Compounds > lanthanum carbonate
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lanthanum carbonate

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Description

lanthanum carbonate: a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID168924
MeSH IDM0305838

Synonyms (38)

Synonym
lanthanum carbonate
foznol
lanthanum sesquicarbonate
phosbloc
einecs 209-599-5
dilanthanum tricarbonate
carbonic acid, lanthanum(3+) salt (3:2)
lanthanum(3 ) carbonate
lanthanum(3+) tricarbonate
la2(co3)3
ec 209-599-5
587-26-8
hsdb 7758
0m78eu4v9h ,
unii-0m78eu4v9h
lanthanum carbonate anhydrous
lanthanum carbonate (la2(co3)3)
bay 77-1931
lanthanum carbonate [who-dd]
lanthanum(3 ) carbonate [hsdb]
lanthanum carbonate (2:3)
lanthanum (iii) carbonate
lanthanum carbonate [mi]
lanthanum(3+) carbonate
NZPIUJUFIFZSPW-UHFFFAOYSA-H
carbonic acid,lanthanum(3+) salt (3:2), octahydrate (8ci,9ci)
DB06792
carbonic acid,lanthanum(3+) salt (3:2), hydrate (9ci)
lanthanum(iii) carbonate
Q421317
lanthanum(3+);tricarbonate
lanthanum carbonate powder
DTXSID30890512
carbonate de lanthane
carbonato de lantano
lanthanum(3+) salt (3:2)
carbonato di lantanio
carbonato de lantanio

