia. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.01	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Cancer of the Fallopian Tube [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Fallopian Tube Neoplasms Benign or malignant neoplasms of the FALLOPIAN TUBES. They are uncommon. If they develop, they may be located in the wall or within the lumen as a growth attached to the wall by a stalk.	3.4	1	1
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	2.69	3	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	2.41	2	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Bleeding Between Periods [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.	2.02	1	0
Shoulder Injuries Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.	2.93	1	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.88	4	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	2.02	1	0
Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction [description not available]	2.02	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	2.02	1	0
Gingival Hyperplasia Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)	2.02	1	0
Gingival Overgrowth Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)	2.02	1	0
Foreign-Body Migration Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.	2.02	1	0
Brachial Plexopathy [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Brachial Plexus Neuropathies Diseases of the cervical (and first thoracic) roots, nerve trunks, cords, and peripheral nerve components of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical manifestations include regional pain, PARESTHESIA; MUSCLE WEAKNESS, and decreased sensation (HYPESTHESIA) in the upper extremity. These disorders may be associated with trauma (including BIRTH INJURIES); THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME; NEOPLASMS; NEURITIS; RADIOTHERAPY; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1351-2)	2.93	1	0
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.39	2	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	2.02	1	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	2.02	1	0
Acute Porphyria [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.	2.72	3	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	3.78	2	1
Abscess, Intracranial, Subdural [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	2.93	4	0
Adhesive Capsulitis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Coracohumeral Impingement [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bursitis Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.	2.02	1	0
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome Compression of the ROTATOR CUFF tendons and subacromial bursa between the HUMERAL HEAD and the ACROMION of the SCAPULA. This condition is associated with subacromial BURSITIS, as well as rotator cuff (largely supraspinatus) and bicipital tendon INFLAMMATION.	2.02	1	0
Seasonal Affective Disorders [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Seasonal Affective Disorder A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.	3.41	1	1
Bronchospasm [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	3.37	7	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	3.31	2	0
Post-Natal Depression [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Depression, Postpartum Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)	2.7	3	0
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	2.4	2	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	2.43	2	0
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	2.67	3	0
Jaundice, Spirochetal [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Compression Fractures [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	2.94	1	0
Acute Stress Disorders [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute A class of traumatic stress disorders that is characterized by the significant dissociative states seen immediately after overwhelming trauma. By definition it cannot last longer than 1 month, if it persists, a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC) is more appropriate.	2.94	1	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	3.41	1	1
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	2.02	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	4.3	4	1
Injuries, Mandibular [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	2.02	1	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	2.02	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.43	2	0
Anal Cancer [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.	2.02	1	0
Brain Ventricular Neoplasms [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	4.32	1	1
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	4.32	1	1
Headache, Tension [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Tension-Type Headache A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	3.8	2	1
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	2.03	1	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	2.4	2	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	2.4	2	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	3.38	7	0
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	2.03	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	9.24	7	1
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	5.33	7	2
Erythema Nodosum An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.	2.03	1	0
Bone Diseases, Infectious Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.	2.44	2	0
Nodular Goiter [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.	3.41	1	1
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	3.41	1	1
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	2.03	1	0
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Scleroderma, Diffuse A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.	2.03	1	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	2.03	1	0
6th Nerve Palsy [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Adenoma Sebaceum Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis	2.03	1	0
Tuberous Sclerosis Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.	2.03	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	3.6	3	0
Panophthalmitis Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture.	2.03	1	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.03	1	0
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	2.03	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2.03	1	0
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
DiGeorge Syndrome Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.	2.03	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	2.03	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	2.03	1	0
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	2.9	4	0
Sinus Tachycardia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Habit Chorea [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	5.18	6	2
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)	2.03	1	0
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	5.18	6	2
Tics Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)	2.03	1	0
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.	2.03	1	0
Achromatopsia Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.	3.41	1	1
Color Vision Defects Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.	3.41	1	1
Androgenization [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Allergy, Latex [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	2.88	4	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.03	1	0
Anemia, Sideroblastic Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.	2.95	1	0
Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.	2.95	1	0
Chloroma [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Sarcoma, Myeloid An extramedullary tumor of immature MYELOID CELLS or MYELOBLASTS. Granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2.03	1	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.44	2	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	2.03	1	0
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	2.03	1	0
Pregnancy, Prolonged A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.	2.03	1	0
Colles' Fracture Fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly.	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Wrist [description not available]	2.03	1	0
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.	2.03	1	0
Cephalgia Syndromes [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.03	1	0
Amaurosis Fugax Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)	2.95	1	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	2.95	1	0
Constricted Pupil [description not available]	4.36	2	2
Miosis Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.	4.36	2	2
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.03	1	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	2.04	1	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	2.41	2	0
