sesquiterpenes profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	667450
MeSH ID	M0019703

Synonym
sesquiterpenes ,

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Sesquiterpenes are a group of natural compounds that have shown a wide range of biological activities, including cytotoxic and antiparasitic activity, among others."	( Oxonitrogenated Derivatives of Eremophilans and Eudesmans: Antiproliferative and Anti- Alberti, AS; Beer, MF; Bivona, AE; Cerny, N; Donadel, OJ; Malchiodi, EL; Padrón, JM; Puerta, A; Reta, GF; Sülsen, VP; Tonn, CE, 2022)	1.44
"Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenoids composed of three isoprene units( 15 carbons). "	( [Reviews on natural monocyclic sesquiterpenoids and their bioactivities]. Chen, RY; Fu, J; Kang, J; Li, BM; Li, CK; Li, FH, 2019)	1.96
"Sesquiterpenes are a large variety of terpene natural products, widely existing in plants, fungi, marine organisms, insects, and microbes. "	( Metabolic engineering strategies for sesquiterpene production in microorganism. Bai, Z; Lee, TS; Li, Y; Liu, CL; Liu, X; Tan, T; Xue, K; Yang, Y, 2022)	2.16
"Sesquiterpenes are a widespread class of compounds of increasing interest found in grapes and wines, amongst many other natural sources. "	( Facile gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry stable isotope dilution method for the quantification of sesquiterpenes in grape. Barker, D; Duhamel, N; Fedrizzi, B; Herbst-Johnstone, M; Larcher, R; Pilkington, LI; Slaghenaufi, D, 2018)	2.14
"Sesquiterpenes are an important class of volatile compounds produced in grapes that contribute to the flavor and aroma of wine, making the elucidation of their biosynthetic origin an important field of research."	( In planta and in silico characterization of five sesquiterpene synthases from Vitis vinifera (cv. Shiraz) berries. Drew, DP; Dueholm, B; Simonsen, HT; Sweetman, C, 2019)	1.24
"Sesquiterpenes are a class of biogenic VOC with high chemical reactivity and SOA yields."	( Secondary organic aerosol from sesquiterpene and monoterpene emissions in the United States. Guenther, A; Helmig, D; Milford, J; Sakulyanontvittaya, T; Wiedinmyer, C, 2008)	1.07
"Sesquiterpenes are a class of natural products with a diverse range of attractive industrial proprieties. "	( Combined metabolic engineering of precursor and co-factor supply to increase α-santalene production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Daviet, L; Nielsen, J; Partow, S; Scalcinati, G; Schalk, M; Siewers, V, 2012)	1.82
"Sesquiterpenes are a class of naturally occurring molecules that have demonstrated therapeutic potential in decreasing the progression of cancer."	( Sesquiterpenes: natural products that decrease cancer growth. Khan, SR; Kumar, SK; Modzelewska, A; Sur, S, 2005)	2.49

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Sesquiterpenes have been shown to display multiple biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-feedant, anti-microbial, anti-tumor, anti-malarial, and immunomodulatory properties; therefore, their therapeutic effects are essential."	( Recent advances and new insights in biosynthesis of dendrobine and sesquiterpenes. Chen, XY; Gong, DY; Guo, SX; Li, B; Wang, BC, 2021)	1.58
"Two sesquiterpenes have been isolated from the fungal pathogen of Bermuda grass Bipolaris cynodontis. "	( Bipolaroxin, a selective phytotoxin produced by Bipolaris cynodontis. Clardy, J; Fisher, LE; Strobel, G; Sugawara, F; Van Duyne, GD, 1985)	0.83

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Acute toxic effects of several 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes were investigated in 1-day-old broiler chicks by single oral doses."	( Acute toxicity of 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes in one-day-old broiler chicks. Chi, MS; Mirocha, CJ; Reddy, KR; Robison, TS, 1978)	0.26
"Alantolactone, an allergenic sesquiterpene lactone, is toxic to leukocytes in in vitro cultures."	( Toxic effect of alantolactone and dihydroalantolactone in in vitro cultures of leukocytes. Brisson, J; Dupuis, G, 1976)	0.26
" No major adverse events were recorded for either treatment group although five patients on artemether had a transient spike of temperature after clearance of parasitaemia."	( A comparative study of the schizontocidal efficacy and safety of artemether versus chloroquine in uncomplicated malaria. Chandiwana, S; Mharakurwa, S; Mutetwa, S; Neill, P; Simooya, O; Stein, M, 1992)	0.28
" Fractions 5, 6, 7 and 8 caused concentration-dependent cell death in the culture of substantia nigra, the other fractions were not toxic at the concentrations used."	( Toxic effects of solstitialin A 13-acetate and cynaropicrin from Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae) in cell cultures of foetal rat brain. Cheng, CH; Costall, B; Hamburger, M; Hostettmann, K; Jenner, P; Naylor, RJ; Wang, Y, 1992)	0.28
" No toxic signs could be detected neither after oral administration of 5 g/kg of dried leaves of the plant as a powder or as a methanolic extract, nor after the incorporation of 50,000 ppm powdered leaves in the feed during 4 weeks."	( Toxicity and mutagenicity of the molluscicidal plant Ambrosia maritima L. Alard, F; Geerts, S; Stievenart, C; Thilemans, L; Vanparys, P, 1991)	0.28
"Bis(helenalinyl)malonate [BHM], a pharmacologically active sesquiterpene lactone potentially useful as an antineoplastic agent, proved to be less toxic than its parent compound, helenalin."	( Renal, hepatic, cardiac and thymic acute toxicity afforded by bis(helenalinyl)malonate in BDF1 mice. Chaney, SG; Chang, JJ; Grippo, AA; Hall, IH; Holbrook, DJ; Lee, KH; Yang, LM, 1990)	0.28
" Of the eight toxins, 4,15-DAS was the most toxic in the three assays, 3-MAS was the least toxic in brine shrimp and dermal assays, and 3,4-DAS was the least toxic in the chick assay."	( Comparative toxicity of scirpentriol and its acetylated derivatives. Hamilton, PB; Richardson, KE, 1990)	0.28
" biologic toxin, whose very toxic nature precludes its use as the immunogen."	( Monoclonal anti-idiotype induces protection against the cytotoxicity of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2. Chanh, TC; Hewetson, JF; Rappocciolo, G, 1990)	0.28
" While illudins are toxic to most tumor cells after prolonged exposure (greater than or equal to 48 hr), with shorter exposure times (less than or equal to 2 hr), they show selective toxicity for human myelocytic leukemia and epidermoid, lung, ovarian, and breast carcinoma cells of various species of origin."	( Preclinical evaluation of illudins as anticancer agents: basis for selective cytotoxicity. Kelner, MJ; McMorris, TC; Taetle, R, 1990)	0.28
" Experiments were performed in rats to examine the effect on anguidine lethality of treatment with several agents that alter gut function or toxic effects of other chemicals in the gut."	( Reduction of anguidine toxicity in rats by atropine and methylatropine. Conner, BH; Conner, MW; Malarkey, DE; Newberne, PM; Rogers, AE, 1989)	0.28
"Helanalin, a sesquiterpene lactone antineoplastic agent, is toxic at therapeutic doses in murine tumors."	( Role of thiol agents in protecting against the toxicity of helenalin in tumor-bearing mice. Grippo, AA; Hall, IH; Holbrook, DJ; Kim, HL; Lee, KH; Lin, HC; Roberts, G, 1989)	0.28
"T-2 toxin has been found previously to be markedly more toxic upon intracerebral than upon systemic administration."	( Comparison of the toxicity of two trichothecenes applied topically to brain and liver of rats. Bergmann, F; Yagen, B; Yarom, R, 1989)	0.28
" Implants of the last compound were the least toxic in the present series of trichothecenes; its LD50 value was nearly ten times higher than that of T-2 toxin."	( Cerebral toxicity of the trichothecene toxin T-2, of the products of its hydrolysis and of some related toxins. Bergmann, F; Soffer, D; Yagen, B, 1988)	0.27
"Hymenoxon and helenalin are toxic sesquiterpene lactones present in the toxic range plants Hymenoxys odorata and Helenium microcephalum."	( Role of glutathione in the toxicity of the sesquiterpene lactones hymenoxon and helenalin. Hayes, MA; Kim, HL; Merrill, JC; Murray, CA; Safe, S, 1988)	0.27
" The 14-day LD50 for a single ip dose of helenalin in male mice was 43 mg/kg."	( Acute toxicity of helenalin in BDF1 mice. Chaney, SG; Chang, J; Chapman, DE; Grippo, AA; Hall, IH; Holbrook, DJ; Lee, KH; Reynolds, DJ; Roberts, GB, 1988)	0.27
" These findings suggest that the action site(s) of steroidal anti-inflammatory agents is involved in the development of the toxic actions of T-2 toxin, and the implications of the results with bioamines and opioids are also discussed."	( Effects of drugs and metabolic inhibitors on the acute toxicity of T-2 toxin in mice. Ryu, JC; Shiraki, N; Ueno, Y, 1987)	0.27
"Moderate clinical, biochemical and hematologic signs of intoxication were observed in mice after single administration of HT-2 toxin (deacetylated derivative of T-2 toxin) in LD50 of 12."	( [The enzymes of the metabolism of exogenous compounds in the comparative assessment of the toxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins]. Kranauskas, AE; Kravchenko, LV; Levitskaia, AB, 1986)	0.27
" The LCt50 was 5749 mg min m-3 and the subcutaneous LD50 1-2 mg kg-1."	( Acute toxicity of T2 mycotoxin to the guinea-pig by inhalation and subcutaneous routes. Edginton, JA; Marrs, TC; Price, PN; Upshall, DG, 1986)	0.27
" In preparation for evaluation of compounds that may protect against anguidine toxicity, we measured the LD50 of anguidine administered by gastric gavage (ig) or intraperitoneal injection (ip) and studied the dose- and time-dependent effects of anguidine on lymphohematopoietic organs, intestine, and testis, and measured hematocrit and peripheral blood leukocyte counts in male CD-1 mice."	( Toxicity of anguidine in mice. Conner, MW; de Camargo, J; Newberne, PM; Punyarit, P; Riengropitak, S; Rogers, AE, 1986)	0.27
"Two studies were conducted with weanling male rodents in an attempt to ascertain more precisely the toxic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON)."	( The toxicity of orally administered deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in rats and mice. Arnold, DL; Bickis, MG; Fernie, S; Karpinski, KF; McGuire, PF; Nera, EA; Vesonder, RF; Zawidzka, ZZ, 1986)	0.27
" The findings indicate that, after an initial period of reduced feed intake, animals are apparently able to overcome the toxic effects of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol."	( Subacute toxicity of dietary 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol in mice. Blakley, BR; Greenhalgh, R; Hancock, DS; Kasali, OB; Schiefer, HB; Tomar, RS, 1985)	0.27
" Bitteerweed contains a toxic sesquiterpene lactone, hymenoxon, the toxicity of which is reduced by cysteine."	( Protective effects of antioxidants on bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata DC) toxicity in sheep. Anderson, AC; Calhoun, MC; Herrig, BW; Jones, LP; Kim, HL, 1982)	0.26
"The subacute toxic effects of dietary T-2 toxin were compared in young male Wistar rats, young male Swiss mice and juvenile Swiss mice."	( Comparative toxicity of dietary T-2 toxin in rats and mice. Hayes, MA; Schiefer, HB, 1982)	0.26
" The LD50 of hymenoxon following carbon tetrachloride pretreatment was increased to 630 +/- 20."	( Toxicity of hymenoxon in Swiss white mice following pretreatment with microsomal enzyme inducers, inhibitors and carbon tetrachloride. Jones, DH; Kim, HL, 1981)	0.26
"The oral LD50 of hymenoxon in Swiss white mice was found to be 241 +/- 37 mg/kg."	( Toxicity and mutagenicity of hymenoxon, sequiterpene lactone. Jones, DH; Kim, HL, 1981)	0.26
" These results indicated that young mice were susceptible to both the irritant and the hematopoietic-suppressive toxic effects of dietary T-2 toxin."	( Subacute toxicity of dietary T-2 toxin in mice: morphological and hematological effects. Bellamy, JE; Hayes, MA; Schiefer, HB, 1980)	0.26
"The subacute toxic effects of dietary T-2 toxin (20 ppm) incorporated in semipurified diets of 8%, 12% or 16% protein, were examined in young Swiss mice after one, two, three and four weeks."	( Subacute toxicity of Dietary T-2 toxin in mice: influence of protein nutrition. Hayes, MA; Schiefer, HB, 1980)	0.26
" The most toxic compound was the flavone jaceosidin."	( Cytotoxicity of flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones from Arnica species against the GLC4 and the COLO 320 cell lines. Kampinga, HH; Konings, AW; Merfort, I; Passreiter, CM; Pras, N; Schmidt, TJ; van Uden, W; Willuhn, G; Woerdenbag, HJ, 1994)	0.29
" LD50 of soman was determined at various time intervals after pretreatment."	( Huperzine A as a pretreatment candidate drug against nerve agent toxicity. Ashani, Y; Doctor, BP; Grunwald, J; Raveh, L, 1994)	0.29
" barbadense) stem xylem infected with Verticillium dahliae were shown to be highly toxic to zoopathogenic fungi."	( Toxicity of cotton phytoalexins to zoopathogenic fungi. Bell, AA; Mace, ME; Stipanovic, RD, 1993)	0.29
" These findings clearly demonstrate that BC is a potent toxin capable of inducing hemorrhagic cystitis in guinea pigs, and suggest that it is one of the toxic principles responsible for bracken poisoning."	( Acute toxicity of braxin C, a bracken toxin, in guinea pigs. Saito, T; Yoshida, M, 1994)	0.29
" The mechanism of the toxic effect of the compound as well as its possible relevance to the respiratory disease in the horse remain to be investigated."	( Isolation of a compound from Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.) [Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)] causing hepatotoxicity in mice. Calanasan, CA; MacLeod, JK; Ng, JC; Oelrichs, PB; Seawright, AA, 1995)	0.29
" It is suggested that haemin may catalyse the transformation of these derivatives via an interaction with the endoperoxide bridge of the artemisinin derivative to produce free radicals or electrophilic intermediates that are toxic to neuronal cells."	( Enhanced in vitro neurotoxicity of artemisinin derivatives in the presence of haemin. Edwards, G; Fishwick, J; McLean, WG; Smith, SL; Ward, SA, 1997)	0.3
" This selective uptake may explain why the artemisinin derivatives are selectively toxic to malaria parasites."	( Artemisinin neurotoxicity: neuropathology in rats and mechanistic studies in vitro. Hossler, P; Kamchonwongpaisan, S; McKeever, P; Meshnick, SR; Ziffer, H, 1997)	0.3
" Within a series of helenalin esters, the acetate (2) and isobutyrate (3) were more toxic than helenalin itself (1)."	( Structure-cytotoxicity relationships of some helenanolide-type sesquiterpene lactones. Beekman, AC; Konings, AW; Pras, N; Schmidt, TJ; van Uden, W; Wikström, HV; Woerdenbag, HJ, 1997)	0.3
" Furthermore, paracetamol hepatotoxicity is induced in rats and the activity of specific cytochrome P450 forms, involved in the metabolic activation of paracetamol to the toxic metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) is examined, after the administration of guaiazulene, using diagnostic cytochrome P450 substrates."	( Effect of guaiazulene on some cytochrome P450 activities. Implication in the metabolic activation and hepatotoxicity of paracetamol. Kourounakis, AP; Kourounakis, PN; Rekka, EA, )	0.13
" In vitro killing of tumor cells by acylfulvene required up to a 30-fold increase in molecules per cell, as compared with illudin S, indicating that acylfulvene was less toxic on a cellular level."	( Characterization of acylfulvene histiospecific toxicity in human tumor cell lines. Bagnell, RD; Estes, L; Kelner, MJ; McMorris, TC; Montoya, MA; Rutherford, M; Samson, KM; Taetle, R; Uglik, SF, 1998)	0.3
" There were no major adverse events with either drug."	( Efficacy and safety of CGP 56697 (artemether and benflumetol) compared with chloroquine to treat acute falciparum malaria in Tanzanian children aged 1-5 years. Abdulla, S; Beck, HP; Gathmann, I; Hatz, C; Kibatala, P; Mull, R; Royce, C; Schellenberg, D; Tanner, M, 1998)	0.3
" We show in this study that repin is highly toxic to C57BL/6J mice and Sprague-Dawley rats and acutely induces uncoordinated locomotion associated with postural tremors, hypothermia, and inability to respond to sonic and tactile stimuli."	( Repin-induced neurotoxicity in rodents. Choi, BH; Han, B; Kim, RC; Robles, M; Santa Cruz, K, 1998)	0.3
" Their toxicity may be due to an interaction of iron with the endoperoxide bridge of the derivative to produce toxic free radicals and/or other toxic metabolites."	( The role of iron in neurotoxicity: a study of novel antimalarial drugs. Edwards, G; Maggs, JL; McLean, WG; Park, BK; Smith, SL; Ward, SA, )	0.13
" In this assay, dihydroartemisinin is significantly more toxic than artemether or arteether."	( In vitro neurotoxicity of artemisinin derivatives. McLean, WG; Ward, SA, 1998)	0.3
" Safety was assessed by analysing adverse events, as well as clinical laboratory (haematology assessed in 4,062, blood chemistry in 3,893 patients), electrocardiographic (2638 patients) and neurological assessments as reported in the papers."	( Safety of artemisinin and its derivatives. A review of published and unpublished clinical trials. Olliaro, P; Ribeiro, IR, 1998)	0.3
" There was no difference in the incidence of possible adverse effects between the two drugs, and no evidence that either derivative caused allergic reactions, neurologic or psychiatric reactions, or cardiovascular or dermatologic toxicity."	( Adverse effects in patients with acute falciparum malaria treated with artemisinin derivatives. Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Kham, A; Luxemburger, C; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Phaipun, L; Price, R; Simpson, J; ter Kuile, F; van Vugt, M; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
" Markedly fewer intracellular molecules of MGI 114 were required to kill human tumor cells in vitro as compared to the parent acylfulvene, indicating that MGI 114 was markedly more toxic on a cellular level."	( Characterization of MGI 114 (HMAF) histiospecific toxicity in human tumor cell lines. Bagnell, RD; Estes, L; Kelner, MJ; McMorris, TC; Montoya, MA; Rutherford, M; Samson, KM; Taetle, R; Uglik, SF, 1999)	0.3
" Both regimens were safe and well tolerated and there were no adverse experiences attributed to the combination."	( A randomized safety and tolerability trial of artesunate plus sulfadoxine--pyrimethamine versus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children. Alloueche, A; Bayo, L; Doherty, JF; Milligan, P; Olliaro, P; Pinder, M; Sadiq, AD; von Seidlein, L, )	0.13
"Methemoglobin, a toxic ferric form of hemoglobin, is continuously formed in normal erythrocytes, but during abnormal situations in situ, the level is enhanced."	( A simple and rapid evaluation of methemoglobin toxicity of 8-aminoquinolines and related compounds. Jain, GK; Pandey, VC; Puri, SK; Singh, S; Srivastava, P, 2000)	0.31
" The most commonly reported and possibly related adverse effects following A-L therapy involved the gastro-intestinal (abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea) and central nervous (headache, dizziness) systems."	( An integrated assessment of the clinical safety of artemether-lumefantrine: a new oral fixed-dose combination antimalarial drug. Alteri, E; Bakshi, R; Gathmann, I; Hermeling-Fritz, I, )	0.13
" These data indicate that once and twice daily oral administration of artemether, artesunate and dihydroartemisinin is relatively safe when compared to intramuscular administration of the oil-based compounds."	( Assessment of the neurotoxicity of oral dihydroartemisinin in mice. Looareesuwan, S; Nontprasert, A; Prakongpan, S; Pukrittayakamee, S; Supanaranond, W; White, NJ, )	0.13
" Mild and transient adverse events (edema of bilateral ankles and insomnia) were observed in 3% of huperzine Alpha treated patients."	( [Clinical efficacy and safety of huperzine Alpha in treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease, a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial]. Chen, Q; Shan, G; Shu, L; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, Z, 2002)	0.31
"A safe and effective medicine, huperzine Alpha remarkably improves the cognition, behavior, ADL,and mood of AD patients."	( [Clinical efficacy and safety of huperzine Alpha in treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease, a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial]. Chen, Q; Shan, G; Shu, L; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, Z, 2002)	0.31
" Dihydroartemisinin (DQHS), a more toxic and active metabolite of AE, was also analyzed."	( Neurotoxicity and efficacy of arteether related to its exposure times and exposure levels in rodents. Gettayacamin, M; Kyle, DE; Li, QG; Milhous, WK; Mog, SR; Si, YZ, 2002)	0.31
" The involvement of heme explains why the drugs are selectively toxic to malaria parasites."	( Artemisinin: mechanisms of action, resistance and toxicity. Meshnick, SR, 2002)	0.31
" There were no adverse effects experienced by the patients."	( A safety and efficacy trial of artesunate, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and primaquine in P falciparum malaria. Faizal, HM; Fernando, WP; Galappaththy, G; Weerasinghe, KL; Wickremasinghe, AR; Wickremasinghe, DR, 2002)	0.31
"The combination of artesunate, S + P and primaquine was found to be effective and safe in the treatment of uncomplicated P falciparum malaria."	( A safety and efficacy trial of artesunate, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and primaquine in P falciparum malaria. Faizal, HM; Fernando, WP; Galappaththy, G; Weerasinghe, KL; Wickremasinghe, AR; Wickremasinghe, DR, 2002)	0.31
" The neurons in the lower brain stem trapezoid nucleus, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, and the inferior cerebellar peduncle were the most sensitive to the toxic effects of artemether."	( Neuropathologic toxicity of artemisinin derivatives in a mouse model. Clemens, R; Dondorp, AM; Looareesuwan, S; Nontprasert, A; Pukrittayakamee, S; White, NJ, 2002)	0.31
" Severe malaria in rural areas of Sudan, where facilities for the safe and effective use of parenteral quinine are lacking, is a frequent problem."	( Descriptive study on the efficacy and safety of artesunate suppository in combination with other antimalarials in the treatment of severe malaria in Sudan. Alkadru, AM; Awad, MI; Baraka, OZ; Behrens, RH; Eltayeb, IB, 2003)	0.32
" There were no adverse events (AEs) reported during the study."	( Randomised efficacy and safety study of two 3-day artesunate rectal capsule/mefloquine regimens versus artesunate alone for uncomplicated malaria in Ecuadorian children. Cambon, N; Gomez, EA; Jurado, MH, 2003)	0.32
"Artekin is safe and effective combination therapy for uncomplicated malaria in children and adults."	( Safety evaluation of fixed combination piperaquine plus dihydroartemisinin (Artekin) in Cambodian children and adults with malaria. Davis, TM; Denis, MB; Hung, TY; Ilett, KF; Karunajeewa, H; Lim, C; Socheat, D, 2004)	0.32
" Both were found to be toxic and repellent."	( Toxicity and repellency of patchouli oil and patchouli alcohol against Formosan subterranean termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Henderson, G; Laine, RA; Yu, Y; Zhu, BC, 2003)	0.32
" In this paper, we present selected examples of both pre-clinical and clinical studies dealing with adverse effects of artemisinin drugs."	( Artemisinin derivatives: toxic for laboratory animals, safe for humans? Gordi, T; Lepist, EI, 2004)	0.32
" The aim of this analysis was to better characterize the visual adverse events of irofulven and provide treatment guidelines."	( Characterization and multiparameter analysis of visual adverse events in irofulven single-agent phase I and II trials. Alexandre, J; Cullen, M; Cvitkovic, E; Elman, M; Kahatt, C; Lee, MS; Lokiec, F; MacDonald, JR; Misset, JL; Raymond, E; Rigolet, MH; Sutherland, W; Tombal, B, 2004)	0.32
" The no or low adverse effect levels were in the range of 5 to 7 mg/kg/day artesunate."	( Developmental toxicity of artesunate and an artesunate combination in the rat and rabbit. A Clode, S; Clark, RL; Gaunt, I; Ward, SA; White, TE; Winstanley, P, 2004)	0.32
" Adverse events were mostly mild."	( Efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) tablets (six-dose regimen) in African infants and children with acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria. de Palacios, PI; Falade, C; Makanga, M; Ortmann, CE; Premji, Z; Stockmeyer, M, 2005)	0.33
"48 mg/L air) was the most toxic compound followed by (-)-alpha-thujone (18."	( Vapor phase toxicity of marjoram oil compounds and their related monoterpenoids to Blattella germanica (Orthoptera: Blattellidae). Ahn, YJ; Choi, DS; Jang, YS; Yang, YC, 2005)	0.33
" Adverse events and clinical and parasitological outcomes were recorded."	( Safety and efficacy of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine (Artekin) for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Rwandan children. D'Alessandro, U; Fanello, CI; Karema, C; Ngamije, D; van Doren, W; van Geertruyden, JP; van Overmeir, C, 2006)	0.33
" There was rapid relief of symptoms the median time of fever clearance was one day and the most common drug related adverse events were headache dizziness and asthenia."	( Efficacy and safety of an artesunate/mefloquine combination, (artequin) in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Kenya. Bhatt, KM; Bhatt, SM; Samia, BM; Wasunna, KM, 2006)	0.33
"Artesunate-mefloquine combination given simultaneously was found to be highly effective and safe in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria."	( Efficacy and safety of an artesunate/mefloquine combination, (artequin) in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Kenya. Bhatt, KM; Bhatt, SM; Samia, BM; Wasunna, KM, 2006)	0.33
"To examine existing published evidence on the relationship between artemisinin compounds and adverse pregnancy outcomes and consider the published evidence with regard to the safety of these compounds when administered during pregnancy."	( The safety of artemisinins during pregnancy: a pressing question. Chandramohan, D; Dellicour, S; Greenwood, B; Hall, S, 2007)	0.34
" Data on study characteristics, maternal adverse events, pregnancy outcomes and infant follow up were extracted."	( The safety of artemisinins during pregnancy: a pressing question. Chandramohan, D; Dellicour, S; Greenwood, B; Hall, S, 2007)	0.34
" While none of the studies found evidence for an association between the use of artemisinin compounds and increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, none were of sufficient size to detect small differences in event rates that could be of public health importance."	( The safety of artemisinins during pregnancy: a pressing question. Chandramohan, D; Dellicour, S; Greenwood, B; Hall, S, 2007)	0.34
" However, none of these studies had adequate power to rule out rare serious adverse events, even in 2nd and 3rd trimesters and there is not enough evidence to effectively assess the risk-benefit profile of artemisinin compounds for pregnant women particularly for 1st trimester exposure."	( The safety of artemisinins during pregnancy: a pressing question. Chandramohan, D; Dellicour, S; Greenwood, B; Hall, S, 2007)	0.34
" We found dihydroartemisinin (5-25 microM) inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis of C6 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner; however, it was much less toxic to rat primary astrocytes."	( Dihydroartemisinin exerts cytotoxic effects and inhibits hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha activation in C6 glioma cells. Huang, XJ; Lu, YB; Ma, ZQ; Wei, EQ; Zhang, WP, 2007)	0.34
"Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, a fixed-dose combination antimalarial, is an inexpensive, safe and highly effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum or vivax malaria."	( Efficacy and safety of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. Ashley, EA; Day, NP; Myint, HY; Nosten, F; White, NJ, 2007)	0.34
" In the absence of inhibitors, JP-8 and to a lesser extent un and S-8, had the greatest toxic effect on cell viability and inflammation suggesting, as least in vitro, that synthetic S-8 fuel is less irritating than the currently used JP-8."	( Inhibition of jet fuel aliphatic hydrocarbon induced toxicity in human epidermal keratinocytes. Inman, AO; Monteiro-Riviere, NA; Riviere, JE, 2008)	0.35
" Although the available information on toxicity of sandalwood oil is limited, it has a long history of oral use without any reported adverse effects and is considered safe at present use levels."	( Safety assessment of sandalwood oil (Santalum album L.). Burdock, GA; Carabin, IG, 2008)	0.35
"9%) withdrew because of drug-related adverse events; seven had gastrointestinal complaints of whom two were hospitalized for vomiting."	( Efficacy and safety of artesunate plus amodiaquine in routine use for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Casamance, southern Sénégal. Agnamey, P; Brasseur, P; Gaye, O; Olliaro, PL; Taylor, WR; Vaillant, M, 2007)	0.34
" The safety was evaluated by incidence of adverse events."	( Randomized, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of artesunate plus amodiaquine, administered as a single daily intake versus two daily intakes in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Brasseur, P; Cisse, M; Diouf, AM; Faye, B; Gaye, O; Kuété, T; Lameyre, V; Ndiaye, JL; Same-Ekobo, A; Seck, PA, 2008)	0.35
" The main adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders (2."	( Randomized, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of artesunate plus amodiaquine, administered as a single daily intake versus two daily intakes in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Brasseur, P; Cisse, M; Diouf, AM; Faye, B; Gaye, O; Kuété, T; Lameyre, V; Ndiaye, JL; Same-Ekobo, A; Seck, PA, 2008)	0.35
" No drug-related serious adverse events and no deaths occurred."	( Safety and efficacy of methylene blue combined with artesunate or amodiaquine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a randomized controlled trial from Burkina Faso. Coulibaly, B; Klose, C; Kouyaté, B; Mansmann, U; Meissner, P; Mockenhaupt, FP; Müller, O; Schirmer, RH; Sié, A; Walter-Sack, I; Zoungrana, A, 2008)	0.35
" No significant adverse event attributable to any of the study drugs was found."	( Efficacy, safety, and selection of molecular markers of drug resistance by two ACTs in Mali. Dama, S; Dembele, D; Dicko, A; Djimdé, AA; Doumbo, OK; Fofana, B; Ouologuem, D; Sagara, I; Sidibe, B; Toure, S, 2008)	0.35
" Red epidermal cells protected underlying palisade mesophyll cells from the toxic effects of 2,7-dihydroxycadalene plus sunlight, indicating a role for epidermal pigments in protecting living cells that surround infection sites from toxic effects of the plant's own phytoalexins."	( Light filtering by epidermal flavonoids during the resistant response of cotton to Xanthomonas protects leaf tissue from light-dependent phytoalexin toxicity. Bell, AA; Edwards, WR; Essenberg, M; Fulcher, RG; Hall, JA; Patil, MA; Pierce, ML; Rowlan, AR; Schneider-Barfield, T; Sun, TJ, 2008)	0.35
" Our data show that a combination of HUP with IMI is a prophylactic, potent, and safe therapeutic strategy to overcome DFP toxicity."	( The combination of huperzine A and imidazenil is an effective strategy to prevent diisopropyl fluorophosphate toxicity in mice. Auta, J; Costa, E; Guidotti, A; Kadriu, B; Kozikowski, AP; Pibiri, F; Pinna, G, 2008)	0.35
"88 microg/cm2) was more toxic than benzyl benzoate (11."	( Toxicity of bisabolangelone from Ostericum koreanum roots to Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). Ahn, YJ; Kang, SW; Kim, HK; Lee, WJ, 2006)	0.33
" Most adverse events were cholinergic in nature and no serious adverse events occurred."	( Efficacy and safety of natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitor huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an updated meta-analysis. Chen, HZ; Song, YY; Wang, BS; Wang, H; Wei, ZH; Zhang, L, 2009)	0.35
" The compound was not toxic for Plectus cirratus (nematoda)."	( Sesquiterpenes of the geosmin-producing cyanobacterium Calothrix PCC 7507 and their toxicity to invertebrates. Becher, PG; Höckelmann, C; Jüttner, F; von Reuss, SH, )	1.57
" Without Fe2+, ascaridole was less toxic to mammalian mitochondria than other major ingredients."	( Toxic effects of carvacrol, caryophyllene oxide, and ascaridole from essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides on mitochondria. Gille, L; Monzote, L; Stamberg, W; Staniek, K, 2009)	0.35
" The changes of main Chinese medicine clinical symptoms and signs, including stomachache, diarrhea, mucous or bloody stool before and after treatment, and their adverse reactions were observed after the two-week treatment."	( Safety and efficacy of Qingre Buyi Decoction in the treatment of acute radiation proctitis: a prospective, randomized and controlled trial. Liu, JH; Tu, XH; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zhang, ZZ; Zou, ZD, 2009)	0.35
" In addition, no severe adverse event was found in both groups."	( Safety and efficacy of Qingre Buyi Decoction in the treatment of acute radiation proctitis: a prospective, randomized and controlled trial. Liu, JH; Tu, XH; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zhang, ZZ; Zou, ZD, 2009)	0.35
" The combination of conventional treatment with Chinese herbal medicine QBD is effective and safe for ARP."	( Safety and efficacy of Qingre Buyi Decoction in the treatment of acute radiation proctitis: a prospective, randomized and controlled trial. Liu, JH; Tu, XH; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zhang, ZZ; Zou, ZD, 2009)	0.35
"Galantamine, a centrally acting cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor and a nicotinic allosteric potentiating ligand used to treat Alzheimer's disease, is an effective and safe antidote against poisoning with nerve agents, including soman."	( Effectiveness of donepezil, rivastigmine, and (+/-)huperzine A in counteracting the acute toxicity of organophosphorus nerve agents: comparison with galantamine. Adler, M; Akkerman, M; Albuquerque, EX; Aracava, Y; Pereira, EF, 2009)	0.35
" Large clinical studies and meta-analyses did not show serious side effects, although proper monitoring of adverse effects in developing countries might not be a trivial task."	( Toxicity of the antimalarial artemisinin and its dervatives. Efferth, T; Kaina, B, 2010)	0.36
" The results indicate that glaucolide 2 and hirsutinolide 4 are toxic to HeLa cells."	( Sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia scorpioides and their in vitro cytotoxicity. Barison, A; Biavatti, MW; Blind, LZ; Buskuhl, H; Campos, FR; Caramori, GF; Corilo, YE; de Freitas, RA; de Oliveira, FL; Eberlin, MN, 2010)	0.36
" In the LDH-leakage assay, (8 R)-2-[(methacroyl)oxy]eremophil-7(11)-en-12,8-olide (2) was the most toxic eremophilane."	( Differential and stereoselective in vitro cytotoxicity of eremophilane sesquiterpenes of Petasites hybridus rhizomes in rat hepatocytes. Bauer, R; Bodensieck, A; Danesch, U; Gaunitz, F; Gebhardt, R, 2011)	0.6
" Because STLs were detected in both AE and LRE, there is strong evidence that these terpenoids are the main toxic compounds in the leaves of the yacon."	( Renal toxicity caused by oral use of medicinal plants: the yacon example. Da Costa, FB; de Oliveira, RB; de Paula, DA; dos Santos, WF; Franco, JJ; Gobbo-Neto, L; Rocha, BA; Uyemura, SA, 2011)	0.37
"Bone neoplasms, such as osteosarcoma, exhibit a propensity for systemic metastases resulting in adverse clinical outcome."	( Enhanced anti-tumor activity and safety profile of targeted nano-scaled HPMA copolymer-alendronate-TNP-470 conjugate in the treatment of bone malignances. Benayoun, L; Kopeček, J; Kopečková, P; Pan, H; Satchi-Fainaro, R; Segal, E; Shaked, Y, 2011)	0.37
" However, [-]-Huperzine A is toxic at higher doses due to potent AChE inhibition which limits the utilization of its neuroprotective properties."	( [+]-Huperzine A protects against soman toxicity in guinea pigs. Doctor, BP; Jensen, N; Nambiar, MP; Oguntayo, S; Wang, Y; Wei, Y, 2011)	0.37
"98 mg/adult) and was more toxic than either 1,4-cineole or nerolidol (LD₅₀ = 50."	( Toxicity of Rhododendron anthopogonoides essential oil and its constituent compounds towards Sitophilus zeamais. Deng, ZW; Du, SS; Liu, QZ; Liu, ZL; Wang, CF; Yang, K; Zhou, YX, 2011)	0.37
" However, there are still disagreements about the safe use."	( Safety assessment of aqueous extract from leaf Smallanthus sonchifolius and its main active lactone, enhydrin. Barcellona, CS; Cabrera, WM; Genta, SB; Honoré, SM; Mercado, MI; Sánchez, SS, 2012)	0.38
"The results presented in this paper lead us to the conclusion that the use of 10% decoction and enhydrin is safe in rat at doses in which it is demonstrated the hypoglycaemic effect."	( Safety assessment of aqueous extract from leaf Smallanthus sonchifolius and its main active lactone, enhydrin. Barcellona, CS; Cabrera, WM; Genta, SB; Honoré, SM; Mercado, MI; Sánchez, SS, 2012)	0.38
" The synthetic stereoisomer, [+]-Hup A, is less toxic due to poor AChE inhibition and is suitable for both pre-/post-exposure treatments of nerve agent toxicity."	( A combination of [+] and [-]-Huperzine A improves protection against soman toxicity compared to [+]-Huperzine A in guinea pigs. Doctor, BP; Nambiar, MP; Oguntayo, S; Wang, Y; Wei, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated that the main toxic compounds in essential oil were sesquiterpenoids."	( Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis involved in reproductive toxicity induced by sesquiterpenoids of Curcuma zedoaria in rats. Chen, W; Cui, X; Huang, S; Li, J; Lu, Y; Wang, A; Zhang, K; Zheng, S; Zhou, L, 2013)	0.39
" STL-containing plants have long been known to induce a contact dermatitis in exposed farm workers, and also to cause several toxic syndromes in farm animals."	( Sesquiterpene lactones: adverse health effects and toxicity mechanisms. Amorim, MH; Bastos, MM; Gil da Costa, RM; Lopes, C, 2013)	0.39
" These mutations are believed to result in a "gain of toxic function", leading to neuronal degeneration."	( Disulfide scrambling in superoxide dismutase 1 reduces its cytotoxic effect in cultured cells and promotes protein aggregation. Johansson, AS; Leinartaitė, L, 2013)	0.39
" The potential toxic effects of ar-turmerone were evaluated using the beam walking test to assess mouse motor function and balance."	( Insights from zebrafish and mouse models on the activity and safety of ar-turmerone as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of epilepsy. Afrikanova, T; Aibuldinov, YK; de Witte, PA; Dehaen, W; Esguerra, CV; Orellana-Paucar, AM; Thomas, J, 2013)	0.39
" This study suggests that the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of ZER-NLC is higher than 200 mg/kg, thus, safe by oral administration."	( Acute toxicity study of zerumbone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier on BALB/c mice model. Abdul Samad, N; Anasamy, T; Andas, RJ; Chartrand, MS; How, CW; Muhammad Nadzri, N; Namvar, F; Ng, KB; Othman, HH; Rahman, HS; Rasedee, A; Yeap, SK, 2014)	0.4
" Sleep disturbance and gastrointestinal adverse events were more common with beloranib than with placebo; these were generally mild to moderate, transient and dose-related, and led to more early study withdrawals in participants in the group with the highest dose of beloranib."	( Efficacy and safety of beloranib for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. de Looze, F; Hughes, TE; Kim, DD; Krishnarajah, J; Lillioja, S; Marjason, J; Proietto, J; Shakib, S; Stuckey, BGA; Vath, JE, 2015)	0.42
"4 mg dose was associated with increased sleep latency and mild to moderate gastrointestinal adverse events over the first month of treatment."	( Efficacy and safety of beloranib for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. de Looze, F; Hughes, TE; Kim, DD; Krishnarajah, J; Lillioja, S; Marjason, J; Proietto, J; Shakib, S; Stuckey, BGA; Vath, JE, 2015)	0.42
"Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) is a worldwide plant containing toxic substances, which represent an important chemical hazard for animals, including humans."	( Ptaquiloside, the major carcinogen of bracken fern, in the pooled raw milk of healthy sheep and goats: an underestimated, global concern of food safety. Galeone, A; Gerardo, S; Roperto, F; Russo, V; Santoro, A; Sinisi, A; Taglialatela-Scafati, O; Virgilio, A, 2015)	0.42
"Huperzine A was safe and well-tolerated and compared with placebo, treatment with huperzine A did not cause significant changes in any cocaine pharmacokinetic parameters (all P>."	( Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of the Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Huperzine A as a Treatment for Cocaine Use Disorder. De La Garza, R; Mahoney, JJ; Newton, TF; Thompson-Lake, DG; Verrico, CD, 2015)	0.42
" The elevations of p-Akt and p-mTOR were abrogated under toxic conditions after blockade of TrkB by TrkB IgG."	( Huperzine A Alleviates Oxidative Glutamate Toxicity in Hippocampal HT22 Cells via Activating BDNF/TrkB-Dependent PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Li, X; Liu, ZQ; Mao, XY; Zhou, HH, 2016)	0.43
"Smallanthus macroscyphus is an herb native to South America whose leaves are a source of antidiabetic compounds, although complete information about their safe use is not available yet."	( Polymatin A from Smallanthus macroscyphus leaves: A safe and promising antidiabetic compound. Cabrera, WM; Genta, SB; Habib, NC; Honoré, SM; Sánchez, SS; Serra-Barcellona, C, 2016)	0.43
"The aims of this study were to develop nerolidol-loaded nanospheres, and to evaluate their efficacy in vitro and in vivo against Trypanosoma evansi, as well as to determine their physicochemical properties, morphology, and any possible side effect in vitro against peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)."	( Nerolidol nanospheres increases its trypanocidal efficacy against Trypanosoma evansi: New approach against diminazene aceturate resistance and toxicity. Baldissera, MD; Cossetin, LF; da Silva, AP; Da Silva, AS; Dalla Lana, DF; Grando, TH; Monteiro, SG; Nascimento, K; Sagrillo, MR; Souza, CF; Stefani, LM, 2016)	0.43
" The no observed adverse effect level was the highest dosage level administered of 700 mg/kg body weight/d for both male and female rats."	( Toxicological Evaluation of β-Caryophyllene Oil: Subchronic Toxicity in Rats. Carroll, B; Levy, R; Schmitt, D, 2016)	0.43
" For the safe utilisation of the weed, the hepatotoxic components need to be discovered."	( Hepatotoxicity of Eupatorium adenophorum extracts and the identification of major hepatotoxic components. Cao, L; Liu, B; Yuan, X; Zhang, L; Zhao, B, 2017)	0.46
" However, little is known regarding possible adverse effects of lychnopholide."	( Biodegradable Polymeric Nanocapsules Prevent Cardiotoxicity of Anti-Trypanosomal Lychnopholide. Aimond, F; Branquinho, RT; de Lana, M; Farah, C; Garcia, GM; Grabe-Guimaraes, A; Le Guennec, JY; Mosqueira, VC; Richard, S; Roy, J; Saude-Guimarães, DA, 2017)	0.46
" The toxic principles contained by the toxic plants are believed to be several sesquiterpene lactones, such as geigerin, vermeeric acid and vermeerin, which cause striated muscle lesions in small stock."	( Geigerin-induced cytotoxicity in a murine myoblast cell line (C2C12). Botha, CJ; Clift, SJ; Ferreira, GCH; Masango, MG, 2017)	0.46
" There was absence of adverse clinical signs and mortality in any animal subjected to acute and repeated-dose toxicity study."	( Non-clinical toxicity of β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid: Absence of adverse effects in female Swiss mice. da Silva, APDSCL; de Castro Almeida, FR; Feitosa, CM; Machado, KC; Oliveira, GLDS, 2018)	0.48
" Although the majority of serotonin receptor ligands relieve global symptoms, there are also some adverse effects, which can be dangerous for patients."	( Efficacy and Safety of Serotonin Receptor Ligands in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Review. Binienda, A; Fichna, J; Salaga, M; Storr, M, 2018)	0.48
" Beloranib, a MetAP2 inhibitor previously investigated for treatment of Prader-Willi syndrome, was associated with venous thrombotic adverse events likely resulting from drug effects on vascular endothelial cells (ECs)."	( Preclinical Efficacy and Safety of the Novel Antidiabetic, Antiobesity MetAP2 Inhibitor ZGN-1061. Burkey, BF; Hoglen, NC; Hughes, TE; Inskeep, P; Vath, JE; Wyman, M, 2018)	0.48
" Despite being widely used, little is known about its toxic effects on organisms and aquatic environment."	( Possible involvement of Fas/FasL-dependent apoptotic pathway in α-bisabolol induced cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. Hsiao, CD; Jin, M; Li, X; Liu, K; Men, X; Xiao, Z; Zhang, B; Zhang, S; Zhou, T, 2019)	0.51
" Huperzine is safe with mild side effects."	( [Efficacy and safety of huperzine A in treating patients with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and Meta-analysis]. Feng, S; Guo, YH; Hu, J; Huang, P; Li, B; Liu, QQ, 2019)	0.51
" The primary clinical outcome was overall response rate (ORR); the secondary outcomes were quality of life (QOL) and adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of elemene combined with chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: A Meta-analysis. Chen, B; Chen, L; Chen, X; Duan, T; Feng, J; Huang, X; Jin, T; Lin, S; Liu, S; Liu, Y; Pan, T; Sui, X; Xiang, Y; Xie, T; Yan, L; Zhang, M; Zhang, R; Zhang, W, 2020)	0.56
" Serious adverse events were reported in 41 patients (25%), mainly thrombocytopenia (15%) and neutropenia (5%), with two haemorrhagic events leading to one death."	( Safety and efficacy of fumagillin for the treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis. A French prospective cohort study. Laffy, B; Mahloul, N; Maillard, A; Molina, JM; Scemla, A, 2021)	0.62
"Doxorubicin (DOX), a common chemotherapeutic agent, suffers serious adverse effects including hepatotoxicity."	( Mokko Lactone Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: Emphasis on Sirt-1/FOXO1/NF-κB Axis. Abdallah, HM; Abdel-Naim, AB; Alamoudi, AJ; Eid, BG; Ibrahim, SRM; Kammoun, AK; Mohamed, GA; Shaik, RA; Sirwi, A, 2021)	0.62
"Hepatotoxicity is a well-known adverse effect of many substances, with toxicity often resulting from interactions of drugs with other drug-like substances."	( Implications for herbal polypharmacy: coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity increased through common herbal phytochemicals astragaloside IV and atractylenolide I. Britza, SM; Byard, RW; Musgrave, IF, 2022)	0.72
" Former evidences implied that ML could induce a variety of toxic effects including neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment."	( Sesquiterpene nootkatone counteracted the melamine-induced neurotoxicity via repressing of oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic trajectories. Abdeen, A; Abdelkader, A; Abdelrahaman, D; Atwa, AM; Behairy, A; El-Hanafy, AA; El-Mosallamy, SA; Elgameel, D; Fericean, L; Ghamry, HI; Habotta, OA; Hasan, T; Ibrahim, SF; Imbrea, F; Mahdi, MR; Yassin, N, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" However, artesunate was shown to have a very short half-life when given iv in animals as well as in human beings."	( [The pharmacokinetics of a transdermal preparation of artesunate in mice and rabbits]. Song, ZY; Xuan, WY; Zhao, KC; Zhao, Y, 1989)	0.28
" Parameters such as half-life distribution volume, clearance and bioavailability, are defined."	( [Pharmacokinetics of antimalarials: quinine and mefloquine, halofantrine, qinghaosu, amino-4-quinolines]. Blayo, MC; Pussard, E; Verdier, F, )	0.13
" A new routine assay for T-2 tetraol was developed and a pharmacokinetic study was carried out on this final hydrolytic metabolite of T-2 toxin."	( Pharmacokinetics of T-2 tetraol, a urinary metabolite of the trichothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin, in dog. Bialer, M; Sintov, A; Yagen, B, 1987)	0.27
"For the past 300 years antimalarial dosage regimens have not been based on pharmacokinetic information."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of antimalarial drugs. White, NJ, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic findings may indicate that DON was both secreted and reabsorbed by the renal tubules."	( Preliminary study of the pharmacokinetics and toxicopathy of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in swine. Buck, WB; Coppock, RW; Gelberg, HB; Hoffman, WE; Koritz, GD; Swanson, SP; Vesonder, RF, 1985)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetic application of this GLC method is illustrated by simultaneous monitoring of T-2 and HT-2 toxins levels in plasma obtained after intravenous administration of T-2 toxin to a dog."	( Gas chromatographic assay with pharmacokinetic applications for monitoring T-2 and HT-2 toxins in plasma. Bialer, M; Sintov, A; Yagen, B, 1985)	0.27
" Further pharmacokinetic data suggest that DON was confined mainly to extracellular fluid, and did not appear to undergo any significant binding or uptake by tissue."	( Plasma pharmacokinetics of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol following oral and intravenous administration to sheep. Prelusky, DB; Trenholm, HL; Veira, DM, 1985)	0.27
" Fitting of the concentration-time curve and pharmacokinetic calculations revealed the following results: a mean +/- SD volume of distribution/dose ratio of 19."	( The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of artemisinin in healthy Vietnamese subjects. de Vries, PJ; Duc, DD; Kager, PA; Le Nguyen, B; Nguyen, XK; van Boxtel, CJ, 1994)	0.29
" After intravenous administration, artelinic acid concentrations in blood plasma were high (C0: 76 +/- 15 mg L-1), and the drug was rapidly eliminated from the central compartment, showing linear elimination kinetics with an elimination half-life of 15 +/- 3 min."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of artelinic acid in rodents. Eling, WM; Titulaer, HA; Zuidema, J, 1993)	0.29
" This pharmacodynamic measure can be used in drug comparisons, and allows estimations of the number of parasites removed before sequestration."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artemisinin and derivatives. White, NJ, 1994)	0.29
" Preliminary pharmacokinetic data showed a long elimination half life of 25-72 h and marked accumulation in the multiple dose study."	( Arteether administration in humans: preliminary studies of pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerance. Kager, PA; Schultz, MJ; van Boxtel, CJ; van den Berg, B; Zijlstra, EE, 1994)	0.29
" In theory, short half-life compounds reduce the selective pressure for resistance, which may be a major determinant of the useful therapeutic life of an antimalarial drug."	( Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of new antimalarials. Watkins, WM, 1995)	0.29
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with a 3P87 program by computer."	( Pharmacokinetics of tablet huperzine A in six volunteers. Chen, GS; Chen, K; Qian, BC; Wang, M; Zhou, RR; Zhou, ZF, 1995)	0.29
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: T 1/2ka = 12."	( Pharmacokinetics of tablet huperzine A in six volunteers. Chen, GS; Chen, K; Qian, BC; Wang, M; Zhou, RR; Zhou, ZF, 1995)	0.29
" Tmax was also delayed with the combination regimen [14 (5-24) vs 6 (4-16) h]."	( Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine, when given alone and in combination with artemether, in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Banmairuroi, V; Karbwang, J; Molunto, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A, 1995)	0.29
"To characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of TNP-470, a synthetic analog of fumagillin that is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and inhibits neovascularization in several solid tumor models."	( The pharmacokinetics of TNP-470, a new angiogenesis inhibitor. Figg, WD; Lush, RM; Pluda, JM; Reed, E; Saville, MW; Wyvill, K; Yarchoan, R, )	0.13
"The relatively short half-life of ARM may be one of the factors responsible for the poor radical cure rate of falciparum malaria with regimens employing daily dosing."	( Single dose pharmacokinetics of oral artemether in healthy Malaysian volunteers. Mansor, SM; Mordi, MN; Navaratnam, V; Wernsdorfer, WH, 1997)	0.3
" The following pharmacokinetic results were found (all mean +/- SD); calculated volume of distribution/bioavailability = 22."	( The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of artemisinin in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Dao, DD; De Vries, PJ; Kager, PA; Le Nguyen, B; Nguyen, XK; Pham, TY; Tran, KD; Van Boxtel, CJ, 1997)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetic properties of oral artesunate (3 mg/kg) were determined in 10 Vietnamese children, aged from 6 to 15 years, with acute falciparum malaria of moderate severity."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral artesunate in children with moderately severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Bethell, DB; Cao, XT; Day, NP; Kyle, D; Nguyen, TT; Pham, TP; Pham, TT; Ta, TT; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Tran, TN; White, NJ, )	0.13
" A method of repetitive dosing and extending the culture observation period to 28-30 days was used to mimic the in vivo pharmacokinetic situation."	( Efficacy of artemisinin and mefloquine combinations against Plasmodium falciparum. In vitro simulation of in vivo pharmacokinetics. Abbas, N; Alin, MH; Björkman, A; Bwijo, B; Wernsdorfer, W, 1997)	0.3
" To investigate whether the clearance of artemisinin in patients with liver cirrhosis is different from healthy volunteers, a pharmacokinetic study was performed in male Vietnamese patients with Child B cirrhosis of the liver who received 500 mg of artemisinin orally."	( The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of artemisinin in subjects with liver cirrhosis. Bach Mai-Amsterdam Research Group on Artemisinin. Dao, DD; de Vries, PJ; Kager, PA; Le Nguyen, B; Nguyen, TY; Nguyen, XK; Tran, KD; van Boxtel, CJ, 1997)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental methods."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of intravenous vs oral artesunate in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Batty, KT; Binh, TQ; Davis, TM; Hung, NC; Ilett, KF; Kim, NV; Mai, TX; Powell, SM; Thien, HV; Thu, LT; Tien, NP, 1998)	0.3
" bolus, ARTS had a peak concentration of 29."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of intravenous vs oral artesunate in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Batty, KT; Binh, TQ; Davis, TM; Hung, NC; Ilett, KF; Kim, NV; Mai, TX; Powell, SM; Thien, HV; Thu, LT; Tien, NP, 1998)	0.3
" The resulting pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were substantially different not only between drugs but also between routes of administration for the same drug."	( The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin, arteether, artemether, artesunic acid and artelinic acid in rats. Brewer, TG; Fleckenstein, LL; Heiffer, MH; Li, QG; Masonic, K; Peggins, JO, 1998)	0.3
" A one-compartment model with separate pharmacokinetic estimates for children and adults was found best to describe the disposition of artemisinin after oral administration."	( Artemisinin population pharmacokinetics in children and adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ashton, M; Cong, LD; Hai, TN; Huong, NV; Jonsson, EN; Karlsson, MO; Sidhu, JS; Sy, ND, 1998)	0.3
"Artemisinin pharmacokinetic data was successfully derived in both paediatric and adult patients using 2-3 capillary blood samples taken in conjunction with parasitaemia monitoring."	( Artemisinin population pharmacokinetics in children and adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ashton, M; Cong, LD; Hai, TN; Huong, NV; Jonsson, EN; Karlsson, MO; Sidhu, JS; Sy, ND, 1998)	0.3
" The parameter with the smallest variability was the elimination half-life (CV approximately equal to 30-40%)."	( Artemisinin pharmacokinetics in healthy adults after 250, 500 and 1000 mg single oral doses. Ashton, M; Dinh, XH; Gordi, T; Johansson, M; Le, DC; Nguyen, DS; Nguyen, TN; Nguyen, VH; Trinh, NH, 1998)	0.3
" Patients with ARF had significantly higher Cmax [2."	( Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artemether in patients with severe falciparum malaria with or without acute renal failure. Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Rimchala, W; Sukontason, K; Tin, T, 1998)	0.3
" Elimination of pyrimethamine was however, a relatively slow process compared with artemether, and thus resulted in a long terminal phase elimination half-life (50-106 hours)."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions of artemether and pyrimethamine in healthy male Thais. Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Tan-ariya, P; Thanavibul, A; Thipawangkosol, P; Ubalee, R, 1998)	0.3
"A single cross-over, comparative pharmacokinetic study of oral and rectal formulations of 200 mg artesunic acid in 12 healthy Malaysian volunteers is reported."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of oral and rectal formulations of artesunic acid in healthy volunteers. Abdullah, MN; Akbar, A; Mansor, SM; Mordi, MN; Navaratnam, V, 1998)	0.3
"Comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters of artesunic acid after oral and rectal administration showed statistically significant differences in t(max) and AUC, with no changes for Cmax and t1/2."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of oral and rectal formulations of artesunic acid in healthy volunteers. Abdullah, MN; Akbar, A; Mansor, SM; Mordi, MN; Navaratnam, V, 1998)	0.3
"There appear to be pharmacokinetic differences between oral and rectal modes of administration."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of oral and rectal formulations of artesunic acid in healthy volunteers. Abdullah, MN; Akbar, A; Mansor, SM; Mordi, MN; Navaratnam, V, 1998)	0.3
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of artesunate (ARTS) and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in Plasmodium vivax infections, 12 male Vietnamese adults with slide-positive vivax malaria received either intravenous ARTS (120 mg; group 1) or oral ARTS (100 mg; group 2) with the alternative preparation given 8 hr later in a randomized, open, cross-over study."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of artesunate for vivax malaria. Batty, KT; Davis, TM; Huynh, VT; Ilett, KF; Le, AT; Nguyen, CH; Nguyen, PT; Nguyen, VM; Powell, SM; Tran, QB; Truong, XM; Vuong, VC, 1998)	0.3
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of artemether and benflumetol in a fixed combination tablet (CGP 56697) and to offer an explanation for the lower than expected cure rate in a Thai clinical trial."	( Population pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response of CGP 56697 (artemether + benflumetol) in malaria patients. Ezzet, F; Karbwang, J; Mull, R, 1998)	0.3
" Parasite clearance time and 28 day cure rate were correlated with the derived pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response of CGP 56697 (artemether + benflumetol) in malaria patients. Ezzet, F; Karbwang, J; Mull, R, 1998)	0.3
"Using a population-based approach it was confirmed that the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of benflumetol and artemether differ markedly."	( Population pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response of CGP 56697 (artemether + benflumetol) in malaria patients. Ezzet, F; Karbwang, J; Mull, R, 1998)	0.3
" Despite the need for additional pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicokinetic data, these drugs are too important to delay concise, rational recommendations any longer."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of qinghaosu derivatives: how do they impact on the choice of drug and the dosage regimens? Kyle, DE; Leo, K; Li, Q; Teja-Isavadharm, P, 1998)	0.3
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between dihydroartemisinin and mefloquine were investigated in 10 healthy Thai males."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of mefloquine and dihydroartemisinin. Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A; Tippawangkosol, P; Ubalee, R, 1999)	0.3
" The mean plasma half-life (t(1/2)) of TNP-470 and its principal metabolite, AGM-1883, were extremely short (harmonic mean, t(1/2) of 2 and 6 min, respectively) with practically no drug detectable in the plasma by 60 min after the end of the infusion."	( A Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of TNP-470 administered weekly to patients with advanced cancer. Bhargava, P; Dahut, W; Figuera, M; Hawkins, MJ; Kato, A; Marshall, JL; Ong, VS; Phipps, K; Rizvi, N; Yoe, J, 1999)	0.3
"To construct a population pharmacokinetic model for mefloquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Aarons, L; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; ter Kuile, F; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
" The factors that influence the pharmacokinetic properties of mefloquine in acute malaria are not well characterized."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Aarons, L; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; ter Kuile, F; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetic properties of mefloquine were evaluated in 257 patients with acute falciparum malaria by use of nonlinear mixed-effects modeling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Aarons, L; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; ter Kuile, F; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetic properties of mefloquine in malaria were relatively unaffected by demographic variables (other than body weight) or disease severity."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Aarons, L; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; ter Kuile, F; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of mefloquine were estimated using non-compartmental and compartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of three commercial tablet formulations of mefloquine when given in combination with dihydroartemisinin in patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Palacios, PA; Saengtertsilapachai, S; Ubalee, R; Wernsdorfer, WH, 2000)	0.31
" Mefloquine from the three formulations showed significantly different pharmacokinetic and bioavailability metrics."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of three commercial tablet formulations of mefloquine when given in combination with dihydroartemisinin in patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Palacios, PA; Saengtertsilapachai, S; Ubalee, R; Wernsdorfer, WH, 2000)	0.31
" The pharmacokinetics of benflumetol were highly variable, with coefficients of variation in pharmacokinetic parameters ranging from 14."	( Pharmacokinetics of benflumetol given as a fixed combination artemether-benflumetol (CGP 56697) in Thai patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Farkad, E; Karbwang, J; Mull, R; Na-Bangchang, K; Tasanor, U; Thanavibul, A, 1999)	0.3
"The objective of this study was to conduct a prospective population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of lumefantrine during blinded comparisons of artemether-lumefantrine treatment regimens in uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lumefantrine (benflumetol) in acute falciparum malaria. Ezzet, F; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; van Vugt, M; White, NJ, 2000)	0.31
"Forty-two healthy subjects were randomized in a parallel three-group design trial to investigate potential electrocardiographic and pharmacokinetic interactions between the new antimalarial co-artemether, a combination of artemether and lumefantrine (both of which are predominantly metabolized through CYP3A4), and mefloquine, another antimalarial described as a substrate (and possible inhibitor) of CYP3A4."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction trial between co-artemether and mefloquine. Bindschedler, M; Ezzet, F; Lefèvre, G; Meyer, I; Schaeffer, N; Thomsen, MS, 2000)	0.31
" Several models were tested, but the best model was a monoexponential decline of the parasitemia in which the mean parasite elimination half-life was shorter after artemisinin (5."	( Combinations of artemisinin and quinine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria: efficacy and pharmacodynamics. Anh, TK; Bich, NN; de Vries, PJ; Heisterkamp, SH; Hung, LN; Kager, PA; Van Thien, H, 2000)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic studies were performed on days 1 and 5 to characterize the plasma disposition of irofulven."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irofulven, a novel mushroom-derived cytotoxin, administered for five consecutive days every four weeks in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Baker, SD; Britten, CD; Clark, GM; Drengler, R; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, S; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Kuhn, JG; MacDonald, JR; Moczygemba, J; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, L; Smith, C; Smith, SL; Villalona-Calero, MA; Von Hoff, DD; Weitman, S, 2000)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic studies of irofulven revealed dose-proportional increases in both maximum plasma concentrations and area under the concentration-time curve, while the agent exhibited a rapid elimination half-life of 2 to 10 minutes."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irofulven, a novel mushroom-derived cytotoxin, administered for five consecutive days every four weeks in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Baker, SD; Britten, CD; Clark, GM; Drengler, R; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, S; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Kuhn, JG; MacDonald, JR; Moczygemba, J; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, L; Smith, C; Smith, SL; Villalona-Calero, MA; Von Hoff, DD; Weitman, S, 2000)	0.31
"Capillary plasma or saliva may replace venous plasma in pharmacokinetic investigations of artemisinin."	( Use of saliva and capillary blood samples as substitutes for venous blood sampling in pharmacokinetic investigations of artemisinin. Ashton, M; Gordi, T; Hai, TN; Hoai, NM; Thyberg, M, 2000)	0.31
"The study was carried out to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between artemether (ARTEM) and quinoline antimalarials namely mefloquine (MQ), quinine (QN) and primaquine (PQ) when given concurrently."	( Absence of significant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between artemether and quinoline antimalarials. Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Saenglertsilapachai, S; Thanavibul, A; Ubalee, R, )	0.13
" Statistical analyses of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic end points in the control and TNP-470 treatment groups were completed by nonparametric tests."	( Pharmacodynamic-mediated reduction of temozolomide tumor concentrations by the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470. Chu, J; Gallo, JM; Li, S; Ma, J; Pulfer, S; Reed, K, 2001)	0.31
" Population pharmacokinetic modelling was performed using NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics of the new antimalarial agent tafenoquine in Thai soldiers. Brewer, TG; Charles, BG; Eamsila, C; Edstein, MD; Kocisko, DA; Walsh, DS, 2001)	0.31
" Artemisinin's pharmacokinetic parameters were similar on day 5 in both groups, although a significant increase in oral clearance from day 1 to day 5 was evident."	( Artemisinin pharmacokinetics and efficacy in uncomplicated-malaria patients treated with two different dosage regimens. Ashton, M; Gordi, T; Hai, TN; Huong, DX; Nieu, NT, 2002)	0.31
"No significant pharmacokinetic interactions were observed after co-administration of artemisinin and mefloquine."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling of artemisinin and mefloquine enantiomers in patients with falciparum malaria. Alin, H; Ashton, M; Bergqvist, Y; Karlsson, MO; Svensson, US, 2002)	0.31
" TNP-470 was administered with paclitaxel to adults with solid tumors to define the safety and optimal dose of the combination regimen and to assess pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic effects of TNP-470, an angiogenesis inhibitor, combined with paclitaxel in patients with solid tumors: evidence for activity in non-small-cell lung cancer. Allgood, V; Blumenschein, GR; Crane, EA; Dordal, M; Fossella, FV; Fritsche, HA; Goodin, T; Herbst, RS; Hinton, L; Hong, WK; Khuri, FR; Madden, TL; Meyers, CA; Newman, RA; Puduvalli, VK; Seabrooke, LF; Tran, HT, 2002)	0.31
"The combination of TNP-470 and paclitaxel, each at full single-agent dose, seems well tolerated, with minimal pharmacokinetic interaction between the two agents."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic effects of TNP-470, an angiogenesis inhibitor, combined with paclitaxel in patients with solid tumors: evidence for activity in non-small-cell lung cancer. Allgood, V; Blumenschein, GR; Crane, EA; Dordal, M; Fossella, FV; Fritsche, HA; Goodin, T; Herbst, RS; Hinton, L; Hong, WK; Khuri, FR; Madden, TL; Meyers, CA; Newman, RA; Puduvalli, VK; Seabrooke, LF; Tran, HT, 2002)	0.31
"To evaluate whether the potent CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole has any influence on the pharmacokinetic and electrocardiographic parameters of the antimalarial co-artemether (artemether-lumefantrine) in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine (Riamet) with concomitant administration of ketoconazole in healthy subjects. Carpenter, P; Lefèvre, G; McClean, M; Schmidli, H; Souppart, C; Stypinski, D, 2002)	0.31
" The pharmacokinetic curves of artemether and its metabolites dihydroartemisinin and furano acetate of artemether were determined and the results showed that the half-life of artemether under the conditions simulated the pH of plasma or small intestine was more than 150 min and that of stomach acid was 74."	( [Pharmacokinetic studies on artemether under conditions simulated in vivo]. Chen, YG; Yu, BY, 2002)	0.31
"Our aim was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for irofulven and to assess covariates that might affect irofulven pharmacokinetics."	( Phase I population pharmacokinetics of irofulven. Alexandre, J; Brain, E; Cvitkovic, E; Lokiec, F; Raymond, E; Shah, A; Smith, S; Urien, S, 2003)	0.32
"To determine the pharmacokinetic properties of atovaquone, proguanil, and the triazine metabolite cycloguanil in women with recrudescent multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy treated by artesunate-atovaquone-proguanil."	( The pharmacokinetics of atovaquone and proguanil in pregnant women with acute falciparum malaria. Cho, T; Edstein, MD; Gilveray, G; Looareesuwan, S; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2003)	0.32
" Using conventional and population pharmacokinetic analyses, Cl/F and Vd/F estimates for both drugs were approximately twice, and plasma concentrations less than half those reported previously in healthy subjects and patients with acute malaria."	( The pharmacokinetics of atovaquone and proguanil in pregnant women with acute falciparum malaria. Cho, T; Edstein, MD; Gilveray, G; Looareesuwan, S; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2003)	0.32
"4 (range 5-108) months were recruited into the study and data from 90 of these children (30 with respiratory distress and 60 with no respiratory distress) were used in the population pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artemether and dihydroartemisinin following single intramuscular dosing of artemether in African children with severe falciparum malaria. Aarons, L; Edwards, G; Kokwaro, GO; Majid, O; Marsh, K; Mithwani, S; Mohamed, S; Muchohi, S; Watkins, W, 2004)	0.32
"We performed a Phase I and pharmacokinetic study to determine the maximum tolerated dose of irofulven (6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene; MGI-114, MGI PHARMA, Inc."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irofulven administered weekly or biweekly in advanced solid tumor patients. Alexandre, J; Brain, EC; Cvitkovic, E; Faivre, S; Goldwasser, F; Kaci, MO; Kahatt, C; Lokiec, F; MacDonald, JR; Misset, JL; Raymond, E; Smith, SL; Yovine, A, 2004)	0.32
" No alterations in the pharmacokinetic disposition of carboplatin were noted."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic study of TNP-470, an angiogenesis inhibitor, in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with solid tumors. Blumenschein, GR; Fossella, FV; Herbst, RS; Lu, C; Madden, T; Meyers, CA; Munden, R; Papadimitrakopoulou, V; Puduvalli, VK; Smythe, LG; Tran, HT; Truong, M; Zinner, R, 2004)	0.32
"The aims of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of 200 mg oral and rectal artesunate in healthy volunteers, and to suggest a rational dosage regimen for rectal administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of artesunate following oral and rectal administration in healthy Sudanese volunteers. Alkadru, AM; Awad, MI; Baraka, OZ; Behrens, RH; Eltayeb, IB, 2004)	0.32
"The first-dose pharmacokinetic properties of intramuscular (i."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artesunate and artemether in patients with severe falciparum malaria. Agus, C; Chiswell, GM; Chuong, LV; Davis, TM; Farrar, J; Hien, TT; Ilett, KF; Phu, NH; Sinh, DX; White, NJ, 2004)	0.32
" To that end, a novel method, based on physiologically based hybrid pharmacokinetic models, is presented to predict human tumor drug concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetic model-predicted anticancer drug concentrations in human tumors. Bookman, MA; Gallo, JM; Guo, P; Li, S; Ma, J; Orlansky, A; Pulfer, S; Vicini, P; Zhou, F, 2004)	0.32