Research Excerpts

Overview

Lanthanum carbonate (LC) is a new type of phosphate adsorbent used to treat patients with hyperphosphatemia caused by chronic kidney diseases. Little is known about the long-term impact on mineral metabolism, nutritional status and survival.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Lanthanum carbonate is a commonly used phosphate binder for patients with CRF and hyperphosphatemia, but has adverse effects if patients are not monitored."( A 47-Year-Old Man with Hyperphosphatemia Due to Chronic Renal Failure Treated with Lanthanum Carbonate Tablets Presenting Acutely with Partial Large Bowel Obstruction.
Chang, X; Li, M; Shang, S; Xu, W; Yu, M; Zhou, Q, 2023)		1.86
"Lanthanum carbonate (LC) is a new type of phosphate adsorbent used to treat patients with hyperphosphatemia caused by chronic kidney diseases. "( A Combined Deposition of Lanthanum and β2-Microglobulin-Related Amyloid in the Gastroduodenal Mucosa of Hemodialysis-Dependent Patients: An Immunohistochemical, Electron Microscopic, and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometric Analysis.
Adachi, K; Araki, A; Ishikawa, N; Kinoshita, Y; Komatsu-Fujii, T; Maruyama, R; Mishiro, T; Miyaoka, Y; Onuma, H; Tauchi-Nishi, P; Yamamoto, T, 2017)		1.9
"Lanthanum carbonate is an effective, calcium-free phosphate binder, but little is known about the long-term impact on mineral metabolism, nutritional status and survival."( Nutritional status and survival of maintenance hemodialysis patients receiving lanthanum carbonate.
Fukagawa, M; Hida, M; Kakuta, T; Komaba, H; Suga, T; Wada, T, 2019)		1.46
"Lanthanum carbonate is a phosphate binder that is used to reduce serum phosphate levels in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). "( Lanthanum phosphate binder-induced iron deficiency anaemia.
Awad, C; Gilkison, K; Shaw, E, 2019)		1.96
"Lanthanum carbonate is a non-calcium phosphorus chelator used in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia associated with chronic renal disease. "( [Deposits of lanthanum in the gastric mucosa of a patient with chronic kidney disease].
António da Conceiçao, A; Castellano Megías, VM; Chiva Robles, MT; Porres Cubero, JC; Saus Sarrias, C, )		1.57
"Lanthanum carbonate (LC) is a potent, non-aluminum, non-calcium phosphate binder."( Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate on chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder in dialysis patients: a systematic review.
Fan, J; Li, Z; Wen, J; Zhang, C, 2013)		1.42
"Lanthanum carbonate (LA) is an effective phosphate binder. "( A comparison of the long-term effects of lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate on the course of chronic renal failure in rats with adriamycin-induced nephropathy.
Fukuda, M; Ikeda, Y; Kishi, T; Miyazono, M; Nonaka, Y; Sanai, T; Sato, S; Takashima, T; Yoshizaki, M, 2014)		2.11
"Lanthanum carbonate is a powerful phosphate binder that has shown efficacy and safety in clinical trials for hyperphosphataemia management, although there are few data in regular clinical practice. "( REFOS study: efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate in clinical practice in Spain.
Cannata-Andía, J; González, MT; González-Parra, E; Torregrosa, JV, 2014)		2.12
"Lanthanum carbonate is a non-calcium phosphate binder that is effective for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia. "( Survival advantage of lanthanum carbonate for hemodialysis patients with uncontrolled hyperphosphatemia.
Fukagawa, M; Hida, M; Kakuta, T; Komaba, H; Suga, T; Suzuki, H, 2015)		2.17
"Lanthanum carbonate is a popular chemical which is administered for patients with end-stage kidney disease to reduce the absorption of phosphate, and lanthanum deposition in the gastroduodenal mucosa has recently been reported. "( Gastric mucosal status susceptible to lanthanum deposition in patients treated with dialysis and lanthanum carbonate.
Ban, S; Imada, H; Kubota, K; Ohshima, S; Satoh, H; Suzuki, S; Ueda, Y, 2017)		2.12
"Lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) is a non-calcium phosphate binder that controls hyperphosphataemia without increasing calcium intake above guideline targets. "( A model of the kinetics of lanthanum in human bone, using data collected during the clinical development of the phosphate binder lanthanum carbonate.
Bronner, F; Damment, SJ; Pennick, M; Slepchenko, BM, 2008)		1.99
"Lanthanum carbonate is a new phosphate binder that is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and eliminated largely by the liver. "( Hepatocellular transport and gastrointestinal absorption of lanthanum in chronic renal failure.
Behets, GJ; Bervoets, AR; Blust, R; D'Haese, PC; Damment, SJ; Dauwe, S; De Broe, ME; Mubiana, VK; Roels, F; Schryvers, D; Verberckmoes, SC; Yang, Z, 2009)		1.8
"Lanthanum carbonate is a newer phosphate binder with phosphate binding activity similar to aluminum salts making this agent a compelling alternative; however, more data are needed to evaluate long-term safety and effects on cardiovascular end points."( Therapeutic use of the phosphate binder lanthanum carbonate.
Barton Pai, A; Conner, TA; McQuade, CR, 2009)		1.34
"Lanthanum carbonate is a non-calcium phosphate binder used to control hyperphosphataemia in patients with chronic kidney disease who are undergoing dialysis. "( Dietary administration in rodent studies distorts the tissue deposition profile of lanthanum carbonate; brain deposition is a contamination artefact?
Cox, AG; Damment, SJ; Secker, R, 2009)		2.02
"Lanthanum carbonate (LaCO(3)) is an oral phosphate binder widely used in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). "( Lanthanum deposition in a dialysis patient.
Abraham, JL; Davis, RL, 2009)		1.8
"Lanthanum carbonate (LC) is a noncalcium-containing phosphate binder of proven utility in treating hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients, and displays a good tolerability profile."( Lanthanum carbonate is an effective hypophosphatemic agent for hemodialysis patients intolerant of other phosphate binders.
Borrows, R; Chan, WL; Chapman, E; Collings, K; Dale, C; De Waal, S; Moore, J; Patel, V; Rounsley, K; Tanner, J; Turner, E, 2010)		3.25
"Lanthanum carbonate is a non-calcium-based phosphate binder for hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). "( One year efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate for hyperphosphatemia in Japanese chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Shigematsu, T, 2010)		2.09
"Lanthanum carbonate hydrate is a nonaluminum, noncalcium phosphate binder containing lanthanum (La). "( Beam-hardening artifacts on computed tomography images caused by lanthanum carbonate hydrate in a patient on dialysis.
Hayashi, H; Kiriyama, T; Kumita, S; Machida, M; Sekine, T; Yamaguchi, H, 2010)		2.04
"Lanthanum carbonate is a novel non-calcium, non-aluminum phosphate-binding agent, and has approved for clinical use in patients on hemodialysis in Japan on March in 2009."( [CKD-MBD (Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder). Lanthanum carbonate and new phosphate binders in patients with chronic kidney disease].
Negi, S; Shigematsu, T, 2010)		1.32
"Lanthanum carbonate is a non-aluminum, non-calcium phosphate binder. "( Three-year extension study of lanthanum carbonate therapy in Japanese hemodialysis patients.
Shigematsu, T, 2010)		2.09
"Lanthanum carbonate is a calcium-free phosphate binder indicated in patients with chronic kidney disease."( [Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate in chronic kidney disease patients with hyperphosphataemia].
Laville, M, 2011)		1.4
"Lanthanum carbonate (LC) is a nonaluminum, noncalcium phosphate binder that is effective for hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients. "( Clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of lanthanum carbonate as second-line therapy in hemodialysis patients in Japan.
Fujii, H; Fujimori, A; Fukagawa, M; Goto, S; Hasegawa, H; Kamae, I; Kim, JI; Komaba, H; Moriwaki, K; Nishi, S; Nishioka, M; Shibuya, K; Shin, J; Taniguchi, M; Yoshiya, K, 2011)		2.07
"Lanthanum carbonate (FOSRENOL®) is an effective, well-tolerated phosphate binder. "( Conversion to lanthanum carbonate monotherapy effectively controls serum phosphorus with a reduced tablet burden: a multicenter open-label study.
Matalon, A; Michelis, MF; Vemuri, N, 2011)		2.17