Leukemia, Plasmacytic [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Leukemia, Plasma Cell A rare, aggressive variant of MULTIPLE MYELOMA characterized by the circulation of excessive PLASMA CELLS in the peripheral blood. It can be a primary manifestation of multiple myeloma or develop as a terminal complication during the disease.	2.04	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Needlestick [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	2.04	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hemorrhage, Retrobulbar [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Jaw Fractures Fractures of the upper or lower jaw.	2.04	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.04	1	0
Porphyria Variegata [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Porphyria, Variegate An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4) in the LIVER, the seventh enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include both neurological symptoms and cutaneous lesions. Patients excrete increased levels of porphyrin precursors, COPROPORPHYRINS and protoporphyrinogen.	2.04	1	0
Acalculous Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall in the absence of GALLSTONES.	2.04	1	0
Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue.	3.34	2	0
Foot Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.	2.04	1	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	2.04	1	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	2.66	3	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	1.96	1	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	1.96	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.65	3	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	3.21	6	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.64	3	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	4.85	4	2
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	2.9	1	0
Trichostrongylosis Infestation with nematode worms of the genus TRICHOSTRONGYLUS. Man and animals become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.	1.98	1	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	2.4	2	0
Endocarditis, Loeffler [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Krebs 2 A transplantable neoplasm of mice.	1.98	1	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	1.98	1	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	1.98	1	0
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Endocrine Gland [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.	1.98	1	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.66	3	0
Acquired Storage Pool Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	1.98	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	2.38	2	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	4.27	4	1
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	4.27	4	1
Adjustment Disorder [description not available]	4.95	3	1
Adjustment Disorders Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.	4.95	3	1
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	4.07	3	1
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	5.21	4	3
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	5.21	4	3
Hypotrichosis Presence of less than the normal amount of hair. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.99	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	1.99	1	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	2.67	3	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	1.99	1	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	1.99	1	0
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)	1.99	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	2.39	2	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	1.99	1	0
Agoraphobia Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.	1.99	1	0
Teratocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.4	2	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	1.99	1	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	1.99	1	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	3.79	2	1
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	2.91	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	2	1	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	2	1	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	2	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	2	1	0
Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic Bovine respiratory disease found in animals that have been shipped or exposed to CATTLE recently transported. The major agent responsible for the disease is MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA and less commonly, PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA or HAEMOPHILUS SOMNUS. All three agents are normal inhabitants of the bovine nasal pharyngeal mucosa but not the LUNG. They are considered opportunistic pathogens following STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL and/or a viral infection. The resulting bacterial fibrinous BRONCHOPNEUMONIA is often fatal.	2	1	0
Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.	2.69	3	0
Paraphilias [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	4.71	2	1
Adult-Onset Dystonias [description not available]	2	1	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	2	1	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Dystonic Disorders Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.	2	1	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	2.41	2	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	2.41	2	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)	2	1	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2	1	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	2	1	0
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	2	1	0
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	2	1	0
Erysipelas An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.	2	1	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	2	1	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	2	1	0
4 Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Deficiency Disease [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Tyrosinemias A group of disorders which have in common elevations of tyrosine in the blood and urine secondary to an enzyme deficiency. Type I tyrosinemia features episodic weakness, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, renal tubular injury, and seizures and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. Type II tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, painful corneal ulcers, and keratoses of the palms and plantar surfaces and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme TYROSINE TRANSAMINASE. Type III tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 4-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp42-3)	2.01	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Chemical Sensitivities, Multiple [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	1.95	1	0
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	1.95	1	0
Trichostrongyloidiasis Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.	1.95	1	0
Scarlet Fever Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present.	1.95	1	0
Atelectasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Acatalasemia [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Cystadenoma A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Clubfeet [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	1.98	1	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.98	1	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	1.97	1	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	1.97	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	1.97	1	0
Genetic Non-Disjunction [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	1.97	1	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	1.97	1	0
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	1.96	1	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	1.96	1	0
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	1.96	1	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	4.94	3	3
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	4.3	2	2
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	4.3	2	2
Neuroses [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	3.33	1	1
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	2.35	2	0
Encephalitis, Equine [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	3.33	1	1
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	2.35	2	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	2.35	2	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	1.95	1	0
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Fowl Paralysis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	2.86	1	0
Anemia, Congenital Nonspherocytic Hemolytic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Biliary Fistula Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.	1.94	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	1.94	1	0

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