"To develop a capillary gas chromatographic method for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of patchouli alcohol in rat plasma after iv administration."	( [Pharmacokinetics of patchouli alcohol and patchouli alcohol in patchouli oil after iv administrated to rats]. Xu, LZ; Yang, FC; Yang, SL; Zou, ZM, 2004)	0.32
" The pharmacokinetic parameters demonstrated patchouli alcohol were consistent with the two-compartment open model and showed linear pharmacokinetics."	( [Pharmacokinetics of patchouli alcohol and patchouli alcohol in patchouli oil after iv administrated to rats]. Xu, LZ; Yang, FC; Yang, SL; Zou, ZM, 2004)	0.32
" Cmax values of 63."	( Pharmacokinetic investigation on the therapeutic potential of artemotil (beta-arteether) in Thai patients with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Chalearmrult, K; Krudsood, S; Li, Q; Looareesuwan, S; Lugt, CB; Milhous, WK; Vannaphan, S; Wilairatana, P, 2004)	0.32
"The present study describes the application of concept of sample pooling to increase the throughput of pharmacokinetic screening at drug discovery and development stage."	( A high throughput approach for simultaneous estimation of multiple synthetic trioxane derivatives using sample pooling for pharmacokinetic studies. Gupta, RC; Singh, RP; Singh, SK, 2005)	0.33
" Data were analysed using a semiphysiological model incorporating (a) autoinduction of a precursor to the metabolizing enzymes, and (b) a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with a separate hepatic compartment to mimic the processes of autoinduction and high hepatic extraction."	( A semiphysiological pharmacokinetic model for artemisinin in healthy subjects incorporating autoinduction of metabolism and saturable first-pass hepatic extraction. Ashton, M; Gordi, T; Huong, DX; Huong, NV; Karlsson, MO; Xie, R, 2005)	0.33
"9 h, whereas the enzyme elimination half-life was estimated to 37."	( A semiphysiological pharmacokinetic model for artemisinin in healthy subjects incorporating autoinduction of metabolism and saturable first-pass hepatic extraction. Ashton, M; Gordi, T; Huong, DX; Huong, NV; Karlsson, MO; Xie, R, 2005)	0.33
" Significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of both mefloquine and dihydroartemisinin were observed in patients with malaria compared with healthy subjects reported in a paralleled study."	( Pharmacokinetics of the four combination regimens of dihydroartemisinin/mefloquine in acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A; Tippawangkosol, P, 2005)	0.33
" The beta-isomer of arteether was characterized by a longer elimination half-life and a relatively larger volume of distribution than the alpha-isomer, suggesting that beta-arteether may be responsible for the prolonged in vivo schizontocidal activity."	( Pharmacokinetics of the diastereomers of arteether, a potent antimalarial drug, in rats. Gupta, RC; Madhusudanan, KP; Sabarinath, S, 2005)	0.33
" Analysis of the main pharmacokinetic prameters shows that the drug circulates in the organism for a relatively long time and can be accumulated in the cells, probably, due to the ability of penetrating through the histohematic barriers."	( [Features of leucomisin pharmacokinetics in the blood serum upon introduction by various methods]. Adekenov, SM; Aksartov, PM; Guliaev, AE, )	0.13
" beta-Elemene was administered at three doses (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) and a full pharmacokinetic profile was obtained."	( The pharmacokinetics of a novel anti-tumor agent, beta-elemene, in Sprague-Dawley rats. Chen, Y; Li, Z; Su, C; Wang, K, 2005)	0.33
"Assuming that valerenic acid serum concentrations correlate with the pharmacological activity of valerian, the timing of the valerenic acid peak concentration is consistent with the standard dosage recommendation to take valerian 30 min to 2 h before bedtime."	( Pharmacokinetics of valerenic acid after administration of valerian in healthy subjects. Anderson, GD; Elmer, GW; Kantor, ED; Templeton, IE; Vitiello, MV, 2005)	0.33
" The prediction of the pharmacokinetic profile of several antifungal sesquiterpene lactones, isolated from Greek taxa of Centaurea sp."	( VolSurf analysis of pharmacokinetic properties for several antifungal sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Greek Centaurea sp. Geromichalos, GD; Koukoulitsa, C; Skaltsa, H, 2005)	0.33
"Forty patients and 75 pharmacokinetic time-courses were available for analysis."	( Pharmacokinetic modelling of 5-FU production from capecitabine--a population study in 40 adult patients with metastatic cancer. Lokiec, F; Rezaí, K; Urien, S, 2005)	0.33
" A pharmacodynamic (PD) model reflecting different stages of the parasite life-cycle was developed and fitted to the data."	( Semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the antimalarial effect of artemisinin. Gordi, T; Jusko, WJ; Xie, R, 2005)	0.33
" Plasma carbamazepine levels were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated."	( Effects of artemisinin, artemether, arteether on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine. Medhi, B; Pandhi, P; Sukhija, M, 2006)	0.33
"To determine the pharmacokinetic properties of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) following oral artesunate treatment in women with recrudescent multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria, in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy."	( Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin following oral artesunate treatment of pregnant women with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Cho, T; Gilveray, G; Looareesuwan, S; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Stepniewska, K; Ward, SA; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
" Conventional non-compartmental modelling and a population one-compartment pharmacokinetic model were applied to the data."	( Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin following oral artesunate treatment of pregnant women with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Cho, T; Gilveray, G; Looareesuwan, S; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Stepniewska, K; Ward, SA; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of piperaquine after repeated oral administration of the antimalarial combination CV8 in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of piperaquine after repeated oral administration of the antimalarial combination CV8 in 12 healthy male subjects. Ashton, M; Friberg Hietala, S; Hai, TN; Röshammar, D; Van Huong, N, 2006)	0.33
" Population pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were obtained by nonlinear mixed effects modeling of the observed data using NONMEM."	( Pharmacokinetics of piperaquine after repeated oral administration of the antimalarial combination CV8 in 12 healthy male subjects. Ashton, M; Friberg Hietala, S; Hai, TN; Röshammar, D; Van Huong, N, 2006)	0.33
" Piperaquine pharmacokinetics were characterized by a large volume of distribution and a terminal half-life of several days."	( Pharmacokinetics of piperaquine after repeated oral administration of the antimalarial combination CV8 in 12 healthy male subjects. Ashton, M; Friberg Hietala, S; Hai, TN; Röshammar, D; Van Huong, N, 2006)	0.33
" Plasma phenytoin levels were assayed by HPLC, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Effects of artemisinin, artemether, and arteether on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Medhi, B; Pandhi, P; Sukhija, M, 2006)	0.33
" The DHART levels are somewhat higher than those of ART (a peak concentration after 6 h starting medication of 151 microg/ml ART as compared to 276 microg/ml DHART)."	( Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics findings after repeated administration of ARTESUNATE thermostable suppositories (RECTOCAPS) in Vietnamese patients with uncomplicated malaria. Benakis, A; Binh, TQ; Keundjian, A; Scheiwe, MW, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of huperzine A in dogs following single intravenous and oral administrations. Chu, D; Gu, J; Li, P; Li, Y; Liu, K; Liu, W, 2006)	0.33
" This study was designed to construct a population pharmacokinetic model describing this new dosage regimen of mefloquine given as loose tablets together with artesunate."	( Population pharmacokinetic assessment of a new regimen of mefloquine used in combination treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ashley, EA; Hae, R; Hutagalung, R; Lindegårdh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
" The C(max), AUC(0-infinity), and terminal half-life values for total radioactivity were 1130 ng-Eq/ml, 24,400 ng-Eq ."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and routes of excretion of intravenous irofulven in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cvitkovic, E; De Valeriola, D; Deroussent, A; Kahatt, C; Lokiec, F; Paci, A; Re, M; Rezai, K; Shah, A; Vassal, G; Waters, S; Weems, G; Weill, S, 2006)	0.33
"To determine the pharmacokinetic properties of artemether and lumefantrine (AL) in pregnant women with recrudescent uncomplicated multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria."	( The pharmacokinetics of artemether and lumefantrine in pregnant women with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ashley, EA; La, Y; Lindegardh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
" Serial blood samples were taken over a 7-day period, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."	( The pharmacokinetics of artemether and lumefantrine in pregnant women with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ashley, EA; La, Y; Lindegardh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic properties of DHA were determined using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following intra-rectal dosing of artesunate in malaria patients. Agbenyega, T; Barnes, KI; Di Perri, G; Folb, P; Gomes, M; Krishna, S; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Mansor, S; McIlleron, H; Miller, R; Molyneux, M; Mwenechanya, J; Navaratnam, V; Nosten, F; Olliaro, P; Pang, L; Ribeiro, I; Simpson, JA; Tembo, M; van Vugt, M; Ward, S; Weerasuriya, K; White, NJ; Win, K, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetic properties of DHA were affected only by gender and body weight."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following intra-rectal dosing of artesunate in malaria patients. Agbenyega, T; Barnes, KI; Di Perri, G; Folb, P; Gomes, M; Krishna, S; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Mansor, S; McIlleron, H; Miller, R; Molyneux, M; Mwenechanya, J; Navaratnam, V; Nosten, F; Olliaro, P; Pang, L; Ribeiro, I; Simpson, JA; Tembo, M; van Vugt, M; Ward, S; Weerasuriya, K; White, NJ; Win, K, 2006)	0.33
" It was concluded that since no pharmacokinetic drug interaction was observed, MQ dose given 24 hours after an initial dose of DHA is a preferable combination treatment regimen with regard to patient compliance."	( Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine with dihydroartemisinin as 2-day regimens in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Hung, le N; Hung, NC; Na-Bangchang, K; Thuy, le TD, 2007)	0.34
"Antimalarial treatment strategies based on in vitro studies are limited by the paucity of pharmacodynamic information for dosage regimen design."	( Development of a pharmacodynamic model of murine malaria and antimalarial treatment with dihydroartemisinin. Barrett, PH; Batty, KT; Davis, TM; Gibbons, PL; Ilett, KF, 2007)	0.34
"Paediatric drug formulations of artemisinin combination therapies and pharmacokinetic data supporting their use in African children are urgently needed for the effective treatment of young children suffering from falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa."	( Pharmacokinetics of two paediatric artesunate mefloquine drug formulations in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Gabon. Adegnika, AA; Agnandji, ST; Bélard, S; Bouyou-Akotet, MK; Cambon, N; Heidecker, JL; Issifou, S; Kombila, M; Kremsner, PG; Kurth, FM; Mamfoumbi, MM; Missinou, MA; Ramharter, M, 2007)	0.34
"In this study, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of a novel paediatric granule formulation of artesunate-mefloquine therapy were evaluated in comparison to the standard tablet formulation in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in paediatric patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of two paediatric artesunate mefloquine drug formulations in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Gabon. Adegnika, AA; Agnandji, ST; Bélard, S; Bouyou-Akotet, MK; Cambon, N; Heidecker, JL; Issifou, S; Kombila, M; Kremsner, PG; Kurth, FM; Mamfoumbi, MM; Missinou, MA; Ramharter, M, 2007)	0.34
" However, there is a paucity of detailed preclinical and pharmacokinetic data to link PQ serum concentrations and toxicity or efficacy."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperaquine in a murine malaria model. Andrzejewski, C; Batty, KT; Ilett, KF; Jago, JD; Moore, BR; Page-Sharp, M, 2008)	0.35
" In the applications, the main pharmacokinetic parameters were firstly obtained as follows: Tmax=0."	( A capillary gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry method for the analysis of atractylenolide I in rat plasma and tissues, and application in a pharmacokinetic study. Chen, Q; He, L; Wang, C; Wang, S, 2008)	0.35
" Moreover, the pharmacokinetic profile of these compounds was investigated using computational methods."	( A novel sesquiterpene lactone from Centaurea pullata: structure elucidation, antimicrobial activity, and prediction of pharmacokinetic properties. Djeddi, S; Karioti, A; Koukoulitsa, C; Skaltsa, H; Sokovic, M, 2008)	0.35
"In the present studies, to give momentum to traditionally low throughput pharmacokinetic screening, a bioanalytical method based on the concept of sample pooling for simultaneous bioanalysis of multiple compounds is discussed."	( A sensitive and selective liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric assay for simultaneous quantification of novel trioxane antimalarials in different biomatrices using sample-pooling approach for high throughput pharmacokinetic studies. Gupta, RC; Sabarinath, S; Singh, RP; Singh, SK, 2008)	0.35
" It was applied to the pharmacokinetic study of tussilagone in rats after a dose of 5 mg/kg by intravenous administration and a dose of 200 mg/kg by intragastrical administration."	( Determination and pharmacokinetic study of tussilagone in rat plasma by RP-HPLC method. Liu, YF; Lu, W; Xin, XL; Yang, XW, 2008)	0.35
" The method facilitated a clinical pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of a single dose of matrine soft gelatin capsules (100, 200 and 400mg) in a three-period crossover design."	( Matrine determination and pharmacokinetics in human plasma using LC/MS/MS. Chen, WL; Chu, NN; Li, XN; Liu, GY; Xu, HR; Yu, C; Zhang, XL, 2009)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior of huperzine A (Hup A) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after intranasal administration (0."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior of huperzine A in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid after intranasal administration in rats. Chen, G; Wang, Q, 2009)	0.35
" Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic profile of the sesquiterpene lactones was investigated using computational methods."	( Sesquiterpene lactones from Anthemis melanolepis and their antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Prediction of their pharmacokinetic profile. Dimas, K; Karioti, A; Koukoulitsa, C; Rancic, A; Saroglou, V; Skaltsa, H; Zervou, M, 2010)	0.36
" There was not a statistically significant difference in the average peak concentration (C(max)), time to maximum concentration (T(max)) area under the time curve (AUC), elimination half-life (T(1/2)) and oral clearance after a single dose compared with multiple dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of valerenic acid after single and multiple doses of valerian in older women. Anderson, GD; Barsness, S; Elmer, GW; Howald, WN; Kalhorn, TF; Kantor, E; Landis, CA; Taibi, DM; Vitiello, MV, 2010)	0.36
" In pharmacokinetic studies, Med exhibited oral bioavailability of 22."	( Medicarpin, a legume phytoalexin, stimulates osteoblast differentiation and promotes peak bone mass achievement in rats: evidence for estrogen receptor β-mediated osteogenic action of medicarpin. Bhargavan, B; Chakravarti, B; Chattopadhyay, N; Dixit, M; Dwivedi, SD; Gautam, AK; Goel, A; Jain, GK; Kumar, A; Manickavasagam, L; Maurya, R; Mishra, JS; Pandey, R; Ramachandran, R; Sanyal, S; Singh, D; Trivedi, A, 2012)	0.38
"05) in pharmacokinetic parameters of ZER in ZER/HPβCD complex compared with ZER in CMC preparation."	( Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopic method for the determination of zerumbone in human plasma and its application to pharmacokinetics. Abdul, AB; Eid, EE; Fatah, SA; Rasedee, A; Sukari, MA; Suliman, FE, 2011)	0.37
" This fully validated method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study of atractylenolide I in rats administered with 20 g/kg Atractylodis extract."	( Quantitative analysis of atractylenolide I in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS method and its application to pharmacokinetic study. Chen, B; Li, Y; Tian, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, Y; Zhu, J, 2012)	0.38
" The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of AII and AIII in rat plasma after oral administration of AMR extract."	( Simultaneous determination of atractylenolide II and atractylenolide III by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in rat plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Atractylodes Macrocephala Rhizoma extract. Guan, SH; Guo, DA; Shi, YY; Tang, RN; Tao, SJ, 2012)	0.38
" We established and validated an LC-MS/MS assay for the determination of VA in rat plasma and successfully used this method for pharmacokinetic studies in rats after intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetics of valerenic acid in rats after intravenous and oral administrations. Butterweck, V; Derendorf, H; Frye, R; Hamburger, M; Haug, K; Sampath, C; Thanei, S, 2012)	0.38
" The method described herein was fully validated and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study after an intravenous administration of rupestonic acid in rats."	( Quantitative determination of rupestonic acid in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Gu, Z; He, J; Sha, X; Yang, X, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, AUC0-72 h and AUC0-∞ were calculated."	( Phase I study on the pharmacokinetics and tolerance of ZT-1, a prodrug of huperzine A, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Gui, YZ; Hong, Z; Jia, JY; Liu, GY; Liu, Y; Yu, C; Zhao, QH; Zhu, DY, 2013)	0.39
"59 h ng/mL, and the elimination half-life (T1/2 ) was 11."	( LC-MS/MS determination of bakkenolide D in rats plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. Chen, F; Chen, X; Dai, D; Pei, L; Tang, L, 2013)	0.39
" The present method was applied successfully to the pharmacokinetic study of α-cedrene after its intravenous (10 mg/kg) and oral (25 mg/kg) administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats."	( GC-MS/MS method for the quantification of α-cedrene in rat plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Hong, J; Hong, JY; Kim, TH; Lee, BH; Lee, HS; Lee, KM; Yoo, SD, 2013)	0.39
"It was the first report for the study of pharmacokinetic profile of costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone in rat plasma after oral administration of RA extract."	( Pharmacokinetic study on costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone after oral administration of traditional medicine Aucklandia lappa Decne. by LC/MS/MS. Gao, W; Guo, H; Hu, X; Liu, C; Liu, Z; Qu, Z; Zhang, J, 2014)	0.4
" This study is aimed to assess the influence of atractylenolide I and prim-O-glucosylcimifugin on the pharmacokinetic profile of astragaloside IV so as to investigate the pharmacokinetic mechanisms of the Yu-ping-feng prescription."	( Pharmacokinetic Interaction of astragaloside IV with atractylenolide I and prim-O-glucosylcimifugin in male Sprague Dawley rats. Jin, Y; Li, J; Song, J; Zheng, SR, 2014)	0.4
" The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of the two structural isomers after an intravenous injection of Inula helenium formulation to rats."	( Simultaneous determination of sesquiterpene lactones isoalantolactone and alantolactone isomers in rat plasma by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Guo, C; Niu, K; Teng, S; Zhang, S, 2014)	0.4
" The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of curdione and curcumol in rat blood and liver after oral administration of Rhizoma Curcumae extracts."	( Pharmacokinetics and liver distribution study of unbound curdione and curcumol in rats by microdialysis coupled with rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) and tandem mass spectrometry. Ji, D; Lang, Y; Li, J; Li, L; Lu, T; Mao, C; Xiao, Y; Yin, F, 2014)	0.4
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after the oral administration of pogostone to beagle dogs."	( A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of pogostone in canine plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Gong, X; Li, Y; Peng, C; Xiong, L; Zhang, R, )	0.13
" The essential oil of pogostemonis herba (patchouli oil) is commonly given orally in clinical settings; however, no pharmacokinetic studies have examined its oral administration."	( A pharmacokinetic study of patchouli alcohol after a single oral administration of patchouli alcohol or patchouli oil in rats. Gong, X; Li, Y; Peng, C; Xiong, L; Yan, P; Zhang, R, 2016)	0.43
" This method was successfully applied to the comparative pharmacokinetic study of Atractylenolide I, II and III in rat plasma after intragastric administration of Baizhufuling extract and Atractylodis extract."	( Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of Atractylenolide I, II and III in rat plasma after intragastric administration of Baizhufuling extract and Atractylodis extract by UPLC-MS/MS. Sun, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Yan, H; Yang, M; Yu, Z; Zhang, Q; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.42
"The pharmacokinetic properties of a new molecular entity are important aspects in evaluating the viability of the compound as a pharmacological agent."	( Simultaneous Characterization of Intravenous and Oral Pharmacokinetics of Lychnopholide in Rats by Transit Compartment Model. de Sousa, JP; Derendorf, H; Diniz, A; Kimura, E; Lachi-Silva, L; Lopes, JL; Lopes, NP; Silva, DB; Sy, SK; Voelkner, A, 2015)	0.42
"A HPLC-MS/MS multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) quantitative analysis was made to establish a determination method for drug concentrations of costunolide (Co) and dehydrocostuslactone (De) in blood samples in the positive ion mode, with diazepam as the internal standard substance, in order to study the pharmacokinetic process of sesquiterpene lactones costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone after the oral administration of Weichang'an pills, and provide an theoretical basis for further studies on the substance basis for the anti-diarrhea effect of Weichang'an pills."	( [Pharmacokinetics study on costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone after administration of traditional Chinese medicine Weichang'an pills]. Chen, YL; Gao, WY; Jin, ZX; Qu, Z; Wang, L; Zhang, JZ, 2015)	0.42
" This rapid and sensitive method for the analysis of the sesquiterpene lactone lychnopholide in rat plasma can be applied to pharmacokinetic studies of this compound."	( Rapid and efficient method for the quantification of lychnopholide in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for pharmacokinetic application. Diniz, A; Kimura, E; Lachi-Silva, L; Lopes, JLC; Lopes, NP; Montanha, MC; Silva, DB; Sousa, JPB; Sy, SKB, 2016)	0.43
"A rapid, sensitive and selective ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination and pharmacokinetic investigation of parthenolide in rat plasma."	( Determination of parthenolide in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Huo, XL; Pan, YY; Zhang, SQ; Zhao, AQ; Zhao, JH, 2016)	0.43
"Our preliminary results show that huperzine A, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients in China, exhibits different pharmacokinetic features in elderly and young healthy subjects."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of huperzine A in elderly Chinese subjects. Hu, CY; Jia, JY; Li, XN; Liu, GY; Liu, Y; Lu, C; Qu, Y; Sheng, L; Wang, HY; Wang, WL; Wang, YJ; Xu, HR; Yan, J; Yu, C; Zhang, MQ, 2016)	0.43
"A total of 341 serum huperzine A concentration records was obtained from 2 completed clinical trials (14 elderly healthy subjects in a phase I pharmacokinetic study; 35 elderly AD patients in a phase II study)."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of huperzine A in elderly Chinese subjects. Hu, CY; Jia, JY; Li, XN; Liu, GY; Liu, Y; Lu, C; Qu, Y; Sheng, L; Wang, HY; Wang, WL; Wang, YJ; Xu, HR; Yan, J; Yu, C; Zhang, MQ, 2016)	0.43
" To reveal the interactions of Saposhnikoviae Radix with other herbs, we conducted this study on the pharmacokinetic profile and tissue distribution of active ingredients of TXYF in rats."	( [Effect of Saposhnikoviae Radix on pharmacokinetics and tissue distributions of active components in Tongxie Yaofang in rats]. Cui, WF; Ge, WJ; Li, GS; Liang, RF; Liu, X; Wei, Z; Zhang, XX, 2017)	0.46
" The LC-MS-MS method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study of 1,6-O,O-diacetylbritannilactone in rats."	( A Sensitive LC-MS-MS Method for Quantification of 1,6-O,O-Diacetylbritannilactone in Rat Plasma and its Application in a Pharmacokinetic Study. Li, R; Li, X; Wei, J; Yan, H; Zhou, Q, 2018)	0.48
" This method was optimized for the quantification and pharmacokinetic analysis of guaiol in rat plasma following oral administration of chloroform extract from Ferula ferulaeoides."	( Determination and pharmacokinetic study of guaiol in rat plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. Ding, T; Hu, S; Li, K; Liu, H; Luo, J; Sheng, P; Yang, M, 2018)	0.48
" This method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study of ilimaquinone after oral administration in rats."	( HPLC-MS/MS analysis of ilimaquinone and its application in a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Kang, C; Kang, W; Na, M; Noh, K; Oh, S; Son, H; Song, IS, 2019)	0.51
" The optimized hup A-M-TPISG formulation was further evaluated by in vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies via microdialysis."	( A Nasal Temperature and pH Dual-Responsive In Situ Gel Delivery System Based on Microemulsion of Huperzine A: Formulation, Evaluation, and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study. Chen, S; Chen, Y; Cheng, G; Fang, W; Gao, S; Hu, R; Lu, W; Nie, X; Shen, Q; Sun, C; Wang, B; Xia, H, 2019)	0.51
"The developed UPLC-MS/MS method was successfully used for a pharmacokinetic study of oral (1 mg/kg) and intravenous (0."	( Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Anisatin in Mouse Blood by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Bao, X; Jiang, X; Ma, J; Wang, X; Zhou, Q, 2020)	0.56
" This study aimed to prepare nanoemulsions (NEs) of HupA to investigate their potential "nose-to-brain" pathways and to evaluate their pharmacokinetic and brain-targeting parameters."	( Investigation of the "Nose-to-Brain" Pathways in Intranasal HupA Nanoemulsions and Evaluation of Their in vivo Pharmacokinetics and Brain-Targeting Ability. Ding, Z; Jiang, Y; Yu, Q, 2022)	0.72
" Immunohistochemistry, pharmacokinetic and targeting index analyses were performed to investigate the in vivo effects of HupA-NE and Lf-HupA-NE."	( Investigation of the "Nose-to-Brain" Pathways in Intranasal HupA Nanoemulsions and Evaluation of Their in vivo Pharmacokinetics and Brain-Targeting Ability. Ding, Z; Jiang, Y; Yu, Q, 2022)	0.72
" The findings of this study showed that NEs (especially Lf-HupA-NE) had better pharmacokinetic profiles and a better nose-to-brain drug transport efficiency than free HupA."	( Investigation of the "Nose-to-Brain" Pathways in Intranasal HupA Nanoemulsions and Evaluation of Their in vivo Pharmacokinetics and Brain-Targeting Ability. Ding, Z; Jiang, Y; Yu, Q, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Histological observation combined with determination of the serum glucose level and histochemical detection of liver glycogen was undertaken to examine the acute toxicity of fusarenon-X (FX) in mice."	( Hypoglycemia in mice administered with fusarenon-X. Aibara, K; Matsui, T; Nakano, N; Shimizu, T, 1979)	0.26
"The activity of artemisinin (qinghaosu) in combination with some commonly-used antimalarial drugs was tested in vitro against a chloroquine-sensitive (NF54) and a chloroquine-resistant (K1) strain of Plasmodium falciparum."	( The effect of artemisinin combined with standard antimalarials against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Chawira, AN; Warhurst, DC, 1987)	0.27
"A randomized comparative trial of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral doses of mefloquine and of mefloquine in combination with artesunate was carried out on 20 Thai male patients with acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria."	( Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine alone or in combination with artesunate. Back, DJ; Bunnag, D; Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J; Na Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A, 1994)	0.29
"A randomized comparative trial of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral doses of mefloquine and of mefloquine in combination with artesunate was carried out on 20 Thai male patients with acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria."	( Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine alone or in combination with artesunate. Back, DJ; Bunnag, D; Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J; Na Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A, 1994)	0.29
"To compare the therapeutic efficacy of oral artesunate and artemether in combination with mefloquine for the treatment of multidrug resistant malaria, a trial was conducted in 540 adults and children on the Thai-Myanmar border."	( Artesunate versus artemether in combination with mefloquine for the treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Brockman, A; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Kham, A; Luxemburger, C; Nosten, F; Price, RN; White, NJ, )	0.13
" Early disappearance of fever and parasitemia, and absence of important side effects suggest that artesunate, isolated or administrated in combination with mefloquine, constitutes an able therapeutical procedure to constitutes and able therapeutical procedure to contribute for disease control in that region."	( [An efficacy and tolerance study of oral artesunate alone and in combination with mefloquine in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in an endemic area of Pará, Brazil]. Amoras, WW; Baena, J; Cardoso, Bda S; Crescente, JA; Dourado, HV; Pinheiro, Mda C; Saraty, S, )	0.13
"Effects of a newly developed angiogenesis inhibitor, TNP-470 (AGM-1470) alone and in combination with cisplatinum on tumor-bearing rats were investigated."	( [Anti-tumor effects of an angiogenesis inhibitor, TNP-470 (AGM-1470) alone and in combination with cisplatinum, and changes in serum copper levels in liver cancer bearing rats]. Matsuoka, S, 1996)	0.29
" The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety of artemisinin alone and in combination with mefloquine."	( Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of artemisinin monotherapy and in combination with mefloquine in patients with falciparum malaria. Alin, MH; Ashton, M; Björkman, A; Kihamia, CM; Mtey, GJ, 1996)	0.29
"The anticryptosporidial activity of four macrolides alone and in combination with other antimicrobial agents was investigated against ten clinical isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum recovered from stools of AIDS patients."	( In-vitro activity of macrolides alone and in combination with artemisin, atovaquone, dapsone, minocycline or pyrimethamine against Cryptosporidium parvum. Cirioni, O; Giacometti, A; Scalise, G, 1996)	0.29
"A randomized pilot study to compare the safety and efficacy of artesunate suppositories (15 mg/kg/day for three days) versus oral artesunate (6 mg/kg/day for three days), both in combination with mefloquine (25 mg/kg), was conducted in 52 Thai children with uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria."	( Comparative clinical trial of artesunate suppositories and oral artesunate in combination with mefloquine in the treatment of children with acute falciparum malaria. Attanath, P; Brewer, TG; Chanthavanich, P; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Heppner, DG; Mookmanee, D; Phanuaksook, P; Poonpanich, Y; Prarinyanupharb, V; Sabchareon, A; Teja-Isavadharm, P, 1998)	0.3
" In combination with artesunate, mefloquine administration should be delayed until the second or third day after presentation."	( Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine combined with artesunate in children with acute falciparum malaria. Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Heppner, DG; Luxemburger, C; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; Than, MM; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
" In this study, the potential application of MGI-114 in the treatment of colon cancer was further explored by evaluating the activity of MGI-114 in combination with irinotecan (CPT-11) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU)."	( Enhanced antitumor activity of 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene in combination with irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil in the HT29 human colon tumor xenograft model. Britten, CD; Eckhardt, SG; Hilsenbeck, SG; MacDonald, JR; Mangold, G; Marty, J; Rowinsky, EK; Von Hoff, DD; Weitman, S, 1999)	0.3
" In vitro studies with isolated monkey liver microsomes confirmed these drug-drug metabolic interactions detected at the cellular level."	( Metabolic drug interactions between angiogenic inhibitor, TNP-470 and anticancer agents in primary cultured hepatocytes and microsomes. Bynon, S; Eckoff, D; Placidi, L; Scott, EC; Sommadossi, JP, 1999)	0.3
"A cross sectional study was carried out in a rural area of Myanmar to identify malaria patients' acceptance of artesunate plus mefloquine drug combination and to determine the cost borne by patients."	( Acceptance of short course artesunate plus mefloquine drug combination by malaria patients in rural Myanmar. Aung, S; Lwin, M; Mar, KK; Shwe, T; Win, LL; Zaw, AK, 1999)	0.3
" The studies were conducted to evaluate the antitumor activity of MGI 114 as a single agent and in combination with topotecan against pediatric solid tumor cell lines and xenograft models."	( MGI 114: augmentation of antitumor activity when combined with topotecan. Barrera, H; Gonzalez, C; Hilsenbeck, S; MacDonald, JR; Marty, J; Moore, R; Von Hoff, D; Waters, SJ; Weitman, S, )	0.13
" This study explored the pro-apoptosis and anti-proliferative potential of HMAF in combination with gamma radiation in human prostate tumor cell lines."	( Targeting apoptosis by hydroxymethylacylfulvene in combination with gamma radiation in prostate tumor cells. Herman, TS; MacDonald, JR; Roberts, K; Woynarowska, BA; Woynarowski, JM, 2000)	0.31
" In this study, the potential application of MGI 114 in the treatment of lung cancer was explored by evaluating the activity of MGI 114 in combination with either topotecan (TPT) or paclitaxel."	( Enhanced antitumour activity of 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene in combination with topotecan or paclitaxel in the MV522 lung carcinoma xenograft model. Eckhardt, SG; Hammond, LA; Hilsenbeck, SG; MacDonald, JR; Mangold, G; Marty, J; Rowinsky, EK; Von Hoff, DD; Weitman, S, 2000)	0.31
" m When TNP-470 was combined with combreAp, no significant lengthening of the growth delay, irrespective of the tumor size, was present with the applied schedule."	( In vivo antitumor effect of vascular targeting combined with either ionizing radiation or anti-angiogenesis treatment. Ahmed, B; Anné, J; Lambin, P; Landuyt, W; Nuyts, S; Op de Beeck, M; Rijnders, A; Theys, J; van den Bogaert, W; van Oosterom, A, 2001)	0.31
" From September to December 1998, 598 children with uncomplicated malaria were treated; 135 received chloroquine (CQ) alone, 276 received pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine (Fansidar, PSD) alone, 113 received PSD with a single dose of artesunate (PSD + 1ART) and 74 received PSD combined with three doses of artesunate (PSD + 3ART)."	( Parasitaemia and gametocytaemia after treatment with chloroquine, pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine combined with artesunate in young Gambians with uncomplicated malaria. Coleman, R; Doherty, T; Jawara, M; Targett, G; von Seidlein, L; Walraven, G, 2001)	0.31
" In mice bearing transplantable Lewis lung cancer the additive antiangiogenic, but not cytostatic, effect of genistein combined with cyclophosphamide (CY) was observed, since the treatment with genistein alone reduced tumour blood supply in 35% (tumour weight in 36%), with CY in 38% (tumour weight in 70%) and with both compounds in 61% (tumour weight in 75%)."	( Antiangiogenic and antitumour effects in vivo of genistein applied alone or combined with cyclophosphamide. Boratynski, J; Grynkiewicz, G; Opolski, A; Radzikowski, C; Ryczynski, A; Wietrzyk, J, )	0.13
" The potential application of administering irofulven in combination with aziridine-containing chemotherapeutic agents was evaluated in this study."	( Enhanced antitumor activity of irofulven in combination with thiotepa or mitomycin C. Estes, L; Kelner, MJ; McMorris, TC; Rojas, RJ; Trani, NA, 2002)	0.31
"Human lung carcinoma MV522 cells and BALB/c athymic mice bearing the human lung carcinoma MV522 xenograft were used to evaluate the activity of irofulven in combination with aziridine-containing drugs."	( Enhanced antitumor activity of irofulven in combination with thiotepa or mitomycin C. Estes, L; Kelner, MJ; McMorris, TC; Rojas, RJ; Trani, NA, 2002)	0.31
"Irofulven in combination with either thiotepa or mitomycin C demonstrated a strong synergistic (supraadditive) activity both in vitro and in vivo, that exceeded results obtained with monotherapy at the same or higher doses of these agents."	( Enhanced antitumor activity of irofulven in combination with thiotepa or mitomycin C. Estes, L; Kelner, MJ; McMorris, TC; Rojas, RJ; Trani, NA, 2002)	0.31
"These results indicate that the therapeutic activity of irofulven is enhanced when combined with mitomycin C or thiotepa, and further evaluation of these combinations is therefore warranted."	( Enhanced antitumor activity of irofulven in combination with thiotepa or mitomycin C. Estes, L; Kelner, MJ; McMorris, TC; Rojas, RJ; Trani, NA, 2002)	0.31
" Furthermore, they imply efficiency of daily administration of nontoxic doses of chemotherapy, and a possible additive effect when chemotherapy is combined with angiogenesis inhibitors."	( CHS 828 inhibits neuroblastoma growth in mice alone and in combination with antiangiogenic drugs. Bäckman, U; Christofferson, R; Jonsson, E; Larsson, R; Svensson, A, 2002)	0.31
"The aim of this study was to determine the antitumor activity of irofulven when administered in combination with a variety of antimitotic agents."	( Enhanced antitumor activity of irofulven in combination with antimitotic agents. Estes, LA; Kelner, MJ; McMorris, TC; Rojas, RJ; Suthipinijtham, P; Trani, NA; Velasco, TR, 2002)	0.31
" This study was conducted to assess the in vitro blood schizontocidal activity of tafenoquine, the most advanced candidate drug of the 8-aminoquinolines, and of its 1:1 combination with artemisinin in fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in an area with multi-drug resistance, measuring the inhibition of schizont maturation."	( In vitro activity of tafenoquine alone and in combination with artemisinin against Plasmodium falciparum. Noedl, H; Ramharter, M; Thimasarn, K; Wernsdorfer, G; Wernsdorfer, WH; Wiedermann, G, 2002)	0.31
" TNP-470 was administered with paclitaxel to adults with solid tumors to define the safety and optimal dose of the combination regimen and to assess pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic effects of TNP-470, an angiogenesis inhibitor, combined with paclitaxel in patients with solid tumors: evidence for activity in non-small-cell lung cancer. Allgood, V; Blumenschein, GR; Crane, EA; Dordal, M; Fossella, FV; Fritsche, HA; Goodin, T; Herbst, RS; Hinton, L; Hong, WK; Khuri, FR; Madden, TL; Meyers, CA; Newman, RA; Puduvalli, VK; Seabrooke, LF; Tran, HT, 2002)	0.31
"To investigate the short-term effects of TNP-470 in combination with cisplatin in a rat model of bladder cancer."	( Short-term effects of TNP-470 in combination with cisplatin in the rat model of bladder cancer. Kakehi, Y; Uetsuki, H; Yamashita, M; Zhang, X, )	0.13
" This study was designed to investigate the effects of angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on the growth of human colon cancer cell line, LOVO, in vitro and in vivo."	( [Inhibitory effects of TNP-470 in combination with 5-fluorouracil on growth of human colon cancer]. Fan, YF; Huang, ZH; Nie, J, 2002)	0.31
" In vivo, human colon cancer xenografts were transplanted into BALB/C nude mice and treated with TNP-470 alone and combination with 5-FU."	( [Inhibitory effects of TNP-470 in combination with 5-fluorouracil on growth of human colon cancer]. Fan, YF; Huang, ZH; Nie, J, 2002)	0.31
" Expression of VEGF in tumors was clearly inhibited by TNP-470 in combination with 5-FU or 5-FU alone compared to the control."	( [Inhibitory effects of TNP-470 in combination with 5-fluorouracil on growth of human colon cancer]. Fan, YF; Huang, ZH; Nie, J, 2002)	0.31
"TNP-470 suppressed the growth of LOVO cells and human colon cancer xenografts and the angiogenesis; TNP-470 in combination with 5-FU might product synergetic effect."	( [Inhibitory effects of TNP-470 in combination with 5-fluorouracil on growth of human colon cancer]. Fan, YF; Huang, ZH; Nie, J, 2002)	0.31
"To observe the therapeutic efficacy of dihydroartemisinin combined with naphthoquine phosphate in patients with falciparum malaria."	( [Therapeutic effect of dihydroartemisinin combined with naphthoquine phosphate in patients with falciparum malaria]. Lin, SG; Meng, F; Pang, XJ; Shen, H; Wang, SQ; Wen, Y; Zeng, LH; Zhu, QX; Zhuo, KR, 2002)	0.31
"Patients with Plasmodium falciparum were selected as the subjects, treated with a single dose of dihydroarteminisinin 160 mg combined with naphthoquine phosphate 400 mg (for adults) and followed up in preselective time by blood and temperature examination for 28 days after drug administration."	( [Therapeutic effect of dihydroartemisinin combined with naphthoquine phosphate in patients with falciparum malaria]. Lin, SG; Meng, F; Pang, XJ; Shen, H; Wang, SQ; Wen, Y; Zeng, LH; Zhu, QX; Zhuo, KR, 2002)	0.31
"To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of artemether combined with primaquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria."	( [A study of artemether combined with primaquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria]. Elie, N; Gao, YQ; Huang, JR, 2001)	0.31
" Sixty-one cases were treated with artemether combined with primaquine (Group A used artemether orally, Group B used artemether intramuscularly)."	( [A study of artemether combined with primaquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria]. Elie, N; Gao, YQ; Huang, JR, 2001)	0.31
"Artemether combined with primaquine and single artemether(via both routes) showed good therapeutic effects in falciparum malaria cases, while artemether combined with primaquine was more effective than single artemether in reducing relapes rate of malaria."	( [A study of artemether combined with primaquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria]. Elie, N; Gao, YQ; Huang, JR, 2001)	0.31
" The enhanced cytotoxicity of irofulven in combination with cisplatin and 5-FU support the clinical application of these regimens."	( Enhanced antitumor activity of irofulven in combination with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in human colon and ovarian carcinoma cells. Cvitkovic, E; Koeppel, F; Larsen, AK; Poindessous, V; Raymond, E; Waters, SJ, 2003)	0.32
" This study was conducted to evaluate the antimalarial potential of clindamycin in combination with dihydroartemisinin in continuously cultured and in freshly isolated Plasmodium falciparum parasites, measuring the inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein II synthesis."	( In vitro activity and interaction of clindamycin combined with dihydroartemisinin against Plasmodium falciparum. Graninger, W; Kremsner, PG; Noedl, H; Ramharter, M; Wernsdorfer, WH; Winkler, H; Winkler, S, 2003)	0.32
" Overall 14,017 (85%) individuals living in the study area were treated with either placebo or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) combined with a single dose of artesunate (AS)."	( The effect of mass administration of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combined with artesunate on malaria incidence: a double-blind, community-randomized, placebo-controlled trial in The Gambia. Alexander, N; Bennett, S; Coleman, R; De Martin, S; Deen, JL; Doherty, JF; Drakeley, C; Greenwood, BM; Jawara, M; Lindsay, SW; Manneh, F; McAdam, KP; Milligan, PJ; Okunoye, K; Olliaro, P; Pinder, M; Schim van der Loeff, M; Targett, GA; von Seidlein, L; Walraven, G, )	0.13
"The effectiveness of chloroquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine administered with artesunate for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria was assessed in 2 Vietnamese provinces where the sensitivity of parasites in vitro to conventional therapies had increased with the removal of drug pressure."	( Treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in southern Vietnam: can chloroquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine be reintroduced in combination with artesunate? Cox-Singh, J; Davis, TM; Doan, HN; Hewitt, S; Le, DC; Nguyen, MH; Nguyen, TH; Tran, BK; Tran, QT; Vo, NP, 2003)	0.32
" This report examines the efficacy of irofulven alone or in combination with mitoxantrone or docetaxel against androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines."	( Antitumor activity of irofulven monotherapy and in combination with mitoxantrone or docetaxel against human prostate cancer models. MacDonald, JR; Van Laar, ES; Waters, SJ; Weitman, S, 2004)	0.32
"These studies demonstrate that irofulven displays strong activity as monotherapy and in combination with mitoxantrone or docetaxel against androgen-independent prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo; thus, supporting the clinical investigation of irofulven against hormone-refractory prostate cancer."	( Antitumor activity of irofulven monotherapy and in combination with mitoxantrone or docetaxel against human prostate cancer models. MacDonald, JR; Van Laar, ES; Waters, SJ; Weitman, S, 2004)	0.32
" Most research work has focused on the use of artesunate combined with currently used standard drugs, namely, mefloquine, amodiaquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, and chloroquine."	( Developing artemisinin based drug combinations for the treatment of drug resistant falciparum malaria: A review. Olliaro, PL; Taylor, WR, )	0.13
" The present study was designed to determine the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of carboplatin in combination with TNP-470 in comparison with the doublet regimen of paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with solid tumors."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic study of TNP-470, an angiogenesis inhibitor, in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with solid tumors. Blumenschein, GR; Fossella, FV; Herbst, RS; Lu, C; Madden, T; Meyers, CA; Munden, R; Papadimitrakopoulou, V; Puduvalli, VK; Smythe, LG; Tran, HT; Truong, M; Zinner, R, 2004)	0.32
"We investigated the safety and efficacy of amodiaquine alone (AQ) and combined with artesunate (AQ + AS) in 308 Rwandan children 6-59 months old with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria attending three sentinel sites."	( Is amodiaquine failing in Rwanda? Efficacy of amodiaquine alone and combined with artesunate in children with uncomplicated malaria. D'Alessandro, U; Dujardin, JC; Erhart, A; Karema, C; Mugisha, V; Ringwald, P; Rwagacondo, CE; Van Overmeir, C, 2004)	0.32
" The cytotoxic activity of irofulven is augmented when combined with agents that interact with DNA topoisomerase I; however, none of the reported studies have used the protracted dosing schedule found to be active clinically in treatment of childhood cancers."	( Enhanced antitumor activity of irofulven in combination with irinotecan in pediatric solid tumor xenograft models. Billups, C; Bjornsti, MA; Houghton, PJ; Liang, H; Peterson, JK; Woo, MH, 2005)	0.33
" At the same doses, irofulven in combination with irinotecan demonstrated superior antitumor activity, inducing complete responses in seven of the eight xenograft lines."	( Enhanced antitumor activity of irofulven in combination with irinotecan in pediatric solid tumor xenograft models. Billups, C; Bjornsti, MA; Houghton, PJ; Liang, H; Peterson, JK; Woo, MH, 2005)	0.33
"These studies show that the cytotoxic activity of irofulven is greater when combined with protracted administration of irinotecan."	( Enhanced antitumor activity of irofulven in combination with irinotecan in pediatric solid tumor xenograft models. Billups, C; Bjornsti, MA; Houghton, PJ; Liang, H; Peterson, JK; Woo, MH, 2005)	0.33
" cerevisiae was significantly enhanced in combination with polygodial."	( Effect of EDTA alone and in combination with polygodial on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ha, TJ; Kubo, I; Lee, SH, 2005)	0.33
" Parthenolide was effective either alone or in combination with docetaxel in reducing colony formation, inducing apoptosis and reducing the expression of prometastatic genes IL-8 and the antiapoptotic gene GADD45beta1 in vitro."	( The sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide in combination with docetaxel reduces metastasis and improves survival in a xenograft model of breast cancer. Badve, S; Campbell, RA; Kumar, S; Mehrotra, S; Murry, DJ; Nakshatri, H; Roman, Y; Sadaria, MR; Sheridan, C; Shortle, NH; Sweeney, CJ, 2005)	0.33
" Further studies are now required to determine whether DDS, CPG or an as-yet unidentified metabolite of CPG interact with ASN, and whether a simple double combination of ASN with one or other of these would be as protective, against the selection of resistance, as CDA."	( The chemotherapy of rodent malaria. LXIII. Drug combinations to impede the selection of drug resistance, part 6: the potential value of chlorproguanil and dapsone in combination, and with the addition of artesunate. Peters, W; Robinson, BL; Stewart, LB, 2005)	0.33
"This study assessed the cytotoxic effects of irofulven in combination with oxaliplatin and cisplatin in a panel of human cancer cell lines."	( Characterizations of irofulven cytotoxicity in combination with cisplatin and oxaliplatin in human colon, breast, and ovarian cancer cells. Calvo, F; Cvitkovic, E; Koeppel, F; Laar, ES; Larsen, AK; Lokiec, F; Poindessous, V; Raymond, E; Serova, M; Waters, SJ, 2006)	0.33
"Irofulven displays synergistic antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects when combined with oxaliplatin over a broad range of concentrations in human colon and breast cancer cells."	( Characterizations of irofulven cytotoxicity in combination with cisplatin and oxaliplatin in human colon, breast, and ovarian cancer cells. Calvo, F; Cvitkovic, E; Koeppel, F; Laar, ES; Larsen, AK; Lokiec, F; Poindessous, V; Raymond, E; Serova, M; Waters, SJ, 2006)	0.33
" We conclude that atovaquone-proguanil shows no evidence of cardiotoxicity either alone or when combined with artesunate."	( Short report: no evidence of cardiotoxicity of atovaquone-proguanil alone or in combination with artesunate. Gupta, RK; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; Paiphun, L; Slight, T; Van Vugt, M; White, NJ, 2005)	0.33
" We therefore evaluated three-day treatment with artesunate combined with either 2 or 3 days of mefloquine co-administered once a day with artesunate."	( An open, randomized trial of three-day treatment with artesunate combined with a standard dose of mefloquine divided over either two or three days, for acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Chalermrut, K; Krudsood, S; Leowattana, W; Looareesuwan, S; Silachamroon, U; Srivilairit, S; Tangpukdee, N; Thanachartwet, W; Thimasarn, K; Wilaiaratana, P, 2005)	0.33
" This study was designed to observe the synergetic inhibitory effect of fumagillol (TNP-470) in combination with cyclophosphamide (CTX) on metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cell line LA795 xenograft in mouse, and to explore the related mechanism of suppressing tumor metastasis by TNP-470."	( [Inhibitory effect of fumagillol combined with cyclophosphamide on metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cell line LA795 xenograft in mice]. Duan, BC; He, JB; Ou, LW; Song, JT; Wang, XH; Wang, Z; Zhang, P, 2005)	0.33
" This study was to investigate the protective effects on murine pancreatic carcinoma by beta-elemene combined with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) modified with murine interleukin (IL)-23 gene."	( [Immunotherapeutic effects of beta-elemene combined with interleukin-23 gene-modified dendritic cells on murine pancreatic carcinoma]. Cheng, L; Tan, G; Wang, XG; Wang, ZY; Yin, S, 2006)	0.33
" Effects of vaccine combined with beta-elemene on tumor growth and survival period of the mice were observed."	( [Immunotherapeutic effects of beta-elemene combined with interleukin-23 gene-modified dendritic cells on murine pancreatic carcinoma]. Cheng, L; Tan, G; Wang, XG; Wang, ZY; Yin, S, 2006)	0.33
" Tumor growth was obviously inhibited and the survival period of the mice was obviously prolonged in beta-elemene combined with DC vaccine group than in DC, beta-elemene, or control group (P<0."	( [Immunotherapeutic effects of beta-elemene combined with interleukin-23 gene-modified dendritic cells on murine pancreatic carcinoma]. Cheng, L; Tan, G; Wang, XG; Wang, ZY; Yin, S, 2006)	0.33
"05), 10(-6) mg/ml gemcitabine in combination with 10(-4) mg/ml TNP-470 had significant effect (P<0."	( Inhibition of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell by TNP-470 in combination with gemcitabine. Tu, LF; Wang, LH; Wang, XF; Zhou, JY, 2006)	0.33
"This study was aimed to investigate the modulating effects on telomere length and telomerase activity in K562 cells treated by arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, beta-elemene alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide (CTX) and to explore the possible mechanism and new therapy for acute leukemia."	( Effect of ginseng saponin, arsenic trioxide, beta-elemene combined with CTX on telomere-telomerase system in K562 cell line. Fang, MY; Wang, Y, 2006)	0.33
" Competitive uptake of radiolabeled chloroquine and dihydroartemisinin in combination with other antimalarials was observed."	( Effects of piperaquine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine on drug uptake and of these in combination with dihydroartemisinin against drug-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Adagu, IS; Fivelman, QL; Warhurst, DC, 2007)	0.34
" This study firstly examined the antitumor effect of angiogenesis inhibitor combined with ultrasound (US) irradiation for human cancer in vivo and evaluated its vascularity using color Doppler US in real time with a microbubble US contrast agent."	( Antitumor effect of TNP-470, an angiogenesis inhibitor, combined with ultrasound irradiation for human uterine sarcoma xenografts evaluated using contrast color Doppler ultrasound. Emoto, M; Iwasaki, H; Kawarabayashi, T; Tachibana, K, 2007)	0.34
" The human lung carcinoma MV522 cell line and its corresponding xenograft model were used to evaluate the activity of irofulven in combination with these different agents."	( Synergy of Irofulven in combination with various anti-metabolites, enzyme inhibitors, and miscellaneous agents in MV522 lung carcinoma cells: marked interaction with gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil. Estes, LA; Kelner, MJ; McMorris, TC; Rojas, RJ; Suthipinijtham, P, 2008)	0.35
"MB-AQ is a promising alternative drug combination against malaria in Africa."	( Safety and efficacy of methylene blue combined with artesunate or amodiaquine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a randomized controlled trial from Burkina Faso. Coulibaly, B; Klose, C; Kouyaté, B; Mansmann, U; Meissner, P; Mockenhaupt, FP; Müller, O; Schirmer, RH; Sié, A; Walter-Sack, I; Zoungrana, A, 2008)	0.35
" The aim of this study was to determine the antitumor activity of irofulven when administered in combination with 44 different DNA damaging agents, whose damage is in general detected and repaired by the genome repair pathway."	( Synergy of irofulven in combination with other DNA damaging agents: synergistic interaction with altretamine, alkylating, and platinum-derived agents in the MV522 lung tumor model. Estes, LA; Kelner, MJ; McMorris, TC; Rojas, RJ; Suthipinijtham, P, 2008)	0.35
"The human lung carcinoma MV522 cell line and its corresponding xenograft model were used to evaluate the activity of irofulven in combination with different DNA damaging agents."	( Synergy of irofulven in combination with other DNA damaging agents: synergistic interaction with altretamine, alkylating, and platinum-derived agents in the MV522 lung tumor model. Estes, LA; Kelner, MJ; McMorris, TC; Rojas, RJ; Suthipinijtham, P, 2008)	0.35
"These results indicate that the antitumor activity of irofulven is enhanced when combined with platinum-derived agents, altretamine, and select alkylating agents such as melphalan or chlorambucil."	( Synergy of irofulven in combination with other DNA damaging agents: synergistic interaction with altretamine, alkylating, and platinum-derived agents in the MV522 lung tumor model. Estes, LA; Kelner, MJ; McMorris, TC; Rojas, RJ; Suthipinijtham, P, 2008)	0.35
" iwayomogi oil combined with oxacillin resulted in synergism, or additive effects."	( Antibacterial effects of vulgarone B from Artemisia iwayomogi alone and in combination with oxacillin. Byun, YH; Chung, EY; Chung, HS; Lee, YH; Shin, EJ; Shin, S, 2009)	0.35
"This study investigated the effect of TNP-470 in combination with carmustine (BCNU) on the growth of subcutaneously implanted human glioblastoma xenografts in nude mice."	( Inhibitory effects of TNP-470 in combination with BCNU on tumor growth of human glioblastoma xenografts. Chen, J; Jiang, X; Yao, D; Zhang, F; Zhao, H; Zhu, X, 2010)	0.36
"We conducted a Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of CKD-732 [6-O-(4-dimethylaminoethoxy) cinnamoyl fumagillol hemioxalate] in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) in nine metastatic colorectal cancer patients who had progressed on irinotecan-based chemotherapy."	( A Phase Ib pharmacokinetic study of the anti-angiogenic agent CKD-732 used in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) in metastatic colorectal cancer patients who progressed on irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Ahn, JB; Chung, HC; Hong, YS; Kim, C; Kim, DH; Kim, HR; Kim, TW; Lee, YJ; Park, KS; Rha, SY; Roh, JK; Shin, SJ, 2012)	0.38
" The maximum tolerated dose was 10 mg/m(2)/d, and the clinically recommended dose was 5 mg/m(2)/d for CKD-732 in combination with XELOX."	( A Phase Ib pharmacokinetic study of the anti-angiogenic agent CKD-732 used in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) in metastatic colorectal cancer patients who progressed on irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Ahn, JB; Chung, HC; Hong, YS; Kim, C; Kim, DH; Kim, HR; Kim, TW; Lee, YJ; Park, KS; Rha, SY; Roh, JK; Shin, SJ, 2012)	0.38
"The Phase II recommended dose of CKD-732 was determined to be 5 mg/m(2)/d, and this dose was safely combined with a conventional dose of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in this patient population."	( A Phase Ib pharmacokinetic study of the anti-angiogenic agent CKD-732 used in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) in metastatic colorectal cancer patients who progressed on irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Ahn, JB; Chung, HC; Hong, YS; Kim, C; Kim, DH; Kim, HR; Kim, TW; Lee, YJ; Park, KS; Rha, SY; Roh, JK; Shin, SJ, 2012)	0.38
" The antitumor and anti-angiogenic effects of metronomic doxifluridine (delivered via oral gavage) in combination with TNP-470 were evaluated in vivo."	( Metronomic doxifluridine chemotherapy combined with the anti-angiogenic agent TNP-470 inhibits the growth of human uterine carcinosarcoma xenografts. Choijamts, B; Emoto, M; Kawarabayashi, T; Miyamoto, S; Naganuma, Y; Nakajima, K; Ogata, S; Shirota, K, 2011)	0.37
" When combined with lovastatin, compound 5 prevented lovastatin-induced FPP depletion and impairment of protein farnesylation."	( A novel bisphosphonate inhibitor of squalene synthase combined with a statin or a nitrogenous bisphosphonate in vitro. Hohl, RJ; Shull, LW; Smits, JP; Wasko, BM; Wiemer, DF, 2011)	0.37
"To investigate the effects of platycodin D in combination with different active ingredients of Chinese herbs under different therapeutic principles on proliferation and invasion of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines."	( [Effects of platycodin D in combination with different active ingredients of Chinese herbs on proliferation and invasion of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines]. Guo, BF; Han, XH; Liu, S; Ye, YY, 2012)	0.38
"Verifying study showed that the inhibitory effects of platycodin D in combination with curcumenol or osthole on proliferation of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells were better than those of platycodin D in combination with Ophiopogon total saponins and each ingredient used alone (P<0."	( [Effects of platycodin D in combination with different active ingredients of Chinese herbs on proliferation and invasion of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines]. Guo, BF; Han, XH; Liu, S; Ye, YY, 2012)	0.38
" Cisplatin combined with β-elemene as a chemosensitizer or adjuvant warrants further study and may be potentially useful as a first-line treatment of androgen-independent prostate carcinomas."	( Evaluation of cisplatin in combination with β-elemene as a regimen for prostate cancer chemotherapy. Cuff, CF; Huang, L; Li, QQ; Reed, E; Wang, G, 2010)	0.36
"Intervention with DMAPT and sulindac in combination with gemcitabine may delay or prevent progression of premalignant pancreatic lesions in the LSL-Kras(G12D);Pdx-1-Cre mouse model of pancreatic cancer."	( Efficacy of dimethylaminoparthenolide and sulindac in combination with gemcitabine in a genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Crooks, PA; Hruban, RH; Lowy, AM; Schmidt, CM; Wu, H; Yip-Schneider, MT, 2013)	0.39
" Furthermore, we consider that its use in combination with CUR may become a powerful method for prevention of inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis."	( Curcumin combined with turmerones, essential oil components of turmeric, abolishes inflammation-associated mouse colon carcinogenesis. Furukawa, I; Miyamoto, S; Murakami, A; Ohigashi, H; Tanaka, T, )	0.13
" Unfortunately, many of the therapies that use 5-FU alone or in combination with other agents are likely to become ineffective due to drug resistance."	( Synergistic antitumor effect of 5-fluorouracil in combination with parthenolide in human colorectal cancer. Kang, SB; Kim, DG; Kim, IH; Kim, SH; Kim, SL; Kim, SW; Lee, SO; Lee, ST; Trang, KT, 2013)	0.39
" The findings were included into randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of elemene injection combined with cisplatin chemotherapeuties in treating small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( [Meta-analysis on elemene injection combined with cisplatin chemotherapeutics in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer]. Hu, WH; Wang, XK; Xu, XW; Yuan, ZZ, 2013)	0.39
" In the present study, high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect and identify the metabolites in rat urine after oral administration of rupestonic acid."	( Identification of metabolites of rupestonic acid in rat urine by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Aisa, HA; Chen, Q; Gu, D; Habasi, M; Yang, Y; Zhao, J, 2015)	0.42
"The volatile components were extracted from the fruits and leaves of Pistacia chinesis by solid-phrase microextration, and were analyzed and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) combined with Kovat's retention index."	( [SPME-GC-MS combined with Kovat's retention index analysis for volatile components in Pistacia chinensis]. Li, CQ; Song, SH; Yu, Q, 2014)	0.4
" In this study, an efficient strategy was developed for the identification of metabolites following the in vivo metabolism and in vitro biotransformation of IAL with rat intestinal bacteria utilizing ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with Triple TOF mass spectrometry (UPLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS)."	( Study on the metabolites of isoalantolactone in vivo and in vitro by ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with Triple TOF mass spectrometry. Huo, C; Kiyota, H; Li, L; Shi, Q; Shi, X; Wang, Y; Wu, Y; Yao, D; Zhang, M, 2017)	0.46
" This study aimed to develop and characterize chitosan hydrogels in combination with nerolidol, in order to optimize the antimicrobial and healing properties."	( Chitosan Hydrogel in combination with Nerolidol for healing wounds. Barreto, HM; da Silva Filho, EC; de Lima, IS; Ferreira, MOG; Leite, LLR; Nunes, LCC; Osajima, JA; Ribeiro, AB, 2016)	0.43
" essential oil (EO), both alone and in combination with antimicrobial drugs."	( Hirtellina lobelii DC. essential oil, its constituents, its combination with antimicrobial drugs and its mode of action. El Beyrouthy, M; Eparvier, V; Khoury, M; Ouaini, N; Stien, D, 2019)	0.51
"A method using microwave-assisted ionic liquid-micelle extraction combined with dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction (DMSPE) has been proposed for the extraction of three sesquiterpenoids in Curcuma plant."	( Microwave-assisted ionic liquid-based micelle extraction combined with trace-fluorinated carbon nanotubes in dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction to determine three sesquiterpenes in roots of Curcuma wenyujin. Chu, C; Jiang, L; Liu, C; Wang, S; Yan, J; Zhang, H, 2019)	0.71
" However, the efficacy and safety elemene combined with chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer (GC) are lack of systematic assessment."	( Efficacy and safety of elemene combined with chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: A Meta-analysis. Chen, B; Chen, L; Chen, X; Duan, T; Feng, J; Huang, X; Jin, T; Lin, S; Liu, S; Liu, Y; Pan, T; Sui, X; Xiang, Y; Xie, T; Yan, L; Zhang, M; Zhang, R; Zhang, W, 2020)	0.56
"In this study, we aimed to analyze the anti-cancer effects of β-elemene combined with paclitaxel for ovarian cancer."	( Treatment with β-elemene combined with paclitaxel inhibits growth, migration, and invasion and induces apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells by activation of STAT-NF-κB pathway. Dandan, Y; Jinghong, A; Juan, J; Lei, L; Qi, Y; Xiaomeng, F, 2020)	0.56
" In the current study, we aimed to investigate the apoptotic and anti-cancer effect of Parthenolide in combination with Epirubicin in the MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line."	( Anticancer and apoptotic activities of parthenolide in combination with epirubicin in mda-mb-468 breast cancer cells. Ghorbani-Abdi-Saedabad, A; Hanafi-Bojd, MY; Hoshyar, R; Mollaei, H; Parsamanesh, N; Tayarani-Najaran, Z, 2020)	0.56
"To investigate the therapeutic effect of Elemene combined with Nedaplatin (ECN) on malignant pleural effusion (MPE) and its adverse reactions."	( Effects of intracavitary administration of elemene combined with nedaplatin on malignant pleural effusion. Chen, KH; Chen, R; Ning, Z; Ou, XM; Yang, YS; Yu, HY; Zhang, CY, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, the present study was designed to reveal the predictive targets and biological mechanisms of curcumol against HCC via a network pharmacology-based approach combined with bioinformatic analytics and to provide proof of concept for further similar investigations."	( Network Pharmacology-Based Approach Combined with Bioinformatic Analytics to Elucidate the Potential of Curcumol against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Huang, X; Rehman, HM; Szöllősi, AG; Zhou, S, 2022)	0.72
"To explore the effect of the network-based positive psychological nursing model combined with elemene injection on negative emotions, immune function and quality of life (QOL) in patients with lung cancer (LC) undergoing chemotherapy."	( Effect of Network-Based Positive Psychological Nursing Model Combined With Elemene Injection on Negative Emotions, Immune Function and Quality of Life in Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy in the Era of Big Data. Li, Z; Sun, Y; Yang, S; Zheng, L, 2022)	0.72
" The patients in CG received routine nursing intervention during chemotherapy, while those in EG received the network-based positive psychological nursing model combined with elemene injection to compare negative emotions, immune function and quality of life (QOL) between the two groups."	( Effect of Network-Based Positive Psychological Nursing Model Combined With Elemene Injection on Negative Emotions, Immune Function and Quality of Life in Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy in the Era of Big Data. Li, Z; Sun, Y; Yang, S; Zheng, L, 2022)	0.72
"The network-based positive psychological nursing model combined with elemene injection is a reliable method to enhance the immune function and QOL of LC patients undergoing chemotherapy and alleviate their negative emotions, which has a high clinical application value."	( Effect of Network-Based Positive Psychological Nursing Model Combined With Elemene Injection on Negative Emotions, Immune Function and Quality of Life in Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy in the Era of Big Data. Li, Z; Sun, Y; Yang, S; Zheng, L, 2022)	0.72
" A revisiting on mefloquine pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) could assist in finding new appropriate dosage regimens in combination with artesunate as a three-day course treatment."	( Prediction of improved antimalarial chemotherapy of artesunate-mefloquine in combination with mefloquine sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Na-Bangchang, K; Saeheng, T, 2023)	0.91
" In this study, sesquiterpenes were effectively purified by two-dimensional counter-current chromatography in combination with continuous injection and inner-recycling mode with a solvent system of n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:0."	( An efficient high-speed counter-current chromatography method for the preparative separation of sesquiterpenoids from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L. combined with evaluation of the anti-inflammation activity in vitro and molecular docking. Aziz, S; Dou, L; Feng, Q; Huang, L; Li, J; Pan, S; Wang, D; Wang, X; Yan, H; Zhang, Z; Zhao, J, 2023)	1.26

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"78 h and the bioavailability relative to the intramuscularly injected suspension in oil 32%."	( The pharmacokinetics of artemisinin after oral, intramuscular and rectal administration to volunteers. Kager, PA; Lugt, CB; Merkus, FW; Titulaer, HA; Wetsteyn, JC; Zuidema, J, 1990)	0.28
" It would appear that the bioavailability of DHQHS tablets is much higher than that of QHS when given orally to the dog."	( [The pharmacokinetics of dihydroqinghasu given orally to rabbits and dogs]. Song, ZY; Zhao, KC, 1990)	0.28
" Following oral administration, the absolute bioavailability of verrucarol was 44 +/- 33%, and its terminal half-life was similar to that obtained after iv administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of the trichothecene mycotoxin verrucarol in dogs. Barel, S; Bialer, M; Yagen, B, 1990)	0.28
" The calculated systemic bioavailability (F) was between 48 and 65%, although urinary and biliary recoveries indicated marginally greater absorption actually occurred (54-85%)."	( Pharmacokinetic fate of 14C-labeled deoxynivalenol in swine. Hartin, KE; Miller, JD; Prelusky, DB; Trenholm, HL, 1988)	0.27
" administration corresponds to the absorption rate constant of the toxin due to the flip-flop phenomenon."	( Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of trichothecene mycotoxins, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, in dogs. Bialer, M; Sintov, A; Yagen, B, 1988)	0.27
"To examine the absorption mechanism of sodium guaiazulene-3-sulfonate (GAS) through the nasal and the intestinal membrane, the apparent absorption rate under the various experimental conditions was measured with the in situ perfusion method in rats, and the apparent partition coefficient of GAS was also determined."	( Studies on the absorption of sodium guaiazulene-3-sulfonate. II. Absorption mechanism from nasal and intestinal membrane. Mukai, H; Seki, J; Sugiyama, M, 1985)	0.27
" F-X enhanced D-xylose absorption rate in rat everted intestinal sac."	( Studies on mechanisms of diarrhea induced by fusarenon-X, a trichothecene mycotoxin from Fusarium species; characteristics of increased intestinal absorption rate induced by fusarenon-X. Kubota, K; Matsuoka, Y, 1982)	0.26