"Lanthanum carbonate is a non-calcium chelator not associated with these issues."( Lanthanum carbonate: a postmarketing observational study of efficacy and safety.
Ardini, M; Corbani, V; Falqui, V; Londrino, F; Rombolà, G; Zattera, T, )		2.3
"Lanthanum carbonate (LC) is a phosphate binder currently available as a chewable tablet."( Assessment of pharmacodynamic equivalence and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate oral powder and tablet formulations: a single-center, randomized, open-label, 2-period crossover study in healthy subjects.
Hossack, S; Martin, P; Pierce, D; Robinson, A; Zhang, P, 2012)		1.34
"Lanthanum carbonate (LC) is a non-calcium-containing phosphate binder and shows a comparable effect with other phosphate binders on hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients. "( Effect of lanthanum carbonate vs. calcium carbonate on serum calcium in hemodialysis patients: a crossover study.
Chiyotanda, S; Fujimoto, S; Fukudome, K; Kitamura, K; Sato, Y; Toida, T; Yamada, K, 2012)		2.22
"Lanthanum carbonate is an effective phosphate binder that can control serum phosphate and Ca×P product in CAPD patients with hyperphosphatemia. "( Lanthanum carbonate for hyperphosphatemia in patients on peritoneal dialysis.
Ito, H; Izumi, K; Katoh, S; Nagaya, M; Oda, H; Ohashi, H; Ohno, M; Okada, M; Yokoyama, H, )		3.02
"Lanthanum carbonate is an intestinal phosphate binder that is orally administered to patients on dialysis to treat hyperphosphatemia."( Lanthanum carbonate inhibits intestinal oxalate absorption and prevents nephrocalcinosis after oxalate loading in rats.
D'Haese, PC; Hoppe, B; Robijn, S; Verhulst, A; Vervaet, BA, 2013)		2.55
"Lanthanum carbonate is a promising agent for the future prevention/treatment of secondary hyperoxaluria."( Lanthanum carbonate inhibits intestinal oxalate absorption and prevents nephrocalcinosis after oxalate loading in rats.
D'Haese, PC; Hoppe, B; Robijn, S; Verhulst, A; Vervaet, BA, 2013)		3.28
"Lanthanum carbonate is an efficacious and well-tolerated oral phosphate binder with a mild AE profile in hemodialysis and CAPD patients. "( Lanthanum carbonate for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in CKD 5D: multicenter, double blind, randomized, controlled trial in mainland China.
Chen, JH; Chen, XM; Ding, GH; Fan, YP; Liu, ZH; Mei, CL; Ni, ZH; Wang, LN; Wang, M; Xu, J; Yu, XQ; Yuan, FH; Zhang, AP; Zhang, YX, 2013)		3.28
"Lanthanum carbonate is a novel, non-calcium, non-aluminum phosphate binder under evaluation for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients receiving either hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis."( Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-titration, phase III study assessing the efficacy and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate: a new phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia.
Finn, WF; Joy, MS, 2003)		1.97
"Lanthanum carbonate is an effective and well-tolerated agent for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with ESRD."( Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-titration, phase III study assessing the efficacy and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate: a new phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia.
Finn, WF; Joy, MS, 2003)		1.97
"Lanthanum carbonate is a novel, non-aluminium, non-calcium phosphate binding agent that forms a water-insoluble compound, lanthanum phosphate, in the gut. "( Lanthanum carbonate.
Scott, LJ; Swainston Harrison, T, 2004)		3.21
"Lanthanum carbonate seems to be a potent phosphate-binding drug, minimally absorbed from the gut, with an encouraging safety profile, and no deleterious effects on bone."( Lanthanum carbonate: a new phosphate binder.
Behets, GJ; D'Haese, PC; De Broe, ME; Verberckmoes, SC, 2004)		3.21
"Lanthanum carbonate is a highly effective phosphate binder with significant potential as a treatment for hyperphosphatemia in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). "( Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate for reduction of serum phosphorus in patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis.
Finn, WF; Hladik, G; Joy, MS, 2004)		2.08
"Lanthanum carbonate is an effective and well-tolerated agent for the short-term treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with ESRD."( Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate for reduction of serum phosphorus in patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis.
Finn, WF; Hladik, G; Joy, MS, 2004)		2.08
"Lanthanum carbonate is an effective phosphate binder able to control serum phosphate and calcium x phosphate product."( Control of serum phosphate by oral lanthanum carbonate in patients undergoing haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in a short-term, placebo-controlled study.
Al-Baaj, F; Hutchison, AJ; Speake, M, 2005)		2.05
"Lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) is a new non-aluminum, non-calcium phosphate binder developed for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)."( Lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of hyperphosphatemic patients with end-stage renal disease.
Chen, JB; Chiang, SS; Yang, WC, 2005)		2.49
"Lanthanum carbonate was shown to be an effective and well-tolerated phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in Chinese patients with ESRD. "( Lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of hyperphosphatemic patients with end-stage renal disease.
Chen, JB; Chiang, SS; Yang, WC, 2005)		3.21
"Lanthanum carbonate is a non-calcium, non-aluminium phosphate-binding agent."( Lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol): a novel agent for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in renal failure and dialysis patients.
Albaaj, F; Hutchison, AJ, 2005)		2.49
"Lanthanum carbonate is an effective phosphate-binding agent without significant risk of hypercalcemia or worsening metabolic acidosis. "( Lanthanum carbonate.
Brooks, T; Candiani, C; Hudson, JQ; Joy, MS; Kshirsagar, A, 2006)		3.22
"Lanthanum carbonate [La2(CO3)3] is a noncalcium, non-aluminum phosphate binder indicated for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease. "( Absolute bioavailability and disposition of lanthanum in healthy human subjects administered lanthanum carbonate.
Damment, SJ; Dennis, K; Pennick, M, 2006)		2
"Lanthanum carbonate is a phosphate binder with demonstrated efficacy, safety, and tolerability in clinical trials."( Cognitive function in Stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis: no adverse effects of lanthanum carbonate compared with standard phosphate-binder therapy.
Altmann, P; Barnett, ME; Finn, WF, 2007)		1.28
"Lanthanum carbonate is an alternative nonaluminium, noncalcium phosphate binder."( Lanthanum carbonate.
Freemont, AJ, 2006)		2.5
"Lanthanum carbonate is a non-calcium-based oral phosphate binder for the control of hyperphosphataemia in patients with chronic kidney disease Stage 5. "( Systemic lanthanum is excreted in the bile of rats.
Damment, SJ; Pennick, M, 2007)		1.78
"Lanthanum carbonate is a safe and effective binder with data demonstrating no toxic effects after continuous exposure up to 6 years."( Lanthanum carbonate--a first line phosphate binder?
de Freitas, D; Donne, RL; Hutchison, AJ, )		2.3
"Lanthanum carbonate is a newer aluminum-free, calcium-free phosphate-binding agent."( Lanthanum carbonate as a first-line phosphate binder: the "cons".
Drüeke, TB, )		2.3
"Lanthanum carbonate is a potent and selective phosphate binder that retains high affinity for phosphate over a wide pH range, does not bind bile acids or contribute to metabolic acidosis, and has the potential to reduce pill burden and increase patient compliance compared with other phosphate binders."( A comparative review of the efficacy and safety of established phosphate binders: calcium, sevelamer, and lanthanum carbonate.
Sprague, SM, 2007)		1.27
"Lanthanum carbonate is a new nonaluminium, noncalcium phosphate binder. "( [Radiographic characteristics of lanthanum carbonate absorption].
Daem, AO; Lefèbvre, D; Lemaitre, V; Vrigneaud, L, 2008)		2.07
"Lanthanum carbonate is a novel non-calcium-based phosphate binder for the treatment of chronic kidney disease."( Lanthanum carbonate effectively controls serum phosphate without affecting serum calcium levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Shigematsu, T, 2008)		2.51

Effects

Lanthanum carbonate (LC) has been administered in a chewable tablet form for patients with hyperphosphatemia undergoing dialysis. It has no effect on soluble klotho and serum FGF-23 in late stage of CRF.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Lanthanum carbonate not only has an excellent phosphate-lowering ability but also low gastro-intestinal calcium absorption."( Successful Treatment of Tumoral Calcinosis by Lanthanum Carbonate.
Chen, KH; Hsiao, CC; Lee, CC, 2018)		1.46
"Lanthanum carbonate not only has an excellent phosphate-lowering ability but also low gastro-intestinal calcium absorption."( Successful Treatment of Tumoral Calcinosis by Lanthanum Carbonate.
Chen, KH; Hsiao, CC; Lee, CC, 2018)		1.46
"Lanthanum carbonate has no effect on soluble klotho and serum FGF-23 in late stage of CRF."( High phosphate feeding induced arterial medial calcification in uremic rats: roles of Lanthanum carbonate on protecting vasculature.
Akhtar, J; Chen, B; Wang, H; Wang, R; Yu, C; Zhang, H; Zhao, T, 2013)		1.33
"Lanthanum carbonate (LC) has been administered in a chewable tablet form for patients with hyperphosphatemia undergoing dialysis. "( Efficacy of oral powder compared with chewable tablets for lanthanum carbonate administration in hemodialysis patients.
Kimura, K; Oishi, D; Sakurada, T; Shibagaki, Y; Yasuda, T, 2013)		2.08
"Lanthanum carbonate has the same phosphorus depressant effect as the other phosphorus adsorbents, and is expected to decrease digestive symptom onset such as constipation in Japanese patients undergoing hemodialysis compared to sevelamar hydrochloride. "( Gastrointestinal symptoms after the substitution of sevelamer hydrochloride with lanthanum carbonate in Japanese patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Hayashi, H; Ichie, T; Sugiura, Y; Sugiyama, T; Suzuki, D, 2015)		2.09
"Lanthanum carbonate has been shown to be a highly effective phosphate binder in pre-clinical studies."( Reducing high phosphate levels in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis: a 4-week, dose-finding, open-label study with lanthanum carbonate.
Al-Baaj, F; Hutchison, AJ; Speake, M, 2004)		1.25
"Lanthanum carbonate has been shown in clinical studies of up to 3 years to be an effective, well-tolerated phosphate binder. "( Lanthanum carbonate: a new phosphate binder.
Behets, GJ; D'Haese, PC; De Broe, ME; Verberckmoes, SC, 2004)		3.21
"Lanthanum carbonate has been proposed as a new phosphate binder."( Does the phosphate binder lanthanum carbonate affect bone in rats with chronic renal failure?
Behets, GJ; Bouillon, R; D'Haese, PC; Damment, SJ; Dams, G; De Broe, ME; Vercauteren, SR, 2004)		1.34
"Lanthanum carbonate has been shown to be a safe, effective phosphate-binding agent. "( Localization of lanthanum in bone of chronic renal failure rats after oral dosing with lanthanum carbonate.
Behets, GJ; Bervoets, AR; Cox, AG; D'Haese, PC; De Broe, ME; Denton, J; Oste, L; Salomé, M; Verberckmoes, SC, 2005)		1.99
"Lanthanum carbonate has been recently approved as non-calcium-based therapy for phosphate reduction in patients with stage 5 CKD requiring dialysis. "( Lanthanum carbonate.
Brooks, T; Candiani, C; Hudson, JQ; Joy, MS; Kshirsagar, A, 2006)		3.22
"Lanthanum carbonate (LC) has been proposed as a new phosphate binder. "( Evolution of bone and plasma concentration of lanthanum in dialysis patients before, during 1 year of treatment with lanthanum carbonate and after 2 years of follow-up.
D'Haese, PC; De Broe, ME; Freemont, T; Gelev, S; Gill, M; Jones, C; Masin-Spasovska, J; Sikole, A; Spasovski, GB; Webster, I, 2006)		1.99
"Lanthanum carbonate has similar phosphate control to calcium-based binders with less incidence of hypercalcemia but long-term clinical studies are needed for testing long-term exposure."( Emerging drugs for hyperphosphatemia.
Bellinghieri, G; Santoro, D; Savica, V, 2007)		1.06

Treatment

Lanthanum carbonate is used for treatment of hyperphosphatemia mostly in patients with chronic renal failure. Treatment with lanthanum Carbonate reduced hyperph phosphataemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism in CRF animals (P < 0.05)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Lanthanum carbonate is used for treatment of hyperphosphatemia mostly in patients with chronic renal failure. "( Review of the diagnosis of gastrointestinal lanthanum deposition.
Iwamuro, M; Okada, H; Tanaka, T; Urata, H, 2020)		2
"Lanthanum carbonate-treated patients continued taking their established maintenance dose ('continued-lanthanum group') and calcium carbonate-treated patients switched to lanthanum carbonate, 375-3,000 mg/day ('switch group')."( Long-term efficacy and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate: results from a 3-year study.
Asmus, G; Backs, W; Hutchison, AJ; Jamar, R; Maes, B; Mohamed, E; Schmieder, R; Vanwalleghem, J; Vosskühler, A, 2006)		1.32
"Lanthanum Carbonate is useful in treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with end stage renal disease."( What's new in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.
Chawla, PS; Kochar, MS, 2006)		1.06
"Treatment with lanthanum carbonate reduced hyperphosphataemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism in CRF animals (P < 0.05), and had little effect in NRF animals."( Long-term treatment with lanthanum carbonate reduces mineral and bone abnormalities in rats with chronic renal failure.
Damment, S; Lorenzo, V; Rodriguez, M; Secker, R; Shen, V, 2011)		1.01