" Peak concentrations were sufficient with regard to antimalarial activity although bioavailability appears to be very low."	( The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of artemisinin in healthy Vietnamese subjects. de Vries, PJ; Duc, DD; Kager, PA; Le Nguyen, B; Nguyen, XK; van Boxtel, CJ, 1994)	0.29
" A large inter-subject variation appeared in the absorption rate and the extent of absorption (2-92%) over the 120 min interval after intramuscular administration."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of artelinic acid in rodents. Eling, WM; Titulaer, HA; Zuidema, J, 1993)	0.29
" Pretreatment of epidermal membranes with sesquiterpene oils, or solid sesquiterpenes saturated in dimethyl isosorbide, increased the rate of absorption of the model hydrophilic permeant, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)."	( Sesquiterpene components of volatile oils as skin penetration enhancers for the hydrophilic permeant 5-fluorouracil. Barry, BW; Cornwell, PA, 1994)	0.52
" Moderate oral bioavailability has been suggested as a possible cause."	( Transport of artemisinin and sodium artesunate in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Augustijns, P; D'Hulst, A; Kinget, R; Van Daele, J, 1996)	0.29
" The mean (95% CI) relative bioavailability compared with oral artemether in the 6 h following administration AUC (0."	( Comparative bioavailability of oral, rectal, and intramuscular artemether in healthy subjects: use of simultaneous measurement by high performance liquid chromatography and bioassay. Brewer, TG; Kyle, DE; Luxemburger, C; Nosten, F; Peggins, JO; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Ter Kuile, F; White, NJ, 1996)	0.29
" Specifically, there were no consistent differences in parameters most likely to be affected by food intake, including absorption profile, absorption rate, bioavailability (f) (as reflected in area under the concentration time curve [AUC]), and drug clearance."	( Effect of food intake on pharmacokinetics of oral artemisinin in healthy Vietnamese subjects. Binh, LN; de Vries, PJ; Dien, TK; Duc, DD; Kager, PA; Khanh, NX; Koopmans, R; van Boxtel, CJ, 1997)	0.3
" Bioavailability was low."	( The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of artemisinin in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Dao, DD; De Vries, PJ; Kager, PA; Le Nguyen, B; Nguyen, XK; Pham, TY; Tran, KD; Van Boxtel, CJ, 1997)	0.3
" We conclude that the bioavailability of intramuscular AM in children with severe malaria may be highly variable, particularly in the presence of respiratory distress, and may be associated with an inadequate therapeutic response."	( The disposition of intramuscular artemether in children with cerebral malaria; a preliminary study. Crawley, J; English, M; Lowe, B; Marsh, K; Mberu, E; Muhia, D; Murphy, SA; Newton, CR; Waruiru, C; Watkins, WM; Winstanley, P, )	0.13
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of artemether and dihydroartemisinin were investigated in eight Thai males following the administration of single oral and intramuscular doses of artemether (300 mg) in a randomized two-way cross-over study."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral and intramuscular artemether. Congpuong, K; Karbwang, J; Molunto, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A, 1997)	0.3
" Mean oral bioavailability relative to intramuscular administration was 43."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral and intramuscular artemether. Congpuong, K; Karbwang, J; Molunto, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A, 1997)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin (DQHS), artemether (AM), arteether (AE), artesunic acid (AS) and artelinic acid (AL) have been investigated in rats after single intravenous, intramuscular and intragastric doses of 10 mg kg(-1)."	( The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin, arteether, artemether, artesunic acid and artelinic acid in rats. Brewer, TG; Fleckenstein, LL; Heiffer, MH; Li, QG; Masonic, K; Peggins, JO, 1998)	0.3
" The bioavailability after rectal relative to oral artemisinin was 30%."	( Artemisinin kinetics and dynamics during oral and rectal treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Ashton, M; Dinh, XH; Gordi, T; Le, DC; Nguyen, DS; Nguyen, TN; Nguyen, VH; Trinh, NH, 1998)	0.3
"In view of the increasing interest in the biological activity of resveratrol, one of the components of red wine which is considered to be one of the main ingredients responsible for the beneficial effect of wine on human health, we have studied plasma kinetics and tissue bioavailability of this compound after red wine oral administration in rats."	( Evaluation of kinetic parameters of natural phytoalexin in resveratrol orally administered in wine to rats. Bertelli, A; Bertelli, AA; Giovannini, L; Stradi, R; Tillement, JP; Urien, S, 1998)	0.3
" The results showed that huperzine A had high bioavailability and more selective inhibition on AChE activity in cortex and hippocampus."	( Comparative studies of huperzine A, E2020, and tacrine on behavior and cholinesterase activities. Cheng, DH; Tang, XC, 1998)	0.3
" By comparing the area under the concentration-time curve with that found in a previous study on oral artemisinin, average bioavailability relative to oral administration was estimated to be approximately 30%."	( The pharmacokinetics of artemisinin suppositories in Vietnamese patients with malaria. de Vries, PJ; Dien, TK; Duc, DD; Kager, PA; Khanh, NX; Koopmans, R; van Boxtel, CJ, )	0.13
" Oral bioavailability of ARTL was 79."	( Pharmacology and toxicology of artelinic acid: preclinical investigations on pharmacokinetics, metabolism, protein and red blood cell binding, and acute and anorectic toxicities. Brewer, TG; Li, QG; Lin, AJ; Masonic, KJ; Peggins, JO; Trotman, KM, )	0.13
" The variability in bioavailability of artemether and dihydroartemisinin was large both between doses and between patients, but was less pronounced for benflumetol."	( Population pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response of CGP 56697 (artemether + benflumetol) in malaria patients. Ezzet, F; Karbwang, J; Mull, R, 1998)	0.3
" Delaying administration of mefloquine until day 2 was associated with a mean (95% confidence interval) increase in estimated oral bioavailability of 72% (36 to 109%)."	( Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine combined with artesunate in children with acute falciparum malaria. Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Heppner, DG; Luxemburger, C; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; Than, MM; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
"The objective of this study was to investigate whether the decrease in artemisinin bioavailability after repeated oral dosing in humans can be a result of increased efflux of artemisinin by P-glycoprotein or decreased membrane transport at the intestinal barrier."	( High in situ rat intestinal permeability of artemisinin unaffected by multiple dosing and with no evidence of P-glycoprotein involvement. Ashton, M; Carlborg, O; Lennernäs, H; Sandström, R; Svensson, US, 1999)	0.3
" Because artemisinin is not available for intravenous dosage, absolute bioavailability cannot be assessed."	( The pharmacokinetics of artemisinin after administration of two different suppositories to healthy Vietnamese subjects. De Vries, PJ; Dien, TK; Duc, DD; Ha, LD; Kager, PA; Khanh, NX; Koopmans, R; van Boxtel, CJ, 1999)	0.3
" Clearly intramuscular administration of artemether has proven effective for severe disease, yet dosing regimens shouldn't be designed with ultimate parasitological cure as the aim and the problem of bioavailability of the sesame oil formulations must be examined further."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of qinghaosu derivatives: how do they impact on the choice of drug and the dosage regimens? Kyle, DE; Leo, K; Li, Q; Teja-Isavadharm, P, 1998)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin and mefloquine when given concurrently were similar, except for the absorption rate of mefloquine which was faster in the presence of dihydroartemisinin."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of mefloquine and dihydroartemisinin. Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A; Tippawangkosol, P; Ubalee, R, 1999)	0.3
"Grapefruit juice significantly increases the oral bioavailability of artemether without an effect on the elimination half-life."	( Grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of artemether. Gupta, V; Rutten, JP; van Agtmael, MA; van Boxtel, CJ; van der Wösten, TH, 1999)	0.3
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grapefruit juice on the decreasing bioavailability over time of artemether."	( The effect of grapefruit juice on the time-dependent decline of artemether plasma levels in healthy subjects. Gupta, V; van Agtmael, MA; van Boxtel, CJ; van der Graaf, CA, 1999)	0.3
"Grapefruit juice significantly increased the oral bioavailability of artemether but did not prevent the time-dependent reduction in bioavailability."	( The effect of grapefruit juice on the time-dependent decline of artemether plasma levels in healthy subjects. Gupta, V; van Agtmael, MA; van Boxtel, CJ; van der Graaf, CA, 1999)	0.3
" If it is assumed that apparent clearance and volume of distribution are unaffected by dose regimen, then splitting the 25 mg/kg mefloquine dose improves oral bioavailability and the therapeutic response in the treatment of acute falciparum malaria."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Aarons, L; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; ter Kuile, F; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
" Mefloquine from the three formulations showed significantly different pharmacokinetic and bioavailability metrics."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of three commercial tablet formulations of mefloquine when given in combination with dihydroartemisinin in patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Palacios, PA; Saengtertsilapachai, S; Ubalee, R; Wernsdorfer, WH, 2000)	0.31
" The mean absolute oral bioavailability of the antimalarial agent in patients with acute malaria was 61% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52 to 70%)."	( Antimalarial bioavailability and disposition of artesunate in acute falciparum malaria. Bates, I; Navaratnam, V; Newton, P; Pukrittayakamee, S; Suputtamongkol, Y; Teja-Isavadharm, P; White, N, 2000)	0.31
" Decreased nitric oxide generation was the consequence of inhibition of the expression of nitric oxide synthase, whereas PGE(2) and LTB(4) reduction was due to inhibition of arachidonic acid bioavailability through a direct inhibitory effect of dysodotronic acid on secretory phospholipase A(2)."	( Dysidotronic acid, a new sesquiterpenoid, inhibits cytokine production and the expression of nitric oxide synthase. D'Auria, MV; Giannini, C; Payá, M; Posadas, I; Terencio, MC, 2001)	0.31
" These results combined with previous observations that formulation strategies and incorporation of polar functional groups in a series of WR 148999 analogs both failed to enhance tetraoxane oral antimalarial activity suggest that oral bioavailability of tetraoxane WR 148999 is more likely a function of extensive first-pass metabolism rather than solubility-limited dissolution."	( Assessment of the antimalarial potential of tetraoxane WR 148999. Ager, AL; Andersen, SL; Angerhofer, CK; Grace, JM; Hu, JK; Vennerstrom, JL; Wesche, DL; Wongpanich, V, 2000)	0.31
"To obtain comprehensive bioavailability data for artesunate (ARTS) and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) following their separate oral administration to Vietnamese volunteers and to patients with acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria."	( Oral bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin in Vietnamese volunteers and in patients with falciparum malaria. Batty, KT; Binh, TQ; Davis, TM; Hung, NC; Ilett, KF; Phuöng, HL; Phuong, VD; Powell, SM; Thien, HV; Thu, LT, 2001)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic descriptors were obtained from noncompartmental analysis and bioavailability was calculated from AUC data."	( Oral bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin in Vietnamese volunteers and in patients with falciparum malaria. Batty, KT; Binh, TQ; Davis, TM; Hung, NC; Ilett, KF; Phuöng, HL; Phuong, VD; Powell, SM; Thien, HV; Thu, LT, 2001)	0.31
"In Group 1 (volunteers), the mean (95% CI) absolute bioavailability of oral ARTS was 80% (62,98%), while in Group 2 (volunteers), the bioavailability of oral DHA was 45% (34,56%)."	( Oral bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin in Vietnamese volunteers and in patients with falciparum malaria. Batty, KT; Binh, TQ; Davis, TM; Hung, NC; Ilett, KF; Phuöng, HL; Phuong, VD; Powell, SM; Thien, HV; Thu, LT, 2001)	0.31
"The study shows that the absolute bioavailability of DHA was significantly lower than that for ARTS in healthy volunteers."	( Oral bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin in Vietnamese volunteers and in patients with falciparum malaria. Batty, KT; Binh, TQ; Davis, TM; Hung, NC; Ilett, KF; Phuöng, HL; Phuong, VD; Powell, SM; Thien, HV; Thu, LT, 2001)	0.31
"The bioavailability of beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin artemisinin complexes was evaluated in comparison with a normal commercially available preparation, Artemisinin 250."	( Improved oral bioavailability of artemisinin through inclusion complexation with beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins. Wong, JW; Yuen, KH, 2001)	0.31
" The aim of this study was to examine the relative oral antimalarial bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the two derivatives."	( A comparison of oral artesunate and artemether antimalarial bioactivities in acute falciparum malaria. Angus, B; Keeratithakul, D; Newton, PN; Pukrittayakamee, S; Rasameesoraj, M; Suputtamongkol, Y; Teja-Isavadharm, P; White, NJ, 2001)	0.31
" The mean (95% CI) oral antimalarial bioavailability of artemether, relative to oral artesunate, corrected for molar dose was 58 (40-76)%."	( A comparison of oral artesunate and artemether antimalarial bioactivities in acute falciparum malaria. Angus, B; Keeratithakul, D; Newton, PN; Pukrittayakamee, S; Rasameesoraj, M; Suputtamongkol, Y; Teja-Isavadharm, P; White, NJ, 2001)	0.31
"The oral antimalarial bioavailability following artemether was significantly lower than that after artesunate."	( A comparison of oral artesunate and artemether antimalarial bioactivities in acute falciparum malaria. Angus, B; Keeratithakul, D; Newton, PN; Pukrittayakamee, S; Rasameesoraj, M; Suputtamongkol, Y; Teja-Isavadharm, P; White, NJ, 2001)	0.31
"34 hr, and the bioavailability over 12 hr (area under the curve [AUC](0-12)) was 253+/-185 nmol hr/L."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and effect kinetics of orally administered artesunate in healthy volunteers and patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Brewer, TG; Eamsila, C; Jongsakul, K; Keeratithakul, G; Kyle, DE; Li, Q; Luesutthiviboon, L; Sirisopana, N; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Watt, G, 2001)	0.31
" The mean antimalarial activity in terms of the bioavailability of DHA relative to that of artesunate did not differ significantly from 1, suggesting that DHA can be formulated to be an acceptable oral alternative to artesunate."	( Comparison of oral artesunate and dihydroartemisinin antimalarial bioavailabilities in acute falciparum malaria. Looareesuwan, S; Newton, PN; Nosten, F; Rasameesoroj, M; Ruangveerayuth, R; Siriyanonda, D; Slight, T; Suputtamongkol, Y; Teerapong, P; Teja-Isavadharm, P; van Vugt, M; White, NJ, 2002)	0.31
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of artesunate (ARTS) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA)."	( Relative bioavailability of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin: investigations in the isolated perfused rat liver and in healthy Caucasian volunteers. Batty, KT; Davis, TM; Iletr, KE; Martin, J; Powell, SM, 2002)	0.31
"92 microg x h/ml) due to a higher bioavailability of AECM (74."	( Neurotoxicity and efficacy of arteether related to its exposure times and exposure levels in rodents. Gettayacamin, M; Kyle, DE; Li, QG; Milhous, WK; Mog, SR; Si, YZ, 2002)	0.31
" We studied the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ARS given by the intramuscular (i."	( Intramuscular bioavailability and clinical efficacy of artesunate in gabonese children with severe malaria. Dzeing, A; Kombila, M; Kremsner, PG; Krishna, S; Müller-Römer, U; Nealon, C; Parzy, D; Planche, T; Sinou, V, 2002)	0.31
" Although improvement in NO bioavailability has been attributed to the lowering of serum cholesterol levels, recent studies suggest that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins, may have direct effects on NO bioavailability by little known mechanisms that are independent of serum cholesterol levels."	( Cerivastatin potentiates nitric oxide release and enos expression through inhibition of isoprenoids synthesis. Dobrucki, IT; Kalinowski, L; Malinski, T, 2002)	0.31
" Usually for drugs with such low solubility values, their oral absorption and hence bioavailability are limited by their dissolution characteristics."	( In vitro release of valerenic and hydroxyvalerenic acids from valerian tablets. Torrado, JJ, 2003)	0.32
" Apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical permeability coefficients and percent transport were calculated and a potential bioavailability of parthenolide was determined."	( Transport of parthenolide across human intestinal cells (Caco-2). Abourashed, EA; Khan, IA; Khan, SI; Walker, LA, 2003)	0.32
" Artemisinin was absorbed faster from herbal tea preparations than from oral solid dosage forms, but bioavailability was similar."	( Pharmacokinetic study of artemisinin after oral intake of a traditional preparation of Artemisia annua L. (annual wormwood). Gleiter, CH; Heide, L; Li, SM; Räth, K; Taxis, K; Walz, G, 2004)	0.32
" The relative bioavailability of rectal artesunate was [mean (coefficient of variation %) 54."	( Pharmacokinetics of artesunate following oral and rectal administration in healthy Sudanese volunteers. Alkadru, AM; Awad, MI; Baraka, OZ; Behrens, RH; Eltayeb, IB, 2004)	0.32
" The mean common volumes of distribution for ARTS and DHA relative to bioavailability were 42."	( Disposition of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin after administration of artesunate suppositories in children from Papua New Guinea with uncomplicated malaria. Alpers, MP; Barrett, PH; Bockarie, M; Davis, TM; Dufall, K; Ilett, KF; Karunajeewa, HA; Kemiki, A; Vicini, P, 2004)	0.32
" However, as a drug class, the artemisinins suffer from chemical (semi-synthetic availability, purity and cost), biopharmaceutical (poor bioavailability and limiting pharmacokinetics) and treatment (non-compliance with long treatment regimens and recrudescence) issues that limit their therapeutic potential."	( Identification of an antimalarial synthetic trioxolane drug development candidate. Arbe-Barnes, S; Brun, R; Charman, SA; Charman, WN; Chiu, FC; Chollet, J; Dong, Y; Dorn, A; Hunziker, D; Matile, H; McIntosh, K; Padmanilayam, M; Santo Tomas, J; Scheurer, C; Scorneaux, B; Tang, Y; Urwyler, H; Vennerstrom, JL; Wittlin, S, 2004)	0.32
"Artemisinin produces a rapid onset of enzyme induction, resulting in a decrease in its own bioavailability over time."	( A semiphysiological pharmacokinetic model for artemisinin in healthy subjects incorporating autoinduction of metabolism and saturable first-pass hepatic extraction. Ashton, M; Gordi, T; Huong, DX; Huong, NV; Karlsson, MO; Xie, R, 2005)	0.33
" The resultant sandwich was heat-sealed to produce circle-shaped TTS (20 cm2) that were subjected to bioavailability study in human volunteers against immediate release nicorandil tablet."	( Bioavailability of nerodilol-based transdermal therapeutic system of nicorandil in human volunteers. Al-Saidan, SM; Chandrasekhar, DV; Krishnaiah, YS; Satyanarayana, V, 2005)	0.33
"Food has been reported to increase the bioavailability of mefloquine in healthy volunteers, but its role in increasing blood mefloquine concentrations in malaria patients treated with mefloquine is unclear."	( Fatty food does not alter blood mefloquine concentrations in the treatment of falciparum malaria. Binh, VQ; Dai, B; Dao, NV; Edstein, MD; Ngoa, ND; Quoc, NP; Rieckmann, KH; The, ND; Thuy, le T, 2005)	0.33
" The relative bioavailability of huperzine A microspheres over a period of 14 days was 94."	( Preparation and in vivo evaluation of huperzine A-loaded PLGA microspheres. Fu, XD; Gao, YL; Ping, QN; Ren, T, 2005)	0.33
"The bioavailability of PVP coated beta-elemene liposomes is 140."	( [Study on pharmacokinetics of PVP coated beta-elemene liposome in rats]. Deng, YJ; Gao, XF; Li, Z; Wang, XM; Zhang, XY; Zhao, CJ, 2006)	0.33
" Splitting the 25 mg/kg dose of mefloquine into three doses of 8 mg/kg each resulted in improved oral bioavailability compared to the conventional split-dose regimen results."	( Population pharmacokinetic assessment of a new regimen of mefloquine used in combination treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ashley, EA; Hae, R; Hutagalung, R; Lindegårdh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
" Patients with the lowest area under the DHA concentration curve did not have slower parasite clearance, suggesting that rectal artesunate is well absorbed in most patients with moderately severe malaria."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following intra-rectal dosing of artesunate in malaria patients. Agbenyega, T; Barnes, KI; Di Perri, G; Folb, P; Gomes, M; Krishna, S; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Mansor, S; McIlleron, H; Miller, R; Molyneux, M; Mwenechanya, J; Navaratnam, V; Nosten, F; Olliaro, P; Pang, L; Ribeiro, I; Simpson, JA; Tembo, M; van Vugt, M; Ward, S; Weerasuriya, K; White, NJ; Win, K, 2006)	0.33
" We summarized the data under the following themes: content and dissolution; relative bioavailability of antimalarial products; antimalarial stability and shelf life; general tests on pharmaceutical dosage forms; and the presence of degradation or unidentifiable impurities in formulations."	( Antimalarial drug quality in Africa. Amin, AA; Kokwaro, GO, 2007)	0.34
" The literature was varied in the quality and breadth of data presented, with most bioavailability studies poorly designed and executed."	( Antimalarial drug quality in Africa. Amin, AA; Kokwaro, GO, 2007)	0.34
" Improvement can be made in terms of rectal bioavailability and stability of current formulations."	( In vitro release and stability of an artesunate rectal gel suitable for pediatric use. Barbaud, A; Boyer, C; Dubost, JP; Fawaz, F; Gaudin, K; Lagueny, AM; Langlois, MH; Millet, P, 2008)	0.35
" The poor bioavailability of buagafuran may be partially due to the effect of P-gp on its absorption and transportation in intestinal lumen."	( [Effect of P-glycoprotein on the absorption of buagafuran in rat intestinal lumen]. Li, E; Li, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Compound 1 is assigned for a well-absorbed, and 2 and 3 are assigned for the poorly absorbed compounds in human intestine."	( The constituents of Cibotium barometz and their permeability in the human Caco-2 monolayer cell model. Wu, Q; Yang, XW, 2009)	0.35
" In conclusion, gastroprotective effect on ethanol and indomethacin-induced ulcer promoted by (-)-alpha-bisabolol may be associated with an increase of gastric sulfydryl groups bioavailability leading to a reduction of gastric oxidative injury induced by ethanol and indomethacin."	( Gastroprotection of (-)-alpha-bisabolol on acute gastric mucosal lesions in mice: the possible involved pharmacological mechanisms. Aquino Neto, MR; de França Fonteles, MM; de Sousa, DP; de Sousa, FC; Gomes Silva, MI; Mendes Vasconcelos, SM; Moura Rocha, NF; Moura, BA; Vasconcelos Rios, ER; Venâncio, ET, 2010)	0.36
" Since most efforts have focused on the development of nucleoside analog inhibitors, issues regarding bioavailability and selectivity have been major challenges."	( A new structural class of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors. Chun, TG; Kim, BG; Lee, HY; Snapper, ML, 2009)	0.35
" When the concentration of perfusion solution was increased contrarily the absorption rate constant (Ka) kept at the same level."	( [Absorption kinetics of atractylenolide I in intestines of rats]. Duan, H; He, L; Wang, C, 2009)	0.35
" The results indicated that all the sesquiterpenes are well absorbed mainly by the passive diffusion via the transcellular pathway and metabolism may be involved during the absorption of ICL, BSE and DML."	( Intestinal permeability of sesquiterpenes in the caco-2 cell monolayer model. Wu, Q; Xu, W; Yang, XW; Zhang, LX; Zhang, P; Zhao, B; Zou, L, 2010)	0.93
"ABC-transporter have been recognized as being responsible for multiple drug resistance in tumor therapy, for decreased brain uptake and low oral bioavailability of drug candidates, and for drug-drug interactions and drug induced cholestasis."	( Pharmacoinformatic approaches to design natural product type ligands of ABC-transporters. Chiba, P; Ecker, GF; Jabeen, I; Klepsch, F, 2010)	0.36
"To improve the oral bioavailability of patchoulic alcohol in rats by using self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS)."	( [Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of patchoulic alcohol to improve oral bioavailability in rats]. He, Z; Hu, H; Li, Y; Tang, W; Wang, R; Wu, C; You, X, 2010)	0.36
"SMEDDS can effectively improve the oral bioavailability of patchoulic alcohol in rats."	( [Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of patchoulic alcohol to improve oral bioavailability in rats]. He, Z; Hu, H; Li, Y; Tang, W; Wang, R; Wu, C; You, X, 2010)	0.36
"The objective was to develop an elemene oil/water (o/w) microemulsion and evaluate its characteristics and oral relative bioavailability in rats."	( Preparation, characterization and relative bioavailability of oral elemene o/w microemulsion. Huang, EZ; Li, H; Liu, J; Pei, X; Wang, A; Wang, S; Wang, X; Xie, T; Zeng, Z; Zhan, X; Zhou, G, 2010)	0.36
" Given that the shape of the biodegradation curves indicates poor bioavailability and ready biodegradability tests are very stringent, it is expected that all the sesquiterpenes tested in the present study would be degraded under environmental conditions."	( Persistency assessment and aerobic biodegradation of selected cyclic sesquiterpenes present in essential oils. Jenner, KJ; Kreutzer, G; Racine, P, 2011)	0.8
" In pharmacokinetic studies, Med exhibited oral bioavailability of 22."	( Medicarpin, a legume phytoalexin, stimulates osteoblast differentiation and promotes peak bone mass achievement in rats: evidence for estrogen receptor β-mediated osteogenic action of medicarpin. Bhargavan, B; Chakravarti, B; Chattopadhyay, N; Dixit, M; Dwivedi, SD; Gautam, AK; Goel, A; Jain, GK; Kumar, A; Manickavasagam, L; Maurya, R; Mishra, JS; Pandey, R; Ramachandran, R; Sanyal, S; Singh, D; Trivedi, A, 2012)	0.38
" The results suggested that the poor bioavailability of buagafuran was mostly due to the interplay of P-gp and CYP3A on the absorption, transport and metabolism of buagafuran in intestine of rats."	( [Effect of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein on the absorption of buagafuran in rat intestinal lumen]. Chen, H; Hu, JP; Li, Y; Sheng, L; Tan, W, 2010)	0.36
" Its most well-studied component, curcumin, has been shown to exhibit poor bioavailability in animal studies and clinical trials."	( The role of turmerones on curcumin transportation and P-glycoprotein activities in intestinal Caco-2 cells. Cassileth, BR; Cheng, SW; Deng, G; Fung, KP; Hon, PM; Kennelly, EJ; Lau, CB; Lee, JK; Lee, MY; Leung, PC; Xu, ZS; Yeung, SK; Yu, H; Yue, GG, 2012)	0.38
" We hypothesize that NF-κB suppression with the novel, orally bioavailable inhibitor dimethylamino parthenolide (DMAPT) will sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine."	( Dimethylamino parthenolide enhances the inhibitory effects of gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer cells. Beane, JD; Crooks, PA; Holcomb, BK; Schmidt, CM; Waters, JA; Yip-Schneider, MT, 2012)	0.38
" Based on the results, the oral bioavailability of BA in rats at 20 mg/kg is 15."	( Determination of bakkenolide A in rat plasma using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Bao, Y; Chen, F; Chen, X; Dai, D; Li, J; Liu, S; Pei, L; Zheng, J, 2012)	0.38
" The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the oral bioavailability and the pharmacokinetics of free BCP and BCP/β-CD inclusion complex after a single oral dose of 50mg/kg on rats."	( Physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetics evaluation of β-caryophyllene/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Cao, D; Fan, G; Liu, H; Qi, T; Qi, Y; Tang, Y; Yang, G, 2013)	0.39
" Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of parthenolide revealed key chemical properties required for biological activities and epigenetic mechanisms, and led to the derivatization of an orally bioavailable analog, dimethylamino-parthenolide (DMAPT)."	( Parthenolide: from plant shoots to cancer roots. Darwiche, N; Ghantous, A; Herceg, Z; Sinjab, A, 2013)	0.39
" However, studies have indicated that turmeric oil, present in turmeric, can enhance the bioavailability of curcumin."	( Curcumin-free turmeric exhibits anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities: Identification of novel components of turmeric. Aggarwal, BB; Gupta, SC; Li, S; Yuan, W, 2013)	0.39
" In addition, β-E-NLCs showed a significantly higher bioavailability and anti-tumor efficacy than Elemene injection."	( Formulation design, preparation, and in vitro and in vivo characterizations of β-Elemene-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. Du, Y; Feng, N; Guo, T; Ren, J; Shi, F; Yang, G, 2013)	0.39
" In addition, determination of the concentration-time profile of ar-turmerone was carried out for a more extended evaluation of its bioavailability in the mouse brain."	( Insights from zebrafish and mouse models on the activity and safety of ar-turmerone as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of epilepsy. Afrikanova, T; Aibuldinov, YK; de Witte, PA; Dehaen, W; Esguerra, CV; Orellana-Paucar, AM; Thomas, J, 2013)	0.39
"Solid dispersion technique is known to be an effective approach for the polymer to keep drugs stable in the solid state, thereby improving the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability through inhibiting reprecipitation in supersaturated solution."	( Characterization of solid dispersions of Patchouli alcohol with different polymers: effects on the inhibition of reprecipitation and the improvement of dissolution rate. Chen, JN; Chen, YL; Lai, XP; Liang, YZ; Liao, JB; Lin, ZX; Su, ZR; Wu, Q; Xie, JH, 2015)	0.42
" The bioavailability of Cos was larger than that of Dehy; however, the clearance and the volume of distribution of Dehy were much larger than those of Cos."	( Study on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone in rats by HPLC-UV and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Gu, X; Guo, X; Peng, Z; Wang, Y; Yan, C, 2014)	0.4
"4 h) with bioavailability of 48."	( In vivo absorption and disposition of α-cedrene, a sesquiterpene constituent of cedarwood oil, in female and male rats. Jung, BH; Kim, MG; Kim, TH; Lee, HS; Lee, KM; Seok, SH; Shin, BS; Yoo, SD, 2015)	0.42
" The oral bioavailability was approximately 68 %."	( Simultaneous Characterization of Intravenous and Oral Pharmacokinetics of Lychnopholide in Rats by Transit Compartment Model. de Sousa, JP; Derendorf, H; Diniz, A; Kimura, E; Lachi-Silva, L; Lopes, JL; Lopes, NP; Silva, DB; Sy, SK; Voelkner, A, 2015)	0.42
" Its oral bioavailability was 17."	( LC-ESI-MS/MS method for bioanalytical determination of osteogenic phytoalexin, medicarpin, and its application to preliminary pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Challagundla, M; Goel, A; Raghuvanshi, A; Raju, KS; Taneja, I; Wahajuddin, M, 2015)	0.42
" Our lab and others have demonstrated that the natural product parthenolide can inhibit NF-κB activity and sensitize PC-3 prostate cancers cells to X-rays in vitro; however, parthenolide has poor bioavailability in vivo and therefore has little clinical utility in this regard."	( DMAPT inhibits NF-κB activity and increases sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to X-rays in vitro and in tumor xenografts in vivo. Alpuche, ME; Chin-Sinex, H; Crooks, PA; Estabrook, NC; Gilley, DP; Huda, N; Imasuen-Williams, IE; Mendonca, MS; Rangel, G; Shapiro, JB; Shapiro, RH; Turchan, WT; Watson, CN, 2017)	0.46
" Despite this recognized potential, this hydrophobic compound is a volatile and acid-sensitive sesquiterpene that readily oxidizes when exposed to air, and has low bioavailability in oral formulations."	( β-caryophyllene Delivery Systems: Enhancing the Oral Pharmacokinetic and Stability. Figueiras, A; Nunes, LCC; Oliveira, TC; R Júnior, LM; Santos, PS, 2018)	0.48
" However, they have been found to have poor oral bioavailability in rats."	( Intestinal Absorption of Isoalantolactone and Alantolactone, Two Sesquiterpene Lactones from Radix Inulae, Using Caco-2 Cells. Li, X; Peng, Y; Wang, M; Xu, R, 2019)	0.51
" Since low intestinal absorption can now be ruled out as a cause, further studies are needed to explain the low oral bioavailability of the two sesquiterpene lactones."	( Intestinal Absorption of Isoalantolactone and Alantolactone, Two Sesquiterpene Lactones from Radix Inulae, Using Caco-2 Cells. Li, X; Peng, Y; Wang, M; Xu, R, 2019)	0.51
" Like curcuminoids, limited solubility and bioavailability are the most fragile domain, which circumscribe further applications of these compounds."	( Non-Curcuminoids from Turmeric and Their Potential in Cancer Therapy and Anticancer Drug Delivery Formulations. Amalraj, A; Gopi, S; Jacob, J; Kunnumakkara, AB; Nair, A, 2019)	0.51
" Given its low bioavailability and extensive metabolism, clinical studies using resveratrol have not always replicated in vitro observations."	( Resveratrol and Its Human Metabolites-Effects on Metabolic Health and Obesity. Moco, S; Springer, M, 2019)	0.51
" However, its low solubility in water and its bioavailability could hamper its practical applications."	( Encapsulation of inuloxin A, a plant germacrane sesquiterpene with potential herbicidal activity, in β-cyclodextrins. Boari, A; Cimmino, A; Evidente, A; Masi, M; Moeini, A; Tarallo, O; Vurro, M; Zonno, MC, 2019)	0.51
"Huperzine A (hup A), extracted from the Chinese medicinal plant Huperzia serrata, is a reversible and highly selective second-generation acetylcholine esterase (AchE) inhibitor for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it suffers from low bioavailability in the brain."	( A Nasal Temperature and pH Dual-Responsive In Situ Gel Delivery System Based on Microemulsion of Huperzine A: Formulation, Evaluation, and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study. Chen, S; Chen, Y; Cheng, G; Fang, W; Gao, S; Hu, R; Lu, W; Nie, X; Shen, Q; Sun, C; Wang, B; Xia, H, 2019)	0.51
" NR (Nerolidol) is a natural bioactive molecule which possesses significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, but suffers from glitches of low solubility, low bioavailability and fast hepatic metabolism."	( Nano-engineered nerolidol loaded lipid carrier delivery system attenuates cyclophosphamide neurotoxicity - Probable role of NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1. Ali, J; Azam, F; Barreto, GE; Haque, SE; Iqubal, A; Iqubal, MK; Najmi, AK; Syed, MA, 2020)	0.56
" Collectively, Brussels/witloof chicory SLs are poorly bioavailable and they undergo partial gut microbial and phase II metabolism in humans."	( Low Oral Bioavailability and Partial Gut Microbiotic and Phase II Metabolism of Brussels/Witloof Chicory Sesquiterpene Lactones in Healthy Humans. He, L; Li, Q; Liu, X; Wang, D; Weng, H; Zheng, J, 2020)	0.56
"This study is aimed at developing a rapid, simple ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to determine anisatin's bioavailability in mouse blood and the method's application to pharmacokinetics."	( Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Anisatin in Mouse Blood by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Bao, X; Jiang, X; Ma, J; Wang, X; Zhou, Q, 2020)	0.56
"5 mg/kg) administration of anisatin to mice-the absolute bioavailability of anisatin in the mouse blood was 22."	( Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Anisatin in Mouse Blood by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Bao, X; Jiang, X; Ma, J; Wang, X; Zhou, Q, 2020)	0.56
" However, low oral bioavailability and high toxicity of NF-κB inhibitors is a major challenge for clinical translation."	( NF-κB Blockade with Oral Administration of Dimethylaminoparthenolide (DMAPT), Delays Prostate Cancer Resistance to Androgen Receptor (AR) Inhibition and Inhibits AR Variants. Clohessy, JG; Ellis, L; Hamid, AA; Morel, KL; Pandell, N; Sweeney, CJ, 2021)	0.62
" Likewise, in silico ADMET studies of the selected ligands showed excellent pharmacokinetic properties with good absorption, bioavailability and devoid of toxicity."	( Tomatidine and Patchouli Alcohol as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Enzymes (3CLpro, PLpro and NSP15) by Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Ahmad, I; Algahtani, FD; Aouadi, K; Iriti, M; Kadri, A; Noumi, E; Patel, H; Saeed, M; Snoussi, M; Sulaiman, S; Tasleem, M; Zrieq, R, 2021)	0.62
" However, the strong hydrophobicity, short half-life, low bioavailability and weak in vivo targeting ability of ELE restrict its use."	( Targeted drug delivery systems for elemene in cancer therapy: The story thus far. Qi, QR; Tian, H; Yue, BS; Zhai, BT; Zhao, F, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" High-dose T-cin controls survived despite having received a cumulative dosage of more than twice the reported (LD(50)) mean lethal dose value."	( Comparative study of trichothecin, amphotericin B, and 5-fluorocytosine against Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro and in vivo. Hariri, A; Larsh, HW; Sneller, MR; Sorenson, WG, 1977)	0.26
" Plant estrogens and F-2 toxin were applicated at three and estradiol-benzoate at two dosage levels."	( Combined action of plant estrogens, F-2 toxin and natural estrogens. Kallela, K, 1978)	0.26
" Deaths occurred during the 8- to 60-h period after dosing with the tested trichothecenes."	( Acute toxicity of 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes in one-day-old broiler chicks. Chi, MS; Mirocha, CJ; Reddy, KR; Robison, TS, 1978)	0.26
" In single dosed birds, the maximum radioactivity in eggs occurred at 24 hr after dosing; the yolk and white contained ."	( Transmission of radioactivity into eggs from laying hens (Gallus domesticus) administered tritium labeled T-2 toxin. Behrens, JC; Chi, MS; Mirocha, CJ; Robison, TS; Shimoda, W, 1978)	0.26
" There was no emesis by undosed pigs consuming vomitus from pigs orally dosed with deoxynivalenol or penned with such pigs without access to vomitus."	( Emetic and refusal activity of deoxynivalenol to swine. Forsyth, DM; Morooka, N; Tuite, J; Yoshizawa, T, 1977)	0.26
" Following treatment with 3H-vernolepin on several different dosage schedules, the tumors were found to contain significantly more radioactivity per gram wet weight than control tissue (muscle from the contralateral limb)."	( In vivo studies on the mechanism of action of the tumor inhibitor vernolepin in the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Lantz, CH; Larner, J, 1976)	0.26
" However, it has been associated with high recrudescent rates which may be due to incorrect dosage regimens."	( Artemether in the treatment of multiple drug resistant falciparum malaria. Bunnag, D; Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J, 1992)	0.28
" This formulation was found to be better than chloroquine in fever subsidence and disappearance of malarial symptoms, while the recrudescence rate was still high, the latter could be inhibited by increasing therapeutic course or daily dosing time or by combination with primaquine."	( [Studies on the antimalarial action of gelatin capsule of Artemisia annua]. Wan, YD; Wang, JS; Zang, QZ, 1992)	0.28
" The proper dosage regimen remains to be defined."	( Comparison of oral artemether and mefloquine in acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Bangchang, KN; Bunnag, D; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J; Thanavibul, A, 1992)	0.28
" When artemether was given ig or im to mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum for 32-35 d at the dosage of 1/10-1/2 LD50."	( [Effect of artemether against Schistosoma japonicum]. Mei, JY; Xiao, SH; You, JQ, 1992)	0.28
" Further studies of artesunate and artemether should be carried out to find the optimum dosage regimen and to clarify the hematological effects."	( Clinical trial of artesunate and artemether on multidrug resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. A preliminary report. Bunnag, D; Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J; Looareesuwan, S; Viravan, C, 1991)	0.28
"9 mg of artelinic acid that was administered twice a day, beginning on day 3 after infection, for three days (total dosage of 270 mg/kg)."	( Transdermal artelinic acid: an effective treatment for Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Ager, AL; Fleckenstein, L; Klayman, DL; Lin, AJ, 1991)	0.28
"5 micrograms/ml of DHA was reached at about 3 minutes after dosing and the AUC was 82 mg/L."	( [Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of artesunate in cows]. Huo, JZ; Xia, WJ; Xue, M; Zhou, ZT, 1991)	0.28
" This seems to enable a twice daily dosage regimen for the intramuscular oil injection, while the oral formulation necessitates a more frequent dosing interval."	( The pharmacokinetics of artemisinin after oral, intramuscular and rectal administration to volunteers. Kager, PA; Lugt, CB; Merkus, FW; Titulaer, HA; Wetsteyn, JC; Zuidema, J, 1990)	0.28
" If some azone was added in the artesunate transdermal preparation at the dosage of 5 mg/kg, bid, for 3 days, the parasitemia of Plasmodium cynomolgi could be cleared and recrudescence prevented, thus, the antimalarial effects was enhanced."	( [Effect of artesunate transdermal preparation on Plasmodium cynomolgi]. Li, AY; Liu, X; Xie, PS; Xuan, WY; Zhao, Y, 1990)	0.28
" In mice pre-transplanted with EL-4 cells, T-2-mAb increased the mean survival time (MST) with a direct dosage dependence."	( Antitumor activity of T-2 toxin-conjugated monoclonal antibody to murine thymoma. Chiba, J; Kawamura, O; Murakami, H; Ohi, K; Ohtani, K; Otokawa, M; Shibuya, O; Ueno, Y, 1990)	0.28
" These results are attributed to the lesser degree of circulatory impairment in the low T-2 toxin dosage group, which allows a higher amount of T-2 toxin to interact with the cells."	( Cytophotometric assessment of granulosa cell protein and nucleic acid levels during the estrous cycle in rats treated with T-2 toxin. Anthony, A; Ballough, GP; Miller-Patrick, K; Wickersham, EW, 1988)	0.27
" In the acute phase, enterobacteria, streptococci, Clostridium perfringens and bacteroides showed remarkably increased counts in the jejunum of mice and rats dosed with F-X while lactobacilli showed a decrease in count."	( Bacterial overgrowth in the jejunum of ICR mice and Wistar rats orally administered with a single lethal dose of fusarenon-X, a trichothecene mycotoxin. Morishita, Y; Nagasawa, K; Nakano, N; Shiromizu, K, 1989)	0.28
" T-2 toxin produces inhibition of active sodium transport in a dose-response correlation."	( The effect of T-2 toxin on active sodium transport across frog skin in the presence of ADH and amphotericin B. Angiolillo, D; Barbarossa, L; Bottalico, A; Gallucci, E; Micelli, S, 1989)	0.28
" Results showed that after injection of Artemether for 15 successive days, the T, B, and T mu lymphocytes of the 19 and 32 MKD groups were markedly reduced and the T gamma lymphocytes of all 3 dosage groups were decreased to zero."	( Effects of artemether on peripheral T, B, T mu and T gamma lymphocytes in beagle dog. Cui, YF; Gu, YX; Shi, XC; Teng, XH; Wu, BA, 1989)	0.28
" A transdermal dosage form of artesunic acid had been prepared and was reported to have reliable suppressing and killing effects on plasmobium berghei in mice."	( [The pharmacokinetics of a transdermal preparation of artesunate in mice and rabbits]. Song, ZY; Xuan, WY; Zhao, KC; Zhao, Y, 1989)	0.28
" Artemether fat emulsion was given intravenously at the dosage of 80 mg/kg."	( [Assessment of absorption and distribution of artemether in rats using a thin layer chromatography scanning technique]. Jiang, JR; Shu, HL; Zeng, YL; Zou, CD, 1989)	0.28
" When DON and 3-AcDON were given together at a dosage of 180 micrograms/kg feed, 1 week's feeding caused clear lipid peroxidation in mice."	( Investigation on trichothecene-stimulated lipid peroxidation and toxic effects of trichothecenes in animals. Berg, S; Boström, H; Karppanen, E; Rizzo, A; Saari, L, 1989)	0.28
" The total dosage recommended was 2800-3200 mg."	( [Comparative study of artemisinin suppositories and piperaquine phosphate in the treatment of falciparum malaria]. Fu, LC; Guo, XB, 1989)	0.28
" Association of tetraol with CHO was of low specificity, but the specific fraction did correlate with the dose-response curve for protein synthesis inhibition."	( Differential association of T-2 and T-2 tetraol with mammalian cells. Leatherman, DL; Middlebrook, JL, 1989)	0.28
"In the rabbit isolated aorta, hymenin (10(-6) M), a novel marine alkaloid, caused a parallel rightward shift of the dose-response curve for norepinephrine without affecting that for histamine or KCl, suggesting that hymenin is a competitive antagonist of alpha-adrenoceptors in vascular smooth muscles."	( Alpha-adrenoceptor blocking action of hymenin, a novel marine alkaloid. Kobayashi, J; Nakamura, H; Ohizumi, Y, 1988)	0.27
" The immunotoxic effect of T-2 toxin on cell-mediated resistance to listeriosis was dosage dependent and attributed to toxin induced lymphoid depletion and the failure of surviving lymphocytes and mononuclear cells to clear the host of infection."	( Immunotoxic effects of T-2 mycotoxin on cell-mediated resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Corrier, DE; Ziprin, RL, 1987)	0.27
" Mice were given T-2 toxin intragastrically either at the rate of 2 mg of toxin/kg of body weight daily for 5 days or a single dosage of 4 mg of toxin/kg and were inoculated SC with tumor cells 1 or 2 days after administration of toxin."	( Effects of T-2 mycotoxin on tumor susceptibility in mice. Corrier, DE; Norman, JO, 1988)	0.27
" These results indicate the variable effects a cytotoxic agent can have on lymphoid cells and that dosage is an important parameter for these effects."	( Suppressive and enhancing effect of T-2 toxin on murine lymphocyte activation and interleukin 2 production. Corrier, DE; DeLoach, JR; Holt, PS, 1988)	0.27
" Following intragastric dosing DON was very rapidly absorbed, reaching near peak plasma levels within 15-30 min."	( Pharmacokinetic fate of 14C-labeled deoxynivalenol in swine. Hartin, KE; Miller, JD; Prelusky, DB; Trenholm, HL, 1988)	0.27
" There was an extensive metabolic degradation of T-2 toxin, the metabolite pattern being similar for the two dosage levels."	( Metabolism of T-2 toxin in vascularly autoperfused jejunal loops of rats. Amselgruber, W; Conrady-Lorck, S; Feng, XC; Fichtl, B; Forth, W; Gareis, M, 1988)	0.27
" There are definite dose-effect relationships within a certain range of dosage of T-2 toxin in experiments with both human peripheral blood lymphocytes and V79 cells."	( Induction of chromosome aberrations by fusarium T-2 toxin in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes and Chinese hamster fibroblasts. Gao, Y; Hsia, CC; Tzian, BL; Wu, JL, 1986)	0.27
" For prophylaxis, it has been suggested that the dosage of 10 mg/kg/wk should be spread over the week (3."	( [Pharmacokinetics of antimalarials: quinine and mefloquine, halofantrine, qinghaosu, amino-4-quinolines]. Blayo, MC; Pussard, E; Verdier, F, )	0.13
" Three rats and one pig were dosed orally with 2 mg DON/kg and samples of their urine and faeces were extracted and incubated with beta-glucuronidase or with buffer only."	( Lack of hepatic microsomal metabolism of deoxynivalenol and its metabolite, DOM-1. Buck, W; Côté, LM; Jeffery, E, 1987)	0.27
"0 mg/kg dosage of T-2 toxin on cell-mediated resistance was studied in mice inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes."	( Modulation of cell-mediated resistance to listeriosis in mice given T-2 toxin. Corrier, DE; Mollenhauer, HH; Ziprin, RL, 1987)	0.27
" The effect of perezone on mitochondrial Ca2+ release follows a dose-response relationship and is dependent of the reduction of the drug."	( Ca2+ releasing effect of perezone on adrenal cortex mitochondria. Cárabez, A; Chávez, E; Cuéllar, A, 1987)	0.27
" Both toxins caused statistically significant decreases in erythrocyte counts and increased the proportion of larger platelets compared to controls when dosed at 1 mg/kg body weight three times/wk for up to 5 wk."	( Short-term effects of two fusarium toxins, diacetoxyscirpenol and neosolaniol monoacetate, in male Wistar rats. Janse van Rensburg, DF; Jaskiewicz, K; Thiel, PG, 1987)	0.27
" For pigs receiving 15-ADON and DON ip, increased dosage was associated with decreased average time to vomition, increased duration of emesis and increased average number of vomitions."	( Emetic activity of the trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol in swine. Lin, WS; Miller, ER; Pestka, JJ, 1987)	0.27
" Lymph nodes were more severely affected in the decedents among the animals dosed with T2 by the subcutaneous route."	( Acute toxicity of T2 mycotoxin to the guinea-pig by inhalation and subcutaneous routes. Edginton, JA; Marrs, TC; Price, PN; Upshall, DG, 1986)	0.27
" The epidermal surfaces were dosed with [3H]T-2 dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)."	( Evaluation of monkey skin as a model for in vitro percutaneous penetration and metabolism of [3H]T-2 toxin in human skin. Hoerr, FJ; Joyave, J; Kemppainen, BW; Pace, JG; Riley, RT, 1986)	0.27
"For the past 300 years antimalarial dosage regimens have not been based on pharmacokinetic information."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of antimalarial drugs. White, NJ, )	0.13
" PT elicited clear unscheduled DNA synthesis with a dose-response effect."	( Genotoxicity of ptaquiloside, a bracken carcinogen, in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA-repair test. Hirono, I; Mori, H; Niwa, H; Ojika, M; Sugie, S; Yamada, K, )	0.13
" A quadratic dose-response relationship between the cytotoxicity of DAS and damage to enterocytes was found."	( The acute toxicopathy of intravenous diacetoxyscirpenol (anguidine) administration in swine. Buck, WB; Coppock, RW; Gelberg, HB; Hoffmann, WE, 1985)	0.27
" Rats were then orally dosed with [3H] T-2 toxin and urine and feces were collected for 21 hours after which all animals were killed and tissues excised."	( Effect of diet on T-2 toxicosis. Carson, MS; Smith, TK, 1984)	0.27
"5 or 20% alfalfa for 2 weeks and then dosed orally with [3H]T-2 toxin."	( Effect of feeding alfalfa and refined plant fibers on the toxicity and metabolism of T-2 toxin in rats. Carson, MS; Smith, TK, 1983)	0.27
" By 24 hr after dosing only trace levels (less than 2 ng/ml) were still detectable."	( Nontransmission of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) to milk following oral administration to dairy cows. Lawrence, GA; Prelusky, DB; Scott, PM; Trenholm, HL, 1984)	0.27
" To simulate the conditions which occur when agricultural workers are exposed to corn dust contaminated with T-2 toxin, the epidermal surface of each skin preparation was dosed with [3H]T-2 toxin adsorbed onto corn dust."	( Penetration of [3H]T-2 toxin through excised human and guinea-pig skin during exposure to [3H]T-2 toxin adsorbed to corn dust. Kemppainen, BW; Pace, JG; Riley, RT, 1984)	0.27
"5 or 10% bentonite for 2 wk and then dosed with [3H] T-2 toxin."	( Role of bentonite in prevention of T-2 toxicosis in rats. Carson, MS; Smith, TK, 1983)	0.27
" Hymenoxon, isolated from Hymenoxys odorata DC, was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water (1:1, v/v) and was administered daily at a dosage level of 100 mg/kg of body weight for 5, 10, or 20 days."	( Acute exposure to hymenoxon: electron microscopic study of the mouse liver. Bowers, DE; Dunlap, MK; Jones, DH; Sampson, HW, 1984)	0.27
" We now report on the preferential induction of cytostasis by anguidine in normal WI-38 fibroblasts, occurring at one-tenth of the dosage required to inhibit the cycle progression of WI-38 VA13 cells, the SV40 transformant."	( Selective protection by anguidine of normal versus transformed cells against 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and Adriamycin. Barlogie, B; Drewinko, B; Hromas, R; Swartzendruber, D, 1983)	0.27
" At higher dosage of T-2 toxin (4 ng/ml for 6 days) the cultured epithelium became necrotic."	( Proliferative and cytotoxic effects of Fusarium T2 toxin on cultured human fetal esophagus. Harris, CC; Hsia, CC; Tzian, BL, 1983)	0.27
" Anisatin shifted the dose-response curve for GABA-induced depolarization in the primary afferent terminal to the right and also reduced the maximum response to GABA."	( Anisatin, a potent GABA antagonist, isolated from Illicium anisatum. Kudo, Y; Oka, JI; Yamada, K, 1981)	0.26
" TPH-3 markedly inhibited the histamine-induced gastric ulcer in guinea-pigs and a dose-response relationship was obtained for doses of 12."	( [The antigastric ulcer activity of succinic acid mono-3-guaiazulenamide (TPH-3) (author's transl)]. Iwano, K; Kojima, K; Nishimura, H; Okuda, H; Suzuki, Y; Yoshimura, A, 1982)	0.26
" There was no dosage of L-cysteine that significantly changed the survival time for fatally intoxicated sheep."	( The antagonistic effect of L-cysteine in experimental hymenoxon intoxication in sheep. Camp, BJ; Kim, HL; Rowe, LD, 1980)	0.26
"6% of the administered dosage and that in feces 24."	( [Pharmacokinetics of artenibenzoate in rats]. Ji, XJ; Li, HY; Wu, LJ; Xu, PS; Zhang, FR, 1995)	0.29
" In infected mice treated ig with Art at the same dosage for 24 h, the inhibition rates of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity in female and male worms were 30% and 25%, respectively."	( [Effect of artemether on glycogen, protein, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase of Schistosoma japonicum]. Feng, J; Guo, H; Jiao, P; Mei, J; Xiao, S; Yao, M; You, J, 1994)	0.29
" In infected rabbits treated repeatedly with the above-mentioned dosage of Art at 2-wk intervals (i."	( [Pathological changes in the livers of rabbits infected with schistosome cercariae and treated with artemether or praziquantel in the early stage of infection]. Xiao, S; Yang, Y; Zhang, C, 1995)	0.29
" These rats were fed the diet containing 200 ppm of each test chemical for 5 weeks, starting 1 week before the first dosing of AOM."	( Modifying effects of naturally occurring products on the development of colonic aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in F344 rats. Hara, A; Kawamori, T; Mori, H; Tanaka, T; Yamahara, J, 1995)	0.29
" The dose-response to JA parallels previous reports on alkaloid induction in cell cultures."	( Herbivore-induced volatiles: the emission of acyclic homoterpenes from leaves of Phaseolus lunatus and Zea mays can be triggered by a beta-glucosidase and jasmonic acid. Blechert, S; Boland, W; Donath, J; Hopke, J, 1994)	0.29
" This novel drug delivery system may be an easy and safe way to administer artemisinin-type antimalarials and also a good alternative dosage form for active compounds with solubility problems."	( Antimalarial activity of dihydroartemisinin derivatives by transdermal application. Ager, AL; Klayman, DL; Lin, AJ, 1994)	0.29
"kg-1 and followed by the repeated dosing at 2-3 wk intervals, the total and female worm reduction rates as compared with the control were evident."	( Effect of early treatment of artemether against schistosomiasis in mice. Jiao, PY; Mei, JY; Xiao, SH; You, JQ, 1994)	0.29
" We noted a progressive syndrome of clinical neurological defects with cardio-respiratory collapse and death in 5/6 dogs dosed daily for 8 d with intramuscular arteether (AE) at 20 mg/kg/d in a pharmacokinetic study."	( Neurotoxicity in animals due to arteether and artemether. Brewer, TG; Grate, SJ; Heiffer, MH; Levine, BS; Peggins, JO; Petras, JM; Schuster, BG; Swearengen, J; Weina, PJ, 1994)	0.29
" To reduce the side effects, another test was carried out in 3 monkeys and the dosage regimen was modified to pyronaridine 6 mg/kg-artemether 10 mg/kg-chloroquine 20 mg/kg (PAC-2) once daily for 3 days."	( [Studies on the establishment of malarial animal model of short-term relapse. III. Combined therapy with pyronaridine-artemether-chloroquine for parasitemia clearance]. Fang, Y; Lin, BY; Pan, YR; Zhang, JX; Zheng, H, 1993)	0.29
" A suppository of QHS, a dual-pack dosage form of ATS (artesunic acid to be dissolved in sodium bicarbonate solution just before iv injection) and an oil solution of ATM for im injection had been approved by our Ministry of Health for clinical use."	( [Pharmacokinetics of dihydroqinghaosu in human volunteers and comparison with qinghaosu]. Song, ZY; Zhao, KC, 1993)	0.29
" When the drug was given at a daily dosage of 200 mg/kg for 4 successive days from 46 days post-infection, a significant reduction in worm recovery was observed."	( Studies on chemotherapy of parasitic helminths: efficacy of artemether on Japanese strain of Schistosoma japonicum in mice. Akyol, CV; Ishih, A; Ito, M; Sano, M; Tungtrongchitr, A, 1993)	0.29
" No corneal or systemic toxicities were noted using the dosage and preparation employed (10 mg/ml suspension in balanced salt solution)."	( Successful treatment of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis with topical fumagillin in a patient with AIDS. Bryan, RT; Erlandson, RA; Keenan, PC; Rosberger, DF; Schwartz, DA; Serdarevic, ON; Visvesvara, GS, 1993)	0.29
" No adverse side effects of the drug were observed among fish from any dosage group."	( Efficacy of fumagillin against Thelohanellus kitauei infection of Israel carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus. Kim, HC; Park, BK; Rhee, JK, 1993)	0.29
" The rapidity of effect, availability of an intravenous and intramuscular formulation and convenient dosage regimen make artesunate an ideal candidate for the treatment of severe malaria, including cerebral disease."	( Artesunate. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of malaria. Barradell, LB; Fitton, A, 1995)	0.29
" In Art group, the first dose of 6 mg/kg was given in late August, followed by repeated dosing every 15 days for 3 times."	( [Field studies on preventive effect of artemether against infection with Schistosoma japonicum]. Chen, M; Chu, B; Shi, Z; Wang, C; Xiao, S; Zhang, Z; Zheng, J; Zhuo, S, 1995)	0.29
" Typical dose-response curves from neutral red uptake and MTT assays were recorded in all models with IC50 ranging from 6 to 24 microM."	( Evaluation of the toxicological risk to humans of caulerpenyne using human hematopoietic progenitors, melanocytes, and keratinocytes in culture. Amade, P; Delescluse, C; Durand-Clément, M; Fournier, V; Lemée, R; Parent-Massin, D; Pesando, D, 1996)	0.29
" When rabbits were treated ig with artemether 10 mg kg-1 on day 7 after infection, followed by repeated dosing every week for 4 times, some parameters related to acute schistosomiasis, such as temperature, eosinophil count and eggs in the feces were negative, and low specific antigen and antibody levels in serum were seen."	( Experimental studies on early treatment of schistosomal infection with artemether. Wang, CZ; Xiao, SH; Yang, YQ; You, JQ, 1995)	0.29
" A significant therapeutic problem is a high, late recrudescence rate, probably due to short half-lives of both artesunate and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin relative to conventional dosing intervals."	( Chemical stability of artesunate injection and proposal for its administration by intravenous infusion. Batty, KT; Davis, ME; Davis, T; Ilett, KF, 1996)	0.29
" The results showed that in mice a promising effect was obtained when an initial dose of Art 300 mg/kg was given ig on d7 after infection with cercariae, followed by repeated dosing every wk for 4 times."	( [Experimental studies on the preventive effect of artemether against schistosomal infection]. Guo, H; Jiao, P; Mei, J; Xiao, S; Yang, Y; You, J, 1995)	0.29
" Rats were dosed orally with illudin S, a toxic substance derived from the poisonous mushroom Lampteromyces japonicus."	( Histopathological effects of illudin S, a toxic substance of poisonous mushroom, in rat. Inoue, T; Miyasaka, S; Tanaka, K, 1996)	0.29
"A method is described for the assessment of the dissolution behavior of solid dosage forms with a high content of a very water insoluble drug."	( Design and evaluation of two-phase partition-dissolution method and its use in evaluating artemisinin tablets. Hoa, NT; Kinget, R, 1996)	0.29
"The TNP-470 dosage was increased in 13 sequential cohorts using a modified Fibonacci escalation scheme (4."	( The pharmacokinetics of TNP-470, a new angiogenesis inhibitor. Figg, WD; Lush, RM; Pluda, JM; Reed, E; Saville, MW; Wyvill, K; Yarchoan, R, )	0.13
"6 ng/ml at the lowest dosage (4."	( The pharmacokinetics of TNP-470, a new angiogenesis inhibitor. Figg, WD; Lush, RM; Pluda, JM; Reed, E; Saville, MW; Wyvill, K; Yarchoan, R, )	0.13
" There is potential advantage of this combination therapy in reducing the dosage and treatment period of artemisinin derivative, which is therefore likely to improve complaince in clinical practice."	( Artemether-pyrimethamine in the treatment of pyrimethamine-resistant falciparum malaria. Kanda, T; Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Suprakob, K; Tan-ariya, P; Thanavibul, A; Tipwangso, P, 1996)	0.29
" We speculate that antiangiogenic therapy may be a useful therapeutic modality in the treatment of advanced neuroblastoma once side effects and appropriate dosage requirements are determined."	( TNP-470 antiangiogenic therapy for advanced murine neuroblastoma. Nagabuchi, E; Une, Y; VanderKolk, WE; Ziegler, MM, 1997)	0.3
" berghei (with 3/8 cured) superior to that of artelinic acid (1/8 cured), whereas p-fluorophenyl and p-methoxyphenyl analogs demonstrated activity only comparable (1/8 cured) to that of artelinic acid at the same dosage level (64 mg/kg twice a day)."	( Antimalarial activity of new dihydroartemisinin derivatives. 7. 4-(p-substituted phenyl)-4(R or S)-[10(alpha or beta)-dihydroartemisininoxy]butyric acids. Kyle, DE; Lin, AJ; Zikry, AB, 1997)	0.3
" Dosing twice daily for at least 5 days was also critical."	( Repetitive dosing of artemisinin and quinine against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro: a simulation of the in vivo pharmacokinetics. Abbas, N; Björkman, A; Bwijo, B; Eriksson, O; Hassan Alin, M, 1997)	0.3
" A method of repetitive dosing and extending the culture observation period to 28-30 days was used to mimic the in vivo pharmacokinetic situation."	( Efficacy of artemisinin and mefloquine combinations against Plasmodium falciparum. In vitro simulation of in vivo pharmacokinetics. Abbas, N; Alin, MH; Björkman, A; Bwijo, B; Wernsdorfer, W, 1997)	0.3
" The clinical efficacy of artemether is dependent on the formulation, dosing scheme, duration of treatment, and the severity of the disease [1, 2]."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral and intramuscular artemether. Congpuong, K; Karbwang, J; Molunto, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A, 1997)	0.3
"5% emulsion, with a dosage of 200 mg/m2 for intrapleural injection once every week for 1-2 weeks and 300-400 mg/m2 for intraperitoneal injection once or twice every week for 2 weeks."	( [Phase III clinical trial of elemenum emulsion in the management of malignant pleural and peritoneal effusions]. Sun, Y; Wang, J; Zhang, H, 1996)	0.29
" Patients were hospitalized and treated with a new ethyl derivative of artemisinin developed at CDRI called alpha, beta-arteether, at the dosage of 150 mg l/M for three consecutive days."	( Efficacy of alpha,beta-arteether in acute uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. Adak, T; Asthana, OP; Biswas, S; Gupta, S; Sharma, A; Sharma, VP; Usha, D; Valecha, N, 1997)	0.3
" For artemisinin, a very hydrophobic compound at a high content in oral solid dosage forms, all official dissolution apparatus were estimated unsuitable."	( Bioavailability of different artemisinin tablet formulations in rabbit plasma--correlation with results obtained by an in vitro dissolution method. Declerck, PJ; Hoogmartens, J; Ngo, TH; Quintens, I; Roets, E, 1997)	0.3
" Its use as a second agent in combination with another immunosuppressant might enable reduction in the dosage or time of application."	( A low dose immunorestorative effect of aporphinoid alkaloid oxoglaucine on experimentally immunosuppressed and infected mice. Ivanovska, N; Philipov, S, 1997)	0.3
"Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with PT or APT intravenously for 10 consecutive weeks."	( Bracken fern carcinogenesis: multiple intravenous doses of activated ptaquiloside induce DNA adducts, monocytosis, increased TNF alpha levels, and mammary gland carcinoma in rats. Moore, MR; Prakash, AS; Seawright, AA; Shahin, M; Smith, BL; Worral, S, 1998)	0.3
"Rats dosed with PT or APT showed marked increase in monocyte and TNF alpha levels."	( Bracken fern carcinogenesis: multiple intravenous doses of activated ptaquiloside induce DNA adducts, monocytosis, increased TNF alpha levels, and mammary gland carcinoma in rats. Moore, MR; Prakash, AS; Seawright, AA; Shahin, M; Smith, BL; Worral, S, 1998)	0.3
" Plasma was separated from blood samples collected at different times after dosing and analysed for parent drug."	( The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin, arteether, artemether, artesunic acid and artelinic acid in rats. Brewer, TG; Fleckenstein, LL; Heiffer, MH; Li, QG; Masonic, K; Peggins, JO, 1998)	0.3
" This study's findings advocated the dosing of artemisinin to children according to bodyweight and to adults according to a standard dose."	( Artemisinin population pharmacokinetics in children and adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ashton, M; Cong, LD; Hai, TN; Huong, NV; Jonsson, EN; Karlsson, MO; Sidhu, JS; Sy, ND, 1998)	0.3
" Five of the 9 sheep dosed with 40 g/kg died."	( Experimental intoxication by Myoporum laetum in sheep. de Andrade, GB; Mendez, MC; Raposo, JB; Riet-Correa, F, 1998)	0.3
" The rapidity of effect, availability and convenient dosage regimen make artesunate in suppository form a promising treatment for severe falciparum malaria, particularly in rural areas where parenteral formulations are unavailable."	( Artesunate suppositories: an effective treatment for severe falciparum malaria in rural areas. Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Looareesuwan, S; Viriyavejakul, P; Wilairatana, P, 1997)	0.3
"5) hours after dosing [median (range)]."	( Pharmacokinetics and ex vivo anti-malarial activity of sera following a single oral dose of dihydroartemisinin in healthy Thai males. Congpoung, K; Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Tan-anya, P; Thanavibul, A; Ubalee, R, 1997)	0.3
" Reasons for compliance included the desire to be cured and to follow the advice of malaria staff/employer, and the simple dosing regimen."	( Compliance with artesunate and quinine + tetracycline treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Thailand. Fungladda, W; Honrado, ER; Kamolratanakul, P; Karbwang, J; Kitayaporn, D; Masngammueng, R; Thimasarn, K, 1998)	0.3
"kg-1 on d 21 after infection, followed by the repeated dosing once every 1 or 2 wk for 2-4 times."	( Microscopic observations on livers of rabbits and dogs infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae and early treatment with artemether or praziquantel. Xiao, SH; Yang, YQ; You, JQ; Zhang, CW, 1996)	0.29
" In rats dosed with [14C]ARTL, unchanged ARTL accounted for less than 13% of the total radioactivity after all 3 administration routes, suggesting that ARTL was extensively biotransformed."	( Pharmacology and toxicology of artelinic acid: preclinical investigations on pharmacokinetics, metabolism, protein and red blood cell binding, and acute and anorectic toxicities. Brewer, TG; Li, QG; Lin, AJ; Masonic, KJ; Peggins, JO; Trotman, KM, )	0.13
"The objective of this study was to investigate whether the decrease in artemisinin bioavailability after repeated oral dosing in humans can be a result of increased efflux of artemisinin by P-glycoprotein or decreased membrane transport at the intestinal barrier."	( High in situ rat intestinal permeability of artemisinin unaffected by multiple dosing and with no evidence of P-glycoprotein involvement. Ashton, M; Carlborg, O; Lennernäs, H; Sandström, R; Svensson, US, 1999)	0.3
" Alternate-day dosing was as effective as consecutive day administration."	( Angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 inhibits murine cutaneous wound healing. Anderson, GL; Bond, SJ; Gupta, SC; Klein, SA; Yacoub, OA, 1999)	0.3
" For acute, uncomplicated disease, per os dosing of artesunate or artemether for three days is recommended, but only in combination with other antimalarial drugs like mefloquine."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of qinghaosu derivatives: how do they impact on the choice of drug and the dosage regimens? Kyle, DE; Leo, K; Li, Q; Teja-Isavadharm, P, 1998)	0.3
" Due to its fast efficacy, its absence of undesirable effects, its presentation in tablets, its quite simple dosage (one box for a treatment), Arsumax positioned itself as an accurate second line antimalaric treatment."	( Positioning, labelling and control of medical information: artesunate strategy and Arsumax development story. Ducret, JP; Moneton, P, 1998)	0.3
" The dosage was 60 mg daily or 2 mg/kg for paediatric patients for 7 successive days with the first dose doubled."	( [Efficacy of dihydroartemisinin in treatment of 37 malaria cases]. Ding, Y; Qi, Z; Xu, C, 1997)	0.3
" on d 7-15 after infection, followed by repeated dosing once every 7-15 d for a total of 3 doses."	( Preventive effect of artemether in rabbits infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae. Feng, Z; Guo, HF; Jiao, PY; Mei, JY; Xiao, SH; You, JQ, 1998)	0.3
" CGP 56697 is an effective, well-tolerated treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria but for this dosing regimen the recrudescence rate is unacceptablyhigh (18%)."	( The comparative efficacy and tolerability of CGP 56697 (artemether + lumefantrine) versus halofantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in travellers returning from the Tropics to The Netherlands and France. Barette, S; Bernard, J; Bouchaud, O; Danis, M; Delmont, J; Gathmann, I; Gras, C; Malvy, D; Mull, R; Touze, JE; van Agtmael, M, 1999)	0.3
"Single doses (250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 units/kg) of an ovine polyclonal-specific Fab fragment directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were given to 17 adult patients with severe falciparum malaria immediately before treatment with artesunate in a pilot study to assess safety and optimal dosage with a view to future studies."	( Polyclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha Fab used as an ancillary treatment for severe malaria. Hills, F; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Porter, RS; Sjostrom, L; Warrell, DA; Wilairatana, P, 1999)	0.3
" Characterisation of these pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships provided the basis for dosage optimisation, an approach that could be applied to other antimalarial drugs."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine. Ezzet, F; van Vugt, M; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
" While most patients with tertian malaria were cured with the standard chloroquine and primaquine regimen, a higher dosage was required for one case acquired in Papua New Guinea."	( Imported malaria: successful treatment of 31 patients in the era of chloroquine resistance. Chang, HL; Chang, SC; Chen, YC; Fang, CT; Hsieh, WC; Hsueh, PR; Hung, CC, 1999)	0.3
" For monotherapeutic regimen(s) of DHA, dosing frequency of at least twice a day is suggested."	( Phamacokinetics of a single oral dose of dihydroartemisinin in Vietnamese healthy volunteers. Karbwang, J; Le, NH; Le, TD; Na-Bangchang, K; Thrinh, KA, 1999)	0.3
" Animals were administered ARTE in sesame oil for 7 days, blood samples were collected using destructive sampling for up to 192 h after dosing and assayed by HPLC-ECD."	( Arteether toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics in rats after 25 mg/kg/day single and multiple doses. Brewer, TG; Brueckner, RP; Li, QG; Peggins, JO; Trotman, KM, )	0.13
" Activity of sera after suppository dosing was remarkably low and variable comparing to the other two formulations (oral, intramuscular)."	( Ex vivo blood schizontocidal activities of artemisinin derivatives against Plasmodium falciparum. Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Songthammawat, D; Tan-ariya, P; Ubalee, R, 1999)	0.3
" Dose-response data for the active compounds dehydrozaluzanin C, dehydrocostuslactone, 5alpha-hydroxydehydrocostuslacone, costunolide, and zaluzanin C are presented."	( Fungicidal activity of natural and synthetic sesquiterpene lactone analogs. Galindo, JC; Macías, FA; Wedge, DE, 2000)	0.31