Toxicity

There was no evidence of adverse effects of lanthanum carbonate on the liver in patients who received treatment for up to 6 years. Sevelamer hydrochloride and Lanthanum Carbonate has been shown to be effective, safe and useful therapeutic tools for hyperphosphatemia.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Serum levels of phosphorus, calcium and parathyroid hormone, and adverse events were monitored throughout the study."( Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate for reduction of serum phosphorus in patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis.
Finn, WF; Hladik, G; Joy, MS, 2004)		0.63
" Adverse events were mainly gastrointestinal (e."( Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate for reduction of serum phosphorus in patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis.
Finn, WF; Hladik, G; Joy, MS, 2004)		0.63
" Safety and tolerability were assessed by monitoring adverse events, laboratory parameters, and vital signs."( A long-term, open-label extension study on the safety of treatment with lanthanum carbonate, a new phosphate binder, in patients receiving hemodialysis.
Finn, WF; Joy, MS, 2005)		0.56
"Lanthanum carbonate was well tolerated and was associated with few treatment-related adverse events."( A long-term, open-label extension study on the safety of treatment with lanthanum carbonate, a new phosphate binder, in patients receiving hemodialysis.
Finn, WF; Joy, MS, 2005)		2
" Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs), full laboratory parameters and blood profiles."( Lanthanum carbonate versus standard therapy for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia: safety and efficacy in chronic maintenance hemodialysis patients.
Finn, WF, 2006)		1.78
" Indeed, in clinical studies no toxic effects of lanthanum have been reported after up to four years of follow-up."( Lanthanum: a safe phosphate binder.
Behets, GJ; Bervoets, AR; D'Haese, PC; De Broe, ME; Persy, VP, )		0.13
" Liver magnetic resonance imaging and microscopy did not reveal toxic changes due to La."( Lanthanum carbonate decreases PTH gene expression with no hepatotoxicity in uraemic rats.
Ben-Dov, IZ; Galitzer, H; Ilan, Y; Naveh-Many, T; Pappo, O; Silver, J; Sklair-Levy, M, 2007)		1.78
" There were no new or unexpected adverse events (AEs), and no increase in the incidence of events with increasing treatment exposure."( Long-term efficacy and safety profile of lanthanum carbonate: results for up to 6 years of treatment.
Barnett, ME; Hutchison, AJ; Krause, R; Kwan, JT; Siami, GA, 2008)		0.61
" Adverse events classified as "liver and biliary system events" were recorded."( Lanthanum carbonate treatment, for up to 6 years, is not associated with adverse effects on the liver in patients with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 receiving hemodialysis.
Barnett, ME; Hutchison, AJ; Krause, R; Siami, GA, 2009)		1.8
"In the four initial clinical trials, lanthanum carbonate was not associated with any adverse changes in transaminases or bilirubin."( Lanthanum carbonate treatment, for up to 6 years, is not associated with adverse effects on the liver in patients with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 receiving hemodialysis.
Barnett, ME; Hutchison, AJ; Krause, R; Siami, GA, 2009)		2.07
"There was no evidence of adverse effects of lanthanum carbonate on the liver in patients who received treatment for up to 6 years."( Lanthanum carbonate treatment, for up to 6 years, is not associated with adverse effects on the liver in patients with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 receiving hemodialysis.
Barnett, ME; Hutchison, AJ; Krause, R; Siami, GA, 2009)		2.06
"05), without any increase in the frequency or severity of drug-related adverse events such as vomiting, nausea, and stomach discomfort."( One year efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate for hyperphosphatemia in Japanese chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Shigematsu, T, 2010)		0.64
" A few serious adverse events (AEs) involving the biliary system occurred during the LC treatment period, but they were not considered to be treatment-induced."( Randomized crossover study of the efficacy and safety of sevelamer hydrochloride and lanthanum carbonate in Japanese patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Kasai, S; Kinoshita, Y; Murata, Y; Sato, K, 2012)		0.6
" LC treatment was compared to pretreatment (no or other phosphate binders) regarding laboratory parameters, adverse events and tablet burden."( Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate in German patients on dialysis.
Dellanna, F; Reichel, H; Seibt, F, 2012)		0.69
" The incidence of all adverse events was similar between LC- and placebo-treated patients (OR = 1."( Effects and safety of lanthanum carbonate in end stage renal disease patients with hyperphosphatemia: a meta-analysis--system review of lanthanum carbonate.
Guo, H; Tang, S; Zhang, S; Zhang, X, 2013)		0.7
" On the other hand Sevelamer hydrochloride and Lanthanum carbonate has been shown to be effective, safe and useful therapeutic tools for hyperphosphatemia."( Hyperphosphatemia and phosphate binders: effectiveness and safety.
Elisaf, MS; Kalaitzidis, RG, 2014)		0.66
" Accumulation of LC in blood and bone was below toxic levels."( Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate on chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder in dialysis patients: a systematic review.
Fan, J; Li, Z; Wen, J; Zhang, C, 2013)		0.7
" Current evidence does not show a higher rate of adverse effects for LC compared with other treatments, except for a higher incidence of vomiting."( Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate on chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder in dialysis patients: a systematic review.
Fan, J; Li, Z; Wen, J; Zhang, C, 2013)		0.7
" Results included values of serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, iPTH, hepatic enzymes and haemogram, as well as the daily-prescribed dose of lanthanum carbonate, the concomitant medication, treatment compliance and adverse events."( REFOS study: efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate in clinical practice in Spain.
Cannata-Andía, J; González, MT; González-Parra, E; Torregrosa, JV, 2014)		0.88
" In particular, we consider its toxic effects on the skeletal system."( Safety and efficacy evaluation of lanthanum carbonate for hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease patients.
Iwatani, Y; Masumoto, AR; Mima, T; Moribata, MK; Nakashima, YM; Negi, S; Ohya, M; Shigematsu, T; Tatsuta, K; Yamanaka, S, 2015)		0.7
" The most common adverse effects are mild/moderate nausea, diarrhoea and flatulence."( Lanthanum carbonate: safety data after 10 years.
Copley, JB; Garafola, S; Hutchison, AJ; Wilson, RJ, 2016)		1.88
" Meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the serum biochemical parameters, adverse events, and patient-level outcomes of LC, non-LC PBs, and sevelamer for hyperphosphatemia in patients with CKD."( Safety and effectiveness of lanthanum carbonate for hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients: a meta-analysis.
Liu, A; Xu, G; Zhao, L, 2021)		0.92

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The pharmacokinetic investigations of lanthanum carbonate formed an important part of the stringent premarketing safety assessment process and have been influential in reassuring both regulators and physicians that the agent can be used safely and effectively in this vulnerable dialysis population."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the phosphate binder lanthanum carbonate.
Damment, SJ; Pennick, M, 2008)		0.87
" In this review I would like to summarize the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of this new phosphate binder (La2[CO3]3) which will be registered in our country in the near future."( [Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of lanthanum carbonate].
Joki, N, 2009)		0.61
"A Phase I, single-center, randomized, open-label, 2-period, crossover study to assess pharmacodynamic equivalence of the 2 formulations was conducted in healthy adults aged 18 to 55 years receiving a diet standardized for phosphate content."( Assessment of pharmacodynamic equivalence and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate oral powder and tablet formulations: a single-center, randomized, open-label, 2-period crossover study in healthy subjects.
Hossack, S; Martin, P; Pierce, D; Robinson, A; Zhang, P, 2012)		0.62
"82 mmol/d, confirming pharmacodynamic equivalence."( Assessment of pharmacodynamic equivalence and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate oral powder and tablet formulations: a single-center, randomized, open-label, 2-period crossover study in healthy subjects.
Hossack, S; Martin, P; Pierce, D; Robinson, A; Zhang, P, 2012)		0.62
"In this multiple-dose study, the oral powder and tablet formulations of LC were well tolerated and met the regulatory criteria for pharmacodynamic equivalence in these healthy volunteers."( Assessment of pharmacodynamic equivalence and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate oral powder and tablet formulations: a single-center, randomized, open-label, 2-period crossover study in healthy subjects.
Hossack, S; Martin, P; Pierce, D; Robinson, A; Zhang, P, 2012)		0.62

Compound-Compound Interactions

High-protein meals during dialysis combined with lanthanum carbonate are safe and increase serum albumin while controlling phosphorus. We evaluated the long-term efficacy and side effects of Lanthanum Carbonate used in combination with other phosphate binders in PD patients.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" We evaluated the long-term efficacy and side effects of lanthanum carbonate (LaC) used in combination with other phosphate binders in PD patients."( Effectiveness of lanthanum carbonate treatment used in combination with other phosphate binders in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Eriguchi, M; Kitazono, T; Nakano, T; Tanaka, S; Taniguchi, M; Tsuruya, K; Yamada, S; Yoshida, H, 2012)		0.96
"Low dose LaC treatment used in combination with other phosphate binders improved serum phosphate control with tolerable gastrointestinal symptoms in PD patients."( Effectiveness of lanthanum carbonate treatment used in combination with other phosphate binders in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Eriguchi, M; Kitazono, T; Nakano, T; Tanaka, S; Taniguchi, M; Tsuruya, K; Yamada, S; Yoshida, H, 2012)		0.72
"This short-term study assessed the efficacy and safety of calcium carbonate combined with calcitonin in the treatment of hypercalcemia in hemodialysis patients."( Effect of calcium carbonate combined with calcitonin on hypercalcemia in hemodialysis patients.
Kong, XL; Li, WB; Wang, ZS; Wei, Y, 2014)		0.4
" We hypothesized that, in hypoalbuminemic hemodialysis patients, provision of high-protein meals during hemodialysis combined with a potent phosphorus binder increases serum albumin without raising phosphorus levels."( Effect of high-protein meals during hemodialysis combined with lanthanum carbonate in hypoalbuminemic dialysis patients: findings from the FrEDI randomized controlled trial.
Benner, D; Bross, R; Jing, J; Kalantar-Zadeh, K; Koontz Parsons, T; Kopple, JD; Kovesdy, CP; Lee, ML; Mehrotra, R; Rhee, CM; St-Jules, DE; Tortorici, AR; You, AS, 2017)		0.69
" Patients were randomly assigned to receive high-protein (50-55 g) meals during dialysis, providing 400-500 mg phosphorus, combined with lanthanum carbonate versus low-protein (<1 g) meals during dialysis, providing <20 mg phosphorus."( Effect of high-protein meals during hemodialysis combined with lanthanum carbonate in hypoalbuminemic dialysis patients: findings from the FrEDI randomized controlled trial.
Benner, D; Bross, R; Jing, J; Kalantar-Zadeh, K; Koontz Parsons, T; Kopple, JD; Kovesdy, CP; Lee, ML; Mehrotra, R; Rhee, CM; St-Jules, DE; Tortorici, AR; You, AS, 2017)		0.9
"In hypoalbuminemic hemodialysis patients, high-protein meals during dialysis combined with lanthanum carbonate are safe and increase serum albumin while controlling phosphorus."( Effect of high-protein meals during hemodialysis combined with lanthanum carbonate in hypoalbuminemic dialysis patients: findings from the FrEDI randomized controlled trial.
Benner, D; Bross, R; Jing, J; Kalantar-Zadeh, K; Koontz Parsons, T; Kopple, JD; Kovesdy, CP; Lee, ML; Mehrotra, R; Rhee, CM; St-Jules, DE; Tortorici, AR; You, AS, 2017)		0.92

Bioavailability

Lanthanum carbonate is a new phosphate binder that is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and eliminated largely by the liver. The oral bioavailability of lanthanum is low (approximately 0.5%)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The bioavailability of lanthanum is extremely low."( Lanthanum: a safe phosphate binder.
Behets, GJ; Bervoets, AR; D'Haese, PC; De Broe, ME; Persy, VP, )		0.13
" A randomized, open-label, parallel-group, phase I study was conducted to determine absolute bioavailability and investigate excretory routes for systemic lanthanum in healthy subjects."( Absolute bioavailability and disposition of lanthanum in healthy human subjects administered lanthanum carbonate.
Damment, SJ; Dennis, K; Pennick, M, 2006)		0.55
" It is poorly absorbed and does not require functioning kidneys to be removed from the body."( Lanthanum carbonate.
Freemont, AJ, 2006)		1.78
"Lanthanum carbonate is a new phosphate binder that is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and eliminated largely by the liver."( Hepatocellular transport and gastrointestinal absorption of lanthanum in chronic renal failure.
Behets, GJ; Bervoets, AR; Blust, R; D'Haese, PC; Damment, SJ; Dauwe, S; De Broe, ME; Mubiana, VK; Roels, F; Schryvers, D; Verberckmoes, SC; Yang, Z, 2009)		1.8
" Animal studies show that lanthanum has a very low bioavailability and absorbed lanthanum is primarily excreted in bile."( Lanthanum carbonate treatment, for up to 6 years, is not associated with adverse effects on the liver in patients with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 receiving hemodialysis.
Barnett, ME; Hutchison, AJ; Krause, R; Siami, GA, 2009)		1.8
" We investigated the effects of lanthanum carbonate and sevelamer carbonate on the bioavailability of oral calcitriol."( The effect of sevelamer carbonate and lanthanum carbonate on the pharmacokinetics of oral calcitriol.
Hossack, S; Martin, P; Pierce, D; Poole, L; Robinson, A; Smyth, M; Van Heusen, H, 2011)		0.92
" It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, forms insoluble complexes within the lumen, and prevents the absorption of dietary phosphate."( Extensive lanthanum deposition in the gastric mucosa: the first histopathological report.
Kawaguchi, K; Kodama, R; Makino, M; Nagasawa, M; Nakamura, H; Shimojo, H, 2015)		0.42