"9% at the dosage of 15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg, respectively."	( [Experimental study of the effect of angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 on the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer in vivo]. Lin, Y; Liu, B; Yin, H, 1998)	0.3
"Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded before dosing and repeatedly thereafter."	( Cardiac effects of co-artemether (artemether/lumefantrine) and mefloquine given alone or in combination to healthy volunteers. Bindschedler, M; Ezzet, F; Lefèvre, G; Meyer, I; Schaeffer, N; Thomsen, MS, 2000)	0.31
"In the preventive protocol, with TNP-470 administration at a dosage of 60 mg/kg of body weight, the onset of arthritis was delayed and its clinical intensity was rather mild; 100% of placebo-treated transgenic mice developed arthritis that led to severe articular destruction."	( Suppression of arthritis and protection from bone destruction by treatment with TNP-470/AGM-1470 in a transgenic mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. Chopin, M; de Bandt, M; Elbim, C; Gaudry, M; Gougerot-Pocidalo, MA; Grossin, M; Pla, M; Weber, AJ, 2000)	0.31
" Although they show excellent efficacy in both severe and uncomplicated malaria, dosage regimens still need to be optimised and pharmacokinetic profiles defined."	( Artemisinin drugs: novel antimalarial agents. Price, RN, 2000)	0.31
" At this stage, the parasite cycle is halted, making them unsusceptible to further dosing until wakening."	( Mathematical modelling of the chemotherapy of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with artesunate: postulation of 'dormancy', a partial cytostatic effect of the drug, and its implication for treatment regimens. Ginsburg, H; Hoshen, MB; Na-Bangchang, K; Stein, WD, 2000)	0.31
" Although the concentration of III in plasma was above the IC50 against the influenza virus strain used for 6h after the oral administration of III in PEG 400 to uninfected ferrets, no in-vivo anti-influenza-virus activity was observed at the same dosage given 4 times daily for 3 days."	( Development of anti-influenza drugs: II. Improvement of oral and intranasal absorption and the anti-influenza activity of stachyflin derivatives. Fujioka, T; Fujiwara, T; Hashimoto, N; Hattori, N; Ono, J; Sugimoto, H; Sugita, K; Yagi, S; Yoshimoto, J, 2000)	0.31
"15-mg/m(2) dose level was not tolerable with repetitive dosing because of persistent thrombocytopenia."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irofulven, a novel mushroom-derived cytotoxin, administered for five consecutive days every four weeks in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Baker, SD; Britten, CD; Clark, GM; Drengler, R; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, S; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Kuhn, JG; MacDonald, JR; Moczygemba, J; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, L; Smith, C; Smith, SL; Villalona-Calero, MA; Von Hoff, DD; Weitman, S, 2000)	0.31
" The preliminary antitumor activity documented in a patient with advanced pancreatic cancer and the striking preclinical antitumor effects of irofulven observed on intermittent dosing schedules support further disease-directed evaluations of this agent on the schedule evaluated in this study."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irofulven, a novel mushroom-derived cytotoxin, administered for five consecutive days every four weeks in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Baker, SD; Britten, CD; Clark, GM; Drengler, R; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, S; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Kuhn, JG; MacDonald, JR; Moczygemba, J; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, L; Smith, C; Smith, SL; Villalona-Calero, MA; Von Hoff, DD; Weitman, S, 2000)	0.31
"029) for each dosing method, respectively."	( The angiogenesis inhibitor tnp-470 effectively inhibits human neuroblastoma xenograft growth, especially in the setting of subclinical disease. Barr, R; Carpentieri, D; Grupp, SA; Maris, JM; Shusterman, S; Zhao, H, 2001)	0.31
" One day after the last dose of vehicle or TNP-470, a steady-state dosing regimen of TMZ was administered with subsequent collection and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of plasma and either tumor homogenate or tumor microdialysis steady-state TMZ concentrations, and in some cases [5-(3-methyltriazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboximide] MTIC, its active metabolite."	( Pharmacodynamic-mediated reduction of temozolomide tumor concentrations by the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470. Chu, J; Gallo, JM; Li, S; Ma, J; Pulfer, S; Reed, K, 2001)	0.31
" Also to standardize a dosage form of Feverfew with respect to its parthenolide content."	( 5-Hydroxytryptamine-inhibiting property of Feverfew: role of parthenolide content. Datta, A; Mittra, S; Singh, A; Singh, SK, 2000)	0.31
" The improving effects of huperzine A exhibited a bell-shaped dose-response curve."	( Huperzine A reverses scopolamine- and muscimol-induced memory deficits in chick. Gao, Y; Guan, LC; Kuang, PZ; Tang, XC, 2000)	0.31
"05% zerumbone for 5 weeks, starting one week before the first dosing of AOM."	( Chemoprevention of azoxymethane-induced rat aberrant crypt foci by dietary zerumbone isolated from Zingiber zerumbet. Kohno, H; Koshimizu, K; Mori, H; Murakami, A; Ohigashi, H; Safitri, R; Shimizu, M; Takahashi, D; Tanaka, T; Tsukio, Y; Yamamoto, K; Yoshitani, S, 2001)	0.31
" The effect of huperzine A on memory impairments exhibited an inverted U-shaped dose-response pattern."	( Effect of huperzine A on working memory in reserpine- or yohimbine-treated monkeys. Cai, JX; Ou, LY; Tang, XC, 2001)	0.31
" The total dosage of 6-12 g was given in 2-6 therapeutic courses with an interval of 1-1."	( [Clinical study on treatment of 40 cases of malignant brain tumor by elemene emulsion injection]. Cai, W; Tan, P; Zhong, W, 2000)	0.31
" Then, TNP-470 was administered continuously by subcutaneous injection pump at a dosage of 30 mg/kg/week."	( The effect of angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 against postoperative lung metastasis following removal of orthotopic transplanted human colon cancer: an experimental study. Oda, H; Ogata, Y; Shirouzu, K, 2001)	0.31
" Parallel dose-response curves for the two enantiomers were obtained by direct stimulations."	( Receptor neuron discrimination of the germacrene D enantiomers in the moth Helicoverpa armigera. Borg-Karlson, AK; Mustaparta, H; Stranden, M, 2002)	0.31
" In order to characterize the in vivo dose-response relationship for artesunate and thus rationalize dosing, 47 adult patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria and parasitemia > or = 1% were randomized to receive a single oral dose of artesunate varying between 0 and 250 mg together with a curative dose of oral mefloquine."	( Oral artesunate dose-response relationship in acute falciparum malaria. Angus, BJ; Chanthapadith, K; Suputtamongkol, Y; Thaiaporn, I; White, NJ, 2002)	0.31
"The immediate efficacies of two oral dosage regimens of artemisinin were investigated in 77 male and female adult Vietnamese falciparum malaria patients randomly assigned to treatment with either 500 mg of artemisinin daily for 5 days (group A; n = 40) or artemisinin at a dose of 100 mg per day for 2 days, with the dose increased to 250 mg per day for 2 consecutive days and with a final dose of 500 mg on the fifth day (group B; n = 37)."	( Artemisinin pharmacokinetics and efficacy in uncomplicated-malaria patients treated with two different dosage regimens. Ashton, M; Gordi, T; Hai, TN; Huong, DX; Nieu, NT, 2002)	0.31
" TNP-470 was administered in several dosing and scheduling regimens, and its effects on tumor growth, metastasis, intratumor neovascularization, and mRNA expression of angiogenic factors were determined in both nonestablished and established tumors."	( Frequent administration of angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 (AGM-1470) at an optimal biological dose inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of metastatic human transitional cell carcinoma in the urinary bladder. Chikazawa, M; Fukata, S; Inoue, K; Shuin, T; Yoshikawa, C, 2002)	0.31
" Thus, the use of conventional oral dosage regimens of ARTS appears preferable to oral administration of DHA."	( Relative bioavailability of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin: investigations in the isolated perfused rat liver and in healthy Caucasian volunteers. Batty, KT; Davis, TM; Iletr, KE; Martin, J; Powell, SM, 2002)	0.31
" Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded from 48 hours before dosing until 48 hours thereafter."	( Comparison of the cardiac effects of the antimalarials co-artemether and halofantrine in healthy participants. Bindschedler, M; Degen, P; Lefèvre, G; Sioufi, A, 2002)	0.31
" However, the dose-response relationship was acute."	( Relation between Irofulven (MGI-114) systemic exposure and tumor response in human solid tumor xenografts. Billups, C; Cheshire, PJ; Fouladi, M; Friedman, HS; Houghton, PJ; Leggas, M; Peterson, JK; Stewart, CF; Woo, MH, 2002)	0.31
" Since induction of ME activity by JH and JH analogs displayed a dose-response curve, specific for each tested component, we concluded that the hormonal action could be mediated through a receptor."	( Regulation of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase by juvenile hormone in Drosophila melanogaster. Danis, P; Farkas, R; Knopp, J; Mechler, BM; Medved'ová, L, 2002)	0.31
" In this study, we investigated whether antitumor efficacy of angiogenesis inhibitor, TNP-470 [O-(chloroacetyl-carbamoyl) fumagillol], could be improved by optimizing the dosing schedule."	( Optimizing the dosing schedule of TNP-470 [O-(chloroacetyl-carbamoyl) fumagillol] enhances its antitumor and antiangiogenic efficacies. Koyanagi, S; Kuramoto, Y; Nakagawa, H; Ohdo, S; Shimeno, H; Soeda, S, 2003)	0.32
"The RNA and DNA contents of female worms recovered from the host 48 h after dosing were markedly decreased by 51."	( [Effect of artemether on nucleoside uptake and nucleic acid content in Schistosoma japonicum]. Mei, J; Xiao, S; Yao, M; You, J; Zhai, Z, 1999)	0.3
" Group II received the same dosage of placebo at the corresponding times."	( [Field application of oral artesunate for preventing Schistosoma japonicum infection]. Chen, J; Fang, G; Li, J; Li, S; Ou, N; Wang, Q; Wang, T; Xu, M; Zhang, S; Zhang, X, 1999)	0.3
" Patients were randomized to receive simultaneous dosing (artesunate 200 mg/d plus mefloquine 250 mg/d from the first to the third day [investigational group]) or sequential dosing (artesunate 200 mg/d for 3 d plus mefloquine 250 mg on the second and 500 mg on the third day [reference group])."	( A randomized, double-blind study on the efficacy and safety of a practical three-day regimen with artesunate and mefloquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa. Cambon, N; Kinde-Gazard, D; Kone, M; Massougbodji, A; Mueller, EA; Same-Ekobo, A, )	0.13
" The dosage schedule led to a rapid clinical response and reduced parasite clearance and fever subsidence times of (31."	( Descriptive study on the efficacy and safety of artesunate suppository in combination with other antimalarials in the treatment of severe malaria in Sudan. Alkadru, AM; Awad, MI; Baraka, OZ; Behrens, RH; Eltayeb, IB, 2003)	0.32
" The animals were killed 60 min after dosing and their duodena were removed."	( Changes in duodenal mast cells in response to dehydroleucodine. Fogal, T; Penissi, A; Piezzi, R; Rudolph, I, 2003)	0.32
" When the cultures were exposed to serial dilutions of anti-malarial drugs, a distinct inhibition of HRP2 production was seen with increasing concentrations of drugs, resulting in sigmoid dose-response curves, similar to those obtained from conventional drug sensitivity assays."	( Plasmodium falciparum: effect of anti-malarial drugs on the production and secretion characteristics of histidine-rich protein II. Kollaritsch, H; Looareesuwan, S; Miller, RS; Myint, KS; Noedl, H; Sukthana, Y; Wernsdorfer, WH; Wiedermann, G; Wongchotigul, V; Wongsrichanalai, C, )	0.13
"Rats were treated with vehicle or with TNP-470 at low dosage (10 mg/kg), medium dosage (20 mg/kg), or high dosage (40 mg/kg)."	( Angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 (AGM-1470) suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation after balloon injury in rats. Hoshino, Y; Ishikawa, S; Kurabayashi, M; Maeno, T; Morishita, Y; Nagai, R; Ogata, T; Sekiguchi, K; Takei, H, 2003)	0.32
" Three NAC dosage regimens were used: an intravenous loading dose of 140 mg/kg followed by 70 mg/kg every four hours intravenously for up to 18 doses (Group 1); a single intravenous loading dose followed by oral NAC in the same amount as for Group 1 (Group 2); a regimen identical to Group 1 except that oral NAC was administered after the first 24 hours (Group 3)."	( N-acetylcysteine in severe falciparum malaria in Thailand. Brittenham, G; Carroll, J; Krudsood, S; Kuhn, WF; Looareesuwan, S; Maek-A-Nantawat, W; Saengnetswang, T; Tosukhowong, T; Treeprasertsuk, S; Vannaphan, S, 2003)	0.32
" In the naphtoquine group, thirty patients were prescribed single daily dosage of 1,000 mg for one day."	( [A randomized comparative study of naphtoquine, mefloquine and artsunate in the treatment of falciparum malaria]. Chen, RJ; Fu, LC; Guo, WZ; Guo, XB; Ou, FZ; Tan, B; Zheng, QJ, 2003)	0.32
"Although the average fever-subsidence time and the parasite-clearance time of naphtoquine at single 24-hour dosage of 1,000 mg were longer than those of mefloquine and artesunate, the 28-day curative ratio of naphtoquine was higher than that of mefloquine and artesunate."	( [A randomized comparative study of naphtoquine, mefloquine and artsunate in the treatment of falciparum malaria]. Chen, RJ; Fu, LC; Guo, WZ; Guo, XB; Ou, FZ; Tan, B; Zheng, QJ, 2003)	0.32
" Dose-response curves for a Plasmodium falciparum clone (clone W2) and DHA were used as a standard for each assay."	( Plasmodium falciparum-based bioassay for measurement of artemisinin derivatives in plasma or serum. Brewer, TG; Kyle, DE; Peggins, JO; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Webster, HK; White, NJ, 2004)	0.32
" Artemisinin was absorbed faster from herbal tea preparations than from oral solid dosage forms, but bioavailability was similar."	( Pharmacokinetic study of artemisinin after oral intake of a traditional preparation of Artemisia annua L. (annual wormwood). Gleiter, CH; Heide, L; Li, SM; Räth, K; Taxis, K; Walz, G, 2004)	0.32
"This study utilized MiaPaCa pancreatic xenografts to demonstrate irofulven antitumor activity using either a daily or intermittent dosing schedule."	( Activity of irofulven against human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. MacDonald, JR; Roth, S; Van Laar, ES; Waters, SJ; Weitman, S, )	0.13
"Both dosing regimens of irofulven demonstrated curative activity against the MiaPaCa xenografts."	( Activity of irofulven against human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. MacDonald, JR; Roth, S; Van Laar, ES; Waters, SJ; Weitman, S, )	0.13
"These results support further clinical characterization of intermittent irofulven dosing schedules and suggest that irofulven combined with gemcitabine may have activity in patients with pancreatic tumors."	( Activity of irofulven against human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. MacDonald, JR; Roth, S; Van Laar, ES; Waters, SJ; Weitman, S, )	0.13
" Forty patients demonstrated RI type of response, 37 were cured after being retreated with the same dosage and another 3 patients were cured after the third course of treatment."	( Six-years monitoring the efficacy of the combination of artesunate and mefloquine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Bunnag, D; Chittamas, S; Kanda, T; Looareesuwan, S; Pornkulprasit, V; Rojanawatsirivej, C; Thimasarn, K; Wattanakoon, Y, 2003)	0.32
"The aims of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of 200 mg oral and rectal artesunate in healthy volunteers, and to suggest a rational dosage regimen for rectal administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of artesunate following oral and rectal administration in healthy Sudanese volunteers. Alkadru, AM; Awad, MI; Baraka, OZ; Behrens, RH; Eltayeb, IB, 2004)	0.32
"The optimal dosage of artesunate to prevent murine schistosomiasis was 300 mg/kg."	( [Prophylactic effect of artesunate against experimental infection of Schistosoma mansoni]. Kumagai, T; Li, SW; Liu, X; Lou, LJ; Lu, SH; Ohta, N; Shi, JF; Wen, LY; Wu, LJ; Yan, XH; Yan, XL; Yang, MJ, 2004)	0.32
" At a dosage of 42 mg/rat over 8 h, pyran diol 3 inhibited the intestinal absorption of cholesterol by 71% in rats."	( Total syntheses of (+)-chloropuupehenone and (+)-chloropuupehenol and their analogues and evaluation of their bioactivities. Battina, SK; Chen, Y; Hua, DH; Huang, X; Koo, SI; Namatame, I; Noh, SK; Perchellet, EM; Perchellet, JP; Tamura, M; Tomoda, H, 2004)	0.32
" Combining medium dosage of angiogensis inhibitor with chemical drug may have synergistic result in inhibiting ACC growth."	( [Combining of TNP-470 and 5-Fu in inhibition of adenoid cystic carcinoma in nude mice model]. Li, JQ; Meng, M; Meng, N; Nong, XL; Wang, DZ; Zhang, H; Zhou, N, 2004)	0.32
"The current dosage of DP (6."	( Randomized, controlled dose-optimization studies of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. Ashley, EA; Brockman, A; Hutagalung, R; Krudsood, S; Leowattana, W; Looareesuwan, S; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Phaiphun, L; Srivilairit, S; White, NJ; Wilairatana, P, 2004)	0.32
" The cytotoxic activity of irofulven is augmented when combined with agents that interact with DNA topoisomerase I; however, none of the reported studies have used the protracted dosing schedule found to be active clinically in treatment of childhood cancers."	( Enhanced antitumor activity of irofulven in combination with irinotecan in pediatric solid tumor xenograft models. Billups, C; Bjornsti, MA; Houghton, PJ; Liang, H; Peterson, JK; Woo, MH, 2005)	0.33
" The high adherence to artemether-lumefantrine found in our study suggest that this drug is likely to be very effective in Mbarara provided that patients receive clear dosage explanations."	( Adherence to a six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda. Bajunirwe, F; Biraro, S; Checchi, F; Fogg, C; Guthmann, JP; Kiguli, J; Kyomugisha, A; Musabe, J; Namiiro, P; Piola, P, 2004)	0.32
"Antiangiogenic therapy shows significant anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects, and is helpful to reduce the dosage of cytotoxic drugs and the side effects."	( Antiangiogenic therapy for human pancreatic carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Huang, WG; Jia, L; Yuan, SZ; Zhang, MH, 2005)	0.33
"7 hours on day 4 for both dosage regimens."	( Pharmacokinetic investigation on the therapeutic potential of artemotil (beta-arteether) in Thai patients with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Chalearmrult, K; Krudsood, S; Li, Q; Looareesuwan, S; Lugt, CB; Milhous, WK; Vannaphan, S; Wilairatana, P, 2004)	0.32
" By employing sample pooling approach, plasma level - time profile following single intravenous dose of all three compounds were obtained in a fraction of the time required by conventional single compound dosing and analysis."	( A high throughput approach for simultaneous estimation of multiple synthetic trioxane derivatives using sample pooling for pharmacokinetic studies. Gupta, RC; Singh, RP; Singh, SK, 2005)	0.33
" The proposed model successfully described the time-course of the onset and normalization of the autoinduction of metabolism in healthy subjects receiving two different dosage regimens of the compound."	( A semiphysiological pharmacokinetic model for artemisinin in healthy subjects incorporating autoinduction of metabolism and saturable first-pass hepatic extraction. Ashton, M; Gordi, T; Huong, DX; Huong, NV; Karlsson, MO; Xie, R, 2005)	0.33
" CKD-732 was intravenously administered with the dosages of 10, 30, 40 or 50 mg/kg and the highest dosage of 50 mg/kg prolonged the hexobarbital-induced sleep time."	( General pharmacology of CKD-732, a new anticancer agent: effects on central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory system. Kim, EJ; Shin, WH, 2005)	0.33
" Each has its own physical and pharmaceutical properties, dosage and dosage forms."	( [Review of the use of artemisinin and its derivatives in the treatment of malaria]. Van der Meersch, H, 2005)	0.33
"After a single administration of beta-elemene to rats at the dosage of 75 mg x kg(-1) (i."	( [Excretion of beta-elemene from rat respiratory tracts]. Chen, YR; Li, SY; Li, Z; Su, CY; Wang, K; Wu, XY, 2005)	0.33
" TNP-470 dosage was escalated in CT-26-bearing animals until an antiangiogenic effect could be observed."	( TNP-470 fails to block the onset of angiogenesis and early tumor establishment in an intravital minimal disease model. Bennek, J; Celik, I; Cernaianu, G; Cross, M; Dansranjavin, T; Erbstösser, K; Frank, S; Hauss, J; Leonhardt, S; McIvor, Z; Rothe, K; Scholz, G; Tannapfel, A; Troebs, RB; Wittekind, C; Witzigmann, H, 2006)	0.33
" Using the '4-day test', a low level of synergism or a simple additional action between CPG and DDS was observed with multiple dosing of these two compounds in a combination."	( The chemotherapy of rodent malaria. LXIII. Drug combinations to impede the selection of drug resistance, part 6: the potential value of chlorproguanil and dapsone in combination, and with the addition of artesunate. Peters, W; Robinson, BL; Stewart, LB, 2005)	0.33
" All dosing regimens were well tolerated."	( Short-course regimens of artesunate-fosmidomycin in treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Adegnika, AA; Borrmann, S; Esser, G; Hutchinson, D; Issifou, S; Jomaa, H; Kombila, M; Kremsner, PG; Lundgren, I; Matsiegui, PB; Moussavou, F; Oyakhirome, S; Ramharter, M; Wiesner, J, 2005)	0.33
"Assuming that valerenic acid serum concentrations correlate with the pharmacological activity of valerian, the timing of the valerenic acid peak concentration is consistent with the standard dosage recommendation to take valerian 30 min to 2 h before bedtime."	( Pharmacokinetics of valerenic acid after administration of valerian in healthy subjects. Anderson, GD; Elmer, GW; Kantor, ED; Templeton, IE; Vitiello, MV, 2005)	0.33
" The doses and dosing regimens of artesunate and mefloquine varied across trials."	( Artesunate plus mefloquine versus mefloquine for treating uncomplicated malaria. Bukirwa, H; Orton, L, 2005)	0.33
" Only BILT significantly influenced the pharmacokinetics but this effect was not considered as relevant for dosing adjustment."	( Pharmacokinetic modelling of 5-FU production from capecitabine--a population study in 40 adult patients with metastatic cancer. Lokiec, F; Rezaí, K; Urien, S, 2005)	0.33
"Artemisinin salivary concentration and parasite count data were obtained from Vietnamese malaria patients receiving two different dosage regimens."	( Semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the antimalarial effect of artemisinin. Gordi, T; Jusko, WJ; Xie, R, 2005)	0.33
"The proposed semimechanistic PK/PD model successfully described the time course of both salivary artemisinin concentrations after repeated dosing and the number of parasites in patients treated with the drug."	( Semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the antimalarial effect of artemisinin. Gordi, T; Jusko, WJ; Xie, R, 2005)	0.33
" A significant suppression of tumor growth was observed when the dosage was increased."	( [Inhibition of eIF families expression and angiogenesis for human laryngeal carcinoma by elemene administration]. Tao, L; Yao, M; Zheng, LY; Zhou, L, 2005)	0.33
" mansoni experimentally infected mice were treated at 9th week of infection with ART, PZQ or OX at an oral dosage of 300 mg kg(-1), 600 mg kg(-1) and 100 mg kg(-1), respectively."	( Comparative studies on the pathological findings and mortality in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice after treatment with artesunate and the current antischistosomal drugs. Chaiworaporn, R; Janecharut, T; Kitikoon, V; Maneerat, Y; Matsuda, H; Ramasoota, P; Rojekittikhun, W, 2005)	0.33
" Comparative studies to assess the therapeutic indices of PQD-A4, PQD-BE, and PQD were conducted in Plasmodium berghei-infected rats following daily intragastric dosing for three consecutive days."	( New potential antimalarial agents: therapeutic-index evaluation of pyrroloquinazolinediamine and its prodrugs in a rat model of severe malaria. Li, Q; Lin, AJ; Skillman, DS; Smith, K; Xie, LH; Zhang, J, 2006)	0.33
" Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) included dosing omission and delay > 1 week."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irofulven and cisplatin administered in a 30-min infusion every two weeks to patients with advanced solid tumors. Alexandre, J; Chieze, S; Cvitkovic, E; Faivre, S; Goldwasser, F; Hilgers, W; Kahatt, C; Lokiec, F; MacDonald, JR; Misset, JL; Raymond, E; Taamma, A; Weems, G, 2006)	0.33
" The fever clearance and the parasitemia reduction rates were found to be effective according to this dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics findings after repeated administration of ARTESUNATE thermostable suppositories (RECTOCAPS) in Vietnamese patients with uncomplicated malaria. Benakis, A; Binh, TQ; Keundjian, A; Scheiwe, MW, )	0.13
" This study was designed to construct a population pharmacokinetic model describing this new dosage regimen of mefloquine given as loose tablets together with artesunate."	( Population pharmacokinetic assessment of a new regimen of mefloquine used in combination treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ashley, EA; Hae, R; Hutagalung, R; Lindegårdh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
" Only glycerol showed dose-response and effects potentially better than no treatment."	( Anti-irritants I: Dose-response in acute irritation. Andersen, F; Andersen, KE; Bindslev-Jensen, C; Fullerton, A; Hedegaard, K; Petersen, TK, 2006)	0.33
" The dose-response effect of 4 alleged AI (nifedipine, (-)-alpha-bisabolol, canola oil and glycerol) was studied on experimentally induced acute irritation in healthy volunteers, and only glycerol showed dose-related response and effects potentially better than no treatment."	( Anti-irritants II: Efficacy against cumulative irritation. Andersen, F; Andersen, KE; Bindslev-Jensen, C; Fullerton, A; Hedegaard, K; Petersen, TK, 2006)	0.33
"The extraction methods in selected monographs of the European and the Swiss Pharmacopoeia were compared to pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with respect to the yield of constituents to be dosed in the quantitative assay for the respective herbal drugs."	( Are extraction methods in quantitative assays of pharmacopoeia monographs exhaustive? A comparison with pressurized liquid extraction. Basalo, C; Hamburger, M; Mohn, T, 2006)	0.33
" First and last day dosing suspensions were analyzed for AC content."	( Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of acetyl cedrene. Api, AM; Christian, MS; Diener, RM; Isola, DA; Lapczynski, A, )	0.13
" Two dosage regimens were tested: prophylaxis and treatment."	( Treatment of malaria in a mouse model by intranasal drug administration. Godin, B; Golenser, J; Touitou, E; Waknine, JH, 2006)	0.33
" Insufficient numbers of tablets and inadequate package inserts result in sub-optimal dosing and possible treatment failure."	( Malaria treatment failures after artemisinin-based therapy in three expatriates: could improved manufacturer information help to decrease the risk of treatment failure? Chappuis, F; Jackson, Y; Loutan, L; Taylor, W, 2006)	0.33
" To inform dosage recommendations we assessed the pharmacokinetics of intravenous artesunate after the first dose."	( The pharmacokinetics of intravenous artesunate in adults with severe falciparum malaria. Barnes, KI; Chierakul, W; Evans, AC; Newton, PN; Ruangveerayuth, R; Smith, PJ; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
" Less dosage and shorter course can be expected when arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, and beta-elemene are used in combination with CTX."	( Effect of ginseng saponin, arsenic trioxide, beta-elemene combined with CTX on telomere-telomerase system in K562 cell line. Fang, MY; Wang, Y, 2006)	0.33
" The distributions of Hup A into rat brain tissues following intranasal dosing were compared with those after intravenous and intragastric dosing by tissue homogeneization."	( [Preparation of huperzine A nasal in situ gel and evaluation of its brain targeting following intranasal administration]. Chen, QH; Dong, WX; Tao, T; Yue, P; Zhao, Y, 2006)	0.33
" There are no clear data on whether a higher dosage of rectal artesunate results in a better clinical response."	( Comparative study of the effectiveness and pharmacokinetics of two rectal artesunate/oral mefloquine combination regimens for the treatment of uncomplicated childhood falciparum malaria. Chaivisuth, A; Chanthavanich, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Pengsaa, K; Pojjaroen-Anant, C; Sabchareon, A; Sirivichayakul, C; Thaiarporn, I; Wisetsing, P, 2007)	0.34
" There was no definite benefit from increasing the dosage of rectal artesunate from 10 to 20 mg/kg/day."	( Comparative study of the effectiveness and pharmacokinetics of two rectal artesunate/oral mefloquine combination regimens for the treatment of uncomplicated childhood falciparum malaria. Chaivisuth, A; Chanthavanich, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Pengsaa, K; Pojjaroen-Anant, C; Sabchareon, A; Sirivichayakul, C; Thaiarporn, I; Wisetsing, P, 2007)	0.34
"Antimalarial treatment strategies based on in vitro studies are limited by the paucity of pharmacodynamic information for dosage regimen design."	( Development of a pharmacodynamic model of murine malaria and antimalarial treatment with dihydroartemisinin. Barrett, PH; Batty, KT; Davis, TM; Gibbons, PL; Ilett, KF, 2007)	0.34
" The dosing regimen has been simplified from four doses to once daily over 3 days."	( Efficacy and safety of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. Ashley, EA; Day, NP; Myint, HY; Nosten, F; White, NJ, 2007)	0.34
" We summarized the data under the following themes: content and dissolution; relative bioavailability of antimalarial products; antimalarial stability and shelf life; general tests on pharmaceutical dosage forms; and the presence of degradation or unidentifiable impurities in formulations."	( Antimalarial drug quality in Africa. Amin, AA; Kokwaro, GO, 2007)	0.34
" The review highlights the common finding in drug quality studies that (i) most antimalarial products pass the basic tests for pharmaceutical dosage forms, such as the uniformity of weight for tablets, (ii) most antimalarial drugs pass the content test and (iii) in vitro product dissolution is the main problem area where most drugs fail to meet required pharmacopoeial specifications, especially with regard to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine products."	( Antimalarial drug quality in Africa. Amin, AA; Kokwaro, GO, 2007)	0.34
" After dose range study, rats were dosed at either 160 mg/kg daily for 9 consecutive days or at 288 mg/kg once every other day for five doses, so that the total dose (1440 mg/kg) and duration (9 days) were identical."	( Neurotoxicity and toxicokinetics of artelinic acid following repeated oral administration in rats. Bennett, K; Johnson, TO; Li, Q; Mog, S; Si, Y; Weina, PJ; Xie, L, )	0.13
" A weight-based dosing regimen was used for the loose tablets during 2000-2003 (n = 731) and a commercially available co-blister was used during 2004-2005 (n = 235)."	( Efficacy and safety of artesunate plus amodiaquine in routine use for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Casamance, southern Sénégal. Agnamey, P; Brasseur, P; Gaye, O; Olliaro, PL; Taylor, WR; Vaillant, M, 2007)	0.34
" Patients were randomly allocated into one of the two regimens, with dosage according to bodyweight range."	( Randomized, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of artesunate plus amodiaquine, administered as a single daily intake versus two daily intakes in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Brasseur, P; Cisse, M; Diouf, AM; Faye, B; Gaye, O; Kuété, T; Lameyre, V; Ndiaye, JL; Same-Ekobo, A; Seck, PA, 2008)	0.35
" We observed a moderate dose-response effect for thiabendazole, whereby spore count decreased as drug consumption increased."	( Effect of four antimicrobials against an Encephalitozoon sp. (Microsporidia) in a grasshopper host. Johny, S; Whitman, DW, 2008)	0.35
" Dosage of gastric reduced glutathione (GSH) levels showed that ethanol and indomethacin reduced the content of non-protein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) groups, while (-)-alpha-bisabolol significantly decreased the reduction of these levels on ulcer-induced mice, but not in mice without ulcer."	( Gastroprotection of (-)-alpha-bisabolol on acute gastric mucosal lesions in mice: the possible involved pharmacological mechanisms. Aquino Neto, MR; de França Fonteles, MM; de Sousa, DP; de Sousa, FC; Gomes Silva, MI; Mendes Vasconcelos, SM; Moura Rocha, NF; Moura, BA; Vasconcelos Rios, ER; Venâncio, ET, 2010)	0.36
" The simultaneous evaluation of the physicochemical analysis of the essential oils, the characterization of the dosage response relationships among them, and the mortality effects on mite and bees, give us the possibility to obtain comparative results for future research in Varroa control."	( Acaricidal and insecticidal activity of essential oils on Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Bailac, P; Damiani, N; Eguaras, MJ; Gende, LB; Marcangeli, JA, 2009)	0.35
" dosage of 1 mg/kg body weight without any negative effect on the weight of the host mice."	( Herbal compound farnesiferol C exerts antiangiogenic and antitumor activity and targets multiple aspects of VEGFR1 (Flt1) or VEGFR2 (Flk1) signaling cascades. Ahn, KS; Bae, H; Choi, S; Kim, KH; Kim, SH; Lee, EO; Lee, HJ; Lee, JH; Lee, Y; Lü, J; Ryu, SY, 2010)	0.36
" microti at the dosage of 10 and 100mg/kg BW, while the inhibition was low compared with the high doses used."	( Inhibitory effect of terpene nerolidol on the growth of Babesia parasites. AbouLaila, M; Igarashi, I; Sivakumar, T; Yokoyama, N, 2010)	0.36
" Dose-response curves were obtained for hexane, dichlorometane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from Heterotheca inuloides inflorescences in the formalin test."	( Antinociceptive effect of 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydrocadalin isolated from Heterotheca inuloides: role of peripheral 5-HT₁ serotonergic receptors. Blaisdell-López, E; Granados-Soto, V; Navarrete, A; Rocha-González, HI, 2010)	0.36
"Tiaprofenic acid is a potent analgesic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and like any other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, oral administration of the conventional dosage forms of tiaprofenic acid invariably causes gastrointestinal side effects."	( The effect of terpenes on percutaneous absorption of tiaprofenic acid gel. Kaptan, E; Nuriyev, M; Okyar, A; Ozturk, N; Pala-Kara, Z; Yildiz, A, 2010)	0.36
"We tested ex vivo blasts from 42 acute leukemias (14 Philadelphia-negative and 14 Philadelphia-positive B acute lymphoid leukemias, Ph-/Ph+B-ALL; 14 acute myeloid leukemias, AML) for their sensitivity to α-bisabolol in 24-hour dose-response assays."	( Pro-apoptotic activity of α-bisabolol in preclinical models of primary human acute leukemia cells. Bergamini, C; Bonifacio, M; Carcereri de Prati, A; Cavalieri, E; Fato, R; Guardalben, E; Pizzolo, G; Rigo, A; Suzuki, H; Vinante, F, 2011)	0.37
" Tonic-clonic seizures were noticed, but only in highly dosed animals."	( Huperzine induces alteration in oxidative balance and antioxidants in a guinea pig model. Bandouchova, H; Drtinova, L; Hrabinova, M; Pikula, J; Pohanka, M; Zemek, F, 2011)	0.37
" In addition, fall armyworm larvae show a preference for Tx601 whorl tissue over Mp708 tissue, and the dosage of Tx601 whorl with (E)-beta-caryophyllene repels the fall armyworm."	( A maize line resistant to herbivory constitutively releases (E) -beta-caryophyllene. Brown, AE; Luthe, DS; Sandoya, GV; Shivaji, R; Smith, CL; Smith, WE; Sparks, DL; Williams, WP, 2012)	0.38
"5-fold by exposure to 5 μM glyceollin in a dose-response manner."	( Glyceollins, soy isoflavone phytoalexins, improve oral glucose disposal by stimulating glucose uptake. Bhatnagar, D; Boué, SM; Burow, ME; Cao, H; Erhardt, PW; Heiman, ML; Isakova, IA; Sarver, JG; Shinde, KV, 2012)	0.38
" The apoptosis of T24 cells is dependent on the dosage and length of incubation time of β-elemene."	( β-elemene acts as an antitumor factor and downregulates the expression of survivin, Bcl-xL and Mta-1. Chen, X; Ding, J; Long, X; Luo, H; Luo, Z; Qiu, W; Wang, Y; Xie, H; Yang, L; Yang, N; Zhang, B; Zhang, T, 2012)	0.38
" Human cell lines, including colon cancer lines, were transfected with a vector containing rat PTGR1 or human PTGR1, and cell viability was examined after dosing with HMAF."	( Up-regulation of human prostaglandin reductase 1 improves the efficacy of hydroxymethylacylfulvene, an antitumor chemotherapeutic agent. Cervoni-Curet, FN; Erzinger, MM; Niederhuber, J; Pietsch, KE; Sturla, SJ; Whang, J; Yu, X, 2012)	0.38
" Repeated benzodiazepine dosing or combined application of benzodiazepines and NMDA receptor antagonists is more likely to be effective in treating TMDT poisoning."	( Differential antagonism of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine-induced seizures by agents acting at NMDA and GABA(A) receptors. Shakarjian, MP; Stanton, PK; Velíšek, L; Velíšková, J, 2012)	0.38
" LYC presented 100% dissolution after 24 h, whereas only 60% of LYC was released from the nanocapsule dosage form, with no burst effect."	( HPLC-DAD and UV-spectrophotometry for the determination of lychnopholide in nanocapsule dosage form: validation and application to release kinetic study. Branquinho, RT; de Lana, M; de Souza, J; Dorim, DD; Kano, EK; Mosqueira, VC; Saúde-Guimarães, DA, 2014)	0.4
" Furthermore, subcutaneous administration of Bis-Mep (10, 100 or 1000 ng/kg) significantly reversed the scopolamine-induced memory deficits in a typical bell-shaped dose-response manner."	( Bis(9)-(-)-nor-meptazinol as a novel dual-binding AChEI potently ameliorates scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits in mice. Chen, HZ; Cui, Y; Ge, XX; Li, J; Liu, T; Qiu, ZB; Wang, H; Xia, Z; Xie, Q; Xu, J; Xu, JR; Zhang, WW, 2013)	0.39
" Huperzine A's permeability characteristics pave the way to the development of its oral extended release dosage form."	( Transepithelial transport of a natural cholinesterase inhibitor, huperzine A, along the gastrointestinal tract: the role of ionization on absorption mechanism. Burshtein, G; Friedman, M; Greenberg, S; Hoffman, A, 2013)	0.39
" In case of intravenous administration of BD at a dosage of 1 mg/kg, the AUC0-24 h was 281 ± 98."	( LC-MS/MS determination of bakkenolide D in rats plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. Chen, F; Chen, X; Dai, D; Pei, L; Tang, L, 2013)	0.39
" The time-course and dose-response profiles of the induction process were established by quantifying the isoflavonoids by HPLC."	( Effect of salicylic acid and structurally related compounds in the accumulation of phytoalexins in cotyledons of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars. Durango, D; Echeverri, F; Escobar, G; Pulgarin, N; Quiñones, W, 2013)	0.39
" The dosage of valerenic acid (340 μg/kg), which is the active ingredient of valerian root extract, was determined by the content of valerenic acid in valerian root extract (3."	( Valeriana officinalis extract and its main component, valerenic acid, ameliorate D-galactose-induced reductions in memory, cell proliferation, and neuroblast differentiation by reducing corticosterone levels and lipid peroxidation. Choi, JH; Hwang, IK; Jung, HY; Kang, SY; Kim, DW; Kim, JW; Kim, W; Kim, WJ; Nam, SM; Park, J; Yoo, DY; Yoon, YS, 2013)	0.39
" MTT method was used to determine the dosage regimen of Nar in primary neuronal cultures and observe the influence of Nar on the neurons suffering OGD; Western blotting analysis was used to detect expressions of protein kinase A (PKA), Ras related protein 1 (Rap1), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) of OGD-injured or uninjured primary cultured neurons after Nar treatment."	( [Nardosinone reduces neuronal injury induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation in primary cortical cultures]. Duan, HH; Li, Q; Li, W; Shi, JL; Tang, MK, 2013)	0.39
" After being fed HFD for 2 weeks, Syrian golden hamsters were dosed orally with zerumbone (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) once daily for 8 weeks."	( Lipid-lowering effects of zerumbone, a natural cyclic sesquiterpene of Zingiber zerumbet Smith, in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic hamsters. Chang, CJ; Liou, SS; Liu, IM; Lu, HJ; Tzeng, TF, 2014)	0.4
" However, the PenCDF dose-response relationship on the wasting syndrome has been superficial."	( [Effect of Cynaropicrin on 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran-induced Wasting Syndrome and Oxidative Stress]. Furue, M; Ishii, Y; Kuroki, H; Mitoma, C; Takeda, T; Uchi, H; Yamada, H; Yamada, K, 2015)	0.42
" In dose-response bioassay, ar-turmerone showed significantly higher biting deterrence than DEET at all the dosages."	( Larvicidal and Biting Deterrent Activity of Essential Oils of Curcuma longa, Ar-turmerone, and Curcuminoids Against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Culicidae: Diptera). Ali, A; Khan, IA; Wang, YH, 2015)	0.42
" Finally, a dose-response correlation was observed between Waldhemia glabra essential oil concentration and viability of human breast adenocarcinoma cells MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7."	( Screening of the chemical composition and bioactivity of Waldheimia glabra (Decne.) Regel essential oil. Catalano, E; Dallavalle, S; Giorgi, A; Iriti, M; Manzo, A; Musso, L; Panseri, S; Scarì, G, 2016)	0.43
" This biphasic action was hypothesized to be auxin-like and, therefore, an auxin-related mode of parthenin action was investigated using two approaches: joint action experiments with Lactuca sativa, and dose-response experiments with auxin/antiauxin-resistant Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes."	( Investigating a Potential Auxin-Related Mode of Hormetic/Inhibitory Action of the Phytotoxin Parthenin. Belz, RG, 2016)	0.43
" In this study, we found that β-elemene, which alone had little effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell proliferation, exerted a synergistic anti-proliferative effect in HCC cells when dosed in combination with oxaliplatin, which increased the amounts of platinum accumulation and platinum-DNA adduct significantly and augmented the oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis."	( β-elemene sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to oxaliplatin by preventing oxaliplatin-induced degradation of copper transporter 1. Guo, L; Li, H; Li, X; Lin, Z; Liu, S; Ye, Q; Zhang, B; Zhang, J, 2016)	0.43
" The no observed adverse effect level was the highest dosage level administered of 700 mg/kg body weight/d for both male and female rats."	( Toxicological Evaluation of β-Caryophyllene Oil: Subchronic Toxicity in Rats. Carroll, B; Levy, R; Schmitt, D, 2016)	0.43
" The results can be interpreted with respect to a reference model by considering dose-response analyses and isobolograms with linear regression analyses."	( The Joint Action of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Leaves as an Explanation for the Activity of Cynara cardunculus. García, BF; Macías, FA; Molinillo, JM; Rial, C; Torres, A; Varela, RM, 2016)	0.43
" The results showed that compound 11 exhibited good antibacterial activity against Serratia marcescens compared to the positive control ampicillin at a dosage of 100 μg/disk."	( Halogenated Sesquiterpenoids from the Red Alga Laurencia tristicha Collected in Taiwan. Chen, JY; Chiou, SF; Huang, CY; Hwang, TL; Lin, YS; Sheu, JH; Wang, WL, 2016)	0.43
" Employing a pancreatic β-cell model (INS 1E), the effect of polygodial on signaling pathways is similar to that caused by dexamethasone - both increased MKP1 and decreased ERK1/2 expression in a dose-response and time-dependent manner."	( Polygodial, a sesquiterpene isolated from Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae), triggers glucocorticoid-like effects on pancreatic β-cells. Barrosa, KH; Bordin, S; Caperuto, LC; Ferreira, AJ; Lago, JH; Lellis-Santos, C; Mecchi, MC; Rando, DG; Sartorelli, P; Valle, MM, 2016)	0.43
" These biological activities were dose-dependent, increasing with higher dosage in a certain concentration range."	( Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, DNA Damage Protective, Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Activities of Cyperus rotundus Rhizomes Essential Oil against Foodborne Pathogens. Cao, XM; Hao, DL; Hu, QP; Zhang, LL, 2017)	0.46
" Dosing was stopped early due to an imbalance in venous thrombotic events in beloranib-treated participants (2 fatal events of pulmonary embolism and 2 events of deep vein thrombosis) compared with placebo."	( Effects of MetAP2 inhibition on hyperphagia and body weight in Prader-Willi syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Abuzzahab, MJ; Angulo, M; Barlow, SE; Bird, LM; Butler, MG; Chan, CL; Dykens, EM; Fu, C; Hughes, TE; Kim, DD; Malloy, J; McCandless, SE; Miller, J; Myers, SE; Roof, E; Salehi, P; Scheimann, AO; Stafford, D; Styne, D; Taylor, K; Viskochil, D; Whitman, BY; Yanovski, JA; Zhuang, D, 2017)	0.46
" The present lychnopholide intravenous dosage form showed great potential for further pre-clinical and clinical studies in Chagas disease and cancer therapies."	( Increased Body Exposure to New Anti-Trypanosomal Through Nanoencapsulation. de Lana, M; Marques Milagre, M; Mosqueira, VCF; Pound-Lana, G; Saúde-Guimarães, DA; Spangler Andrade, M; Tupinambá Branquinho, R; Vilela, JMC, 2017)	0.46
" Inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) values were obtained from dose-response curves."	( Anti-cancer stem cell activity of a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Ambrosia arborescens and of a synthetic derivative. Almanza, G; Huang, X; Kempengren, S; Malakpour, A; Oredsson, S; Rodrigo, G; Smiljanic, S; Sotillo, WS; Sterner, O; Villagomez, R, 2017)	0.46
" We tested the response of Lactuca sativa in complete dose-response experiments to six different toxicants at doses that did not decrease population mean and beyond."	( Low doses of six toxicants change plant size distribution in dense populations of Lactuca sativa. Belz, RG; Patama, M; Sinkkonen, A, 2018)	0.48
"Previously proved to be effective for treatment of microsporidial keratitis in humans, topical and subconjunctival concentration or dosing of fumagillin bicyclohexylamine failed to reduce corneal neovascularization induced by silver nitrate in this study."	( Efficacy of fumagillin bicyclohexylamine on experimental corneal neovascularization in rat model. Aşula, MF; Onur, IU; Yigit, FU, 2019)	0.51
" Antioxidant effects were analyzed by measuring the reactive oxygen species and malonyldialdehyde dosage was used to check the presence of lipid peroxidation."	( Antiproliferative Effects of Cynaropicrin on Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells. Bulotta, S; Celano, M; Lepore, SM; Lombardo, GE; Maggisano, V; Maiuolo, J; Mollace, V; Russo, D, 2019)	0.51
" As the flexible complex liposome, the dosage of cabazitaxel could be reduced to 25% that of the cabazitaxel injection while retaining a similar therapeutic effect."	( The Preparation, Determination of a Flexible Complex Liposome Co-Loaded with Cabazitaxel and β-Elemene, and Animal Pharmacodynamics on Paclitaxel-Resistant Lung Adenocarcinoma. Li, CX; Xie, T; Zeng, YJ; Zeng, YY; Zeng, ZW; Zhang, NN, 2019)	0.51
" Forty-eight nude mice were subcutaneously xenograft with BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells and divided into four groups: Control group and high, medium, low dosage of elemene (20, 40 and 60 mg/kg) treatment groups."	( Anti-tumor effect and mechanistic study of elemene on pancreatic carcinoma. Hui, L; Liu, Z; Long, J, 2019)	0.51
" The in vivo BxPC-3 xenografts study exhibited that elemene was significantly decreased the tumor size in the high dosage group, compared to control group."	( Anti-tumor effect and mechanistic study of elemene on pancreatic carcinoma. Hui, L; Liu, Z; Long, J, 2019)	0.51
" Dosing was done for 14 days along with a single dose of CP 200 on the 7th day."	( Nerolidol attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced cardiac inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis in Swiss Albino mice. Ahmad, S; Alam, MM; Ali, J; Ansari, MA; Haque, SE; Iqubal, A; Najmi, AK; Sharma, S; Syed, MA, 2019)	0.51
" The existing dosage of HupA lacks brain selectivity and can cause serious side effects in the gastrointestinal and peripheral cholinergic systems."	( The Optimization Design Of Lactoferrin Loaded HupA Nanoemulsion For Targeted Drug Transport Via Intranasal Route. Ding, Z; Han, T; Jiang, Y; Liu, C; Zhai, W; Zhuang, N, 2019)	0.51
" Nineteen percent of HCPs thought that dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine gave the most satisfactory patient treatment outcomes, while 80% HCPs thought that artemether/lumefantrine gave the least satisfactory patient treatment outcomes, possibly due to dosing schedule and pill burden."	( Healthcare professionals' perspective can guide post-marketing surveillance of artemisinin-based combination therapy in Uganda. D'Hoore, W; Kiguba, R; Kirabira, E; Manirakiza, L; Mukonzo, J; Nabirye, L; Ndagije, HB; Olsson, S; Speybroeck, N; Spinewine, A; Sserwanga, A, 2020)	0.56
" ACE2 expression was down-regulated with the treatment of β-elemene at different dosage point."	( β-elemene affects angiogenesis of infantile hemangioma by regulating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha. Du, C; Tao, B; Wang, Z; Xian, H; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" We rationally designed a genetically defined Yarrowia lipolytica through recovery of L-leucine biosynthetic route, gene dosage optimization of β-farnesene synthase and disruption of the competition pathway."	( Engineering the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica for β-farnesene overproduction. Fang, Y; Jiang, Y; Li, Y; Shi, T; Tong, Y; Wang, M; Yang, J; Yang, S; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2021)	0.62
" The activity levels of myeloperoxidase were significantly decreased following increase in the dosage of Atractylenolide III, as determined by histological analysis."	( Atractylenolide III Ameliorates TNBS-Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Mice by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Regulating Intestinal Flora. Huang, M; Jiang, W; Luo, C; Ren, Y; Zhang, X, 2021)	0.62
" A revisiting on mefloquine pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) could assist in finding new appropriate dosage regimens in combination with artesunate as a three-day course treatment."	( Prediction of improved antimalarial chemotherapy of artesunate-mefloquine in combination with mefloquine sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Na-Bangchang, K; Saeheng, T, 2023)	0.91

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1733 (10.37)	18.7374
1990's	1806 (10.80)	18.2507
2000's	4992 (29.86)	29.6817
2010's	6291 (37.63)	24.3611
2020's	1895 (11.34)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	536 (3.06%)	5.53%
Reviews	1,038 (5.94%)	6.00%
Case Studies	143 (0.82%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (0.01%)	0.25%
Other	15,771 (90.18%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	3.14	5	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
alpha-hydroxyglutarate 2-hydroxyglutarate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.. 2-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.01	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.74	3	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	2.49	2	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.13	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	5.31	17	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	2.53	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.06	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.15	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	9.74	29	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetoin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	methyl ketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	metabolite
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.75	3	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	3.75	10	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	1.96	1	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	4.51	5	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	3.37	7	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2.02	1	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2.13	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzaldehyde [no description available]	4.43	6	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	2.42	2	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.05	4	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.07	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	3.09	1	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.06	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
butyraldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0	butanals	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,3-butylene glycol 2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.	2.17	1	0	butanediol; glycol; secondary alcohol
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	5.28	9	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.15	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	4.04	14	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	3.4	7	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.98	4	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
catechol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	3.57	8	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	3.39	7	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.13	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	3.88	12	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.11	5	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	5.65	13	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	8.03	37	1	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
aminoethylphosphonic acid Aminoethylphosphonic Acid: An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.. (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.	2.21	1	0	phosphonic acids; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.85	3	0	alkane	xenobiotic
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	5.83	21	1	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	3.48	7	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	1.98	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	3.47	1	1	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.21	1	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
caprylic aldehyde caprylic aldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1765. octanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of caprylic acid (octanoic acid).	2.07	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	4.56	7	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
phosphomevalonic acid phosphomevalonic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.68	3	0	monoalkyl phosphate
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	1.92	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	1.96	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.7	3	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	3.62	8	0	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
fosmidomycin fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	5.9	7	1	hydroxamic acid; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
cytosine [no description available]	4.28	3	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.89	23	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate: isomeric with isopentenyl pyrophosphate. prenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol.	4.48	22	0	prenol phosphate	epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	2.43	2	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid [no description available]	1.96	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; naphthalenediols; naphthohydroquinone; naphthoic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4.33	20	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	3.93	12	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	5.22	9	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	1.99	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	8.1	16	3	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.39	2	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.02	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.91	4	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	5.6	17	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	5.72	26	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	4.28	5	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
indole [no description available]	4.78	9	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.68	3	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.7	3	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	2.21	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	3.84	2	1	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	1.99	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.02	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.01	1	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	7.29	122	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	3.41	7	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	3.39	7	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
naphthalene [no description available]	2.96	4	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	4.25	5	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	4.52	5	1	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.85	3	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	6.07	15	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	4.1	3	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5.57	22	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.39	2	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.06	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	4.41	20	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.78	3	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	4.08	3	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	3.06	4	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	3.39	1	1	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	2.69	2	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.73	3	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.55	2	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.69	3	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	2.95	4	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	1.99	1	0	purine
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	3.17	5	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	3.78	10	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.4	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	4.9	2	1	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	2.03	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	2.42	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.31	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.04	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	2.11	1	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.92	4	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	4.33	19	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	2.9	4	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	3.37	6	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	6.92	8	1	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	3.18	5	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.41	2	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.	7.43	64	0	prenol phosphate	antigen; antioxidant; epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen
isocitric acid isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.	2.15	1	0	secondary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	1.99	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.44	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	17.82	427	14	quinolone
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	5.22	11	1	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	1.99	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.71	3	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	4.25	17	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	3.01	4	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2.31	1	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.37	2	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	2.02	1	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.48	2	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.01	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.68	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.02	1	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	1.97	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.	2.04	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
phenytoin [no description available]	2.96	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.42	2	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.42	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	12.33	36	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	2.72	3	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	3.56	8	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
albendazole [no description available]	5.7	15	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	2.97	4	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	2.15	1	0
altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.	2.04	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	2.15	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	4.31	1	1	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	2	1	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.41	2	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	15.61	84	36	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amprolium Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.	2.02	1	0	pyridinium ion	coccidiostat
9-anthroic acid 9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.	2	1	0	anthroic acid
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.45	2	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.99	4	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	3.7	9	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	3.86	12	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.05	1	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	1.95	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	3.82	3	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.17	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
baclofen [no description available]	2.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	3.61	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.07	1	0	benzamides
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.31	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzyl benzoate benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.	2.78	3	0	benzoate ester; benzyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite; scabicide
benzyl isothiocyanate benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma	2.01	1	0	benzenes; isothiocyanate	antibacterial drug
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	1.99	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	4.81	5	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	2.13	1	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
5-methoxypsoralen 5-Methoxypsoralen: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS.. 5-methoxypsoralen : A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.	2.73	3	0	5-methoxyfurocoumarin; organic heterotricyclic compound; psoralens	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	2.07	1	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone 2,5-di-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.	2.01	1	0	hydroquinones
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.02	1	0
seratrodast [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	4.39	1	1	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	2.07	1	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
caffeine [no description available]	4.79	7	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.32	19	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	6.15	29	1	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	2.01	1	0	biphenyls
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	2.43	2	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carmofur [no description available]	2	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.1	5	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.04	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	2.96	4	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.37	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetyl alcohol cetyl alcohol: has been used for eczema, skin irritations; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of sixteen carbon atoms.. hexadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.5	2	0	hexadecanol; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	algal metabolite; flavouring agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.96	4	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	16.55	200	38	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.42	1	1	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.03	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chrysanthemic acid chrysanthemic acid: occurs as esters in pyrethrum flowers; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. chrysanthemic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is cyclopropanecarboxylic acid substituted by two methyl groups at position 2 and a 2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl group at position 3.	2.07	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
ciclopirox [no description available]	3.82	2	1	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.01	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	7.88	54	1
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.59	2	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
5,7-dimethoxycoumarin 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin: has photobiological activity	2.21	1	0	coumarins
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	2.9	4	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.55	2	0	clonidine; imidazoline
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cytochalasin c [no description available]	2.11	1	0
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.74	3	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.08	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	9.48	13	2	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	6.3	6	2	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.15	1	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	4.83	10	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.05	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2.97	4	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.68	3	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dihydrocytochalasin b dihydrocytochalasin B: inhibits cell motility in many eucaryotic cells	2.01	1	0
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	3.16	5	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.04	1	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.45	2	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
n(6),n(6)-dimethyladenine N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenine : A tertiary amine that is adenine substituted at N-6 by geminal methyl groups.	2.07	1	0	tertiary amine
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	6.75	24	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	2	1	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.11	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	4.09	4	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endothall endothall: minor descriptor (72-82); online & Index Medicus search DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS (72-82)	2.04	1	0
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.97	13	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	3.92	11	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
profenamine profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.	2.43	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic antagonist; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
ethoxyquin Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.. ethoxyquin : A quinoline that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline bearing three methyl substituents at position 2, 2 and 4 as well as an ethoxy substituent at position 6.	2.89	4	0	aromatic ether; quinolines	antifungal agrochemical; food antioxidant; genotoxin; geroprotector; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activator
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	2.44	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	1.99	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	2.11	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.73	3	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	1.95	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.01	1	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	3.48	7	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2.69	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	13.08	27	3	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	2.03	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	1.99	1	0	benzoate ester
gemfibrozil [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.15	5	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2.15	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	2.04	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	1.96	1	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	4.06	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
go 6976 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	4.77	9	0
guaiazulene guaiazulene: structure	14.47	47	3	sesquiterpene
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	3.4	7	0	methoxybenzenes
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.27	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.02	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	1.97	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	3.06	4	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	2.7	3	0	barbiturates
beta-thujaplicin beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.	2.43	2	0	cyclic ketone; enol; monoterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiplasmodial drug; plant metabolite
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.95	4	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
huprine x huprine X: structure in first source	3.13	5	0
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	1.93	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.92	4	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hypericin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.45	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
alverine alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.	2.05	1	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug
batyl alcohol batyl alcohol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. batilol : An alkylglycerol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding octadecyl ether. It is used in cosmetics as a stabilising ingredient and skin-conditioning agent.	1.99	1	0	alkylglycerol
idra 21 IDRA 21: modulates AMPA receptor desensitization ; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	benzothiadiazine
ifosfamide [no description available]	3.53	2	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.02	1	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	4.82	32	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	2.94	1	0	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.4	2	0
irsogladine irsogladine: RN given refers to parent cpd; MN 1695 refers to maleate salt	3.09	1	0	dichlorobenzene
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	2.95	4	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.69	2	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	2.5	2	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.42	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	3.53	7	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	2.76	3	0
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.76	3	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	4.65	6	1	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	2.01	1	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.31	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2.91	4	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kojic acid [no description available]	3.59	2	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
lapachol lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.	2.47	2	0
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	3.35	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	2.47	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	3.17	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	2.08	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