Dosage Studied

Maintenance dialysis patients at our hospital who had been receiving lanthanum carbonate (LC) chewable tablets were switched to the same dosage of the granules. Changes in serum Ca, phosphate, whole parathyroid hormone (wPTH), and ALP were examined in 40 patients.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" There is no evidence from current studies that it accumulates to biologically significant levels in tissues, but despite the large numbers of patients included in clinical trials, experience with long-term dosing is limited and, as with every new drug used in this type of clinical setting, patients should be carefully monitored as experience with the drug increases."( Lanthanum carbonate.
Freemont, AJ, 2006)		1.78
" The optimal dosage in Japanese patients needs to be confirmed using a flexible-dose titration schedule."( Lanthanum carbonate effectively controls serum phosphate without affecting serum calcium levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Shigematsu, T, 2008)		1.79
" Patients and physicians reported significantly higher levels of satisfaction with reformulated lanthanum carbonate compared with previous phosphate binders, partly because of reduced tablet burden with higher dosage strengths."( Higher strength lanthanum carbonate provides serum phosphorus control with a low tablet burden and is preferred by patients and physicians: a multicenter study.
Anger, M; Fishbane, S; Martin, KJ; Mehrotra, R; Sprague, SM; Zeig, S, 2008)		0.91
" Additional rats were dosed intravenously with lanthanum chloride (0."( Dietary administration in rodent studies distorts the tissue deposition profile of lanthanum carbonate; brain deposition is a contamination artefact?
Cox, AG; Damment, SJ; Secker, R, 2009)		0.58
" The reasons claimed by patients for their negative ratings of PB were the type of dosage form, the taste, the number of tablets and gastric intolerance."( [Phosphorus binders: preferences of patients on haemodialysis and its impact on treatment compliance and phosphorus control].
Álvarez-Ude, F; Arenas, MD; Gil, MT; Malek, T; Moledous, A; Reig-Ferrer, A, 2010)		0.36
" Feed supplementation for two weeks with approximately 2-20% of this dosage (i."( Tolerability and efficacy of the intestinal phosphate binder Lantharenol® in cats.
Delport, PC; Dribusch, U; Gropp, JM; Schmidt, BH; van der Staay, FJ, 2012)		0.38
"LC effectively reduced the serum phosphate level (like CaC) and allowed the vitamin D analogue dosage to be increased without hypercalcemia in HD patients."( Effect of lanthanum carbonate vs. calcium carbonate on serum calcium in hemodialysis patients: a crossover study.
Chiyotanda, S; Fujimoto, S; Fukudome, K; Kitamura, K; Sato, Y; Toida, T; Yamada, K, 2012)		0.78
" The mean dosage was increased from initial daily dosage of 744 mg to 1266 mg after 1 year, and to 1246 mg after 2 years."( Multicenter study of long-term (two-year) efficacy of lanthanum carbonate.
Ando, R; Chida, Y; Inoue, A; Ishida, Y; Iwamoto, S; Kikuchi, K; Kimura, H; Ohtsuka, M; Sato, H; Tachibana, K; Takayama, M; Yamada, K; Yoshizaki, Y, 2013)		0.64
" Patients were given dosage of LA in addition to, or instead of, co-hyperphosphatemia treatments already being received."( Study of prolonged administration of lanthanum carbonate in dialysis patients.
Furui, H; Gotoh, J; Hattori, M; Horie, T; Iida, J; Kawamura, A; Kukita, K; Meguro, J; Onodera, K; Tamaki, T; Tsuchihashi, S; Yonekawa, M, 2013)		0.66
"To examine the efficacy of long-term administration of lanthanum carbonate, changes in serum Ca, phosphate, whole parathyroid hormone (wPTH), and ALP were examined in 40 patients who were able to tolerate dosage of lanthanum carbonate over a continuous period of 24 months."( Efficacy of continuous oral administration of lanthanum carbonate over 24 months.
Hong, Z; Ishizu, T; Kaneko, Y; Matsunaga, T; Taru, Y, 2013)		0.9
" The dosage of vitamin D and cinacalcet remained without significant change."( Improvement of MBD parameters in dialysis patients by a switch to, and combined use of lanthanum carbonate: Josai Dialysis Forum collaborative study.
Ando, R; Chida, Y; Shinoda, T; Suzuki, T; Tagawa, H; Takagi, M; Tanaka, Y; Yamasaki, M, 2013)		0.61
" The Sev dosage immediately before the switch was 1857 ± 1325 mg/day, and the La dosage 8 weeks after the switch was 821 ± 301 mg/day."( Effects of switch from sevelamer hydrochloride to lanthanum carbonate on serum K and bone metabolic turnover.
Hirose, M; Ishida, Y; Izumiya, Y; Ota, S, 2013)		0.64
" The general LC dosage form is a chewable pharmaceutical preparation."( Additional reduction in serum phosphorus levels by pulverized lanthanum carbonate chewable in hemodialysis patients.
Kabaya, T; Mitsuhashi, T; Miyajima, S; Nitta, K; Ogawa, T; Ohba, T; Otsuka, K; Shizuku, J; Takahashi, M; Takahashi, N; Yamashita, T, 2013)		0.63
" In this study, of 22 patients on maintenance dialysis who had been administered calcium (Ca) carbonate in our hospital, we investigated the dosage amount of vitamin D3 preparations after the phosphorus (P) binder was switched from Ca carbonate to the newly developed lanthanum carbonate (LC)."( Increase in the dosage amount of vitamin D3 preparations by switching from calcium carbonate to lanthanum carbonate.
Hida, M; Hyodo, T; Ishii, D; Iwamura, M; Kawakami, J; Kurata, Y; Mikami, N; Wakai, H; Yoshida, K, 2014)		0.8
"Maintenance dialysis patients at our hospital who had been receiving lanthanum carbonate (LC) chewable tablets were switched to the same dosage of the granules, and the differences in serum phosphorus (P) levels were compared, together with stratifying patients at the baseline characteristics."( Is granular formulation of lanthanum carbonate more effective than chewable tablets?
Haruhara, K; Kamejima, S; Kanzaki, G; Mafune, H; Manabe, M; Mashiko, H; Okamoto, H; Yokoo, T, 2014)		0.93
" In the oral adenine dosing model, serum phosphorus increased markedly and the area under the serum phosphorus concentration-time curve (phosphorus AUC) decreased in a dose-dependent manner with the administration of La formulations."( [Studies of the Various Chronic Kidney Failure Rat Models and Hemodialysis Mini-pig Model for the Evaluation of Anti-hyperphosphatemia Drugs].
Kano, M; Katoh, M; Okabe, T; Okazaki, R; Tanaka, Y; Toyoda, H; Ueno, M, 2019)		0.51
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (367)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's2 (0.54)18.2507
2000's124 (33.79)29.6817
2010's211 (57.49)24.3611
2020's30 (8.17)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 62.14

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index62.14 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.17 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.91 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index101.31 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (62.14)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials87 (22.31%)5.53%
Reviews88 (22.56%)6.00%
Case Studies62 (15.90%)4.05%
Observational5 (1.28%)0.25%
Other148 (37.95%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
adenine
[no description available]		2.78306-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		5.8921amino-acid anion
carbamic acid
carbamic acid : A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.		5.8921carbon oxoacid;
one-carbon compound;
organonitrogen compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		3.1110halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.05102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		2.520carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		6.2332pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		2.0810divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
taurine
[no description available]		3.1310amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		8.4211aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		3.1310adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		3.1310monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		8.43112-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		6.5371glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		9.47162calcium saltchelator
allylamine
Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.		3.4311alkylamine
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		15.336025calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
magnesium carbonate
magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.		4.640carbonate salt;
magnesium salt;
one-carbon compound;
organic magnesium salt		antacid;
fertilizer
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		3.2110carbon oxoanion
lanthanum
[no description available]		21.9336991f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		2.0310f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		2.1310f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.7730f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		2.0310d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		3.1110titanium group element atom
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.1110sodium phosphate
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		2.4920barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		6.5151calcium phosphate
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0810inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
zirconium chloride
zirconium tetrachloride : A zirconium coordination entity comprising four chlorine atoms bound to a central zirconium atom.		3.1110inorganic chloride;
zirconium coordination entity		catalyst
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		9.4152benzenes;
phenyl acetates
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.1310
ferric citrate
ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).		6.5671iron chelateanti-anaemic agent;
nutraceutical
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.1510D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.761
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.1310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		8.05110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.0310oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
nps-568
N-(2-chlorophenylpropyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine: NPS-568 is the ((R), HCl salt)-isomer; calcimimetic compound and calcium-sensing receptor agonist		3.5420
yttria
yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3		2.0310
ferric hydroxide
ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9		3.1310
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		8.783D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.110D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		2.0810phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		3.8230boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		16.357730monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
tiotropium bromide
Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		3.1310
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		2.0810
dapagliflozin
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
ru 66647
telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;		3.1310
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		3.5611
rifamycins
[no description available]		3.1310
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		3.8721
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		4.411glycoside
bixalomer
bixalomer: a gastrointestinal agent		3.6520
ferric oxide, saccharated
Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.		6.5371
daptomycin
[no description available]		3.1310
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		3.1710
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		2.0610
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		016.46328
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		011.07195
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		016.07195
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		016.46328
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		018.7515444
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		011.3217
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		06.0255
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		06.0255
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		023.2416640
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		018.2416640
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		02.5820
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.55151
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		09.8166
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		09.88235
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		02.2510
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		014.88235
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		014.63611
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		04.650
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		03.1710
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		02.5420
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		03.0840
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		02.5420
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		04.4222
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		04.4222
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		04.6211
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		011.13205
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		04.6211
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		06.6741
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.1510
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		04.4622
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		06.8993
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		05.16101
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		05.16101
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.1710
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		03.0910
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		03.0910
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		04.7432
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		05.11160
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		02.2110
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		02.2110
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		02.5720
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		07.2510
Bezoars
Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.		02.0810
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		08.1650
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		02.0810
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.0810
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		08.57115
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		08.57115
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.8921
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.8921
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		09.98191
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		05.3630
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		09.98191
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		05.3630
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		02.110
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.110
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.110
Calciphylaxes
[description not available]		02.9840
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.0810
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		04.5450
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		02.110
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		02.110
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		09.5450
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.9950
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		05.5331
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		05.5331
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		03.4811
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		03.4811
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		07.6291
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		07.6291
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.4820
Fecal Impaction
Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON.		07.4920
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		02.110
Colitis, Ischemic
Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.		02.110
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		04.3941
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		09.3941
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.1110
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.1110
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		03.4420
Cancer, Second Primary
[description not available]		02.1110
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.1110
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.1110
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		03.4420
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.4720
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.4720
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.1110
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.1110
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.4920
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		02.4920
Itching
[description not available]		02.1110
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.1110
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.4920
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.1110
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.1110
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.1110
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.1110
Hypoalbuminemia
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).		04.4511
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		03.0410
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		03.0410
Marasmus
[description not available]		03.0410
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		03.0410
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		03.0410
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		03.0410
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.1510
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.1510
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.1510
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		014.292910
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		014.292910
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		03.6530
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.9610
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		03.3520
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.9610
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		02.0510
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		02.0510
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.4520
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.7530
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.7530
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.4620
Diverticula
[description not available]		02.0510
Hyperamylasemia
A condition with abnormally elevated level of AMYLASES in the serum. Hyperamylasemia due to PANCREATITIS or other causes may be differentiated by identifying the amylase isoenzymes.		02.0510
Aspiration, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.0510
Colonic Diverticulitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.0510
Colonic Diverticulosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		02.0510
Emesis
[description not available]		03.4411
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		04.3822
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		03.4411
Groenblad-Strandberg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
An inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of ELASTIC TISSUE primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. At least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. This disorder is caused by mutations of one of the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. Patients are predisposed to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.		02.0510
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.9710
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		02.4720
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		07.4720
Indigestion
[description not available]		02.4720
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		02.4720
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.7430
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.7430
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		02.0610
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.0610
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		03.6530
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		08.6530
Ulna Fractures
Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.		02.0710
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.0710
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.0710
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.0710
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.0710
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.0710
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.0710
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.0710
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.0710
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.0710
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		07.0810
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		09.03163
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.0210
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.9410
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.9410
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.0310
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.0310
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.0310
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.0310
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		02.9510
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.0410
Ureterolithiasis
Formation of stones in the URETER.		02.0410
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		01.9910