ly 303511 LY 303511: inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase	2.03	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3.99	13	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.73	3	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	3.28	6	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	2.11	1	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
memantine [no description available]	3.17	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.01	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	2.78	3	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.58	2	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methoxyamine methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.08	1	0	organooxygen compound
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	3.12	5	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
nocodazole [no description available]	2.74	3	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	5.19	14	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	3.78	3	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	3.4	7	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	3.1	5	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.06	1	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.17	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.96	4	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	2.05	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	3.1	5	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
myristicin myristicin: asaricin is an isomer; structure; a methylene dioxy version of elemicin;	3.02	4	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	3.71	9	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.37	7	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
n(alpha)-(2-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide N(alpha)-(2-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide: thrombin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	3.37	7	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.21	1	0
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	3.79	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	5.08	5	2	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.67	3	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.42	2	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	4.13	3	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	2.41	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.73	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.15	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.	2	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines; ethanolamines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	3.53	8	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	2	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	3.11	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxibendazole oxibendazole: structure	1.98	1	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.76	3	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	2.49	2	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	5.34	9	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.17	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
pamidronate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	phosphonoacetic acid
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	1.95	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	3.75	3	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pd 153035 4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source. PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	4.48	22	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	8.24	6	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	4.34	2	2	oxopurine
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.01	1	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	3.47	8	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	2.02	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	1.96	1	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	3.51	2	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
picotamide picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure	2	1	0	benzamides
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	aromatic ketone
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.69	2	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piperazine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	1.98	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	4.73	11	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.15	1	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	9.77	27	4	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	11.03	26	10	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.35	2	0	diarylmethane
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.08	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	1.99	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	1.99	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	3.27	6	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.04	1	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	3.25	6	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.45	2	0
puupehenone puupehenone: a cytotoxic sesquiterpene-methylene quinone isolated from marine sponge Stronglyophora hartmani	5.68	14	0
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	17.06	124	64	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.54	2	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	3.42	1	1	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2.25	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ronidazole Ronidazole: Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.. ronidazole : A carbamate ester that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl and (carbamoyloxy)methyl groups, respectively. An antiprotozoal agent, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; carbamate ester; imidazoles	antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.37	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	4.27	5	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.49	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.98	4	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.52	2	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	1.98	1	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.37	2	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.05	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	2.75	3	0	pyridines
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
spiroxatrine spiroxatrine: structure	1.99	1	0	imidazolidines
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.8	3	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.55	2	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulconazole sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2	1	0	dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; organic sulfide
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	1.96	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.79	3	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	5.91	10	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
tegafur [no description available]	2	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	4.1	14	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.03	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
3-hydroxyaspartic acid 3-hydroxyaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyaspartic acid : A hydroxy-amino acid that is aspartic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.04	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; hydroxy-amino acid
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	6.66	13	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	3.13	5	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2-thiosalicylic acid 2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.	1.99	1	0	sulfanylbenzoic acid	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	2.01	1	0	aziridines
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.49	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	2.11	1	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	3.07	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
m-(n,n,n-trimethylammonio)trifluoroacetophenone m-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)trifluoroacetophenone: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
triclosan [no description available]	2.48	2	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.91	4	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	7.88	7	7	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tyramine [no description available]	3.3	6	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urethane [no description available]	2.89	4	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
usnic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	benzofurans
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2.07	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.41	2	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.21	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	3.61	9	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	3.65	9	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	3.5	8	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.38	2	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.46	2	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.49	2	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.96	4	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	5.67	26	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	3.83	2	1	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	2.36	2	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
2-aminophenol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.	1.99	1	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines	mutagen
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	3.46	7	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	1.99	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	1.99	1	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	3.4	7	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.04	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	2	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.48	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.47	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	3.1	5	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	2.69	3	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
azauridine Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.	2.15	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	1.96	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	1.99	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	3.83	10	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	3.26	6	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	3.15	5	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.39	2	0	dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	3.89	12	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.13	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	3.44	7	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	5.06	13	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.89	4	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	3.64	9	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	5.84	8	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	3.8	10	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	2.98	4	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.65	9	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	7.15	19	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	3.64	9	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	5.42	19	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.41	2	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	3.78	11	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine [no description available]	3.47	8	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	1.97	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.53	8	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.72	9	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	5.04	7	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.74	10	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
benzoxazolone benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.11	1	0	benzoxazole	allelochemical; phytoalexin
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.25	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	5.04	13	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	3.57	8	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	4.36	20	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.11	1	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
phlorhizin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	3.4	1	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.93	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	2.37	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	5.2	4	1	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
4-toluenesulfonic acid 4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.	1.99	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; toluenes
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	1.95	1	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	7.25	30	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.42	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	3.41	1	1	quaternary ammonium salt
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	1.97	1	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.89	4	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	3.79	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	1.99	1	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	4.53	24	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	1.97	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	6.58	15	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	1.96	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	4.11	15	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.96	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-hexanal [no description available]	2.76	3	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	2.48	2	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	4.37	21	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.77	3	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.88	12	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	4.48	22	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	3.65	9	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2.25	1	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	2.01	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	3.11	5	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2.91	4	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	1.97	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.02	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.46	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	3.24	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	3.67	9	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	2	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	4.19	5	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.31	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	5.56	22	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	2.93	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	3.53	8	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	1.97	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	5.7	25	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	2.4	2	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl chloride Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.	2.01	1	0	chloromethanes; methyl halides	marine metabolite; mutagen; refrigerant
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.94	4	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	4.74	9	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	3.84	11	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	5.45	11	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.51	2	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
boron trifluoride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	boron fluoride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
acetyl chloride [no description available]	2.01	1	0	acyl chloride
fluoroform fluoroform: structure	2.08	1	0	fluoromethanes	refrigerant
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	1.99	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	1.95	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.92	4	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	2.06	1	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.36	2	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	2.05	1	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	3.59	8	0
tri-o-cresyl phosphate tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140	2.37	2	0
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	5.88	88	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	5.63	23	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
isobutyronitrile isobutyronitrile : An aliphatic nitrile that is acetonitrile in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.	2.02	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
isobutyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.41	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-butanol 2-butanol: RN given is for parent cpd without isomeric designation. butan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	secondary alcohol
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.07	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
acrylamide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.21	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	3.39	1	1	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	4.31	4	1	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
camphene camphene : A monoterpene with a bicyclic skeleton that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2 and a methylidene group at position 3. It is a widespread natural product found in many essential oils.	5.11	13	0	carbobicyclic compound; monoterpene	fragrance; plant metabolite
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	2.41	2	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
alpha-pinene [no description available]	7.01	91	0	pinene	plant metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.42	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.13	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
musk ambrette (artificial) musk ambrette (artificial): widely used fragrance implicated in contact photosensitivity; structure	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.27	5	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
2-methylanthraquinone 2-methylanthraquinone: form Morinda officinalis How.. 2-methylanthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.07	1	0	anthraquinone
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.1	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
methyl n-methylanthranilate methyl N-methylanthranilate: structure in first source. methyl N-methylanthranilate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-methylanthranilic acid with methanol.	2.01	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	animal metabolite; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite
fluorene [no description available]	2	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
1-naphthaleneacetic acid 1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.	2.08	1	0	naphthylacetic acid	synthetic auxin
phthalide 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one : A gamma-lactone that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran in which the hydrogens at position 1 are replaced by an oxo group.. isobenzofuranone : A 2-benzofuran containing one or more oxo groups.	8	4	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	3.51	8	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
guaiene guaiene: RN given refers to (1S-cis)-isomer	8.95	12	0	sesquiterpene
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
piperitone piperitone: from Mentha longifolia var. chorodictya Rech F; structure in first source. piperitone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that is cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an isopropyl group at position 6.	2.84	3	0	cyclic terpene ketone; p-menthane monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	4.35	18	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	1.97	1	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
bicyclohexanone bicyclohexanone: structure	2.89	3	0
xanthone xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.	2.07	1	0	xanthones	insecticide
decalin decalin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; don't confuse with decaline which has a nitrogen at the juncture of the two rings;. trans-decalin : The trans-stereoisomer of decalin.. decalin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is the decahydro- derivative of naphthalene.	3.31	6	0	ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon	solvent
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.76	3	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	3.81	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	9	12	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
4-phenylphenol 4-phenylphenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. biphenyl-4-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.	2.08	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	5.8	16	0	xanthene
methyleugenol methyleugenol: structure	3.57	8	0	phenylpropanoid
creosol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
1-phenylpropanol 1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source	2.45	2	0	organic molecular entity
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	2.02	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	4.57	7	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
indene indene: structure in first source. 1H-indene : An ortho-fused bicyclic arene comprising of benzene and cyclopentene rings.	2.05	1	0	indene; ortho-fused bicyclic arene
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	2.05	1	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	6.5	57	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	5.49	15	1	phosphonic ester
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.25	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	8.39	6	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.67	3	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
cumene cumene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.	2.01	1	0	alkylbenzene
methylphenyl carbinol 1-phenylethanol : An aromatic alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 1.. methylbenzyl alcohol : Members of the class of benzyl alcohols substituted by at least one methyl group.	2.07	1	0	aromatic alcohol	mouse metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.02	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2.17	1	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.41	2	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carveol carveol: structure given in first source; prolongs tumor latency and decreases tumor yield. carveol : A limonene monoterpenoid that is cyclohex-2-en-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 5.	2.49	2	0	limonene monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	5.35	17	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.06	1	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
alpha phellandrene alpha phellandrene: can be irritating to, & absorbed by the skin; ingestion can cause vomiting, diarrhea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. alpha-phellandrene : One of a pair of phellandrene cyclic monoterpene double-bond isomers in which both double bonds are endocyclic (cf. alpha-phellandrene, where one of them is exocyclic).	3.03	4	0	cyclohexadiene; phellandrene	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
gamma-terpinene gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.	7.3	30	1	cyclohexadiene; monoterpene	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	4.63	25	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-acetylanisole 4-acetylanisole: structure given in first source. 4-methoxyacetophenone : A member of the class of acetophenones that is acetophenone substituted by a methoxy group at position 4.	2.05	1	0	acetophenones; monomethoxybenzene
ethylbenzene [no description available]	2.25	1	0	alkylbenzene
4-vinylpyridine 4-vinylpyridine: reagent for blocking cysteine function in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.06	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
anisole anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.	2.59	2	0	monomethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.52	2	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
triclocarban triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure. triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.	2.01	1	0	dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	3.72	10	0	pyridinium salt
methyl phenylacetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzenes
dicyclohexylamine dicyclohexylamine: potent inhibitor of spermidine synthase; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	3.54	2	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol: used as a monomer in the production of polyester resins; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for dimethanol groups	2.17	1	0
ethyl butyrate ethyl butyrate : A butyrate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of ethanol with the carboxy group of butyric acid.	2.25	1	0	butyrate ester	plant metabolite
citronellal citronellal: aldehyde of citronellol; found in citronella oil. citronellal : A monoterpenoid, the main component of citronella oil which gives it its distinctive lemon aroma.	2.63	2	0	aldehyde; monoterpenoid	antifungal agent; metabolite
ethyl caprylate ethyl octanoate : A fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of octanoic acid with ethanol.	2.25	1	0	fatty acid ethyl ester; octanoate ester	metabolite
4-toluidine 4-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is para to the methyl group.	2.25	1	0	aminotoluene
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	2.45	2	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
2,5-dioxopiperazine piperazine-2,5-dione : A cyclic peptide that is piperazine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by oxo groups.	5.09	1	1	2,5-diketopiperazines; cyclic peptide
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	2.15	1	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	4.94	11	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.46	2	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
sarin Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.	2.41	2	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphinic ester
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	4.5	22	0	alkane
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	3.35	6	0
deanol Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.	2.11	1	0	ethanolamines; tertiary amine	curing agent; radical scavenger
vinyl acetate [no description available]	3.41	1	1	acetate ester
3-xylene m-xylene : A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.11	1	0	xylene
mesitylene mesitylene: structure. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.08	1	0	trimethylbenzene
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.6	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	8.55	64	1	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
cyclohexanone [no description available]	2.47	2	0	cyclohexanones	human xenobiotic metabolite
boron trifluoride etherate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	4.95	11	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	11.89	36	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	4.77	9	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	8.62	8	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	6.44	12	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
succinamide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
2-heptanone heptan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone with methyl and pentyl as the alkyl groups.	2.45	2	0	dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone	mouse metabolite; pheromone
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	3.68	9	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.46	2	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2.46	2	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	2.78	3	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
methyl heptine carbonate methyl heptine carbonate: structure	1.96	1	0	fatty acid ester
2-octanone 2-octanone : A methyl ketone that is octane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	methyl ketone	metabolite
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	3.65	9	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
ethyl stearate stearic acid ethyl ester: structure in first source. ethyl octadecanoate : An octadecanoate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of octadecanoic (stearic) acid and the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.1	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester; octadecanoate ester	plant metabolite
heptanol Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.	2.31	1	0	heptanol; primary alcohol	flavouring agent; fragrance; gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; plant metabolite
nonane iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.	2.52	2	0	alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
octadecyltrichlorosilane [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pelargonic acid pelargonic acid: K salt acts as cariostatic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nonanoic acid : A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.	4.69	3	2	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antifeedant; Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite
undecan-2-one undecan-2-one: Insect Repellents; 2-undecanone is the active ingredient of arthropod repellent BioUD; an efficacious alternative to deet. undecan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone with methyl and nonyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.5	2	0	dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone	plant metabolite; rodenticide
octyl acetate octyl acetate : The acetate ester of octan-1-ol.	2.77	3	0	acetate ester	plant metabolite
n-decyl alcohol n-decyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd. decanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of ten carbon atoms.. decan-1-ol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at C-1 of an unbranched saturated chain of ten carbon atoms.	2.15	1	0	decanol; primary alcohol	metabolite; pheromone; protic solvent
decanaldehyde decanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of capric acid (decanoic acid).	3.01	4	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	antifungal agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
methyl palmitate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester	metabolite
n-dodecane dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).	3.23	5	0	alkane	plant metabolite
stearyl alcohol octadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at C-1 of an unbranched saturated chain of 18 carbon atoms.. octadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of eighteen carbon atoms.	2.07	1	0	long-chain primary fatty alcohol; octadecanol	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
eicosane icosane : A straight chain alkane composed of 20 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the leaves of Agave attenuata.	2.1	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	4.71	2	1	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.31	1	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
propylene propylene: structure	2.02	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
3-hydroxy-3-methylbutene 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutene: narcotic, sleep-producing principle from hops; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ene : A tertiary alcohol that is 3-methylbut-1-ene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.13	1	0	olefinic compound; tertiary alcohol	animal metabolite; fragrance; pheromone; plant metabolite
ambenonium chloride Ambenonium Chloride: A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112). ambenonium chloride : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium salt having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	2.11	1	0	organic chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotransmitter agent
linalyl acetate linalyl acetate: structure in first source; RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation. linalyl acetate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-linalyl acetate. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.. 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-yl acetate : A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester of linalool. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.	3.33	6	0	acetate ester; monoterpenoid
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid : A benzoic acid derivative carrying 3-, 4- and 5-methoxy substituents.	2	1	0	benzoic acids; methoxybenzenes	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
phenyl salicylate phenyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the phenyl ester of salicylic acid. Also known as salol, it can be formed by heating salicylic acid with phenol and is used in the manufacture of some polymers, lacquers, adhesives, waxes and polishes.	2.08	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols; salicylates	ultraviolet filter
maltol maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure	2.08	1	0	4-pyranones	metabolite
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.9	4	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
tetralin tetralin: structure given in first source. tetralin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene.	2.59	2	0	ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon; tetralins
scoparone scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.	2.96	4	0	aromatic ether; coumarins	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antilipemic drug; immunosuppressive agent; plant metabolite
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	2.25	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
cyclopentanone [no description available]	2.81	3	0	cyclopentanones	Maillard reaction product
ethyl vanillin ethyl vanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is vanillin in which the methoxy group is replaced by an ethoxy group.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; benzaldehydes; phenols	antioxidant; flavouring agent
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.77	3	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	3.31	6	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
1,4-naphthoquinone naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.	1.97	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	3.94	2	1	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	6.26	45	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	8.12	5	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzyl acetate benzyl acetate : The acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.	2.25	1	0	acetate ester; benzyl ester	metabolite
benzyl cyanide benzyl cyanide: reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor	2.06	1	0	benzenes; nitrile	animal metabolite; pheromone
4-tert-octylphenol 4-tert-octylphenol: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	alkylbenzene
estragole estragole : A phenylpropanoid that is chavicol in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a methoxy group.	3.57	8	0	alkenylbenzene; monomethoxybenzene; phenylpropanoid	carcinogenic agent; flavouring agent; genotoxin; insect attractant; plant metabolite
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	4.61	7	0	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	4.41	20	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.39	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.97	4	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	3.14	5	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	1.97	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.74	3	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.04	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
2-vanillin ortho-vanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is salicylaldehyde substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.1	1	0	benzaldehydes; guaiacols	antimutagen; plant metabolite
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
citronellyl acetate citronellyl acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. citronellol acetate : A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester of citronellol. It has been isolated from Citrus hystrix.	2.21	1	0	acetate ester; monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
aziridine [no description available]	3.83	3	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
sulfalene Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.	5.51	4	4	pyrazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide
cycloguanil cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.	2.91	4	0	triazines	antifolate; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	6.2	13	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	1.97	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
homoarginine L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.	2.42	2	0	homoarginine; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; human metabolite; rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	6.44	14	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	2.46	2	0	indazole
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	2.63	2	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	3.5	7	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
azulene [no description available]	3.52	8	0	azulenes; mancude carbobicyclic parent; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.44	2	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	8.93	148	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	4.57	7	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	4.73	9	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	7.89	99	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	2.25	1	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.86	11	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	2.42	2	0	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.05	1	0	organic cation
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.94	4	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
paraoxon [no description available]	3.08	5	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	1.96	1	0
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	3.06	4	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.81	3	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	2.57	2	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	8.19	21	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.11	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
perfluorobutyric acid perfluorobutyric acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid.	1.96	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	chromatographic reagent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.98	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
4-fluorobenzoic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	fluorobenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.05	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.44	2	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
propadiene [no description available]	3.13	5	0	allenes
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	2.43	2	0	ketene
1,4-cineole 1,4-cineole: monoterpene; flavor component of lime Citrus medica L. var acida; structure given in first source. 1,4-cineole : An oxabicycloalkane consisting of p-menthane with an epoxy bridge across positions 1 and 4.	2.06	1	0
liriodenine liriodenine: structure given in first source. liriodenine : An oxoaporphine alkaloid that is 4,5,6,6a-tetradehydronoraporphin-7-one substituted by a methylenedioxy group across positions 1 and 2. It is isolated from Annona glabra and has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.	2.41	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; cyclic ketone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxacycle; oxoaporphine alkaloid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	7.85	235	0
boldine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
rhein [no description available]	2.17	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
phthalimidine phthalimidine: structure given in first source. isoindolin-1-one : A member of the class of isoindoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole in which the hydrogens at positon 1 are replaced by an oxo group.	2.17	1	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles
imperatorin imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.07	1	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.87	4	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
Dillapiole 5-allyl 6,7-dimethoxy 1,3-benzodioxole: a plant based insecticide; structure in first source	2.48	2	0	benzodioxoles	metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	3.12	5	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
elemicin [no description available]	2.75	3	0	olefinic compound
lumazine lumazine: structure. 2,4-dihydroxypteridine : Any dihydroxypteridine in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 2 and 4.. lumazine : A 2,4-dihydroxypteridine.	2.1	1	0	2,4-dihydroxypteridine
flavanone flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.	1.99	1	0	flavanones
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.96	4	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
indole-3-carbaldehyde indole-3-carbaldehyde: metabolite of tryptophan; structure. indole-3-carbaldehyde : A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.	2.75	3	0	heteroarenecarbaldehyde; indole alkaloid; indoles	bacterial metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	3.57	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
pamaquine pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	aminoquinoline
capillin capillin: insecticidal principle of Artemisia nilagirica Clarke	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone; ynone
hydrindane hydrindane: structure in first source. hydrindane : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon comprising of a cyclohexane ring fused onto a cyclopentane ring.	2.48	2	0	ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	8.28	6	0	butenolide
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	4.74	28	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
cyclooctanone [no description available]	2	1	0
hexahydrofarnesylacetone hexahydrofarnesylacetone: a C-18 terpene	3.17	5	0	ketone
oxetane oxetane: structure. oxetane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.	2.41	1	0	oxetanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,3-cyclohexanedione 1,3-cyclohexanedione: structure. cyclohexane-1,3-dione : A cyclohexanedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 1 and 3.	2.06	1	0	beta-diketone; cyclohexanedione
1,3-propanediol propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.	2.04	1	0	propane-1,3-diols	metabolite; protic solvent
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	4.06	3	1	thiazolidine
hexacosanoic acid hexacosanoic acid: a C(26) saturated acid. hexacosanoic acid : A 26-carbon, straight-chain, saturated fatty acid.	2.01	1	0	fatty acid 26:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid
octacosanoic acid octacosanoic acid: RN given refers to parent. octacosanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is octacosane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	straight-chain saturated fatty acid; ultra-long-chain fatty acid	plant metabolite
oleanolic acid [no description available]	4.05	14	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
ascaridole ascaridole: monoterpene endoperoxide with anthelmintic properties; structure given in first source. ascaridole : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that is p-menth-2-ene with a peroxy group across position 1 to 4.	3.2	5	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organic peroxide; p-menthane monoterpenoid	antileishmanial agent; antinematodal drug; plant metabolite
abietic acid abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.	1.96	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
elemene elemene: a sclerosing and antineoplastic agent isolated from Curcuma wenyujin & Rhizoma zedoariae; beta- and delta- elemene are also available	16.97	96	1
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	3.8	3	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.81	3	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.06	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.91	4	0
apiole apiole: crystalline essential oil isolated directly from commercial oil of parsley	2.03	1	0	benzodioxoles	metabolite
ricinine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	nitrile; pyridine alkaloid; pyridone
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	5.05	12	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.	2.04	1	0
chamazulene chamazulene: structure	5.12	14	0	sesquiterpenoid
herniarin herniarin: methoxy analog of umbelliferone; structure. herniarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a methoxy group at position 7.	2.13	1	0	coumarins	fluorochrome
6-methoxybenzoxazolinone 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone: plant derivative which stimulates reproduction in Microtus montanus. 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone : A 2-benzoxazolinone that is substituted by a methoxy group at position 6.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoxazole	antibacterial agent; anticonvulsant; antifungal agent; muscle relaxant; plant metabolite
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	9.89	10	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
perillyl alcohol perillyl alcohol: inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase; structure in first source. perillyl alcohol : A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.	1.98	1	0	limonene monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.55	2	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	1.99	1	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
tropone [no description available]	2.52	2	0
3-aminobutyric acid 3-aminobutyric acid: GABA uptake inhibitor. 3-aminobutanoic acid : A beta-amino acid that is butyric acid which is substituted by an amino group at position 3.	3.02	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	5.14	42	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
3-hexen-1-ol 3-hexen-1-ol: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a green odor chemical. hex-3-en-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hex-3-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	3.45	7	0	alkenyl alcohol; homoallylic alcohol; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.94	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.95	4	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	3.51	2	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
phenalen-1-one phenalen-1-one: fossil fuel combustion product	3.58	2	0
violacein [no description available]	2.13	1	0
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	12.31	84	10
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.08	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.49	2	0	phenoxazine
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.31	1	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
paeonol paeonol: structure	2.77	3	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	1.99	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
beta-phellandrene [no description available]	4.11	14	0	phellandrene	plant metabolite
prenol [no description available]	2.47	2	0	alkenyl alcohol; prenols
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	3.87	11	0	terpineol; tertiary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
formestane [no description available]	3.17	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enol; hydroxy steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	3.77	10	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
terpinolene [no description available]	3.79	10	0	p-menthadiene	insect repellent; plant metabolite; sedative; volatile oil component
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	3.16	5	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	2.13	1	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
octadecane octadecane: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecane : A straight-chain alkane carrying 18 carbon atoms.	2.02	1	0	long-chain alkane	bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite
fluoromethane fluoromethane: RN given refers to parent cpd. fluorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.. fluoromethane : A member of the class of fluoromethanes that is methane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a fluorine atom.	2.01	1	0	fluorohydrocarbon; fluoromethanes; methyl halides	refrigerant
vinyl bromide vinyl bromide: structure	2.07	1	0	bromoalkene; monohaloethene
1-methylcyclopropane 1-methylcyclopropane: do not confuse with MCP cpd (1-methylcyclopropene)	2.01	1	0
2,3-pentanedione pentane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is pentane substituted at the 2- and 3-positions by oxo groups.	2.15	1	0	alpha-diketone; methyl ketone	flavouring agent
2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid: structure. (2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of phenylalanine and is excreted in the urine of patients suffering from diseases like phenylketonuria.	2.15	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; phenols	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-penten-3-ol [no description available]	2.15	1	0	alcohol
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	7.98	37	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
ethyl pyruvate [no description available]	3.14	1	0	oxo carboxylic acid
triethylsilane [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organosilicon compound	reducing agent
2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexanol 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexanol: fragrance ingredient; structure in first source. dihydrocarveol : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that is the dihydro derivative of carveol.	2.13	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	acaricide; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	2.11	1	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
1,4-cyclohexadiene [no description available]	2.06	1	0	cyclohexadiene
ethyl palmitate ethyl hexadecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.03	1	0	hexadecanoate ester; long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	plant metabolite
tridecane tridecane : A straight chain alkane containing 13 carbon atoms. It forms a component of the essential oils isolated from plants such as Abelmoschus esculentus.	2.15	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
n-tetradecane tetradecane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms.	2.77	3	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
pentadecane pentadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 15 carbon atoms. It is a component of volatile oils isolated from plants species like Scandix balansae.	2.76	2	0	long-chain alkane	animal metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
heptadecane heptadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 17 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oils from plants like Opuntia littoralis and Annona squamosa.	2.82	3	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nonacosane nonacosane: constituent of Apocynum venetum leaf. nonacosane : A straight-chain alkane comprising of 29 carbon atoms.	2.55	2	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
tritriacontane tritriacontane : A long-chain alkane consisting of an unbranched chain of 33 carbon atoms.	2.13	1	0	long-chain alkane
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.66	3	0
phytane [no description available]	2.43	2	0	diterpene
n-tricosane n-tricosane: repels ovipositing female mosquitoes. tricosane : A straight chain alkane containing 23 carbon atoms.	2.07	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	3.04	5	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
precocene ii precocene II: has antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxidant activities; from plants of genus Ageratum; an antiallotropin compound capable of inhibiting juvenile hormone biosynthesis	2.9	4	0	chromenes	precocenes
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	3.31	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
1,2-cyclohexanedione cyclohexanedione : Cyclohexanones carrying two oxo substituents.. cyclohexane-1,2-dione : A cyclohexanedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 1 and 2.	1.97	1	0	cyclohexanedione
2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenol 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
2-nonanone 2-nonanone: RN given refers to cpd with locant for oxo moiety in position 2. nonanone : Any ketone that is nonane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. nonan-2-one : A methyl ketone that is nonane in which the methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group.	2.81	3	0	methyl ketone	plant metabolite
naphthyl acetate naphthyl acetate: do not confuse with naphthaleneacetic acid; acetic acid ester of naphthol	1.99	1	0
boldenone boldenone: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer. boldenone : An 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and a beta-hydroxy group at position 17. It is an anabolic androgenic steroid that has been developed for veterinary use.	2.01	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	2.01	1	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
dodecylamine dodecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
cyclopentenone 2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.	3.47	7	0	alicyclic ketone; enone	Hsp70 inducer
2-cyclohexen-1-one 2-cyclohexen-1-one: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with specified locant for double bond. cyclohexenone : The parent compound of the cyclohexenones, composed of cyclohexanone having one double bond in the ring.. cyclohex-2-enone : A cyclohexenone having its C=C double bond at the 2-position.	2.49	2	0	cyclohexenone
nitrosobenzylmethylamine nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure	2.66	3	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	8.58	14	4	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	2.15	1	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	1.97	1	0	phenylacetaldehydes
4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine [no description available]	1.95	1	0
undecane undecane : A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.	4.34	5	0	alkane
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.77	3	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
fenchone, (+-)-isomer fenchone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fenchone : A carbobicyclic compound that is fenchane in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. It is a component of essential oil from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare).	2.51	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; cyclic terpene ketone; fenchane monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
damsin damsin: from Ambrosia maritima; structure	3.48	8	0	sesquiterpene lactone
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.42	2	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	3.92	2	1	zinc molecular entity
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	4.52	7	0
beta-pinene beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.	5.31	49	0	pinene	plant metabolite
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.82	3	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	3.05	4	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	7.55	17	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	4.43	6	0
pseudouridine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pseudouridines	fundamental metabolite
fenchol fenchol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.44	2	0
2-undecanol 2-undecanol: organic volatile isolated from nonpareil almonds, Prunus dulcis. undecan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is undecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	secondary alcohol; undecanol	animal metabolite; flavouring agent; pheromone; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
decane decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.	7.77	3	0	alkane
cembrane cembrane: diterpene with Ca-antagonistic action on rabbit aorta from soft coral of genus Sarcophyton; structure given in first source. cembrane : A 14-membered macrocyclic diterpene carrying an isopropyl group at C-1 and three symmetrically disposed methyl groups at C-4, -8 and -12.	2.81	3	0	diterpene
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	2.17	1	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.97	4	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.63	2	0	tertiary amine
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	4.36	5	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	2.37	2	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.71	3	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	2.11	1	0	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
perillaldehyde perillaldehyde: from oil of Perillae herba; has neuropharmacological actions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6956. perillyl aldehyde : An aldehyde that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	1.98	1	0	aldehyde; olefinic compound	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; volatile oil component
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	2.11	1	0	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
octachloronaphthalene Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.	2.49	2	0
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	2.03	1	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
gamma-dodecalactone gamma-dodecalactone: structure in first source. gamma-dodecalactone : A gamma-lactone that is oxolan-2-one substituted by an octyl group at position 5.	2.11	1	0	gamma-lactone	bacterial metabolite; fungal metabolite; volatile oil component
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.02	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	1.97	1	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.08	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
didecyldimethylammonium didecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; deciquam 222 refers to bromide	2.01	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
1-tridecene [no description available]	2.11	1	0	acyclic olefin
alpha-terpineol terpineol : A family of monoterpenols that have a p-menthane skeleton containing one double bond and bearing a single hydroxy substituent.	4.4	20	0	terpineol	plant metabolite
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	16.94	111	58	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
acetosyringone acetosyringone: plant inducer which induces expression of VirE & VirG in A. tumefaciens. acetosyringone : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.13	1	0	acetophenones; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-asthmatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
benzyltriethylammonium benzyltriethylammonium: a surface-active agent	2.21	1	0
butyrylcholine butyrylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	acylcholine
benzyl acetone benzyl acetone: a dominant floral attractant	2.08	1	0	ketone
7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
tetramethylthiourea [no description available]	2.15	1	0	thioureas
alpha-thujene alpha-thujene: volatile oil constituent of Monodora myristica (Gaertn) Dunal; structure in first source. alpha-thujene : A thujene that has a bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene skeleton which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively.	2.15	1	0	thujene
methyl methanethiosulfonate S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.	1.98	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative; thiosulfonate ester	metabolite
n-isopropyl-n-phenyl-4-phenylenediamine N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-4-phenylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in sixth source	2.04	1	0
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	3.83	2	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	2.95	4	0	primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.4	7	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	8.07	67	1	thujene	plant metabolite
1-octen-3-ol 1-octen-3-ol: main flavor component of mushrooms; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; bait for insect vectors (tsetse, sandflies, mosquitoes). oct-1-en-3-ol : An alkenyl alcohol with a structure based on a C8 unbranched chain with the hydroxy group at C-2 and unsaturation at C-1-C-2. It is a major volatile compound present in many mushrooms and fungi.	3.44	7	0	alkenyl alcohol; medium-chain fatty alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fungal metabolite; insect attractant; volatile oil component
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.71	3	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	4.79	10	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
ecdysone [no description available]	3.52	2	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
dimethyl trisulfide [no description available]	2.52	2	0	organic trisulfide
denatonium benzoate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-pentylfuran 2-pentylfuran: structure in first source. 2-pentylfuran : A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a pentyl group. It is found in many heat-processed foods and drinks.	2.06	1	0	furans	Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; flavouring agent; human urinary metabolite; insect repellent; plant growth stimulator; volatile oil component
streptomycin [no description available]	4.4	6	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.8	3	0	carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.	2	1	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
l 451167 L 451167: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
nitroxoline nitroxoline: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6475; RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroxoline : A monohydroxyquinoline in which the hydroxy group is positioned at C-8 with a nitro group trans to it at C-5.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; monohydroxyquinoline	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; renal agent
sulisobenzone [no description available]	2.11	1	0	benzophenones
2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane: structure in first source. 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane : A branched alkane that is nonane carrying seven methyl substituents at positions 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 8 and 8.	3.43	1	1	alkane
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	3.51	8	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
imidocarb Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.	3.4	1	1	ureas	antiprotozoal drug
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	2.04	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
mansonone c mansonone C: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	1,2-naphthoquinones; sesquiterpenoid
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	5.09	10	1	dioxolane
2-octynoic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	acetylenic fatty acid; monounsaturated fatty acid
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	7.78	85	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.54	8	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
helenalin helenalin: toxic principle of Helenium microcephalum (smallhead sneezeweed); structure. helenalin : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer).. NF-kappaB inhibitor : An inhibitor of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), a protein complex involved in the transcription of DNA.	8.49	109	1	cyclic ketone; gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; plant metabolite
propargyl ether propargyl ether: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
dimethylpropiothetin dimethylpropiothetin: has antineoplastic activity; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt. S,S-dimethyl-beta-propiothetin : A sulfonium betaine obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionic acid.	2.03	1	0	sulfonium betaine	marine metabolite; osmolyte
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.51	2	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	2.01	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	4.21	17	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.36	2	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.77	3	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	2.03	1	0	vanadium group element atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	5.92	31	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.73	3	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	5.46	19	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	4.79	5	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.7	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	3.32	6	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.55	8	0	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	4.57	7	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.92	4	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.01	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	5.42	18	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	2.25	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.17	1	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.39	2	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.39	2	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	3.41	7	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	1.97	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	1.96	1	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	3.83	11	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
titanium tetrachloride titanium tetrachloride: RN given refers to TiCl4	2	1	0
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.5	2	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	7.2	11	3	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.47	2	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	3.39	7	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.01	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	3.25	6	0	diatomic bromine
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	2	1	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
sodium sulfate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.48	2	0	calcium phosphate
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.38	2	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.52	2	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.8	3	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.42	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
sodium chromate(vi) sodium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with (MF) CR-H2-O4.Na. sodium chromate : An inorganic sodium salt consisting of sodium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.97	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	carcinogenic agent; diagnostic agent; oxidising agent; poison
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	2.04	1	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	4.61	25	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.43	7	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.72	3	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
calcium pyrophosphate Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).	2	1	0	calcium phosphate
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.44	2	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	7.71	28	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	1.98	1	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.15	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
thallium nitrate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.43	2	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	4.37	6	0
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.02	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
chloropeptide chloropeptide: hepatoxic cyclic pentapeptide of Penicillium islandicum Sopp.; structure	1.96	1	0
ancymidol ancymidol : A tertiary alcohol that is methanol in which the hydrogens attached to the carbon are replaced by cyclopropyl, p-methoxyphenyl and pyrimidin-5-yl groups. By inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis, ancymidol reduces plant growth, resulting in reduced internode elongation and thus more compact plants. It is used in the commercial production of a wide variety of container-grown bedding and foliage plants, including chrysanthemums, Easter lilies and poinsettias.	1.97	1	0	pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol	cellulose synthesis inhibitor; gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor; plant growth retardant
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.13	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
3-carene 3-carene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.98	13	0	monoterpene
menthone menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).	2.78	3	0	menthone
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	6.17	41	0
phytanic acid Phytanic Acid: A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.. phytanic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.	3.18	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	2.07	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
cycasin [no description available]	3.21	1	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	7.89	58	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	1.96	1	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
beta-selinene beta-selinene: isolated from aerial parts of Ligusticum chuanxiong; RN given for (4aR-(4aalpha,7alpha,8abeta))-isomer. (-)-beta-selinene : The (4aS,7S,8aR)-stereoisomer of beta-selinene.	3.14	5	0	beta-selinene
ochracin ochracin: produced by Aspergillus alutaceus; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	isochromanes
precocene i precocene I: cpd not in Chemline 7/20/83; structure; inhibits juvenille hormones. precocene I : A member of the class of chromenes that is 2H-chromene substituted by a methoxy group at position 7 and two methyl groups at position 2.	2.7	3	0	aromatic ether; chromenes	plant metabolite; precocenes
verbenone verbenone: platelet aggregation inhibitor; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2 and by methyl groups at positions 4, 6 and 6, and which contains a double bond between positions 3 and 4.. (S)-(-)-verbenone : A 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one in which both chiral centres have S configuration.	3.33	6	0	carbobicyclic compound; cyclic ketone; enone
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	2.11	1	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
geosmin geosmin: earthy smelling cpd from sediment in Lake Biwa; structure. (-)-geosmin : The (-)-stereoisomer of geosmin, having 4S,4aS,8aR configuration.	10.18	14	0	geosmin
iodine [no description available]	2.51	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	3.28	6	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.01	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.41	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	1.98	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
zingerone zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.	3.88	3	0	methyl ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antiemetic; antioxidant; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	7.78	125	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
4-anisaldehyde 4-anisaldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #696. p-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4.	2.48	2	0	benzaldehydes	bacterial metabolite; human urinary metabolite; insect repellent; plant metabolite
myrcene myrcene: structure in first source. beta-myrcene : A monoterpene that is octa-1,6-diene bearing methylene and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	5.19	43	0	monoterpene	anabolic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isopentyl alcohol isopentyl alcohol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isoamylol : An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.44	2	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
butyl acetate butyl acetate: structure. butyl acetate : The acetate ester of butanol.	2.15	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.17	1	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
isoamyl acetate isoamyl acetate: structure in Merck, 9th ed, #4958. isoamyl acetate : The acetate ester of isoamylol.	2.02	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nonanal nonanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.07	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human metabolite; plant metabolite
tetradecanal tetradecanal : A long-chain fatty aldehyde that is tetradecane in which two hydrogens attached to a terminal carbon are replaced by an oxo group. It is found in coriander.	2.25	1	0	2,3-saturated fatty aldehyde; long-chain fatty aldehyde	bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite
dimedone dimedone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.25	1	0
chloroprene Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.	2.59	2	0	chloroolefin
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	2.05	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	4.98	11	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.42	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	3.54	8	0
alkenes [no description available]	7.98	104	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	2.01	1	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	5.77	32	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
ribostamycin Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).	3.16	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; metabolite
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	3.1	5	0
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	1.96	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	5.12	14	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.38	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	3.63	9	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.11	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
norflurazone norflurazone: structure. norflurazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.	2.37	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; organochlorine compound; pyridazinone; secondary amino compound	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; herbicide
ferrozine Ferrozine: A ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. The complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron.	2.01	1	0
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.63	2	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
altenuene altenuene: metabolite of Alternaria; structure given in first source. altenuene : A benzochromenone mycotoxin isolated from the fungus Allernaria tenuis.	2.52	2	0
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.39	2	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	2.07	1	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-ipomeanol 4-ipomeanol: lung-toxic furanoterpenoid produced in moldy sweet potatoes in response to fungus infection; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	11	69	4	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
3-hydroxy-3-acetonyl-2-oxindole 3-hydroxy-3-acetonyl-2-oxindole: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
etoposide [no description available]	3.77	10	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2.94	4	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
promegestone Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.	1.96	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	antineoplastic agent; progesterone receptor agonist; progestin
halofantrine halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria	9.87	29	3	phenanthrenes
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	3	4	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	1.97	1	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
isovelleral isovelleral: structure given in first source	3.79	11	0	aldehyde
cyphenothrin cyphenothrin: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
zoanthoxantin zoanthoxantin: inhibitor of beef heart mitochondrial succinic oxidase; structure	2.06	1	0
n-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Duxon: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.06	1	0
triazinate triazinate: structure	3.06	1	0
profenofos [no description available]	3.16	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic thiophosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.41	2	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.34	6	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
vx VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.	1.99	1	0	organic thiophosphate; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	3.44	7	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	7.69	121	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	2.47	2	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	1.96	1	0
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	2.49	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.73	3	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
diisopropanolnitrosamine diisopropanolnitrosamine: experimental carcinogen. N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.	2.03	1	0	diol; nitrosamine; secondary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
vindesine Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).	2	1	0	methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
meptazinol Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.	2.08	1	0	azepanes
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	2.49	2	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	3.39	2	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzofuran
hymenovin hymenovin: major toxic constituent of poisonous range plant Hymenoxys odorate; shown to be mutagenic; structure	4.31	20	0	oxanes
forphenicine forphenicine: alkaline phosphatase inhibitor from Actinomycetes; structure	3.46	2	0
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	1.96	1	0
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
fluridone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	phenylpyridine	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	3.42	1	1	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	2.04	1	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
acifluorfen [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; C-nitro compound; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
ethylcholine aziridinium ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits	2.39	2	0
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	2.74	3	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	3.41	1	1	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	1.97	1	0
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	4.33	7	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
triclabendazole [no description available]	3.83	2	1	aromatic ether
piroctone olamine piroctone olamine: 2(1H)-pyridinone, 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)- combined with 2-aminoethanol; used to treat pityriasis; structure given in first source. piroctone olamine : An organoammonium salt that is the ethanolamine salt of piroctone.	3.43	1	1
buprofezin buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.	2.02	1	0	thiadiazinane; ureas
amonafide xanafide: salt formulation of amonafide; DNA-intercalating agent and topoisomerase II inhibitor	2.04	1	0	isoquinolines
fluvalinate fluvalinate: RN given refers to 2-cyano isomer (DL)-isomer	2.17	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine acaricide; organofluorine insecticide	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pimonidazole pimonidazole: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.67	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
swainsonine Swainsonine: An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.. swainsonine : An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8.	2.21	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; plant metabolite
dicarboxydine dicarboxydine: structure	2.13	1	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	9.18	53	1	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	6.96	48	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
balsalazide balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.	2.15	1	0
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	5.26	16	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.1	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	4.3	4	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.08	1	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	3.16	5	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.96	3	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
zileuton [no description available]	2	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	2.08	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	3.11	1	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	3.14	5	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	7.18	11	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
u 77779 bizelesin: structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
atorvastatin [no description available]	4.39	20	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
irinotecan [no description available]	5.22	6	2	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.54	2	0
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	5.03	3	3	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	3.84	4	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
n-butyllithium [no description available]	2.13	1	0
safranal safranal: a monoterpene aldehyde; one of the main components responsible for the aroma of saffron; structure given in first source. safranal : A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.	2.21	1	0	monoterpenoid
verbenol verbenol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	3	4	0	monoterpenoid
myrtenal myrtenal: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.49	2	0
3-n-butylphthalide 3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source	3.12	1	0	benzofurans
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	2.01	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.4	2	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	1.98	1	0
cathinone cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.	2.25	1	0	2-aminopropiophenone; monoamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; psychotropic drug
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline: strong mutagen found in broiled foods; structure given in first source. MeIQx : An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amine; imidazoquinoxaline	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; Maillard reaction product; mutagen
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.7	3	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
perfluoropropionic acid perfluoropropionic acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0
2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)bicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-ol 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)bicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-ol: fragrance ingredient; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.08	1	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.02	1	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	2.76	3	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
cuprous chloride cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.	2.15	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	agrochemical; molluscicide
2-butene 2-butene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	but-2-ene
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	1.97	1	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
halofuginone [no description available]	3.11	1	0	quinazolines
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	6.53	61	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
dioxopromethazine dioxopromethazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.03	1	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	2.06	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	8.24	139	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	3.81	11	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
ursolic acid [no description available]	4.59	7	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
propamidine propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	3.11	1	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	3.94	2	1
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	4.99	38	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	3.58	8	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	2.46	2	0	lignan
baicalin [no description available]	3.63	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	5.31	4	1	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
allicin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	5.49	8	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
alpha-terthienyl [no description available]	2	1	0	terthiophene
deoxyuridine triphosphate [no description available]	2	1	0	deoxyuridine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	3.11	5	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
xanthotoxol 8-hydroxyfurocoumarin : A furanocoumarin which bears a hydroxy group at position 8.	2.07	1	0	8-hydroxyfurocoumarin
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.41	2	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.11	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	2.17	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2.73	3	0
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name	2.37	2	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	3.41	7	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	3	4	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination: combination drug containing fanasil & pyrimethamine	16.11	87	51
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	5.09	1	1	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
quassin quassin: article discusses quassinoid principle; structure	2.11	1	0	triterpenoid
cedrol cedrol: a cyclic terpenoid from cedarwood oil; 8-epicedrol is an epimer	3.68	9	0	cedrane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol
tomatidine tomatidine: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,22beta,25S)-isomer; structure. tomatidine : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid resulting from the substitution of the 3beta-hydrogen of tomatidane by a hydroxy group.	2.31	1	0	3beta-hydroxy steroid; azaspiro compound; oxaspiro compound
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	2.07	1	0	beta-carbolines
azuletil azuletil: RN given refers to parent cpd. egualen : A member of the class of azulenes carrying sulfo, ethyl and isopropyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 7 respectively. Used (in the form of its sodium salt) for treatment of gastric ulcers.	3.36	7	0	arenesulfonic acid; azulenes	anti-ulcer drug; thromboxane A2 antagonist
telmesteine telmesteine: RN refers to (-R)-isomer	3.43	1	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.71	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.04	1	0
divinyl benzene [no description available]	2.13	1	0	styrenes
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	2.1	1	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
viridicatin viridicatin: structure. viridicatin : A hydroxyquinolone that is 3-hydroxyuinolin-2(1H)-one which is substituted at position 4 by a phenyl groups. Isolated from the mycelium of several Penicillium species, it exhibits strong antibiotic activity against M. tuberculosis and also against B. subtilis, S. aureus and S. cerevisiae.	2.15	1	0	hydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; marine metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
propamidine isethionate propamidine isethionate : A guanidinium salt obtained by combining propamidine with two molar equivalents of isethionic acid. Used for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	1.98	1	0	guanidinium salt; organosulfonate salt	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	1.99	1	0	phenanthroline
pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole [no description available]	2.54	2	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	6.09	15	0	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	2.5	2	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
pinocembrin pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.	2.44	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; dihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
orsellinic acid orsellinic acid: from the Sonoran desert endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum; structure in first source. o-orsellinic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a methyl group.	3.93	3	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite; metabolite
tangeretin tangeretin: structure given in first source; from citrus plants; inhibits invasion of MO4 mouse cells into embryonic chick heart in vitro. tangeretin : A pentamethoxyflavone flavone with methoxy groups at positions 4', 5, 6 , 7 and 8.. pentamethoxyflavone : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a five methoxy groups.	2.11	1	0	pentamethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
isoimperatorin isoimperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist isolated from Glehniae root. isoimperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.43	2	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
isocoumarins Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.	8.21	5	0	isocoumarins
3,4-dimethoxytoluene 3,4-dimethoxytoluene: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
2-pyrone 2-pyrone: structure in first source. pyranone : Any of a class of cyclic chemical compounds that contain an unsaturated six-membered ring with one ring oxygen atom and an oxo substituent.	2.15	1	0	2-pyranones
1-hexacosanol 1-hexacosanol: RN given for parent cpd. hexacosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-six carbon atoms.. hexacosan-1-ol : A very long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.01	1	0	hexacosanol; very long-chain primary fatty alcohol	insecticide; plant metabolite
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	2.13	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	benzodioxoles
artemisia ketone artemisia ketone: structure in first source	2.48	2	0
alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactone alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide having a methylene group at the 3-position.	3.73	10	0	butan-4-olide	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug
1-octacosanol 1-octacosanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. octacosan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is octacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.16	1	0	fatty alcohol 28:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol	plant metabolite
4-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2	1	0
toltrazuril toltrazuril: structure in first source	3.49	2	0	aromatic ether
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	5.09	1	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
arbekacin arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.	2.13	1	0	aminoglycoside; kanamycins	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	3.47	7	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	26.45	752	50	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
forphenicinol [no description available]	3.06	1	0
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	20.05	358	106	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
sulfaperine sulfaperine: structure. sulfaperin : A substituted aniline that is sulfanilamide in which on of the hydrogens of the sulfonamide group has been replaced by a 5-methylpyrimidin-2-yl group.	2.01	1	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic	antibacterial drug
4-methoxypyridine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
resorufin [no description available]	2.15	1	0	phenoxazine
ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate [no description available]	2.15	1	0
indole-3-carboxylic acid indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
2,3-diaminonaphthalene [no description available]	2.05	1	0
isoscopoletin isoscopoletin : A hydroxycoumarin that is esculetin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is the major primary metabolite of scoparone.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxycoumarin	plant metabolite
3-chloroperbenzoic acid 3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent	2.42	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; peroxy acid
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	2.04	1	0
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	2.55	2	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.72	3	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	tocol
carazolol carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.13	1	0	carbazoles
buparvaquone buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source	3.4	1	1
fluphenacur fluphenacur: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; N-acylurea; organofluorine compound
tioxidazole tioxidazole: structure	2.1	1	0	benzothiazoles
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	4.5	4	0
avarol avarol: RN given refers to parent cpd; extract from Dysidea avara(sea sponge)	6.98	57	0
avarone avarone: antileukemic agent; isolated from Dysidea avara	4.53	24	0
7-hydroxystaurosporine [no description available]	2.08	1	0
illimaquinone illimaquinone: structure given in first source; isolated from the Red Sea sponge Smenospongia; inhibits the RNase H. activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	4.78	29	0	monohydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones; prenylquinone	metabolite
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2	1	0
magnolol [no description available]	2.81	3	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	2.82	3	0	biphenyls
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.02	1	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.07	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.	4.23	5	0	methoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
narciclasine narciclasine: antitumor alkaloid from bulbs of Narcissus species	1.95	1	0	phenanthridines	metabolite
warburganal [no description available]	3.08	5	0	tertiary alcohol
nagilactone c nagilactone C: norditerpene lactone isolated from leaves of Podocarpus; structure	2.02	1	0
rubrofusarin rubrofusarin: naphthopyrone from Cassia quinquangulata; structure. rubrofusarin : A member of the class of benzochromenones that is benzo[g]chromen-4-one carrying two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 5 and 6 as well as methyl and methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 8 respectively. An orange polyketide pigment that is a common intermediate in many different fungal biosynthetic pathways.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; benzochromenone; phenols; polyketide	biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
zaluzanin C zaluzanin C: from Ainsliaea yunnanensis and Zaluzania robinsonii; structure in first source. zaluzanin C : A sesquiterpene lactone that is decahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2(3H)-one substituted by methylidene groups at positions 3, 6 and 9 and a hydroxy group at position 8.	2.69	3	0	gamma-lactone; guaiane sesquiterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite
alantolactone alantolactone: allergenic sesquiterpene lactone; crystalline mixture of alantolactones from group of sesquiterpenes; structure. alantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-octahydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-2-one bearing two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 8a as well as a methylidene substituent at position 3.	5.89	31	0	naphthofuran; olefinic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
3-aminophenoxazone 3-aminophenoxazone: also inhibits sulfatase; structure	2.06	1	0	phenoxazine
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.71	3	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
beta-amyrin beta-amyrin: alpha-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from oleanane that differs from alpha-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 20 position; RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer. beta-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants.	3	4	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; plant metabolite
dehydrocostus lactone dehydrocostus lactone : An organic heterotricyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-bis(methylene)decahydoazulen-5-yl group and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to afford the corresponding gamma-lactone.	7.51	91	0	gamma-lactone; guaiane sesquiterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antimycobacterial drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; metabolite; trypanocidal drug
heraclenol heraclenol: isolated from the herb Huanghuaren	1.99	1	0
nicosulfuron nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.	2.96	4	0	N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
isoalantolactone isoalantolactone: RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4aalpha,8abeta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure. isoalantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.	7.09	59	0	eudesmane sesquiterpenoid; sesquiterpene lactone	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
hederagenin [no description available]	2	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin	plant metabolite
xanthosine 5'-triphosphate xanthosine 5'-phosphate : xanthosine phosphate compounds having phosphate groups at position 5'.. 5'-xanthylic acid : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having xanthine as the nucleobase.	1.97	1	0	purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; xanthosine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
dauricine dauricine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dauricine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines; phenols; tertiary amino compound	plant metabolite
brusatol brusatol: quassinoid from B. javanica; structure	1.96	1	0	triterpenoid
dehydroleucodine dehydroleucodine: has antimicrobial activity; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,9aalpha,9bbeta))-isomer	6.82	47	0
betulinic acid methyl ester betulinic acid methyl ester: from the roots of Saussurea lappa; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	triterpenoid
sakuranetin sakuranetin: major rice phytoalexin; RN given for ((S)-(-))-isomer; structure in first source. sakuranetin : A flavonoid phytoalexin that is (S)-naringenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group.	5.61	13	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; flavonoid phytoalexin; monomethoxyflavanone	antimycobacterial drug; plant metabolite
bilobalide [no description available]	2.42	2	0	sesquiterpene lactone
indicine indicine: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R,3S),7abeta))-isomer	2.05	1	0	carboxylic ester; pyrrolizines
2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyl chloride [no description available]	1.97	1	0
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	10.08	25	6	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
propionylcholine propionylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	acylcholine
tutin tutin: neurotoxin found in Coriaria shrubs; hyenanchin is the hydroxy derivative; structure	5.96	19	0	gamma-lactone
cyclobutanol cyclobutanol: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
eucalyptin eucalyptin: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	2.01	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide 5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. MTIC : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is dacarbazine in which one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydrogen. It is the active metabolite of dacarbazine, and is also produced by spontaneous hydrolysis of temozolomide in the body.	2	1	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
phenylheptatriyne phenylheptatriyne: structure	2.11	1	0	benzenes
rivastigmine [no description available]	5.71	10	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.74	3	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
dichloroketene dichloroketene: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
carane carane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carane : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 7.	1.93	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monoterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
clotiazepam 2-carene: a monoterpene; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	monoterpenoid
6-amino-5-bromouracil [no description available]	1.99	1	0
3,7-dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol Geranium: A plant genus of the family GERANIACEAE. Geranium is also used as a common name for PELARGONIUM.	2.59	2	0
trimethylsilyl cyanide [no description available]	2.25	1	0
cryptolepine cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.05	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
biocytin biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.	2.01	1	0	azabicycloalkane; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thiabicycloalkane; ureas	mouse metabolite
tetramethrin tetramethrin: structure	1.98	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; maleimides; phthalimide insecticide	pyrethroid ester insecticide
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.44	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
primin primin: contact allergen found in the ornamental plant Primula obconica Hance. primin : A 1,4-benzoquinone having a methoxy substituent at the 2-position and a pentyl substituent at the 6-position.	2.44	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	allergen; antifeedant; antimicrobial agent; hapten; metabolite
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	2.21	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
we 201 We 201: synthetic lysolecithin analog; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure	3.31	1	0
alpha-bergamotene alpha-bergamotene: RR (13434-59-4) refers to the (trans)-isomer. alpha-bergamotene : A sesquiterpene consisting of a bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene skeleton substituted at positions 2 and 6 by methyl groups and at position 6 by a 4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl group.	4.21	16	0	bridged compound; polycyclic olefin; sesquiterpene	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.41	1	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	3.66	9	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	3.84	2	1
bay 93820 isocarbophos: an organophosphorus insecticide	2.46	2	0	isopropyl ester; organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester; salicylates	agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)oxide bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)oxide: reagent fortert-butylcarbonylating amino acids	2.06	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.36	2	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
beta-thujone [no description available]	3.58	8	0	beta-thujone
beta-eudesmol beta-eudesmol: found in Atractylodes and other plants; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4aalpha,8abeta))-isomer. beta-eudesmol : A carbobicyclic compound that is trans-decalin substituted at positions 2, 4a, and 8 by 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl, methyl and methylidene groups, respectively (the 2R,4aR,8aS-diastereoisomer).	5.93	31	0	carbobicyclic compound; eudesmane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	volatile oil component
friedelin 3-friedelanone: from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis; structure in first source. friedelin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork.	2.17	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; plant metabolite
2-pinene oxide alpha-pinene oxide : An epoxide of alpha-pinene.	2.13	1	0	epoxide; pinane monoterpenoid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fragrance; human metabolite
inermin inermin: phytoalexin produced in plants after injection with fungi; RN given refers to (cis-(+-))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (-)-maackiain : The (-)-enantiomer of maackiain.	2.38	2	0	maackiain
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	2.11	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde: structure in first source	2.4	2	0
coronatine coronatine: consists of a coronafacic acid joined by an amide bond to coronamic acid by coronafacate ligase; phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4(1R,2R),6beta,7alpha))-isomer;	2	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
pyriproxyfen pyriproxyfen: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pyriproxyfen : An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.	2.71	3	0	aromatic ether; pyridines	juvenile hormone mimic
sclareol glycol sclareol glycol: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
delta-tocopherol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food antioxidant; plant metabolite
cycloartenol [no description available]	2.46	2	0	3beta-sterol; pentacyclic triterpenoid; phytosterols	plant metabolite
tylophorine tylophorine: phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid	2.03	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ambrosin ambrosin: from Ambrosia maritime; structure	3.67	10	0	sesquiterpene lactone
elemol elemol: monocyclic sespuiterpenoid tertiary alcohol; RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,3alpha,4beta))-isomer; structure in first source. elemol : A sesquiterpenoid that is isopropanol which is substituted at position 2 by a (3S,4S)-3-isopropenyl-4-methyl-4-vinylcyclohexyl group.	5.82	27	0	olefinic compound; sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	fragrance; plant metabolite
alpha-curcumene alpha-curcumene: active priniciple in essential oils of Curcuma xanthorrhiza. alpha-curcumene : A sesquiterpene that is 2-methyl-2-heptene in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is substituted by a p-tolyl group.	4.19	16	0	sesquiterpene
acetoacetyl coa [no description available]	3.82	3	0	3-oxo-fatty acyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lupenone lupenone: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
matricin matricin: RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,9alpha,9aalpha,9bbeta))-isomer	4.71	9	0	sesquiterpene lactone
vestitol vestitol: structure in first source. vestitol : A member of the class of hydroxyisoflavans that is isoflavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 2' and a methoxy group at position 4'. Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; hydroxyisoflavans; methoxyisoflavan	anti-inflammatory agent; phytoalexin; plant metabolite
lopinavir [no description available]	2.06	1	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
alpha-eudesmol alpha-eudesmol: RN refers to (2alpha,4aalpha,8abeta)-isomer; from Juniperus virginiana; inhibits omega-agatoxin IVA-sensitive Ca2+ currents and synaptosomal Ca2+ uptake; structure in first source. alpha-eudesmol : A eudesmane sesquiterpenoid in which the eudesmane skeleton carries a hydroxy substituent at C-11 and has a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	3.03	4	0	eudesmane sesquiterpenoid; octahydronaphthalenes; tertiary alcohol	volatile oil component
nepetalactone nepetalactone: RN given for (4aS-(4aalpha,7alpha,7aalpha))-isomer; structure in first source. trans-cis-nepetalactone : A cyclopentapyran that is (4aS,7aS)-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran substituted at position 1 by an oxo group and at positions 4 and 7 by methyl groups, respectively (the 4aS,7S,7aS-diastereomer). An iridoid monoterpenoid isolated from several Nepeta plant species. It exhibits potent repellant activity against house dust mites and mosquitoes.	2.47	2	0
zingiberene zingiberene: in wild tomato; structure in first source. zingiberene : 2-Methylcyclohexa-1,3-diene in which a hydrogen at the 5 position is substituted (R configuration) by a 6-methyl-hept-5-en-2-yl group (S configuration). It is a sesquiterpene found in the dried rhizomes of Indonesian ginger, Zingiber officinale.	4.61	24	0	cyclohexadiene; sesquiterpene
perezone perezone: isolated from roots of Pereziae adnata; structure given in Merck Index	5.43	19	0
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	4.24	5	0
6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin 6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin: structure given in first source; a phytoalexin isolated from Daucus carota	2.15	1	0	isochromanes
fast red ta Fast Red TA: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
xanthorrhizol xanthorrhizol: structure in first source	2.45	2	0	sesquiterpenoid
phomenone phomenone: structure	2.47	2	0	sesquiterpenoid
dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate): used to study interactions of structural proteins; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.98	1	0
alpha-santalene alpha-santalene: from sandalwood oil; structure in first source	3.44	7	0
sabinyl acetate sabinyl acetate: present in essential oils; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.49	2	0
mansonone e mansonone E: a potent anti-bacterial sesquiterpenoid isolated from the dried root bark of Ulmus pumila; structure in first source	3.33	6	0
mansonone f mansonone F: a potent anti-bacterial sesquiterpenoid; structure in first source	3.28	6	0
quinidine gluconate quinidine gluconate: RN given refers to (9S)-isomer & ratio of [1:1]	3.09	1	0	D-gluconate adduct
6-paradol 6-paradol: induces apoptosis; structure in first source	3.41	1	0	ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.17	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.73	3	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
desethylchloroquine desethylchloroquine: metabolite of chloroquine	1.97	1	0	aminoquinoline
8-mercaptoquinoline 8-mercaptoquinoline: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
4',5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone 4',5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone: structure given in first source; from plant Eupatorium odoratum. 4',5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone : A tetramethoxyflavone that is the tetra-O-methyl derivative of scutellarein.	2.1	1	0	tetramethoxyflavone	antimutagen; plant metabolite
septacidin septacidin: structure	3.08	1	0
3-phenylindole [no description available]	2.05	1	0
hexylglutathione S-hexylglutathione : An S-substituted glutathione that is glutathione in which the hydrogen of the thiol has been replaced by a hexyl group (PDB entry: 1PN9).	2.03	1	0	S-substituted glutathione
oxoglaucine 1,2,9,10-tetramethoxy-7H-dibenzo(de,g)quinolin-7-one: a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110alpha inhibitor that reactivates latent HIV-1; structure in first source	1.99	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid
2'-hydroxy-2,4,4,7,4'-pentamethylflavan 2'-hydroxy-2,4,4,7,4'-pentamethylflavan: has fish toxin, antibacterial, and melanogenesis inhibitory activities	2.15	1	0
diosgenin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
ipomeamarone ipomeamarone: found in moldy sweet potatoes & Myoporum deserti; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.66	10	0
4-methoxydalbergione 4-methoxydalbergione: causes dermititis; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
phorbolol myristate acetate [no description available]	2.47	2	0
bis(helenalinyl)malonate bis(helenalinyl)malonate: 2 helenalin moieties joined via malonate ester	3.06	5	0
syringaresinol [no description available]	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; furofuran; lignan; polyether; polyphenol	plant metabolite
verrucarin e [no description available]	1.96	1	0
fangchinoline fangchinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; limacine is the (1'beta)-isomer; 7-O-demethyltetrandrine is the (1S,1'S)-isomer. fangchinoline : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is (1beta)- berbaman which has been substituted by methyl groups at the 2 and 2' positions, by methoxy groups at the 6, 6', and 12 positions, and by a hydroxy group at position 7. Isolated from Stephania tetrandra, it has been found to possess neuroprotective and anti-tumour activity.	2.25	1	0
loliolide loliolide: RN given refers to (6S-cis)-isomer	2.49	2	0	benzofurans	metabolite
arctiin arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	4.11	4	0	glycoside; lignan
eremanthin [no description available]	3.26	6	0	sesquiterpene lactone
friedelinol friedelinol: isolated from seeds of Aster auriculatus Franch; structure given in first source; RN given refers to friedelanol (friedelinol), the (3alpha)-isomer	2.17	1	0
geigerin geigerin: from Geigeria; RN given refers to (3aR-(3alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,7abeta,8beta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	3.15	5	0
ledol ledol: from Renealmia chrysotrycha; structure in first source	4.96	11	0
homopterocarpin homopterocarpin: an insect antifeedant isolated from Pterocarpus marcocarpus; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	pterocarpans
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl group at C-1 and C-2 is stearoyl.	2.07	1	0	phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion; phosphatidylethanolamine	human metabolite
6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo(3.1.1)heptan-3-ol 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo(3.1.1)heptan-3-ol: fragrance ingredient; structure in first source. pinocarveol : A pinane monoterpenoid that is a bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane substituted by two methyl groups at position 6, a methylidene group at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.	2.53	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; pinane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	GABA modulator; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene 4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene: structure in first source	3.76	10	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	3.9	12	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.41	7	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.44	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
acetyldeoxynivalenol [no description available]	2.88	4	0	trichothecene
monocrotaline pyrrole monocrotaline pyrrole: RN given refers to (13alpha,14alpha)-isomer	2.17	1	0
t-2 tetraol T-2 tetraol: RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta,8alpha)-isomer	3.35	7	0
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.04	1	0	oligopeptide
wr 1065 WR-1065 : An alkanethiol that is the N-3-aminopropyl derivative of cysteamine. Used as the S-phosphorylated prodrug, amifostine, for cytoprotection in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	2.03	1	0	alkanethiol; diamine	antioxidant; drug metabolite; radiation protective agent
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.78	3	0
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.94	4	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
verrucarol [no description available]	3.35	7	0
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.13	1	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.03	1	0
beauvericin beauvericin: 18-membered cyclodepsipeptides. beauvericin : A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.	2.25	1	0
artesunic acid [no description available]	22.17	573	199
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.11	1	0
acetyl cedrene acetyl cedrene: structure in first source	4.05	4	0
s-ethyl glutathione [no description available]	2.08	1	0	oligopeptide
satratoxin g [no description available]	3.35	7	0
22-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.72	3	0	cholanoid
inositol 1-phosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.	1.97	1	0
methoctramine methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.	2.04	1	0	hydrochloride	muscarinic antagonist
pyronaridine [no description available]	7.43	22	1	aminoquinoline
fusarochromanone fusarochromanone: from Fusarium sp.; consists of an amino acid bearing chromone	1.97	1	0	1-benzopyran
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer	2.11	1	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.41	2	0	proanthocyanidin
pisatin pisatin: phytoalexin produced in plants after injection with fungi; RN given refers to (6aS-cis)-isomer; structure	3.8	11	0
sr 95531 [no description available]	2	1	0	methoxybenzenes
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	2.72	2	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
triptolide [no description available]	3.56	2	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
rishitin rishitin: bicyclic norsesquiterpene detected in potato tubers infected with Phytophthora infestans; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.92	4	0	polyol
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	2.02	1	0
parthenolide [no description available]	14.17	527	5	germacranolide
tryptoquivaline tryptoquivaline: tremor-producing metabolite from Aspergillus clavatus; tetrapeptide derived from tryptophan, anthranilic acid, valine, & methylalanine; structure & N1 names previously assigned to tryptoquivaline C & tryptoquivaline D found to be incorrect & are revised in third source; see also record for tryptoquivalone; structure in third source	2.02	1	0
benzamil [no description available]	2.05	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
carboxyamido-triazole carboxyamido-triazole: structure given in first source; coccidiostat; U.S. patent No. 4,590,201	4.3	3	0
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	2.42	2	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	3.7	10	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
lophotoxin lophotoxin: belongs to the cembrene class of diterpenoids; neuromuscular toxin isolated from several pacific gorgonians of the genus Lophogorgia; RN given refers to (1R-(1R,2S,4S,10R,12R,14R,15R*))-isomer; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.97	4	0
terpinyl acetate terpinyl acetate: ingredient in perfume of spray starch causing contact urticaria	2.47	2	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid
precirol precirol: octadecanoic acid esters; 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester mixed with 3-hydroxy-2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)propyl octadienoate & 2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)-1,3-propanediol; auxiliary in tableting; alpha glycerol palmitostearate	2.02	1	0
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	2.05	1	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
monobromobimane monobromobimane: fluorescent when reacted with thiol group; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; inhibits platelet calcium-dependent protease activity & the ability of dibucaine-stimulated platelets to support factor X activation; structure in first source. monobromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.02	1	0	organobromine compound; pyrazolopyrazole	fluorochrome
liquiritigenin liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.	2.73	3	0	4',7-dihydroxyflavanone	hormone agonist; plant metabolite
trichodiene trichodiene: precursor of trichothecin; RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer; structure	4.34	19	0	sesquiterpene
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	3.48	2	0
aporphine aporphine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. aporphine : An isoquinoline alkaloid that is the N-methyl derivative of 5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline.	2.46	2	0	aporphine alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; tertiary amino compound
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	3.23	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
phaseolinone phaseolinone: RN from toxlit 8/88; isolated from Macrophomina phaseolina; structure given in first source	2	1	0
3,4-dimethoxydalbergione 3,4-dimethoxydalbergione: substance from Brazilian rosewood substitute which causes dermatitis; RN given refers to (R)-isomer	2	1	0	ubiquinones
pterosin b pterosin B: structure in first source	3.74	9	0
megestrol acetate anisatin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; also see 2-oxo-6-deoxyneoanisatin. anisatin : A sesquiterpene lactone with formula C15H20O8. It is a neurotoxic natural product found in plants of the family Illiciaceae.	6.23	26	0	bridged compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone; spiro compound; tertiary alcohol; tetrol	GABA antagonist; neurotoxin; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
ponasterone a ponasterone A: RN given refers to (2 beta,3 beta,5 beta,22R)-isomer	2.01	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 6-oxo steroid; phytoecdysteroid
amarogentin amarogentin: secoiridoid glycoside. amarogentin : A secoiridoid glycoside that consists of (4aS,5R,6R)-5-ethenyl-6-hydroxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one having a 2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxybiphenyl-2-yl)carbonyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group attached at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.11	1	0	monosaccharide derivative; secoiridoid glycoside	EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; metabolite
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone: do not confuse with Pro-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl or with Phe-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl, both sometimes also referred to as PPACK	2.06	1	0
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.41	2	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
ginkgolide a [no description available]	2.05	1	0	diterpene lactone
1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane 1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane: GABA(A) receptor ligand for autoradiography	2.4	2	0
culmorin culmorin: tricyclic sesquiterpene metabolite of fungus Fusarium culmorium; structure. culmorin : A sesquiterpenoid fungal metabolite isolated from Fusarium culmorum.	5.68	14	0
4-bromo-a-23187 4-bromo-A-23187: ionophore with enhanced calcium ion transport specificity	2.01	1	0
tafenoquine tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.	9.36	8	3	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; primary amino compound; secondary amino compound
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	4.31	3	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
cynaropicrin cynaropicrin: structure given in first source; RN given for ((3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha,8beta,9aalpha,9bbeta)))-isomer	5.22	45	0	sesquiterpene lactone
1'-acetoxychavicol acetate 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate: antifungal component of Alpinia galanga; structure given in first source. 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate : An acetate ester that is chavicol acetate substituted by an acetoxy group at position 1'.	4.74	5	0	acetate ester; phenylpropanoid	antineoplastic agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
clofarabine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
imidazenil imidazenil: partial positive allosteric modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid action at GABA(A) receptors; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
3-deoxy-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid 3-deoxy-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid: a component of cell wall lipopolysaccharide; artifacts in mass spectrometric analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae; structure in first source. 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate : A carbohydrate acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid	2.03	1	0	3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid
dioscin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	hexacyclic triterpenoid; spiroketal; spirostanyl glycoside; trisaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
phaseollidin phaseollidin: from Erythrina burana; RN refers to (6aR-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. phaseollidin : A member of the class of pterocarpans that is (6aR,11aR)-pterocarpan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 9 and a prenyl group at position 10.	2.25	1	0	pterocarpans
cucurbitacins [no description available]	2.58	2	0	11-oxo steroid
bw 245c BW 245C: a selective DP receptor agonist. BW 245C : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,4S)- and (3S,4R)-BW 245C. A hydantoin-based prostglandin analogue.. 7-[3-(3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl]heptanoic acid : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is 7-(2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl)heptanoic acid in which the imidazoline ring as substituted at position 3 by a 3-(3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropyl) group.	2.05	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol
ginsenoside rh2 ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.25	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
deepoxy-deoxynivalenol deepoxy-deoxynivalenol: metabolite of deoxynivalenol	2.66	3	0
mozavaptan mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	benzamides	aquaretic
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.4	7	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile 4-methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile: precursor of mutagens in Chinese cabbage	2.02	1	0
s-methyl diethylthiocarbamate S-methyl diethylthiocarbamate: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
k 76 carboxylic acid K 76 carboxylic acid: effective in blocking formation of chemotactic factor for tumor cells from human complement; oxidized product of sesquiterpene derivative K 76 from fungus Stachybotrys complementi; do not confuse with hydroxamic acid K-76	4.98	39	0
5-hydroxymethylomeprazole 5-hydroxymethylomeprazole: metabolite of omeprazole. 5'-hydroxyomeprazole : A sulfoxide that is omeprazole in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 5 on the pyridine ring is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.4	2	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	drug metabolite
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	2.31	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
n-iodosuccinimide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
himachalol himachalol: structure	2.93	4	0	himachalane sesquiterpenoid
chitotriose chitotriose : An amino trisaccharide comprising of three 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose units joined by beta-(1->4) linkages.	1.98	1	0
fk 156 FK 156: structure given in first source; RN given refers to ((L)(R)-isomer	3.06	1	0
bw a868c BW A868C: a selective DP receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
desethylamodiaquine desethylamodiaquine: metabolite of amodiaquine	2.03	1	0
benzoyl-coenzyme a benzoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.59	2	0
magnesium pyrophosphate magnesium pyrophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd (2:1)	2.03	1	0
muristerone a muristerone A: a phytoecdysteroid	2.01	1	0
piperaquine piperaquine : An aminoquinoline that is 1,3-di(piperazin-1-yl)propane in which the nitrogen at position 4 of each of the piperazine moieties is replaced by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group.	13.4	38	26	aminoquinoline; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	antimalarial
astragaloside a [no description available]	2.85	3	0
lysicamine lysicamine: oxoaporphine alkaloid; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; oxoaporphine alkaloid	metabolite
celastrol [no description available]	5.12	7	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
pacifenol pacifenol: isolated from sea weeds and marine alga Laurencia claviformis; RN refers to (2R,5R,5aR,7S,8S,9aS)-isomer; structure in first source	3.14	5	0
betulonic acid betulonic acid: isolated from Rush javanica; strucure in first source	2.03	1	0	triterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
dammarenediol dammarenediol: RN refers to (3beta)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.95	4	0	carbene; methanediyl
cyclopropene cyclopropene: structure. cyclopropene : A cycloalkene that consists of cyclopropane having a double bond in the ring. The parent of the class of cyclopropenes.	2.03	1	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes
diazene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	nitrogen hydride
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	2.05	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.25	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	5.39	7	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	4.59	4	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
cephamycin c cephamycin C: produced from O-carbamoyldeacetylcephalosporin in C by cell-free extracts of Streptomyces clavuligerus; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. cephamycin C : One of three naturally occurring cephamycin antibiotics, differing from the A and B forms in its carbamoyloxymethyl substituent at C-3.	2.05	1	0
interleukin-1beta (163-171) interleukin-1beta (163-171): nonapeptide which has in vivo immunostimulating activity	2	1	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	2.94	4	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
vadimezan vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; xanthones	antineoplastic agent
peroxyoxalate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2.4	2	0
tiglic acid tiglic acid : A 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid having its double bond in trans-configuration.. 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid : A branched-chain fatty acid consisting of 2-butenoic acid having a methyl group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	2-methylbut-2-enoic acid	plant metabolite
hernandulcin hernandulcin: sesquiterpene 1000 times sweeter than sucrose from sweet plant Lippia dulcis Trev.; structure given in first source	4.5	7	0	sesquiterpenoid
2-hydroxyalantolactone 2-hydroxyalantolactone: from Francoeuria crispa, used in Saudi folk medicine; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
ectoine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; monocarboxylic acid; zwitterion	osmolyte
furamidine furamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; WR 199385 refers to di-HCl; pafuramidine is a prodrug of this	2.03	1	0
lestaurtinib [no description available]	2.04	1	0	indolocarbazole
methotrexate [no description available]	4.36	6	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
o-(glucuronic acid 2-sulfate)-(1--4)-o-(2,5)-anhydromannitol 6-sulfate O-(glucuronic acid 2-sulfate)-(1--4)-O-(2,5)-anhydromannitol 6-sulfate: disaccharide substrate derived from heparin	2.08	1	0
bipinnatin b bipinnatin B: nicotinic receptor antagonist related to lophotoxin; structure given in first source	3.08	5	0
n-(5-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl)sulfonyl)-n'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea N-(5-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl)sulfonyl)-N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea: a second generation diarylsulfonylurea; structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
fpl 67047xx FPL 67047XX: inhibits phospholipase A2; structure in first source	3.16	1	0
clausenamide clausenamide: Chinese drug isolated from leaves of Clausena lansium (Lour) Skeels; used in treatment of viral hepatitis; structure given in first source	3.12	1	0
cyanidin cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.	1.99	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
u 10029a U 10029A: RN given refers to HCl; phospholipase A2 inhibitor	1.96	1	0
wr 194965 WR 194965: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone: structure given in first source	2	1	0
gweicurculactone gweicurculactone: from Curcuma kwangsiensis; structure given in first source	7.96	4	0
ym 529 YM 529: inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption; structure given in first source	3.82	3	0
dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid	3.84	2	1	amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide	cholinergic drug; provitamin
10-methyl spiro(4.5)dec-6-en-6-carboxylic acid 10-methyl spiro(4.5)dec-6-en-6-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
purpactin a purpactin A: from Penicillium purpurogenum; structure given in J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1991;44(2):144	2.03	1	0
3-methyl-3,4-epoxybutyl diphosphate 3-methyl-3,4-epoxybutyl diphosphate: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (1-14C)-isomer	2	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.44	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
yakuchinone-a yakuchinone-A: from Alpinia oxyphylla; structure given in first source. 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-3-heptanone : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 7. Isolated from in Alpinia oxyphylla, it exhibits antineoplastic and inhibitory activities against COX-1, COX-2 and NO synthase.	2.08	1	0	ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
carbapenems [no description available]	5.49	3	1
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.9	4	0	D-xylose
cd 437 CD 437: selective for retinoic acid receptors gamma. CD437 : A naphthoic acid that is 6-phenylnaphthylene-2-carboxyic acid in which the phenyl substituent has been substituted at positions 3 and 4 by adamant-1-yl and hydroxy groups, respectively. It acts as a selective agonist of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)gamma and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells.	2.02	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid; phenols	apoptosis inducer; retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	3.31	6	0	quinomethane
dithiane dithiane: structure in first source	3.55	2	0	dithiane
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.15	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
cyclopropenone cyclopropenone: structure in first source. cyclopropenone : Three-membered alicyclic ketones containing a single C=C double bond.	2.21	1	0
phytol [no description available]	4	13	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	4.53	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2.9	3	0
omeprazole sulfone omeprazole sulfone: omeprazole metabolite; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	benzimidazoles; sulfoxide
sl-mercaptoethanol SL-mercaptoethanol: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone: a pesticide synergist; inhibits juvenile hormone esterase	2.03	1	0
bw 58c [no description available]	3.06	1	0
cryptoporic acid e cryptoporic acid E: from fungus Cryptoporus volvatus; inhibitor of superoxide anion radical release; inhibits tumor promotion of okadaic acid; RN given from Chem Abstr Index Guide 1991; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha(1S,2R),4alpha, beta,5beta(2R,3S(1R,4aS,5S*,8aR))8aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/91	4.01	4	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.92	12	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
irofulven irofulven: structure in first source	14.13	89	22	cyclohexenones
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	2.21	1	0
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.41	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
n-palmitoylglycine N-hexadecanoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).	3.14	1	0	fatty amide; N-acylglycine 16:0	human metabolite; marine metabolite
1-methylcyclopropene 1-methylcyclopropene: do not confuse with 1-methylcyclopropane. 1-methylcyclopropene : A member of the class of cyclopropenes that is cyclopropene in which the hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by a methyl group. A gas at room temperture and pressure, it is a (synthetic) ethylene perception inhibitor and is used to prolong the life of cut and potted flowers, other ornamental plants, and fruit.	2.76	3	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes	agrochemical; plant growth regulator
vatalanib [no description available]	3.83	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
evodiamine [no description available]	3.6	2	0	beta-carbolines
beta-phenylisoserine beta-phenylisoserine: structure in first source	2	1	0
tellimagrandin ii tellimagrandin II: isolated from Filipendula palmata; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
azulene sn azulene SN: RN given refers to parent cpd	5.93	14	2
borneo Borneo: An island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Sumatra, north of Java, and west of Celebes. It is the third largest island in the world. Its name is a Portuguese alteration of BRUNEI, located on it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p163; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p73)	2.54	2	0	organofluorine acaricide
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	4.2	17	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
aguerin b aguerin B: has antiproliferative activity; structure in first source	3.26	5	0
tomentosin tomentosin: isolated from fresh Inula viscosa (Asteraceae) flowers; structure in first source	4.35	17	0	sesquiterpene lactone
schizandrin a schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities	2.55	2	0
atractylenolide iii atractylenolide III: from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz; structure in first source	6.78	71	0	naphthofuran	metabolite
4,8-dimethyldecanal [no description available]	2.02	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.02	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxypiperaquine hydroxypiperaquine: more effective than chloroquine; RN given refers to tetraphosphate salt; structure in first source	2.37	2	0
epitaondiol epitaondiol: isolated from seaweeds; RN refers to (3beta,5alpha,14beta)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
thionium [no description available]	2.07	1	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	3.26	6	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2.06	1	0	organic sulfate salt
tipifarnib [no description available]	4.34	3	0	imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
apigeninidin apigeninidin: a sorghum phytoalexin; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
dialuminum magnesium tetraoxide spinell: mineral that can be colored to match dentin	2.41	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	4.51	7	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
2-methyl-3-(4-phenylpiperidino)propionohydroxamic acid hydrochloride 2-methyl-3-(4-phenylpiperidino)propionohydroxamic acid hydrochloride: RN given refers to HCl; do not confuse with either the fungal metabolite K-76 terpene or K 76 carboxylic acid	1.99	1	0
perlolyrine perlolyrine: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.03	1	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.47	2	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
cyclocolorenone cyclocolorenone: sesquiterpenoid isolated from the liverwort, Plagiochila acanthophylla subsp. japonica; structure	3.44	7	0
cycloartane cycloartane : A triterpene that is lanostane in which there is a methylene bridge between the 5- and 9-positions.	2.07	1	0	triterpene
ar-turmerone ar-turmerone: potent antivenom against snake bites; isolated form Curcuma longa; structure given in first source. (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 2-methylhept-2-en-4-one substituted by a 4-methylphenyl group at position 6. It has been isolated from Peltophorum dasyrachis.	5.02	37	0	enone; sesquiterpenoid	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
oxypeucadanin oxypeucadanin: furanocoumarin from W. Afr. medicinal plant Clausena anisata; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. oxypeucedanin : A furanocoumarin that is 7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one substituted by a [(2S)-3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]methoxy group at position 4.	2.01	1	0	psoralens
t-cadinol T-cadinol: extract of scented myrrh; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,4alpha,4aalpha,8abeta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/92; structure given in first source. tau-cadinol : A cadinane sesquiterpenoid that is cadin-4-ene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 10.	3.81	11	0	cadinane sesquiterpenoid; carbobicyclic compound; octahydronaphthalenes; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
secologanin (-)-secologanin : An iridoid monoterpenoid that is acetaldehyde in which on of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a 2-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl group which is substituted at positions 3 and 5 by a vinyl and a methoxycarbonyl group, respectively (the 2S,3R,4S stereoisomer).	2.15	1	0	aldehyde; beta-D-glucoside; enoate ester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	plant metabolite
dhurrin dhurrin: cyanogenic glucoside from plant Sorghum; (R)-epimer is taxiphyllin; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. (S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside consisting of (S)-prunasin carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.07	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyanogenic glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; nitrile
lunularic acid lunularic acid: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	stilbenoid
aristolochene [no description available]	4.33	19	0	aristolochene
frullanolide frullanolide: allergenic; structure	3.5	8	0	sesquiterpenoid
4-toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide [no description available]	2.06	1	0
capsidiol capsidiol: isolated from cultured cells of Nicotiana silvestris; structure given in first source. capsidiol : An eremophilane sesquiterpenoid that is (+)-5-epi-aristolochene bearing additional 1beta- and 3alpha-hydroxy substituents. It is a phytoalexin produced in Nicotiana and Capsicum plant species in response to pathogen attack.	9.89	33	0	eremophilane sesquiterpenoid; octahydronaphthalenes; sesquiterpene phytoalexin	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
2-(sec-butyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole 2-(sec-butyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole: volatile pheromone constituent of male mouse urine	2	1	0
isovitexin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
phaseollin (isoflavan) phaseollin (isoflavan): an isoflavonoid phytoalexin synthesized in response to injury, from snap or French bean, Phaseolus vulgaris & soybean; delays growth of Candida albicans; structure in first source; do not confuse with phaseolin (single L), a plant storage protein also produced by Phaseolus vulgaris;. (-)-phaseollinisoflavan : A member of the class of hydroxyisoflavans that is (3R)-3,4-dihydro-2H,2'H-3,6'-bichromene substituted by two methyl groups at positions 2' and 2' and hydroxy groups at positions 5' and 7 respectively.	2.25	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans	plant metabolite
cirsilineol cirsilineol: isolated from Thymus carnosus Boiss.. cirsilineol : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7 and 3' and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively.	2.1	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
momilactone a momilactone A: RN given for (3aR-(3aalpha,5aalpha,8beta,10abeta,10bbeta,10calpha))-isomer	3.64	9	0	diterpene lactone; pimarane diterpenoid
chrysanthenyl acetate chrysanthenyl acetate: structure given in first source	3.45	7	0
glyceollin glyceollin: found in plants; structure	6.39	21	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound
platycodin d platycodin D: triterpenoid saponin from a root of Platycodon grandiflorum; RN refers to (2beta,3beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	triterpenoid saponin	metabolite
sclareol sclareol: structure given in first source. sclareol : A labdane diterpenoid that is labd-14-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8 and 13. It has been isolated from Salvia sclarea.	3.15	5	0	labdane diterpenoid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; fragrance; plant metabolite
schizandrer a schizandrer A: from Fructus Schizandrae chinensis (Schisandraceae); structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
ferric thiocyanate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
proximadiol proximadiol: dicyclic sesquiterpenediol from Cymbopogon proximus with antispasmodic activity	2.4	2	0	eudesmane sesquiterpenoid	metabolite
3-acetyl-5-(d-arabino-tetrahydrobutyl)-2-methylpyrrole VER I: verucarin E analog	1.95	1	0
mokko lactone mokko lactone: isolated from mokko, Saussurea lappa; structure in first source	3.63	9	0
khusimol khusimol: a non-peptide molecule isolated from Vetiveria zizanioides; a sesquiterpene alcohol; inhibits the binding of vasopressin to rat liver vasopressin V(1a) receptors; structure given in first source	3.16	5	0
leucodin leucodin: structure in first source	3.87	11	0	sesquiterpene lactone
palladium(ii) acetate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
confertin confertin: structure. confertin : A pseudoguaianolide that is decahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2(3H)-one substituted by an oxo group at position 5, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Inula hupehensis.	3.29	6	0	cyclic ketone; gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; pseudoguaianolide	anti-inflammatory agent; metabolite; plant metabolite
nardosinone nardosinone: sesquiterpene peroxide; structure	8.68	9	0
cyclonerodiol cyclonerodiol: structure	3.51	7	0
boswellic acid boswellic acid: ursane type; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; active principle of salai guggal; see also record for salai guggal	7.21	1	0	triterpenoid
albicanol albicanol: structure in first source	3.96	12	0	carbobicyclic compound; homoallylic alcohol; primary alcohol; sesquiterpenoid	antifeedant; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; mammalian metabolite; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
valeranone valeranone: isolated from Nardostachys yatamansi; RN given refers to (4aalpha,7beta,8aalpha)-isomer; structure	3.1	5	0	sesquiterpenoid
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	3.4	7	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isofuranodiene isofuranodiene: structure	5.38	10	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	3.76	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
campesterol campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure	2.08	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C28-steroid; phytosterols	mouse metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.71	10	0
avenacin a 1 avenacin A 1: an oat root saponin; RN refers to (3beta,4alpha,12beta,16beta,20beta,21beta)-isomer	2.05	1	0
intybin intybin: has both antimalarial and neuroprotective activities	3.99	13	0
yomogin yomogin: eudesmane sesquiterpene from Artemisia princeps; inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase production in macrophages; structure in first source	3.26	6	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	5.27	16	0
crinipellin crinipellin: C22H28O5; crystalline antibiotic from submerged cultures of basidiomycete Crinipellis stipitaria	3.59	2	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	3.93	12	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
inuviscolide inuviscolide: from Inula viscosa; structure in first source. inuviscolide : A sesquiterpene lactone that is decahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2(3H)-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5, a methyl group at position 5 and methylidene groups at positions 3 and 8 (the 3aR,4aR,5R,7aS,9aS stereoisomer). Isolated from the aerial parts of Inula hupehensis, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.	3.32	6	0	gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone; tertiary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	4.77	5	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
aromadendrene aromadendrene: do not confuse with aromadendrin	4.11	14	0	sesquiterpenoid
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	4.81	10	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
vernodalin vernodalin: RN given for (3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,5aalpha,9aalpha,9bbeta))-isomer; structure in first source	3.34	6	0	carbonyl compound
limonin [no description available]	3.64	2	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
thaxtomine a thaxtomine A: a phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces scabies; RN given for (3R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
cacalol cacalol: a sesquiterpene contained in Cacalia delphiniifolia Sleb et Zucc; structure in first source	3.67	9	0
brevicomin brevicomin: RN given refers to (1R-exo)-isomer; structure	2.03	1	0
brevianamide f brevianamide F: isolated from the endophyte from Aspergillus fumigatus associated with Melia azedarach L that could be used to develop a natural eco-friendly herbicide.structure in first source. brevianamide F : A pyrrolopyrazine that is hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione bearing an indol-3-ylmethyl substituent at position 3 (the 3S,8aS-diastereomer, obtained by formal cyclocondensation of L-tryptophan and L-proline).	2.13	1	0	dipeptide; indoles; pyrrolopyrazine	metabolite
arnicolide d arnicolide D: cytotoxic; from Centipeda minima L.; structure in first source	3.11	4	0	sesquiterpene lactone
nootkatol Nootkatol: isolated from Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; Nootkatol is synonym for cpd with isomeric designation; structure given in first source. beta-nootkatol : A 4,4a-dimethyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol with (2S,4R,4aS,6R) stereochemistry.	3.28	6	0	6-isopropenyl-4,4a-dimethyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol	plant metabolite
curcudiol curcudiol: RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	8.13	5	0
botrydial botrydial: is produced in plant tissues infected by Botrytis cinerea; structure in first source. botrydial : A cytotoxic fungal metabolite isolated from plant tissues infected by phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea.	2.96	4	0	dialdehyde	mycotoxin
ergolide ergolide: a potent cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactone from Inula sp.; structure given in first source. ergolide : A sesquiterpene lactone that is decahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 4a and 8, a methylidene group at position 3 and an acetyloxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Inula hupehensis.	3.43	7	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	3.1	5	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
santamarine santamarine: sesquiterpene derivative of costunolide. santamarin : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group.	3.83	11	0	sesquiterpene lactone
cirsimaritin cirsimaritin: has antagonist or partial agonist activity on benzodiazepine receptors. cirsimaritin : A dimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively.	2.06	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; dimethoxyflavone
4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene 4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene: released by lima bean plants upon predation by T. urticae	2.48	2	0
spirobrassinin spirobrassinin: structure in first source	4.52	7	0
alisol b alisol B: RN given for (8alpha,9beta,11beta,14beta,23S,24R)-isomer; isolated from Alismatis Rhizoma; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
procurcumenol procurcumenol: RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3abeta,8aalpha))-isomer; epiprocurcumenol is the (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,8aalpha))-isomer; a TNF-alpha antagonist isolated from Curcuma zedoaria; structure in first source	3.15	5	0	sesquiterpenoid
chromazonarol chromazonarol: RN given for (4aR-(4aalpha,6abeta,12aalpha,12bbeta))-isomer; structure in first source	2.48	2	0
1-oxoisoindole 1-oxoisoindole: structure	2.06	1	0
n-acetylchitooctaose N-acetylchitooctaose: induces phytoalexin production in rice cells	2.07	1	0
erythritol 4-phosphate D-erythritol 4-phosphate : A tetritol phosphate consisting of D-erythritol having the phosphate at the 4-position.	2.48	2	0	alditol 4-phosphate; tetritol phosphate
eudesmane eudesmane: a bicyclododecane; not a napthalene	7.53	66	0	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
5-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone 5-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one: from extracts of Hyptis verticillata; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
beauverolides beauverolides: beauverolides H & I have been encountered in our literature; cyclodepsopeptide from the entemopathogenic fungus Beauvaria bassiana Bals; RN given refers to beauverolide H	2.03	1	0
coriolin coriolin: sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from Coriolus consors; structure in third source	5.88	10	0
harzianum a harzianum A: harzianum B is the (E,Z,E)-isomer; isolated from Trichoderma harzianum; structure in first source	2.59	2	0
snc 121 SNC 121: RN given for (2S-(1(S+),2alpha,5beta))-isomer; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
chromomycin a2 chromomycin A2: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2.7	3	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	2.13	1	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
sorafenib [no description available]	3.3	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
santonin Santonin: Anthelmintic isolated from the dried unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia maritima and other species of Artemisia found principally in Russian and Chinese Turkestan and the Southern Ural region. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	8.72	10	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; santonin	plant metabolite
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.76	3	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	9.2	16	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.67	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.44	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
fumagillol fumagillol: from Penicillium jensenii; FR 65814 is an analog; structure given in first source. fumagillol : A sesquiterpenoid with antimicrobial properties.	3.62	9	0	secondary alcohol; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	antimicrobial agent
cortisone [no description available]	2.67	3	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
equilin Equilin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.	1.96	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid
4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol: structure in first source. 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by an allyl group at position 4 and methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6 respectively.	2.07	1	0	dimethoxybenzene; phenols; phenylpropanoid
guaiol guaiol: structure in first source	4.21	16	0	guaiane sesquiterpenoid
tenulin tenulin: toxic constituent of Helenium amarum (bitter sneezeweed); structure	3.76	11	0	sesquiterpene lactone
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.49	2	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	2.78	3	0	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
propargylamine propargylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0
3-octanone 3-octanone : A dialkyl ketone that is octane in which the two methylene protons at position 3 have been replaced by an oxo group.	2.76	3	0	dialkyl ketone	antifeedant; biomarker; fungal metabolite; human urinary metabolite; insect attractant; plant metabolite; toxin
lanosterol [no description available]	4.61	8	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	2.01	1	0
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	3.57	9	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	7.34	57	0
nsc 83265 3-tritylthio-L-alanine: RN & NM given refers to (L)-isomer	2.01	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound
coronopilin coronopilin: isolated from Ambrosia arborescens	2.8	3	0	sesquiterpene lactone
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent
cinobufotalin cinobufotalin: RN given refers to (3beta,5beta,15beta,16beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 4/90	2.04	1	0
lupeol [no description available]	4.14	4	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
calendula Calendula: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain CAROTENOIDS, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE), flavonoids, mucilage, SAPONINS, and STEROLS. The plants are used both topically and internally. The common name of Marigold is also used for TAGETES.	3.83	3	0
solanine Solanine: A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.. solanine : A glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a trisccharide derivative of solanidine [(22beta)-solanid-5-en-3beta-ol].	1.95	1	0
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	3.41	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
gaillardin gaillardin: isolated from the aerial parts of Inula oculus-christi; structure in first source	3.02	4	0	sesquiterpene lactone
achillin achillin: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,3abeta,9abeta,9balpha))-isomer; structure in first source. achillin : A sesquiterpene lactone that is (3R,3aS,9aS,9bS)-3,3a,4,5,9a,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,7-dione carrying three additional methyl substituents at positions 3, 6 and 9.	3.33	6	0
wortmannin [no description available]	4.75	9	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
ibogaine Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.	1.99	1	0
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	3.61	2	0
menthofuran menthofuran: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; derives from cyclization of pulegone. menthofuran : A monoterpenoid that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.11	1	0	1-benzofurans; monoterpenoid	nematicide; plant metabolite
rocaglamide rocaglamide: RN refers to (1alpha,2alpha,3beta,3abeta,8bbeta)-isomer; isolated from stems of Aglaia elliptifolia; structure given in first source. rocaglamide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8b, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 8, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at position 3a, a phenyl group at position 3 and a N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl group at position 1. Isolated from Aglaia odorata and Aglaia duperreana, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.25	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; organic heterotricyclic compound	antileishmanial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
medicarpin (-)-medicarpin : The (-)-enantiomer of medicarpin.	3.54	8	0	medicarpin	plant metabolite
illudin m [no description available]	4.04	14	0	sesquiterpenoid
illudin s [no description available]	6.59	39	0	sesquiterpenoid
allocolchicine allocolchicine: not allo-isomer of colchicine; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.01	1	0
indole-3-acetonitrile indole-3-acetonitrile: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-acetonitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.42	2	0	indoles; nitrile	auxin; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
4-oxy-6-(4-oxybezoyloxy)dauc-8,9-en 4-oxy-6-(4-oxybezoyloxy)dauc-8,9-en: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,3abeta,4beta,8aalpha))-isomer; a natural benzyl ester of a carotyl type azulene sesquiterpenoid; structure in first source	7.14	44	0
plenolin plenolin: from Helenium microcephalum; structure given in first source	5.25	12	1
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	5.69	3	1
curcuphenol curcuphenol: from marine sponge Epipolasis sp.; inhibts H,K-ATPase; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer	3.9	12	0
acylfulvene acylfulvene: an antineoplastic agent; structure given in first source; an analog of illudin	5.95	19	0
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	17.66	415	9	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
lobetyolin lobetyolin: from Herba Lobeliae Chinensis	2.52	2	0
piperitenone piperitenone: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	p-menthadien-3-one
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.06	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	2.98	4	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.06	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
acetogenins Acetogenins: Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.	10.96	7	1
anhydrodihydroartemisinin anhydrodihydroartemisinin: structure given in first source	2.69	3	0
aglafoline aglafoline: a platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source; isolated from Aglaia elliptifolia. aglafolin : A heterotricyclic compound based on a 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan framework substituted by hydroxy groups at positions C-1 and C-8b, a methoxycarbonyl group at C-2, a phenyl group at C-3, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at C-3a and methoxy groups at C-6 and C-8. A platelet aggregation inhibitor found in Aglaia elliptifolia and Aglaia odorata.	3.41	1	0	methyl ester; organic heterotricyclic compound	metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
fti 276 FTI 276: a ras CAAX (C - Cys; A - aliphatic amino acid; X - Ser or Met) peptidomimetic; inhibits farnesyltransferase; FTI-277 is the methyl ester derivative of FTI-276	2.06	1	0	methionine derivative
cimadronate cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.69	3	0
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	1.97	1	0
nsc 141537 diacetoxyscirpenol: mycotoxin belonging to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; structure	8.67	81	1	trichothecene
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.96	4	0
carboplatin [no description available]	5.41	4	1
15-acetoxyscirpen-3,4-diol 15-acetoxyscirpen-3,4-diol: hydrolysis product of anguidine	1.96	1	0	trichothecene
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.93	4	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	2.05	1	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.	2.37	2	0	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	mouse metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	3.51	8	0
sorbose sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.	2.08	1	0	L-sorbose; sorbopyranose
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.07	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bradykinin [no description available]	2.93	4	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	1.98	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.	2.02	1	0	D-galacturonic acid
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	11.98	198	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	1.99	1	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	4.42	6	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	3.41	1	1
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	3.06	1	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.38	2	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	3.09	5	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	2.4	2	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
salicin [no description available]	2.51	2	0	aromatic primary alcohol; aryl beta-D-glucoside; benzyl alcohols	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
scopolin [no description available]	2.75	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; coumarins; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
amastatin amastatin: structure; inhibits aminopeptidase. amastatin : A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence	3.76	3	0	tetrapeptide	EC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor; protease inhibitor
puromycin [no description available]	3.56	9	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	2.02	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.25	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	1.99	1	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
pr toxin PR Toxin: mycotoxin from Penicillium roqueforti; structure	8.4	7	0	oxacycle
nivalenol nivalenol: RN given refers to 3alpha,4beta,7alpha-isomer	5.32	18	0	trichothecene
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	4.41	4	1	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	2.8	3	0
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	3.31	6	0	cellotriose
(+)-delta-cadinene delta-cadinene: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. delta-cadinene : A member of the cadinene family of sesquiterpenes in which the double bonds are located at the 4-4a and 7-8 positions, and in which the isopropyl group at position 1 is cis to the hydrogen at the adjacent bridgehead carbon (position 8a).. (+)-delta-cadinene : A member of the cadinene family of sesquiterpenes in which the double bonds are located at the 4-4a and 7-8 positions, and in which the isopropyl group at position 1 is cis to the hydrogen at the adjacent bridgehead carbon (the 1S,8aR-enantiomer).	4.45	19	0	cadinene; delta-cadinene
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	2.73	3	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	5	7	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	2.69	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	1.99	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
limonene-1,2-epoxide limonene-1,2-epoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (4R)-limonene 1,2-epoxide : The (R)-enantiomer of limonene 1,2-epoxide.	2.1	1	0	limonene 1,2-epoxide
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	2.1	1	0
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	2.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.08	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
indican [no description available]	2.47	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
buclizine luteolinidin: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin
ruscogenin ruscogenin: basic sapogenin of Ruscus sp.; RN given refers to (1 beta,3 beta,25R)-isomer	2.11	1	0	triterpenoid
ginsenoside re [no description available]	2.13	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
cimifugin cimifugin: isolated from Saposhnikovia divaricatae; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle
2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone: from Aquilaria sinensis; structure given in first source. 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone : A member of the class of chromones that is chromone which is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group at position 2. It is found in agarwood, a fragrant resinous heartwood obtained from certain trees in the genus Aquilaria.	8.17	4	0	benzenes; chromones	plant metabolite
ferruginol ferruginol: structure in first source. ferruginol : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 12.	2.02	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; meroterpenoid; phenols	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; protective agent
isopimaric acid isopimaric acid: isolated from the bark of Illicium jadifengpi	2.17	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid
absynthin absynthin: isolated from diferent species of the genus Artemisia; antiparasitic cpd. absinthin : A dimeric sesquiterpene lactone that is produced by the plant Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood). The bitter tasting constituent of Absinthe.	3.14	5	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone; triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
bakkenolide a bakkenolide A: structure	3.82	11	0	sesquiterpenoid
eremophilenolide eremophilenolide: from Ligularia dolichobotrys; structure in first source	3.14	5	0	sesquiterpene lactone
glaucolide b glaucolide B: sesquiterpene lactone from Veronia eremophila; antimicrobial cpd; structure given in first source; RN from CA Index Guide	2.99	4	0	carboxylic ester; ketone
grosheimin grosheimin: from the aerial parts of V. decurens; structure	2.7	3	0	sesquiterpene lactone
lactucin lactucin: structure in first source. lactucin : An azulenofuran that is 3-methylidene-3,3a,4,5,9a,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,7-dione carrying additional hydroxy, methyl and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4, 6 and 9 respectively (the 3aR,4S,9aS,9bR-diastereomer). Found in chicory.	3.67	9	0	azulenofuran; cyclic terpene ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite; sedative
micheliolide micheliolide: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	5.09	7	0	sesquiterpene lactone
microlenin microlenin: from Helenium microcephalum; RN given refers to (3'aR-(3'aalpha,4'abeta,5'alpha(3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR),7'beta,7'aalpha,8'alpha,9'aalpha))-isomer; structure	5.37	5	1	sesquiterpene lactone
parthenin parthenin: sesqiterpene lactone from Parthenium hysterophorus; structure; RN given refers to 3aS-(3aalpha,6beta,6abeta,9abeta,9balpha)-isomer	6.86	35	0	sesquiterpene lactone
vernolepin [no description available]	3.23	6	0	delta-lactone
vernomenin vernomenin: generic name for group of peptide lactone antibiotics from Streptomyces loidensis; structure	2.64	3	0	delta-lactone
bisabolol Kamillosan: drug combination containing chamomile and bisabolol; used to treat dermatitis	5.68	7	3	sesquiterpenoid
cinnamodial cinnamodial: dialdehyde sesquiterpene; structure in first source	2.77	3	0	tertiary alcohol
alpha-copaene alpha-copaene: from Olea europaea; structure in first source. alpha-copaene : A sesquiterpene that is tricyclo[4.4.0.0(2,7)]dec-3-ene bearing an isopropyl substituent at position 8 and two methyl substituents at positions 1 and 3 (the 1S,6S,7S,8S-diastereomer).	4.39	17	0
lubimin lubimin: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(S*),6beta,8beta,10beta))-isomer. lubimin : A vetispirane sesquiterpenoid that consists of (2R,5S,6S,8S,10R)-8-hydroxy-10-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)spiro[4.5]decane bearing a formyl substituent at position 6.	2.91	4	0	vetispirane sesquiterpenoid	antifungal agent; phytoalexin
patchouli alcohol patchouli alcohol: major component of the essential oil of patchouli; perfumery raw material. patchouli alcohol : A carbotricyclic compound and sesquiterpenoid tertiary alcohol that is tricyclo[5.3.1.0(3,8)]undecan-3-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 2, 6 and 8 by methyl groups (the 1R,3R,6S,7S,8S-diastereoisomer).	8.24	102	0
solavetivone solavetivone: from Solanum indicum (Solanaceae); structure in first source. solavetivone : A cyclic ketone derived from spiro[4.5]dec-6-en-8-one by substitution of hydrogens by methyl groups at positions 6 and 10, and by an isopropenyl group at position 2 (the (2R,5S,10R)-diastereoisomer).	2.97	4	0	cyclic ketone; sesquiterpenoid; spiro compound	phytoalexin; plant metabolite
thujopsene thujopsene: from cell suspension culture of Caragana chamlagu; structure in first source. thujopsene : A carbotricyclic compound that is cis-1,1a,4,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydrocyclopropa[d]naphthalene which is substituted by methyl groups at the 2, 4a, 8 and 8 positions.. (-)-thujopsene : A thujopsene that has (S,S,S)-configuration.	9.02	13	0	thujopsene	plant metabolite
dolichodial dolichodial: isolated from walkingstick, Anisomorpha buprestoides. dolichodial : A dialdehyde that is cyclopentanecarbaldehyde substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 3-oxo-prop-1-en-2yl group at position 5. It has been found to occur in pheromones of insects such as aphids.	2.02	1	0	dialdehyde; iridoid monoterpenoid; olefinic compound	animal metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
naringin [no description available]	2.45	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
chrysanthenone chrysanthenone: in oil of leaves of the Ethiopian plant Laggera tomentosa (Asteraceae); used in perfumery & toothpaste; structure in first source	2.45	2	0	monoterpenoid
phenylpropanolamine fawcettimine: from Lyopodium; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	azaspiro compound
pulegone pulegone: component of peppermint oil; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck. (+)-pulegone : The (5R)-enantiomer of p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one.	3.79	10	0	p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one
rotundifolone rotundifolone: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	oxacycle
aucuparin aucuparin: biphenyl phytoalexin in Sorbus aucuparia cell cultures; structure in first source	3.25	5	0	biphenyls
dendrobine dendrobine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	9.36	6	0	indoles
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.91	4	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
vicenin ii vicenin: isolated from the leaves of the Indian plant Ocimum sanctum were tested for their radioprotective effect in mice. isovitexin 8-C-beta-glucoside : A C-glycosyl compound that is isovitexin in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	2.1	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite
cajanol cajanol: an antifungal phytoalexin from Cajanus cajan. cajanol : A hydroxyisoflavanone that is (3S)-isoflavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' and methoxy groups at positions 7 and 2' respectively. It has been isolated from Crotalaria lachnophora.	2.01	1	0
marchantin a marchantin A: 16 carbon macrocyclic bis-ether bis-bibenzyl similar to riccardin A; from liverwort Marchantia polymorpha; structure in first source	7.13	1	0	phenylpropanoid
nanaomycin a nanaomycin A: produced by a strain OS-3966 of Streptomyces rosa var. notoensis; quinone-related cpd; MF C16-H14-O6; see also nanaomycin B: 52934-85-7, nanaomycin C: 58286-55-8, nanaomycin E: 72660-52-7; structure. nanaomycin A : A pyranonaphthoquinone antibiotic from strain OS-3966 of Streptomyces rosa var. notoensis.	2	1	0	benzoisochromanequinone; monocarboxylic acid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; p-quinones	bacterial metabolite
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	4.58	7	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
grandisin grandisin: structure given in first source; a lignan isolated from the bark of Cryptocarya crassinervia; RN given refers to ((2alpha,3beta,4alpha,5beta)-(-))-isomer	2.04	1	0	lignan
hinokinin hinokinin: suppresses expression of both HBsAg and HBeAg. hinokinin : A lignan that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (gamma-butyrolactone) substituted by a 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl group at positions 3 and 4 (the 3R,4R-diastereoisomer).	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles; gamma-lactone; lignan	trypanocidal drug
3-deoxyvasicine 3-deoxyvasicine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1	0	quinazolines
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	8.36	81	0
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	1.95	1	0
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.	2.05	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	cysteine protease inhibitor
2-c-methylerythritol 4-phosphate 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate: structure in first source	3.77	10	0	tetritol phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate deoxyxylulose phosphate: structure in first source. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate : The 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose.	2.11	1	0	xylulose phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.72	3	0	tripeptide
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.17	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	6.15	29	1	cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	5.25	15	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	3.7	9	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
tapi-2 TAPI-2: analog of TAPI inhibitor with the naphthyl-alanine side chain replaced by a tert-butyl group	2.03	1	0
ergosterol [no description available]	5.59	22	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.02	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	4.93	11	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	5.87	23	1	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.01	1	0	cyclodextrin
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	1.92	1	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	11.86	84	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.	5.26	9	0	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	9.69	65	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	4.46	5	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitoleic acid hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.25	1	0	hexadec-9-enoic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.42	7	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	3.28	6	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
farnesyl pyrophosphate farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.	20.66	675	1	farnesyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	3.19	5	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	5.19	6	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
geranyl pyrophosphate geranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E)-isomer. geranyl diphosphate : The diphosphate of the polyprenol compound geraniol.	7.36	58	0	polyprenyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	3.53	8	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	4.7	6	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	5.67	5	1	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	6.3	20	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.71	3	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	4.11	3	1
lycopene [no description available]	2.63	2	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	6.01	8	1	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	7.09	9	4	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	12.44	178	1	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	2.31	1	0
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	3.14	5	0	aromatic amide
violaxanthin violaxanthin: a carotene epoxide that is precursor to capsanthin; one of 3 xanthophylls involved in evolution of plastids of green plants (oxygen evolution); 3 (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin & antheraxanthin) participate in series of photo-induced interconversions known as ''violaxanthin cycle''; structure; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of ABSCISIC ACID biosynthesis. violaxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-beta,beta-carotene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 3'. It is the naturally occurring xanthophyll pigment found in a variety of plants.. all-trans-violaxanthin : The all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin.	1.96	1	0	violaxanthin	food colouring
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.96	4	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.95	4	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
bms 214662 7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.	3.11	1	0	benzenes; benzodiazepine; imidazoles; nitrile; sulfonamide; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
zeatin Zeatin: An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)	2.44	2	0	zeatin	plant metabolite
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	3.1	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.46	2	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
decitabine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
steviol steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.41	1	0	bridged compound; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid; tertiary allylic alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	7.07	24	1
troxacitabine troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity	3.1	1	0	carbohydrate derivative; nucleobase-containing molecular entity
macrocarpal a macrocarpal A: structure in first source	4.35	4	1
macrocarpal b macrocarpal B: structure in first source	2.44	2	0	sesquiterpenoid
bucladesine macrocarpal C: structure in first source	2.99	4	0	sesquiterpenoid
laminaran laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan	2.42	2	0
wr 225448 WR 225448: used as prophylaxis for Plasmodium yoelii infections; structure given in first source	3.06	1	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.68	10	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	5.46	19	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	4.03	4	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	3.25	6	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	1.96	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.74	3	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
schizandrin schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name	2.25	1	0
l 743,872 [no description available]	2.25	1	0
dibekacin Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.	2.13	1	0	kanamycins	antibacterial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
euscaphic acid euscaphic acid: isolated from medicinal plant, Euscaphis japonica Pax.; structure; RN given refers to 2alpha,3alpha-isomer. euscaphic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 19 respectively (the 2alpha,3alpha-stereoisomer). It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.	2.78	3	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	plant metabolite
rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.	3.11	1	0	C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
streptothricins Streptothricins: A group of antibiotic aminoglycosides differing only in the number of repeating residues in the peptide side chain. They are produced by Streptomyces and Actinomyces and may have broad spectrum antimicrobial and some antiviral properties.. streptothricin : An N-glycosyl compound consisting of 2-amino-4-O-carbamoyl-2-deoxy-N-[(3aS,7R,7aS)-7-hydroxy-4-oxooctahydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-ylidene]-beta-D-gulopyranosylamine in which the amino group at position 2 of the gulopyranosyl moiety is acylated by a peptide unit made up of between 1 and 7 N(epsilon)-linked units of beta-lysine.	1.95	1	0
oxanosine oxanosine: from Streptomyces capreolus MG265-CF3; has weak anti-bacterial action; structure in first source	3.98	2	0
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.25	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
elatol elatol: RN given for (2R-(2alpha,3alpha,6alpha))-isomer; has antibacterial activity; structure in first source	3.27	5	0	sesquiterpenoid
reynosin reynosin: sesquiterpene derivative of costunolide. reynosin : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group, found particularly in Magnolia grandiflora and Laurus nobilis.	3.91	12	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	metabolite
rhododaurichromanic acid a rhododaurichromanic acid A: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
stachyflin stachyflin: from fungus Stachybotrys; structure in first source	3.89	12	0	xanthenes
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	3.49	2	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
likviriton liquiritin: isoalted from Glycyrrhizae radix. liquiritin : A flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.	2.58	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; flavanone glycoside; monohydroxyflavanone; monosaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; plant metabolite
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	1.94	1	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	1.97	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.43	2	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.44	2	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
manoyl oxide manoyl oxide: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
seychellene seychellene: from the essential oil of Indian valerian (Valeriana jatamansi); structure in first source	3.89	3	0
davanone davanone: antifungal and antispasmodic isolated from natural Davana oil and Artemisia pallens; structure in first source	3.81	10	0	oxolanes
cubenol cubenol: from callus cultures of Chamomilla recutita (Asteraceae)	3.2	5	0
tetronic acid tetronic acid: structure; in fifth source	2.48	2	0
spathulenol spathulenol: sesquiterpene alcohol isolated from essential oils of Artemisia vulgaris L. & Artemisia dracunculus L.. spathulenol : A tricyclic sesquiterpenoid that is 4-methylidenedecahydro-1H-cyclopropa[e]azulene carrying three methyl substituents at positions 1, 1 and 7 as well as a hydroxy substituent at position 7.	6.55	56	0
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	2.02	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
p-menth-2-en-1-ol p-menth-2-en-1-ol: quercivorol is the (1S,4R)-isomer; an aggregation pheromone isolated from the ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid
vulgarone b vulgarone B: sesquiterpene ketone antifungal constituent in the steam-distilled fraction of Artemisia douglasiana; structure in first source	3.13	5	0
3,4-dehydrobrevicomin 3,4-dehydrobrevicomin: testosterone-dependent volatile constituent of male mouse urine; structure given in first source; RN given refers to exo-isomer	2	1	0
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.39	2	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
isobornyl acrylate isobornyl acrylate: causes contact dermatitis in some individuals; structure in first source	2.98	3	0
7-hydroxycadalin 7-hydroxycadalin: isolated from Heterotheca inuloides; structure in first source	2.41	2	0	sesquiterpenoid
mansonone g [no description available]	2.02	1	0
4-phenylcoumarin 4-phenylcoumarin: structure given in first source. 4-phenylcoumarin : The simplest member of the class of neoflavones that is coumarin substituted by a phenyl group at position 4.	2.01	1	0	neoflavones
artemisin [no description available]	9.97	43	3
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.01	1	0	triterpenoid
methyl ursolate methyl ursolate: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	2.73	3	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
camalexin camalexin : An indole phytoalexin that is indole substituted at position 3 by a 1,3-thiazol-2-yl group.	6.33	28	0	1,3-thiazoles; indole phytoalexin	metabolite
drimanial drimanial: isolated from the bark of Drimys wintery (Winteraceae); structure in first source	3.12	5	0
communic acid communic acid: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
hydroxyphenethylferulate hydroxyphenethylferulate: from the roots of Atropa acuminata (Solanaceae); structure in first source	2.07	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
calebin-a calebin-A: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	3.66	9	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	2.59	2	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.	3.9	12	0	anethole	flavouring agent
geraniol [no description available]	4.7	27	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	2.48	2	0	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	9.09	150	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.91	4	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.59	25	0	isomethyleugenol
piplartine piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source	3.47	1	1	cinnamamides; dicarboximide
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	4.17	15	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
beta-ionone beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.	3.06	4	0	ionone	antioxidant; fragrance
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.5	1	1	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	3.06	4	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
retinol acetate retinol acetate: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	acetate ester
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	6.71	44	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	10.09	85	0	stilbene
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	2.68	3	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
coumestan coumestan: structure in first source. coumestan : A member of the class of coumestans that is 6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromene substituted by an oxo group at position 6.	2.13	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2	1	0
xanthohumol xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus. xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; chalcones; polyphenol	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite
picibanil Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.	2.39	2	0	penicillinate anion
2-methoxycinnamaldehyde 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde: inhibits growth & mycotoxin production in fungi; structure	2.05	1	0	cinnamaldehydes
hirsutanol a hirsutanol A: from fungus chondrostereum sp.; structure in first source	3.36	6	0
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	3.07	5	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
schweinfurthin b schweinfurthin B: a geranyl stilbene from plant Macaranga schweinfurthii; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	1.97	1	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	3.76	2	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	2.75	3	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.38	2	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	5.33	54	0	diphosphate ion
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.02	1	0	benzamides
s 1033 [no description available]	2.52	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
azidopine azidopine: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0	benzamides
amygdalin [no description available]	3.21	1	0
glucobrassicin glucobrassicin: isolated from Brussels sprouts; structure given in first source. glucobrassicin : An indolylmethylglucosinolic acid that is 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-(sulfooxy)ethanimidoyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.94	4	0	indolyl carbohydrate; indolylmethylglucosinolic acid
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	2.4	2	0
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	1.97	1	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
alphaxalone RU 5135: powerful antagonist of GABA stimulation of diazepam binding; structure in first source	2	1	0	11-oxo steroid
isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.13	1	0	S-glycosyl compound
plasvita tsm [no description available]	2.02	1	0
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	3.08	1	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	purine nucleoside
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	5.4	17	0
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	4.39	6	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	2.11	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	4.57	7	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
4-methoxycinnamic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	cinnamic acids
loline loline: RN given from CAS Index Guide (1982-1986), p.1019G. loline : A loline alkaloid with formula C8H14N2O.	2.05	1	0	loline alkaloid; secondary amino compound
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	2.5	2	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	12.86	203	2	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
hc 030031 2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker	2.11	1	0
penicillic acid Penicillic Acid: A mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity produced by various strains of PENICILLIUM and ASPERGILLUS. It has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn.	2.69	3	0
nootkatone nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).	7.97	65	0	carbobicyclic compound; enone; sesquiterpenoid	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	3.14	5	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	5.07	13	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine [no description available]	2.74	3	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
Jasmone jasmone: RN refers to (Z)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.73	3	0	cyclic ketone
geranyl acetate geranyl acetate: constituted about 90% of the palmarosa oil. geranyl acetate : A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester derivative of geraniol.	3.72	9	0	acetate ester; monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
coniferyl alcohol coniferyl alcohol: structure. coniferol : A phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring.	2.05	1	0	guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	animal metabolite; monolignol; mouse metabolite; pheromone; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
geranylacetone geranyl acetone : A monoterpene ketone in which an (E)-geranyl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone. It is a component of essential oils from various plants including Nelumbo nucifera.	2.77	3	0	monoterpene ketone	flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
aurapten aurapten: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. auraptene : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a geranyl group. Ii is isolated from several edible fruits and vegetables and exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties.	4.64	8	0	coumarins; monoterpenoid	antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; dopaminergic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; gamma-secretase modulator; gastrointestinal drug; hepatoprotective agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; PPARalpha agonist; vulnerary
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.44	2	0
caryophyllene oxide caryophyllene oxide: has butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity; structure in first source. epoxide : Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.	7.55	93	0	epoxide	metabolite
farnesiferol b farnesiferol B: structure in first source	3.21	5	0	terpene lactone
umbelliprenin umbelliprenin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.06	1	0	terpene lactone
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	6.12	22	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
longifolene longifolene: from plant products; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,3abeta,4alpha,8abeta))-isomer; structure given in first source	6.04	21	0	longifolene
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	2.1	1	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	2.92	4	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	2	1	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2.74	3	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.79	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.48	2	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.41	1	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
brij-58 Cetomacrogol: Non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. It is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool.	3.41	1	1
aflatoxin b aflatoxin B2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. aflatoxin B2 : An aflatoxin having a hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.03	1	0	aflatoxin
aflatoxin g2 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	coumarins
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.41	2	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.03	1	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
tamoxifen [no description available]	5.08	13	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
nadp [no description available]	6.4	40	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	5.12	41	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	2.06	1	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	2.36	2	0	macrolide
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.96	4	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
artemotil artemotil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	12.08	90	10	artemisinin derivative
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	1.97	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.02	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
gomisin j gomisin J: a lignan from Schizandra fruits	2.25	1	0
helvolic acid helvolic acid: structure. helvolic acid : A steroid C-21 acid having a 29-nordammarane skeleton substituted with an acetoxy group at C-16 and oxo groups at C-3 and -7, with double bonds at C-1, -17(20) and -24.	2.96	4	0	3-oxo-Delta(1) steroid; acetate ester; monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid	antibacterial agent; fungal metabolite; mycotoxin
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.55	8	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
zinc oxide Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	3.47	1	1
8-hydroxypinoresinol 8-hydroxypinoresinol: cytoprotective lignan from Forsythia suspensa; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	lignan
ggti 286 GGTI 286: the methyl ester of GGTI-287; inhibits geranylgeranyltransferase	2.44	2	0
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	4.58	4	0
pica Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.	2.17	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	4.18	5	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.71	3	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
enpiroline enpiroline: structure	1.97	1	0
gamma-bisabolene [no description available]	3.18	5	0	gamma-bisabolene
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	3.68	2	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	17.43	156	51	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
kaurenoic acid kaurenoic acid: isolated from leaves of Montanoa tomentosa; structure given in first source. ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is ent-kauran-19-oic acid in which a double bond is present at position 16(17); exhibits anticancer and anti-HIV 1 activity.	2.05	1	0
manool manool: structure in first source. manool : A labdane diterpenoid in which the labdane skeleton has double bonds at positions 8(17) and 14 and carries an R-hydroxy group at position 13.	2.1	1	0	labdane diterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.97	4	0
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.08	1	0
brassinin [no description available]	6.1	22	0	dithiocarbamic ester; indole phytoalexin
phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate: behavior contrasts with resiniferatoxin and capsaicin in the lack of cooperativity in binding vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor	2.41	2	0
cystine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.39	2	0
galactaric acid galactaric acid: STRUCTURE; RN given refers to parent cpd. galactaric acid : A hexaric acid resulting from formal oxidative ring cleavage of galactose.	2.15	1	0	hexaric acid	human metabolite
chaetomellic acid a chaetomellic acid A: structure given in first source; an inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase	2.01	1	0
rasagiline [no description available]	2.31	1	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
valmane valtrates (combination): from Valerianaceae species; combination of valtratum, acevaltratum & didrovaltratum; structure (valtratum)	4.49	5	1
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	2.45	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
drimenol drimenol: structure in first source. drimenol : A sesquiterpenoid primary alcohol, being methanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group.	3.42	6	0	homoallylic alcohol; octahydronaphthalenes; primary alcohol; sesquiterpenoid
asterric acid asterric acid: structure given in first source; inhibits the binding of endothelin-1 to the ET(A) receptor of A10 cells	2.25	1	0
bigelovin bigelovin: a potent cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactone from Inula sp.; structure given in first source; RN refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,4abeta,7aalpha,8alpha,9abeta))-isomer. bigelovin : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 4a and 8, a methylidene group at position 3 and an acetoxy group at position 4. Isolated from Inula hupehensis, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.	3.95	12	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; plant metabolite
farnesylamine farnesylamine: inhibits farnesyl-protein transferase and geranylgeranyl-protein transferase	2.01	1	0
atractylon atractylon: from Atractylodes rhizomes; has antihepatotoxic activity; structure given in first source	4.7	28	0	sesquiterpenoid
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.04	1	0
smenospongine smenospongine: a spongean (Dactylospongia elegans) sesquiterpene aminoquinone, induces erythroid differentiation in K562 cells; structure in first source	3.33	6	0
cyclanoline cyclanoline: RN given refers to (7S-cis)-isomer. cyclanoline : A charged berberine alkaloid obtained by N-methylation of (S)-scoulerine.	2.25	1	0	berberine alkaloid; quaternary ammonium ion	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
allatostatin 1 allatostatin 1: inhibits juvenile hormone synthesis; from reproductively active females	3.31	6	0
olivomycins Olivomycins: A mixture of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics obtained from Actinomyces (or Streptomyces) olivoreticuli. They are used as fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA and prevent both RNA and protein synthesis and are also used as antineoplastic agents.	1.94	1	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.01	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	5.7	25	0
t-muurolol T-muurolol: antifungal from Calocedrus formosana leaf; structure in first source. (-)-Tau-muurolol : A cadinane sesquiterpenoid that consists of 4-isopropyl-1,6-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene having a hydroxy substituent at position 1 and (1S,4S,4aR,8aS)-configuration.	3.18	5	0	cadinane sesquiterpenoid; carbobicyclic compound; octahydronaphthalenes; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; marine metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
momilactone b momilactone B: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.39	2	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	5.09	7	0
conferone conferone: structure in first source; from Ferula schtschurowskiana	2.5	2	0	coumarins
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	4.41	20	0
epoxiconazole epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	2.21	1	0	epoxide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; triazoles
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	5.34	7	2	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
3-hydroxyflavanone 3-hydroxyflavanone: structure in first source. 3'-hydroxyflavanone : A monohydroxyflavanone in which the hydroxy group is located at position 3'.	2.04	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; monohydroxyflavanone	metabolite
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.73	3	0
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sb 225002 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	nitrophenol
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	2.06	1	0
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.13	1	0	benzenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	11.27	55	7
d 609 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
am 630 iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.83	3	0	N-acylindole
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
ethyl 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ethyl 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate: an optically active compound	2.15	1	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.46	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.81	3	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
pterodondiol pterodondiol: anti-bacterial from Laggera pterodonta; structure in first source	2.77	3	0	eudesmane sesquiterpenoid
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.41	2	0
ex 527 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.	2.08	1	0	carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	1.97	1	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
farnesoic acid farnesoic acid : A methyl-branched, trienoic fatty acid consisting of dodeca-2,6,10-trienoic acid having three methyl substituents at the 3-, 7- and 11-positions.. (2E,6E)-farnesoic acid : A farnesoic acid in which the double bonds at positions 2 and 6 both have E-configuration.	3.61	9	0	farnesoic acid	animal metabolite
methyl farnesoate methyl farnesoate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. methyl farnesoate : A member of the juvenile hormone family of compounds that is the methyl ester of farnesoic acid. Found in several species of crustaceans.	5.26	16	0	enoate ester; fatty acid methyl ester; juvenile hormone	crustacean metabolite
geranylgeranic acid geranylgeranic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (2E,6E,10E)-geranylgeranic acid : A diterpenoid obtained by formal oxidation of the CH2OH group of (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2.06	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; diterpenoid; methyl-branched fatty acid; trienoic fatty acid
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.01	1	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	5.37	18	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
ubiquinone q2 Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.08	1	0	ubiquinones
bilirubin [no description available]	5.55	9	2	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	7.06	59	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.74	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.78	3	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	3.12	5	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
leukotriene a4 Leukotriene A4: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta(1E,3E,5Z,8Z)))-3-(1,3,5,8-Tetradecatetraenyl)oxiranebutanoic acid. An unstable allylic epoxide, formed from the immediate precursor 5-HPETE via the stereospecific removal of a proton at C-10 and dehydration. Its biological actions are determined primarily by its metabolites, i.e., LEUKOTRIENE B4 and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Alternatively, leukotriene A4 is converted into LEUKOTRIENE C4 by glutathione-S-transferase or into 5,6-di-HETE by the epoxide-hydrolase. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene A4 : A leukotriene that is the (5S,6S)-epoxy derivative of (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid.	2	1	0	epoxy fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid; oxylipin; polyunsaturated fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
12-oxophytodienoic acid 12-oxophytodienoic acid: structure given in first source; a jasmonate precursor that induces phytoalexin synthesis	2.75	3	0	carbocyclic fatty acid; olefinic fatty acid; oxo carboxylic acid
3,7-dimethoxy-5,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone 3,7-dimethoxy-5,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone: isolated from Veronia eremophila; structure given in first source. 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone : A dimethoxyflavone that the 3,7-di-O-methyl derivative of quercetin.	1.97	1	0	dimethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	6.31	35	1	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	3.15	5	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone 7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone: isolated from Astragali radix; structure in first source. calycosin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.	2.21	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antioxidant; metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.43	7	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	3.27	6	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
pinosylvin pinosylvin: phytoalexin found in pine and eucalyptus	2.39	2	0	pinosylvin
scopoletin [no description available]	4.93	11	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vomifoliol blumenol A: a phytotoxin isolated from Oryza sativa Awaakamai; structure in first source. vomifoliol : A fenchane monoterpenoid that is 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by a hydroxy and a (1E)-3-hydroxybut-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. (6S,9R)-vomifoliol : A (6S)-vomifoliol with a R configuration for the hydroxy group at position 9.	2.08	1	0	(6S)-vomifoliol	metabolite; phytotoxin
ubiquinone 9 ubiquinone 9: a form of coenzyme Q found in many foods; RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.03	1	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; human metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	3.21	6	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	3.83	11	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	3.79	2	1	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	4.02	14	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.96	4	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	3.47	2	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
feruloyltyramine feruloyltyramine: structure given in first source; isolated from Cannabis sativa seeds, roots, leaves, and resin; induces hypothermia and motor incoordination in mice; moupinamide is (E)-isomer	2.21	1	0	tyramines	metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.44	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
daphnetin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
farnesal [no description available]	2.99	4	0	farnesal; polyprenal
undecaprenyl pyrophosphate undecaprenyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate compound having eleven prenyl units with undefined stereochemistry about the double bonds.	2.02	1	0	all-trans-polyprenyl diphosphate; undecaprenyl diphosphate; undecaprenyl phosphate
luteolin-7-glucoside luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.44	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
solanesyl pyrophosphate nonaprenyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate compound having nine prenyl units with undefined stereochemistry about the double bonds.. all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate : A nonaprenyl diphosphate where all C=C double bonds have (E)-configuration.	2.03	1	0	all-trans-polyprenyl diphosphate; nonaprenyl diphosphate
rosin rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.	2.17	1	0
dexmedetomidine chrysoplenol D: potentiates the activity of berberine, artemisinin, and norfloxacine against S. aureus; isolated from Artemisa annua; structure in first source. 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone : A trimethoxyflavone that is the 3,6,7-trimethyl ether derivative of quercetagetin.	2.17	1	0	trihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
apigetrin apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.73	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furylfuramide Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.	2.05	1	0	acrylamides; C-nitro compound; nitrofuran antibiotic; primary carboxamide
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	1.97	1	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
(all-e) phytoene (all-E) phytoene: C40 carotenoid biosynthesized in bacteria; minor descriptor (75-84); EP to CAROTENOIDS (85); on-line & Index Medicus search CAROTENOIDS (75-85); RN given refers to (all-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-phytoene : The all-trans-isomer of phytoene.	2.43	2	0	phytoene	plant metabolite
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	4.25	17	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	7.76	3	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	3.55	8	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2.37	2	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
senecionine senecionine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. senecionine : A pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio.	2.4	2	0	lactone; pyrrolizidine alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	5.02	9	1	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
genistein [no description available]	5.1	13	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	4.88	11	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
11-octadecenoic acid 11-octadecenoic acid: vaccenic acid is the (E)-isomer. trans-vaccenic acid : The trans- isomer of vaccenic acid.	2.08	1	0	vaccenic acid
tentoxin tentoxin: cyclic peptide from fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct.; structure	2.25	1	0	lactam
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	7.01	55	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
2-hexenal, z-isomer 2-hexenal: product of lipid peroxidation in the rat liver; a green odor chemical; do not confuse with the hexabarbital synonym, hexenal; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hexenal : A hexenal having the double bond at the 2-position.. (2E)-hexenal : A 2-hexenal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It occurs naturally in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and spices.	2.5	2	0	2-hexenal	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.55	2	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
sulfuretin sulfuretin: the chalcone C ring closes into a 5 instead of the more typical 6 membered ring leaving a phenyl methane at the 2 position instead of the typical phenyl	1.97	1	0	1-benzofurans
azadirachtin azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).	2.74	3	0	acetate ester; azadirachtin; cyclic hemiketal; enoate ester; epoxide; methyl ester; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent
bruceantin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	triterpenoid
cucurbitacin b [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cucurbitacin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
spinasterol spinasterol: RN given refers to alpha-spinasterol ((3beta,5alpha,22E)-isomer)	2.76	3	0	steroid
geranylgeraniol (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol : A geranylgeraniol in which all four double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.17	5	0	geranylgeraniol
ophiobolin a ophiobolin A: sesterterpene; phytotoxin produced by plant pathogen Helminthosporium maydis; natural product inhibitor of calmodulin; RN refers to (18R)-isomer; structure given in first source. ophiobolin A : A sesterterpenoid that is ophiobolane with a hydroxy group at position 3, oxo groups at positions 5 and 25, double bonds at positions 7-8 and 19-20, and an oxygen link between positions 14 and 18.	2.31	1	0	cyclic ketone; enal; oxaspiro compound; sesterterpenoid; tertiary alcohol
strigol strigol: a strigolactone from roots of various PLANTS; it stimulates seed germination of parasitic STRIGA and OROBANCHE; structure in first source. strigol : A strigolactone in which the tricyclic lactone moiety bears a hydroxy substitutuent at the position para to the gem-dimethyl group.	2.71	3	0	indenofuran; secondary alcohol; strigolactone
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	2.07	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
esculin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	3.13	5	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
budlein a budlein A: anti-inflammatory and analgesic sesquiterpene lactone from Viguiera robusta; structure in first source	3.47	7	0	sesquiterpenoid
eupatolide eupatolide: sesquiterpene lactone from Eupatorium formasanum HAY; structure. eupatolide : A germacranolide with formula C15H20O3, isolated from several Inula species. It exhibits anti-cancer properties.	3.43	7	0	gamma-lactone; germacranolide; homoallylic alcohol; secondary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
molephantinin molephantinin: germacranolide from Elephantopus mollis; RN given refers to (3aR-(3aR,4S(E),6E,9Z,11S,11aS))-isomer; structure in first source	2.36	2	0	germacranolide
pyrethrosin pyrethrosin: structure	2	1	0	gamma-lactone
trilobolide trilobolide: structure in first source; RN given for (3S-(3alpha,3abeta,4alpha(R*),6beta,6abeta,8alpha(Z),9balpha))-isomer	2.95	4	0	sesquiterpene lactone
xanthatin xanthatin: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,7beta,8abeta))-isomer; structure	3.34	6	0	sesquiterpene lactone
alpha-farnesene alpha-farnesene: structure given in first source. alpha-farnesene : A farnesene that is 1,3,6,10-tetraene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 respectively.. farnesene : A sesquiterpene that is any of the four possible isomers of 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene (alpha-farnesene) or of the two possible isomers of 7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene.	7.71	80	0	alpha-farnesene
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	9.62	137	0	alpha-humulene
petasin petasin: both petasin and neopetasin inhibit biosynthesis of cysteinyl-leukotriene; unlike petasin, neopetasin does not inhibit eosinophil cation protein releasenor suppresses cPLA2 activity; from Petasites formosanus Kitamurai; structure in first source. petasin : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of angelic acid with the hydroxy group of (1R,2R,7S,8aR)-1,8a-dimethyl-6-oxo-7-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol.	13.9	37	3	alicyclic ketone; enoate ester; enone; sesquiterpenoid	anti-allergic agent; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} activator; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
phaseic acid phaseic acid: a plant hormone derived from abscisic acid; structure in first source	3.63	8	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; apo carotenoid sesquiterpenoid	metabolite
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	5.93	34	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
baicalein [no description available]	2.05	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
fisetin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
hispidulin hispidulin : A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.	2.17	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.06	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
7-hydroxy-6,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone afromosin: structure given in first source; isolated from Wistaria brachybotrys. afrormosin : A 4'-methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 4' and a hydroxy group at position 7.	2.06	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	plant metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	3.17	4	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.75	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
pterostilbene [no description available]	2.47	2	0	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
otonecine otonecine: structure in first source	3.11	1	0	tertiary amine
retrorsine retrorsine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.42	2	0	macrolide
senkirkine senkirkine: macrocyclic secopyrrolizidine alkaloid from Senecio; structure given in first source; RN given refers to senkirkine	1.98	1	0	macrolide
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.73	3	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	2.75	3	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
shogaol shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source	3.64	2	0	enone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	2.04	1	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
prunetin prunetin: reduces herpes virus-1 plaque formation. prunetin : A hydroxyisoflavone that is genistein in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.06	1	0	7-methoxyisoflavones; hydroxyisoflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
psi-baptigenin pseudobaptigenin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone and in which the phenyl group at position 3 is replaced by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group.	2.06	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones; benzodioxoles	antiprotozoal drug; plant metabolite
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	3.41	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.43	2	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
geranylhydroquinone geranylhydroquinone: contact allergen from Phacelia crenulata. geranylhydroquinone : A polyprenylhydroquinone consisting of hydroquinone in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl group.	2.48	2	0	polyprenylhydroquinone; terpenoid
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	4.76	5	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
tectochrysin tectochrysin: structure in first source. tectochrysin : A monohydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 7 respectively.	2.08	1	0	monohydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	antidiarrhoeal drug; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	2.01	1	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
astragalin kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.	2.21	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
alpha-ionone alpha-ionone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.77	3	0	enone; ionone; methyl ketone
cinnamyl acetate cinnamyl acetate: structure in first source. cinnamyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of cinnamyl alcohol with acetic acid. Found in cinnamon leaf oil.	2.1	1	0	acetate ester	plant metabolite
plaunotol plaunotol: RN refers to (Z,E,E)-isomer. plaunotol : A diterpenoid that is geranylgeraniol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 18.	2.02	1	0	diterpenoid; primary alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
sofalcone sofalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is benzene in which the hydrogens at positions 1,2 and 5 are replaced by carboxymethoxy, (1E)-1-{4-[(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxy]phenyl}-3-oxoprop-1-en-3-yl, and (3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxy groups, respectively. It is a gastrointestinal drug currently used for treatment of gastritis and gastric ulcers in Japan and South Korea.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; chalcones; monocarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; antibacterial agent; gastrointestinal drug; plant metabolite
xanthoxin xanthoxin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of ABSCISIC ACID biosynthesis; structure	5.96	14	0	apo carotenoid sesquiterpenoid; enal	plant growth retardant; plant metabolite
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.48	2	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	1.97	1	0	cinnamic acids
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	3.41	1	1	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	2.44	2	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
9,11-linoleic acid 9,11-linoleic acid: a conjugated dienoic linoleate (CLA); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation in Chemline. (9E,11E)-octadecadienoic acid : An octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid having 9-trans,11-trans-stereochemistry.	2.08	1	0	octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antiatherogenic agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human metabolite
9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid 9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. 9-HODE : A HODE that consists of (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid with the hydroxy substituent located at position 9.	2.01	1	0	HODE; octadecadienoic acid	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
9,10,13-trihydroxy-11-octadecenoic acid 9,10,13-trihydroxy-11-octadecenoic acid: structure in first source. 9,10,13-TriHOME : A TriHOME that is (11E)-octadec-11-enoic acid in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 9, 10 and 13.	2.06	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; monounsaturated fatty acid; straight-chain fatty acid; TriHOME	human blood serum metabolite
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	3.84	12	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.	2.06	1	0	HETE; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-nonenal 3-nonenal: RN refers to (3Z)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	fatty aldehyde
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.47	2	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
(2e)-decenal (2E)-decenal: structure in first source. (2E)-dec-2-enal : A dec-2-enal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration.	2.11	1	0	2-decenal	alarm pheromone; mutagen; nematicide
2,4-decadienal (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal : A polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde that is decanal which has undergone formal dehydrogenation to introduce trans- double bonds at the 2-3 and 4-5 positions. A product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and a component of cooking oil fumes.	2.46	2	0	polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde	apoptosis inducer; nematicide
n-arachidonylglycine N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide	2.04	1	0	fatty amide; N-acylglycine
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.39	2	0
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.01	1	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cholesteryl oleate cholesteryl oleate: RN given refers to ((Z)-isomer). cholesteryl oleate : The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate.	2.06	1	0	CE(18:1); cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate	mouse metabolite
methyl linoleate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester	plant metabolite
sarcophytol a sarcophytol A: structure given in first source; isolated from a soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum	3.08	1	0	cembrane diterpenoid
acrivastine acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.	3.41	1	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	2.13	1	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	3.27	6	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	2.01	1	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	3.34	6	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.01	1	0	cyclodextrin
brefeldin a [no description available]	3.39	7	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
cyclosporin c [no description available]	2.04	1	0
cerium cholesteryl linoleate: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. cholesteryl linoleate : The (9Z,12Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadeca-9,12-dienoate.	2.06	1	0	CE(18:2); cholesteryl octadeca-9,12-dienoate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	3.15	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	2.42	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	3.67	9	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pactamycin Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.	2.35	2	0
xylulose [no description available]	7.7	3	0	xylulose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alpha-neoendorphin alpha-neoendorphin: precursor or leucine enkephalin family	1.96	1	0
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide: a potent and selective agonist of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide : A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).	2.06	1	0	fatty amide; organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide; synthetic cannabinoid	CB1 receptor agonist; CB2 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
beta-funaltrexamine beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	2.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
olvanil [no description available]	2.7	3	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	2.31	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
pd 180970 PD 180970: inhibits p210(Bcr-Abl) tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.96	4	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	4.38	6	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.73	3	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	2.02	1	0
caulerpenyne caulerpenyne: from the marine algae Caulerpa taxifolia; structure in first source	5.8	28	0
octadecadienoic acid octadecadienoic acid: location of unsaturation not specified. octadecadienoate : A long-chain, unsaturated fatty acid anion formed by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any octadecadienoic acid; major species at pH 7.3.. octadecadienoic acid : Any straight-chain, C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid having two C=C double bonds.	2.05	1	0
decaprenoic acid decaprenoic acid: synthetic isoprenoid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	monoterpenoid
ximenynic acid ximenynic acid: isolated from Santalum accuminatum; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E)-isomer (santalbic acid)	2.54	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid: metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood platelet suspension; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; trienoic fatty acid	metabolite
casticin casticin: from fruit of Vitex rotundifolia; structure in second source. casticin : A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.	2.39	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; tetramethoxyflavone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.78	3	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
cannabigerol cannabigerol: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. cannabigerol : A member of the class of resorcinols that is resorcinol which is substituted by a (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl group at position 2 and by a pentyl group at position 5. It is a natural product found in Cannabis sativa and Helichrysum species.	4.14	1	0	phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antioxidant; appetite enhancer; cannabinoid receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
centaureidin centaureidin: structure given in first source; isolated from Tanacetum microphyllum, Brickellia veronicaefolia. centaureidin : A trihydroxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii and Athroisma proteiforme.	2.06	1	0	trihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	2.02	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
alpha-cuparenone alpha-cuparenone: structure in first source	3.15	5	0
syringin syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.4	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; dimethoxybenzene; monosaccharide derivative; primary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
linarin linarin: flavone glycoside isolated from leaves of Linaria japonica MIQ	2.44	2	0
ethyl caffeate (E)-ethyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate: structure in first source. ethyl trans-caffeate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with ethanol.	2.03	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester; ethyl ester; hydroxycinnamic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
beta-farnesene beta-farnesene: structure given in first source	8.38	120	0	beta-farnesene
andrographolide [no description available]	2.52	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isoelemicin isoelemicin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.15	1	0	olefinic compound
isopetasin isopetasin: inhibits biosynthesis of cysteinyl-leukotriene; from Petasites formosanus Kitamurai; structure in first source	10.24	15	0
icariin [no description available]	3.64	2	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
ligustilide ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	3	4	0	butenolide	metabolite
methyl-p-coumarate methyl-p-coumarate: structure in first source. 4-coumaric acid methyl ester : A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of 4-coumaric acid.	1.97	1	0	4-coumaric acid methyl ester
methyl linolenate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester	insect attractant; plant metabolite
nerolidol nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.	15.5	202	1	nerolidol
alpha-ocimene [no description available]	2.55	2	0
beta-ocimene beta-ocimene : The trans-stereoisomer of ocimene.. (Z)-beta-ocimene : A beta-ocimene that consists of octa-1,3,6-triene bearing two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 (the 3Z-isomer).	4.53	22	0	beta-ocimene	plant metabolite
osthenol osthenol: structure in first source. osthenol : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 8 has been replaced by a prenyl group.	2.01	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
artemetin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	ether; flavonoids
5,7-dihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyflavone 5,7-dihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyflavone: from Cirsium japonicum D. C.. pectolinarigenin : A dimethoxyflavone that is the 6,4'-dimethyl ether derivative of scutellarein.	2.1	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; dimethoxyflavone	plant metabolite
5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone 5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone: from Microliabum polymnioides; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
tiliroside tiliroside: isolated from seeds of Eremocarpus setigerus	2.07	1	0	cinnamate ester; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
angiotensin amide psilostachyin A: has antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, leishmanicidal, and molluscicidal activities; isolated from Ambrosia psilostachya; structure in first source	3.23	5	0
rotundone rotundone: has a spicy aroma; structure in first source	5.57	20	0	sesquiterpenoid
atractylenolide i atractylenolide I: from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz; structure in first source	7.36	76	0
atractylodin atractylodin: RN given for (E,E)-isomer; isolated from Atractylodes plants	3.3	6	0	furans
5,7,4'-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone 4'-hydroxywogonin: from Verbena officinalis	2.03	1	0
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	12.04	506	0
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.1	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
caulerpin caulerpin: pigment from green algae, Caulerpa lamourouxii; structure	3.58	2	0
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.13	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.44	2	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.94	4	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
sclareolide sclareolide: has antineoplastic activity; synthesized by oxidation of sclareol; a minor constituent of Arnica angustifolia and Sideritis nutans; structure in first source	3.33	6	0
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	2	1	0
ergosterol-5,8-peroxide ergosterol-5,8-peroxide: also inhibits sulfatase; isolated from fungus Cercospora kikuchii; structure given in first source. ergosterol peroxide : An ergostanoid that is ergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol with a peroxy group between positions 5 and 8 (the 3beta,5alpha,8alpha,22E stereoisomer). Isolated from Ganoderma lucidum and Cordyceps sinensis, it exhibits antimycobacterial, trypanocidal and antineoplastic activities.	2.06	1	0	3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; organic peroxide; phytosterols	antimycobacterial drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; trypanocidal drug
heteronemin heteronemin: antitubercular sesterterpene with anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; from the Thai sponge Brachiaster sp.; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	3.18	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	3.05	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
3-hexenylacetate 3-hexenylacetate: RN refers to (Z)-isomer	3.31	6	0	carboxylic ester
sulindac sulfide sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity.	2.44	2	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	2.39	2	0
6,7-dihydroxyflavone 6,7-dihydroxyflavone: intensifies effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	3.76	10	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
bay 11-7085 BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.	2.72	3	0	benzenes; nitrile; sulfone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.7	3	0
methyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl ketone methyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl ketone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.44	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
muconic acid muconic acid: a metabolite of benzene; reported to be a reliable indicator of occupational exposure to benzene; structure given in first source. trans,trans-muconic acid : The trans,trans-isomer of muconic acid. It is metabolite of benzene in humans and serves as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene.. muconic acid : A hexadienedioic acid with unsaturation at positions 2 and 4.	1.95	1	0	muconic acid	biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	1.97	1	0	alkali metal atom
furanoheliangolide furanoheliangolide: structure in first source	3.93	11	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.94	4	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	2.31	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	2.62	3	0	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.05	1	0	boron group element atom
alternariol alternariol: structure. alternariol : A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.	2.49	2	0	benzochromenone; phenols	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.61	14	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.08	1	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
alternariol monomethyl ether djalonensone : A benzochromenone that is alternariol in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been converted into the corresponding methyl ether. A natural product found in Chaetomium globosum as well as being one of the two most important compounds belonging to the group of Altenaria mycotoxins.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; benzochromenone	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite; mycotoxin
batimastat batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.	5.44	4	0	hydroxamic acid; L-phenylalanine derivative; organic sulfide; secondary carboxamide; thiophenes; triamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	6.79	20	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	2.25	1	0	azoxy compound
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.5	2	0
methoprene Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.	4.03	14	0	isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; isopropyl ester	juvenile hormone mimic
costunolide [no description available]	13.73	171	0
alloocimene alloocimene: representative of carotenoid polyenes; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (4E,6E)-2,6-dimethylocta-2,4,6-triene : An ocimene that consists of octa-2,4,6-triene bearing methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6 (the 4E,6E-isomer).	2.21	1	0	ocimene	semiochemical
indole-3-acetaldoxime (E)-indol-3-ylacetaldehyde oxime : An indol-3-ylacetaldehyde oxime in which the oxime moiety has E configuration.	2.41	2	0	indol-3-ylacetaldehyde oxime
alpha-isomethylionone alpha-isomethylionone: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
grifolin grifolin: antibiotic isolated from Grifola confluens	3.21	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
zr-512 ethyl-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer. hydroprene : The ethyl ester of (2E,4E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoic acid	2.4	2	0	ethyl ester; farnesane sesquiterpenoid	juvenile hormone mimic
germacrene d germacrene D: RN in 9th CI Form Index for unspecified stereoisomer: 37839-63-7	7.06	97	0
plastoquinone [no description available]	2.01	1	0	plastoquinone
demethylmenaquinone [no description available]	1.96	1	0	2-demethylmenaquinone
sorbicillin sorbicillin: RN given for (E,E)-isomer; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	phenols
jaceosidin jaceosidin : A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone with hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' and methoxy groups at positions 3' and 6. Isolated from Salvia tomentosa and Artemisia asiatica, it exhibits anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis inducing activties.	2.49	2	0	dimethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
luffariellolide luffariellolide: structure given in first source; a partially reversible phospholipase A2 inhibitor; a major metabolite of the sponge Luffariella; do not confuse with luffolide, a minor metabolite of the same species	2.02	1	0	diterpene lactone
cytochalasin a [no description available]	2	1	0	cytochalasin
cytochalasin e cytochalasin E: structure	2	1	0	cytochalasan alkaloid	metabolite
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.	3.36	7	0	trichothecene	epitope; mycotoxin
sambucinol sambucinol: Fusarium culmorum metabolite; structure given	2.38	2	0
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	4.69	28	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.66	3	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime [no description available]	2.01	1	0	(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde oxime
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	6.4	53	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	1.99	1	0	thyronine
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.76	3	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	3.23	6	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.07	1	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	2.25	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
huperzine b huperzine B: Chinese drug isolated from Huperzia serrata; structure given in first source; also isolated from Phlegmariurus fordii	4.04	14	0	phenanthrol
lycopodine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	quinolizidine alkaloid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	3.32	6	0
bakuchiol bakuchiol: chief component of Psoralea corylifolia Linn; structure	2.05	1	0
demethoxycurcumin demethoxycurcumin: corresponds to curcumin with one methoxy group replaced by hydrogen; isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma longa. demethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior.	2.78	3	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
zerumbone zerumbone: RN given for (E,E,E)-isomer; structure in first source. zerumbone : A sesquiterpenoid and cyclic ketone that is (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene which is substituted by an oxo group at the carbon atom attached to two double bonds. It is obtained by steam distillation from a type of edible ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith, grown particularly in southeast Asia.	14.91	182	0	cyclic ketone; sesquiterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor; plant metabolite
bergamottin bergamottin: constituent of bergamot oil; structure given in first source	2	1	0	furanocoumarin	metabolite
7-epiclusianone 7-epiclusianone: from Rheedia gardneriana; structure in first source. 7-epiclusianone : An enone that is a tetraprenyl benzophenone derivative isolated from Rheedia gardneriana and Garcinia brasiliensis. It exhibits anti-allergic, antibacterial, trypanocidal and vasodilating activities.	3.41	1	0
pepstatin pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin	2.06	1	0	pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
24-ethyl-4-cholesten-3-one stigmast-4-en-3-one: from the bark of Anacardium occidentale (cashew); structure in first source	2.59	2	0	C29-steroid; steroid	metabolite
aureol aureol: from the Jamaican sponge Smenospongia aurea; structure in first source	4.68	8	0	coumestans
crotonyl-coenzyme a crotonoyl-CoA : The (E)-isomer of but-2-enoyl-CoA.	3.17	1	0	but-2-enoyl-CoA
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	2	1	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
arglabin arglabin: a sesquiterpene lactone from the Chinese herb Artemisia myriantha; structure given in first source. arglabin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-dimethyl-1,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydroazulen-5-yl group in which the double bond in the 7-membered ring has been epoxidised and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to give the corresponding gamma-lactone. It is found in Artemisia glabella. Arglabin-DMA HCl, the hydrochloride salt of the adduct resulting from the conjugate addition of dimethylamine to the ene-lactone moiety, has been successfully used in Khazakhstan for the treatment of breast, colon, ovarian and lung cancers.	8.1	16	2	epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	3.1	5	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	11.79	32	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.44	2	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	2.08	1	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
epimedin b epimedin B: structure given in first source; from Epimedium sp.	2.15	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
germacrene a germacrene A: RN given for (S-(E,E))-isomer; structure in first source	5.77	26	0	germacrene; sesquiterpene
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	3.43	7	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
zearalenol zearalenol: RN given refers to (3S-(3R,7S,11E))-isomer	1.96	1	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.41	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
bisabolol bisabolol: monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with strong bacteriocidal effects, especilly against M. Tuberc.; isolated from seed plant Populus tacamacaha; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric desigation	13.31	161	11
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	12.23	32	7	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
12-o-undecadienoylphorbol-13-acetate 12-O-undecadienoylphorbol-13-acetate: from fruit & stems of Ostodes paniculata; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
oroidin oroidin: from marine sponges of the genus Agelas; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	pyrroles; secondary carboxamide	metabolite
monorden monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II	4.5	7	0	cyclic ketone; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antifungal agent; metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mastoparan [no description available]	2.04	1	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.91	4	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
deoxyelephantopin deoxyelephantopin: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Elephantopus carolinianus; structure in first source	6.66	36	0	sesquiterpenoid
jatrophone jatrophone: RN refers to (2R-(2R,3aR,9E,12Z))-isomer; structure	2.03	1	0	oxolanes
muconomycin a verrucarin A : A trichothecene antibiotic which incorporates a triester macrocyclic structure and an exocyclic methylene epoxide group.	4.56	8	0	epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; macrotriolide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; trichothecene
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	4.86	6	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
selenocysteine Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.	2.06	1	0
allylsilane allylsilane: structure in first source	4.08	4	0
fosetyl-al fosetyl-Al : An aluminium salt composed of ethyl phosphonate anions and aluminium cations in a 3:1 ratio. A fungicide for various horticultural crops used to control a range of diseases including Phytophthora, Pythium and Plasmopara.	2.03	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.42	2	0
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	3.74	10	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
ethyl linolenate ethyl linolenate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linolenic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.03	1	0
psammaplin a psammaplin A: isolated from marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in second source	2.13	1	0
mevalonolactone mevalonolactone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation; structure. mevalonolactone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-mevalonolactone and (S)-mevalonolactone.	3.9	12	0	4-hydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-one	fungal metabolite; plant metabolite
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.93	4	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.78	3	0	amidobenzoic acid
cyclopaldic acid cyclopaldic acid: from Aspergillus duricaulis	2.08	1	0
cadinol cadinol: from callus cultures of Chamomilla recutita (Asteraceae)	4.99	35	0
calamenene calamenene: from the New Zealand Liverwort Lepidolaena hodgsoniae; structure in first source	8.58	8	0
cedrene cedrene: major constituent of cedarwood oil. cedr-8-ene : A sesquiterpene that is cedrane which has a double bond between positions 8 and 9.	11.34	28	0	bridged compound; carbotricyclic compound; polycyclic olefin; sesquiterpene	human urinary metabolite; volatile oil component
gamma-eudesmol gamma-eudesmol: isomer of beta-eudesmol; found in plants and fungi. gamma-eudesmol : A eudesmane sesquiterpenoid in which the eudesmane skeleton carries a hydroxy substituent at C-11 and has a double bond between C-4 and C-5.	3.54	7	0	eudesmane sesquiterpenoid	volatile oil component
alpha-bulnesene alpha-bulnesene: platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist from Pogostemon cablin; structure in first source	4.8	9	0
gamma-cadinene gamma-cadinene: metabolite from Aspergillus terreus; RN given for compound with no isomeric designation; structure given. (+)-gamma-cadinene : A member of the cadinene family of sesquiterpenes in which the isopropyl group is cis to the hydrogen at the adjacent bridgehead carbon (the 1S,4aR,8aR enantiomer).	3.83	11	0	cadinene; gamma-cadinene; octahydronaphthalenes
longiborneol longiborneol: RN given for (1alpha,3abeta,4alpha,8abeta,9S*))-isomer; structure in first source	4.88	10	0	organic molecular entity
isomenthone isomenthone: from the essential oil of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.)	2.08	1	0	isomenthone
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	4.59	8	0	polyterpene
hygromycin a hygromycin A: a cinnamide derivative produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure differs from HYGROMYCIN B	2.1	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid	metabolite
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	1.95	1	0
ascofuranone ascofuranone: structure. ascofuranone : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde which is substituted by a (2E,6E)-7-[(2S)-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-3-methylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl group at position 3, chlorine at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6. A meroterpenoid produced by the soil fungus, Acremonium sclerotigenum. It is a promising drug candidate against the tropical disease, African trypanosomiasis.	8.07	49	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde; meroterpenoid; monochlorobenzenes; olefinic compound; resorcinols; sesquiterpenoid; tetrahydrofuranone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite
cytochalasin h [no description available]	2.1	1	0
arteflene arteflene: structure in first source	2.4	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.13	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
falcarindiol falcarindiol: from leaves of Schefflera digitata (Araliaceae) and in carrots; inhibits germination of spores of most common dermatophyte fungi	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
aminoethoxyvinylglycine aminoethoxyvinylglycine: RN given for (S-(E))-isomer	2.15	1	0
germacrone germacrone: isolated from Curcuma wenyujin	10.72	25	0	germacrane sesquiterpenoid; olefinic compound	androgen antagonist; anti-inflammatory agent; antifeedant; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antitussive; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; hepatoprotective agent; insecticide; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-methylumbelliferyl oleate [no description available]	2	1	0
ebelactone a ebelactone A: esterase inhibitor; structure given in first source	3.06	1	0
involucrin involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor	2	1	0
rhizoxin rhizoxin: from Rhizopus chinensis; causal agent of rice seedling blight; structure given in first source. rhizoxin : An macrolide antibiotic isolated from the pathogenic plant fungus Rhizopus microsporus. It also exhibits antitumour and antimitotic activity.	3.55	2	0	1,3-oxazoles; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
manoalide manoalide: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; sesterterpene from marine sponge L. variabilis; structure given in first source. manoalide : A sesterterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Luffariella variabilis and which has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity towards phospholipase A2.	3.15	1	0	butenolide; lactol; sesterterpenoid	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; metabolite
lumefantrine Lumefantrine: A fluorene derivative that is used in combination with ARTEMETHER for the treatment of MALARIA (see ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE DRUG COMBINATION).. lumefantrine : A member of the class of fluorenes that is 9-(p-chlorobenzylidene)-9H-fluorene which is substitutec by chlorine at positions 2 and 7, and by a 2-(dibutylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group at position 4. An antimalarial drug used in combination with artemether for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	15.8	64	33	fluorenes; monochlorobenzenes; secondary alcohol; tertiary amine	antimalarial
eupatoriopicrine eupatoriopicrine: sesquiterpene lactone	3.49	8	0
asteltoxin asteltoxin: polyenic alpha-pyrone mycotoxin closely related to aurovertins isolated from Aspergillus stellatus; structure given in first source	2.52	2	0	furofuran
squalestatin 1 squalestatin 1: structure given in first source; inhibits both mammalian and fungal squalene synthetase; from fungus Phoma sp (Coelomycetes). zaragozic acid A : A polyketide isolated from fungi that is a potent inhibitor of fungal and mammalian squalene synthase.	4.03	14	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; oxabicycloalkane; polyketide; tertiary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.21 (squalene synthase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
phomopsin phomopsin: RN for cpd not in Chemline 7/18/83	2.37	2	0	oligopeptide
glisoprenin a glisoprenin A: from Gliocladium sp. FO-1513; (MF) C45-H82-O5	2.03	1	0
tussilagone tussilagone: an oplopanone type saturated indene sesquiterpene; platelet activating factor antagonist	4.44	21	0
4-o-carboxymethylascochlorin 4-O-carboxymethylascochlorin: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha(2E,4E),2beta,6beta))-isomer	1.97	1	0
methyl 6,7-10,11-bis(epoxy)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2-dodecenoate methyl 6,7-10,11-bis(epoxy)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2-dodecenoate: fly juvenile hormone; structure given in first source	3.24	6	0
retinyl bromoacetate retinyl bromoacetate: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
9-hydroxy-10,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid 9-hydroxy-10,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S-(E,Z,Z))-isomer; cpd without isomeric designation not avail 1/90. 9(S)-HOTrE : A 9-HOTrE consisting of (10E,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoic acid in which the 9-hydroxy group has S-configuration.	2.01	1	0	9-HOTrE	plant metabolite
farnesyl monophosphate [no description available]	2.69	3	0
isopentenol isopentenol : An enol that is 3-methylbut-1-ene in which one of the terminal hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.31	1	0	enol
6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin: structure given in first source	2	1	0	psoralens
goniothalamin goniothalamin: has antineoplastic activity; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
valerenic acid valerenic acid: a saturated oplopanone type indene from Valeriana officinalis. valerenic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid which is substituted at position 3 by a 3,7-dimethyl-2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-yl group. A bicyclic sesquiterpenoid constituent of the essential oil of the Valerian plant.	7.37	57	2	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; sesquiterpenoid	GABA modulator; plant metabolite; sedative; volatile oil component
s72055 S72055: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
curdione curdione: from Curcuma wenyujin; structure in first source	5.48	19	0	germacrane sesquiterpenoid
ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one: antineoplastic, non-toxic fungal steroid. ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one : An ergostanoid that is (22E)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraene substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It has been isolated from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis.	2.15	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; ergostanoid	fungal metabolite
4-o-methylascochlorin 4-O-methylascochlorin: causes unusual concentration of urine & prevents polydipsia in DOCA hypertensive rats; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
tagitinin tagitinin: from Tithonia tagitiflora; RN given refers to tagitinin E; structures	4.21	16	0
terpestacin terpestacin: structure given in first source; isolated from Arthrinium; inhibits syncytium (giant cell) formation	3.31	1	0	secondary alcohol
yingzhaosu a yingzhaosu A: RN refers to the (1S-(1alpha,4alpha(3R*,4E),5alpha,8beta))-isomer	4.89	6	0
pyrenophorin pyrenophorin: pyrenophorin is (8R-(3E,8R,11E,16R))-isomer; structure	2.06	1	0
presqualene pyrophosphate [no description available]	3.61	9	0
linderalactone linderalactone: an NSAID isolated from Lindera aggregata	3.85	10	0	butenolide	metabolite
8,11-dihydroxy-8-angeloyl-11-acetyl-4-guaien-3-one torilin: a sesquiterpene from Torilis japonica; structure in first source	3.1	5	0
cgp-56697 Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.	13.49	38	21
ovatodiolide ovatodiolide: from Anisomeles indica; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	4.19	5	0
alpha-cyperone alpha-cyperone: isolated from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
sophorol sophorol: structure given in first source; RN refers to (+)-isomer	1.98	1	0
isoacteoside isoacteoside: a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from Indian paintbrush (Verbenaceae) Castilleja linariaefolia; also in other plants; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
nitrobestatin [no description available]	2	1	0
furanodienone furanodienone: an antineoplastic agent that suppresses estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) signaling; structure in first source	3.39	6	0	germacrane sesquiterpenoid
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
su 5614 SU 5614: inhibits the mast cell growth factor receptor known as kit protein; a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. SU5614 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 5-chlorooxindole in which the two hydrogens at position 3 are replaced by a (3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl)methylidene group.	2.01	1	0	organochlorine compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
beta-escin [no description available]	6.5	23	0
arteannuin b [no description available]	3.11	5	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.01	1	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
lactacystin [no description available]	4.31	3	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
tehranolide tehranolide: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Artemisia diffusa; structure in first source	3.19	5	0
andrastin a andrastin A: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure given in first source. andrastin A : A 19-oxo steroid that is that is andrastin B in which the hydroxy group at position 19 has been oxidised to give the corresponding aldehyde. A farnesyltransferase inhibitor produced by Penicillium roqueforti, a filamentous fungus involved in the ripening of several kinds of blue cheeses.	2.01	1	0
hydroxyachillin hydroxyachillin: isolated from Tanacetum microphyllum; structure given in first source	3.39	7	0	gamma-lactone
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	2.45	2	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
shellac shellac: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
6 beta-hydroxycortisol 6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.	3.39	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 6beta-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; probe
abietane [no description available]	2.61	2	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
ergostane ergostane: structure	2.9	2	0	steroid fundamental parent
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.46	7	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
fumagillin [no description available]	13.6	282	5	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether	3.1	5	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer
stepholidine stepholidine: protoberberine alkaloid isolated from opium; dual D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist	3.12	1	0
perfosfamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
bay 12-9566 Bay 12-9566: an angiogenesis inhibitor with matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activity	2.01	1	0	biphenyls; organochlorine compound
clavaric acid clavaric acid: inhibits farnesyl-protein transferase; isolated from Clavariadelphus truncatus; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
beta-elemene beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.	12.9	243	1	beta-elemene	antineoplastic agent
pd 184352 2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide: inhibits MAP kinase kinase; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
laulimalide laulimalide: isolated from Cacospongia mycofijiensis; structure in first source. laulimalide : A macrolide with formula C30H42O7 that is isolated from the marine sponges, Cacospongia mycofijiensis and Hyattella sp.	3.23	1	0	carboxylic ester; epoxide; macrolide; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	animal metabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
jwh-133 1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC: a CB2 receptor agonists; no further information available on 8/2001. JWH-133 : A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.	2.21	1	0	benzochromene; dibenzopyran; organic heterotricyclic compound	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; CB2 receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; vasodilator agent
ppi 2458 PPI 2458: a methionine aminopeptidase-2 inhibitor with antirheumatic activity; structure in first source	3.82	3	0
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	3.68	9	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
bornyl acetate [no description available]	3.94	12	0	acetate ester; monoterpenoid
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.85	11	0	borneol
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	4.82	10	0	ammonium ion derivative
farnesiferol a farnesiferol A: from Ferula szowitsiana; structure in first source	2.78	3	0
galbanic acid [no description available]	3.03	4	0	terpene lactone
1-deoxy-2-pentulose [no description available]	2.42	2	0	deoxypentose	Escherichia coli metabolite
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	5.18	17	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.04	1	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
grayanotoxin i grayanotoxin I: RN given refers to (3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; structure. grayanotoxin I : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is grayanotoxane in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 14 is substituted by an acetoxy group and in which the 3beta-, 5-, 6beta-, 10-, and 16- positions are substituted by hydroxy groups.	3.21	1	0	acetate ester; pentol; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antihypertensive agent; metabolite; neuromuscular agent; phytotoxin
guaiane guaiane: from Artemisia caruifolia; structure in first source	5.53	58	0	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
cadinane cadinane: structure in first source. cadinane : A sesquiterpene consisting of decalin having two methyl substituents at the 1- and 6-positions, an isopropyl substituent at the 4-position and (1S,4S,4aS,6S,8aS)-configuration.	5.37	50	0	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
labdane labdane: from Croton joufra; structure in first source	2.77	3	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
drimane drimane: structure in first source	8.38	95	0	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	2.42	2	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
lycopladine a lycopladine A: alkaloid from Lycopodium complantum, structure in first source	3.33	6	0
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	4.39	4	1	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.73	3	0
phoxim phoxim: structure	2.46	2	0
chlorproguanil chlorproguanil: dichloro-derivative of chloroguanide; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	5.93	7	0	dichlorobenzene
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
phenylahistin phenylahistin: antineoplastic from Aspergillus ustus; structure in first source	3.21	1	0
am 555s TAC 101: inhibits liver metastasis; structure in first source	2	1	0
gw 311616 GW 311616: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
nsc 710305 Phortress: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ggti 298 GGTI 298: inhibits geranylgeranyltransferase-I; structure in first source	2.74	3	0	leucine derivative
plitidepsin plitidepsin: a cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Aplidium albicans; has a pyruvoyl-proline residue instead of the lactyl-proline residue found in the linear peptide moiety of didemnin B. plitidepsin : A didemnin that is didemin B in which the hydroxy group of the 1-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-L-prolinamide moiety has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. It was originally isolated from the Mediterranean tunicate Aplidium albicans.	2.31	1	0	didemnin	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
bms345541 4(2'-aminoethyl)amino-1,8-dimethylimidazo(1,2-a)quinoxaline: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
bicyclol bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.	2.13	1	0
pd 0325901 mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).	2.57	2	0	difluorobenzene; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; propane-1,2-diols; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	2.04	1	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
bulaquine bulaquine: structure given in first source	2	1	0	aminoquinoline
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.48	2	0	oligopeptide
7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydrocadalin 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydrocadalin: from Heterotheca inuloides; structure given in first source	3.13	5	0
pseurotin pseurotin: metabolite isolated from culture filtrates of Pseudeurotium ovalis Stolk; structure. pseurotin A : A spirocyclic that is 1-oxa-7-azaspiro[4.4]non-2-ene-4,6-dione bearing 1,2-dihydroxyhex-3-en-1-yl, methyl, methoxy, benzoyl and hydroxy substituents at positions 2, 3, 8, 8 and 9 respectively.	2.83	3	0	azaspiro compound; lactam; oxaspiro compound	metabolite
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.06	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ginsenoside m1 ginsenoside M1: structure in first source. ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.17	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
ppi-0903 ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.	5.09	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; iminium betaine; organic phosphoramidate; oxime O-ether; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; prodrug
4-anisyltetrazolium blue tetrazolium blue : An organic chloride salt having tetrazolium blue(1+) as the counterion.	2.39	2	0	organic chloride salt	dye
ym 26734 YM 26734: inhibits group II phospholipase A2; structure given in first source	3.16	1	0
cabazitaxel cabazitaxel: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. cabazitaxel : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.	2.66	2	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-stabilising agent
valencene valencene: structure in first source. (+)-valencene : A carbobicyclic compound and sesquiterpene that is 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydronaphthalene which is substituted a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 3 and by methyl groups at positions 4a and 5 (the 3R,4aS,5R- diastereoisomer).	12.55	50	0	carbobicyclic compound; polycyclic olefin; sesquiterpene
xenovulene a xenovulene A: an oxygenated sesquiterpene containing a humulene moiety; isolated from Acremonium strictum; inhibits binding of benzodiazepines to GABA receptor; structure given in first source. xenovulene A : A sesquiterpenoid based on a humulene skeleton. It is isolated from Sarocladium strictum and has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against GABA receptor.	3.14	5	0	cyclic ether; enone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; sesquiterpenoid	GABA antagonist; metabolite
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	4.88	32	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
alloin alloin: isolated from various species of aloe; structure	2.44	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; laxative
tak 475 1-((1-(3-acetoxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)-7-chloro-5-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-4,1-benzoxazepin-3-yl)acetyl)piperidine-4-acetic acid: inhibits squalene synthase; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
mer nf5003f stachybotrydial: a pancreatic cholesterol esterase inhibitor; also inhibits fucosyltransferase and sialyltransferase; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
mart-1 antigen MART-1 Antigen: A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells.	2.06	1	0
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.46	2	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
6''-o-malonyldaidzin 6''-O-malonyldaidzin: structure in first source. malonyldaidzin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein substituted by a 6-O-(carboxyacetyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.15	1	0	glycosyloxyisoflavone; hydroxyisoflavone; malonate ester; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
bibr 1532 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
spirotryprostatin b spirotryprostatin B: cell cycle inhibitor from Aspergillus fumigatus; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	2.03	1	0	diterpenoid
desbutylbenflumetol desbutylbenflumetol: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
zaragozic acid b zaragozic acid B: structure given in first source; a fungal metabolite	1.98	1	0
zeolites [no description available]	2.04	1	0
u 18666a 3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; nicotinic antagonist; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
aq4n AQ4N: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
ubiquinol ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.	2.45	2	0	polyprenylhydroquinone; ubiquinol	biomarker; metabolite
tacamonine tacamonine: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
tirotundin tirotundin: structure in first source	2.44	2	0
imidocarb dipropionate [no description available]	3.4	1	1
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.07	1	0
cumambrin b cumambrin B: RN given for (3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,6alpha,6aalpha,9aalpha,9bbeta))-isomer; isolated from Chrysanthemum boreale; structure in first source	2.73	3	0
bms 187745 BMS 187745: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
pladienolide d pladienolide D: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
adociasulfate-2 adociasulfate-2: inhibits kinesin ATPase; from marine sponge Haliclona (also known as Adocia) sp.; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
chamissonolide chamissonolide: structure given in first source	2.69	3	0
8-epipuupehedione 8-epipuupehedione: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
pateamine a pateamine A: a 19-membered macrolide; structure in first source; inhibits eukaryotic translation initiation. pateamine : A marine macrodiolide that is isolated from the sponge Mycale hentscheli and exhibits anticancer and antiviral properties	3.1	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; macrodiolide; olefinic compound; primary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; eukaryotic initiation factor 4F inhibitor; marine metabolite
hinesol hinesol: from Atractylodes Lance rhizome; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,5alpha(S*)))-isomer	4.33	19	0
bolinaquinone bolinaquinone: a marine sesquiterpenoid from sponge Dysidea sp. with anti-inflammatory activity; structure in first source	4.65	8	0
pelorol pelorol: from the marine sponge Dactylospongia elegans & Petrosaspongia metachromia; structure in first source	3.57	8	0
a25822b A25822B: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer; structure	2.42	2	0
halichondrin b halichondrin B: from marine sponge Halichondria okadai; binds in the Vinca domain of tubulin	2.02	1	0	furopyran
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	2.46	2	0
ageladine a Ageladine A: an antiangiogenic matrixmetalloproteinase inhibitor from the marine sponge Agelas nakamurai; structure in first source. ageladine A : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-amine substituted by a 4,5-dibromo-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group at position 4. It is an alkaloid isolated from a marine sponge Agelas nakamurai and acts as an inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinases, the key enzymes involved in tumour growth, migration, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis.	3.31	1	0	alkaloid; aromatic amine; imidazopyridine; organobromine compound; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; metabolite
dihydroeponemycin dihydroeponemycin: structure in first source	3.13	1	0
delta-viniferin delta-viniferin: resveratrol dehydrodimer, an isomer of epsilon-viniferin; isolated from grapevine leaves; structure in first source. (2S,3S)-trans-delta-viniferin : A stilbenoid that is the (2S,3S)-trans-stereoisomer of delta-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.	2.07	1	0	1-benzofurans; polyphenol; stilbenoid
beta-bisabolene (S)-beta-bisabolene : A beta-bisabolene which has (1S)-configuration.. beta-bisabolene : A bisabolene that is cyclohexene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a 6-methylhepta-1,5-dien-2-yl group at position 4.	4.69	26	0	beta-bisabolene
huprine y huprine Y: structure in first source	2.94	4	0
jaspaquinol jaspaquinol: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
jaeschkeanadiol jaeschkeanadiol: structure in first source	2.97	4	0	sesquiterpenoid
panepoxydone panepoxydone: structure given in first source; RN refers to (1S-(1alpha,3(S*),5alpha,6alpha))-isomer	2.05	1	0
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I	2.03	1	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	17.77	244	67
arisugacin arisugacin: isolated from Penicillium sp. FO-4259; structure given in first source. arisugacin A : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 4a,12a-dihydroxy-4,4,6a,12b-tetramethyl-4a,6,6a,12,12a,12b-hexahydro-4H,11H-benzo[f]pyrano[4,3-b]chromene-1,11(5H)-dione substituted by 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl group at position 9 (the 4aR,6aR,12aS,12bS steroisomer). Isolated from the culture broth of Penicillium, it acts as a selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.	4.67	3	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactone; enone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
thapsigargicin thapsigargicin: a hexaoxygenated tetraacylated sesquiterpene lactone tetraester isolated from roots of Thapsia garganica; structure given in first source; it induces mast cell degranulation and histamine release; it (and thapsitranstagin) is an analog of thapsigargin;	4.84	32	0
hypnophilin hypnophilin: structure in first source	4.23	5	0	sesquiterpenoid
teferin teferin: isolated from Ferula hermonis; structure in first source	2.47	2	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.86	3	0
clovanemagnolol clovanemagnolol: has neuroregenerative activity; isolated from Magnolina obovata	3.32	6	0
artelinic acid artelinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; benzyl ether of artemether	5.35	22	0
suberosanone suberosanone: from marine gorgonian Subergorgia suberosa; structure in first source	3.02	4	0	diterpenoid
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-15. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 3-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.	4.18	5	0	trichothecene	epitope; mycotoxin
machaeriol b machaeriol B: from the plant Scoparia dulcis; structure in first source	2	1	0
guanacastepene guanacastepene: isolated from an unidentified fungus; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
spirotryprostatin a spirotryprostatin A: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
sideroxylonal c sideroxylonal C: formylated phloroglucinol from flowers of Eucalyptus albens; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
dehydrocurdione dehydrocurdione: a zedoary-derived sesquiterpene; structure in first source	3.14	5	0	germacrane sesquiterpenoid
artemisitene artemisitene: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,12beta,12aR*))-isomer; structure in first source	2.91	4	0
hirsutene hirsutene: structure in first source	5.17	8	0
pseudodeflectusin pseudodeflectusin: was isolated from a culture broth of Aspergillus pseudodeflectus; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one: a macrophage TNF-alpha antagonist; structure in first source	2	1	0	diarylheptanoid; enone; phenols	plant metabolite
pestalotiopsin a pestalotiopsin A: structure in first source	4.93	11	0
arterolane arterolane: a trioxolane with antimalarial activity; structure in first source. arterolane : An oxaspiro compound that is dispiro[cyclohexane-1,3'-[1,2,4]trioxolane-5',2''-tricyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane] substituted by a 2-[(2-amino-2-methylpropyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl group at position 4s. Its maleic acid salt is used as an antimalarial drug in combination with piperaquine.	4.8	7	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.88	3	0
hongoquercin a hongoquercin A: structure in first source	4.39	6	0
cypellocarpin c cypellocarpin C: isolated from Eucalyptus cypellocarpa; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
macrosphelide a macrosphelide A: an anti-cell adhesion substance; a 16-membered macrolide antibiotic with 3 ester bonds in the ring structure; structure given in first source	3.11	1	0
nigranoic acid nigranoic acid: from stem of Schisandra sphaerandra; structure in first source. nigranoic acid : A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is 3,4-secocycloarta-4(28),24-(Z)-diene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 3 and 26. Isolated from Schisandra henryi and Schisandra propinqua, it exhibits cytotoxic and anti-HIV activities.	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; metabolite
leucascandrolide a leucascandrolide A: structure in first source	4.58	25	0
alpha-agarofuran [no description available]	3.31	6	0
frontalin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alloaromadendrene alloaromadendrene: isolated from the volatile oil of the soft corals Clavularia viridis and Sarcophyton acutangulum; structure in first source	3.14	5	0
artemisic acid artemisic acid: isolated from Artemisia annua; MF: C28-H58-O; RN from Toxline. (+)-artemisinic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group (the 1S,4R,4aS,8aR diastereoisomer). It is a sesquiterpenoid precursor of artemisinin, obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua.	5.83	17	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; octahydronaphthalenes; sesquiterpenoid	metabolite
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.03	1	0
pyrenophorol pyrenophorol: isolated from a Drechslera avena; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	macrolide
heptelidic acid heptelidic acid: structure given in second source	4.89	34	0
pentalenene pentalenene: structure in first source	3.51	8	0	ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; sesquiterpene
dihydroartemisinic acid dihydroartemisinic acid: structure in first source. dihydroartemisinic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid substituted at position 2 by a (1S,4R,4aS,8aR)-4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group. It is a sesquiterpenoid precursor of the antimalarial drug, artemisinin.	3.45	7	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; octahydronaphthalenes; sesquiterpenoid	plant metabolite
amorpha-4,11-diene amorpha-4,11-diene: a precursor to the antimalarial drug artemisinin	7.15	45	0	octahydronaphthalenes; sesquiterpene
subergorgic acid subergorgic acid: isolated from Subergorgia suberosa; structure in first source	2.74	3	0
pentalenolactone f pentalenolactone F: from Streptomyces; structure given in first source. pentalenolactone F : A tetracyclic sesquiterpene lactone obtained by formal epoxidation of the 4-methylene group of pentalenolactone E.	3.39	7	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone; spiro-epoxide	bacterial metabolite
aplysin aplysin: Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating, derived from Laurencia tristicha; structure in first source	3.85	10	0
copalic acid copalic acid: a trypanocidal agent isolated from Aristolochia cymbifera; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	diterpenoid
bakkenolide b bakkenolide B: antineoplastic agent isolated from Petasites tatewakianus; structure in first source	3.37	6	0	terpene lactone
eupalinilide e eupalinilide E: promotes the expansion of myelo-erythroid hematopoietic progenitors; structure in first source	3.26	5	0
puraquinonic acid puraquinonic acid: structure in first source	3.21	1	0
erastin erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; quinazolines; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer; voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
hippodamine hippodamine: structure in first source	3.31	1	0
hyperolactone c hyperolactone C: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
epoxomicin [no description available]	3.55	2	0	morpholines; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
ascochlorin ascochlorin: structure in first source. ascochlorin : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde which is substituted by a (1E,3E)-3-methyl-1-[(1R,2R,6R)-1,2,6-trimethyl-3-oxocyclohexyl]penta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at position 3, chlorine at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6. A meroterpenoid produced by several fungi including Ascochyta viciae . It exhibits anticancer, antifungal and antiprotozoal activities.	5.32	9	0	cyclohexanones; dihydroxybenzaldehyde; meroterpenoid; monochlorobenzenes; olefinic compound; resorcinols; sesquiterpenoid	angiogenesis inhibitor; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite
dysidiolide dysidiolide: inhibits the protein tyrosine phosphatase CDC25; cladocoran B is the olefinic regioisomer; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
cubebol cubebol: antifeedants against Acusta despesta from the Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica II; structure in first source. (-)-cubebol : A tertiary alcohol resulting from the formal addition of water to the double bond of alpha-cubebene.	3.58	8	0	carbotricyclic compound; sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.93	4	0	nystatins
5-methyl-2-(3-oxo-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)benzoquinone 5-methyl-2-(3-oxo-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)benzoquinone: Highly oxidized cuparene-type sesquiterpenes from a mycelial culture of Flammulina velutipes; structure in first source	3.17	5	0	sesquiterpenoid
buagafuran buagafuran: a potential antianxiety drug; structure in first souce	5.71	10	2
mycoepoxydiene mycoepoxydiene: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
sclerophytin a sclerophytin A: structure in first source	2	1	0
larixol larixol: from an easily available labdane; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
cyclozonarone cyclozonarone: structure in first source	3.82	3	0
nutlin-3a nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
Calealactone B calealactone B: isolated from Calea urticifolia; has gastroprotective properties	2.25	1	0	germacranolide
laurinterol laurinterol: an antimicrobial agent isolated from the marine alga Laurencia okamurai. laurinterol : A sesquiterpenoid isolated from Laurencia intermedia and Aplysia kurodai and has been found to exhibit antibacterial activity,	3.3	6	0	organobromine compound; phenols; sesquiterpenoid	antibacterial agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
abt 869 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; indazoles; phenylureas	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
3-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-methyleneisoxazolidin-5-one 3-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-methyleneisoxazolidin-5-one: structure in first source	2.78	3	0
garsubellin a garsubellin A: from wood of Garcinia subelliptica; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
scabronine g scabronine G: stimulates secretion of neurotrophic factor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
artemisone artemisone: second-generation semi-synthetic artemisinin derivative for antimalarial therapy devoid of neurotoxicity	2.44	2	0
jiadifenin jiadifenin: seco-prezizaane-type sesquiterpene with neurotrophic activity from Illicium jiadifengpi; structure in first source	10.37	10	0
n-acetyl-s-geranylgeranyl-cysteine N-acetyl-S-geranylgeranyl-cysteine: a prenylcysteine analog	2.05	1	0	diterpenoid
himachalene himachalene: structure in first source. (R)-beta-himachalene : The (R)-enantiomer of beta-himachalene.	3.87	11	0	beta-himachalene
sespendole sespendole: an inhibitor of lipid droplet synthesis in macrophages, produced by Pseudobotrytis terrestris; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
digeranyl bisphosphonate digeranyl bisphosphonate: structure in first source	2.48	2	0
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	2.25	1	0	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
liphagal liphagal: selective inhibitor of PI3 kinase alpha isolated from the sponge akacoralliphaga; structure in first source. liphagal : A meroterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Aka coralliphaga and has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase.	2.85	3	0	aldehyde; cyclic ether; meroterpenoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.	3.21	1	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant
trametinib [no description available]	2.13	1	0	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-5-hydroxy-1h-isoindole-1,3-dione 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-5-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
caryolan-1-ol caryolan-1-ol: structure in first source	4.61	4	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	5.41	5	1
silvestrol silvestrol: isolated from the fruit and twig of Aglaia silvestris. silvestrol : An organic heterotricyclic compound that consists of a 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan framework substituted by hydroxy groups at positions C-1 and C-8b, a methoxycarbonyl group at C-2, a phenyl group at C-3, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at C-3a, a methoxy group at C-8 and a 1,4-dioxan-2-yloxy group at position C-6 which in turn is substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and a 1,2-dihydroxyethyl group at position 6. Isolated from Aglaia silvestris, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.	3.16	1	0	dioxanes; ether; methyl ester; organic heterotricyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
zaragozic acid c zaragozic acid C: structure given in first source; a fungal metabolite. zaragozic acid C : A polyketide isolated from fungi that is a potent inhibitor of fungal and mammalian squalene synthase.	1.98	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; oxabicycloalkane; polyketide; tertiary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.21 (squalene synthase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
sesone 7-deazaxanthine: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
pyripyropene a pyripyropene A: from Aspergillus fumigatus FO-1289; structure given in first source. pyripyropene A : A sesquiterpenoid that consists of (3S,4R,4aR,6S,6aS,12R,12aS,12bS)-4-(acetoxymethyl)-12-hydroxy-4,6a,12b-trimethyl-11-oxo-9-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,12,12a,12b-decahydro-2H,11H-benzo[f]pyrano[4,3-b]chromene-3,6-diol in which the hydrogens of the 3- and 6-hydroxy functions are substituted by acetyl groups.	6.91	36	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; sesquiterpenoid	acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 inhibitor; metabolite
sativene sativene: structure in first source. sativene : A sesquiterpene that is octahydro-1H-1,4-methanoindene bearing methyl, isopropyl and methylene substituents at positions 4, 7 and 8 respectively (the 1R,3aS,4R,7R,7aR-isomer).	4.52	7	0	bridged compound; sesquiterpene
td-5108 TD-5108: a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
ilicic acid ilicic acid: from Inula viscosa; structure in first source	2.76	3	0	eudesmane sesquiterpenoid
palmitoylcarnitine Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).	2.08	1	0	O-palmitoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone 2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone: structure in first source. 2,4',7-trihydroxyisoflavanone : A hydroxyisoflavanone that is isoflavanone with hydroxy substituents at positions 2, 7 and 4'.	2.41	2	0	hydroxyisoflavanone; lactol
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	5.09	1	1
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	3.95	13	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	4.78	5	0
anthecotulide anthecotulide: from Anthemis cotula; structure in first source	3.45	7	0	butan-4-olide
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	1.97	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.66	2	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	4.67	27	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.67	3	0
viridiflorol viridiflorol: a strong feeding deterrent for the melaleuca weevil that retards larval development; structure in first source. viridiflorol : A carbotricyclic compound that is (1aS,4aR,7aR,7bR)-decahydro-1H-cyclopropa[e]azulene carrying four methyl substituents at positions 1, 1, 4 and 7 as well as a hydroxy substituent at position 4. It is a sesquiterpenoid isolated from several plant species and is a strong feeding deterrent for the melaleuca weevil that retards larval development.	3.9	11	0	carbotricyclic compound; sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifeedant; antimycobacterial drug; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
6-o-angeloylprenolin 6-O-angeloylprenolin: from Centipeda minima was found to show inhibitory activity on farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase); structure in first source	4.02	12	0
24-hydroxycholesterol 24-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 24.	3.19	1	0	24-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; oxysterol
cinnamosmolide cinnamosmolide: isolated from several species of Canellaceae family; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	6.1	22	0
cyperotundone cyperotundone: from Cyperus rotundus L.; structure in first source	3.19	5	0	sesquiterpenoid
grandiflorenic acid grandiflorenic acid: structure. grandiflorenic acid : A tetracyclic diterpenoid with formula C20H28O2 which exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antileishmanial and wound-healing properties.	2.05	1	0
isolongifolol isolongifolol: structure in first source	3.14	5	0
longipinene longipinene: isolated from Santolina viscosa; structure in first source	3.84	11	0	alpha-longipinene	metabolite
tirucallane tirucallane: from Simarouba amara (Simaroubaceae); structure in first source. tirucallane : A triterpene that is (13alpha,14beta,17alpha,20S)-lanostane.	2.53	2	0	triterpene
onopordopicrin onopordopicrin: structure given in first source; isolated from Centaurea sonchifolia; RN given is for (3aR-(3aR,4S,6E,10Z,11aR*))-isomer	3.77	10	0
oplodiol oplodiol: RN given for (1S-(1alpha,4alpha,4aalpha,8abeta))-isomer. oplodiol : A carbobicyclic compound that is 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 4, an isoopropyl group at position 7, and by methyl groups at positions 1 and 4a (the 1S,4R,4aR,8aR isomer). A sesquiterpenoid plant metabolite.	2.03	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; octahydronaphthalenes; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite
roridin a roridin A: see also records for roridin D, E & J	2.88	4	0
carbocysteine sabinol: RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,3beta,5alpha))isomer; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
santalol santalol: combination of alpha and beta isomers	9	57	1
eudesmanolide eudesmanolide: structure in first source	5.95	31	0	sesquiterpene lactone
titanocene titanocene: C10-H10-Ti. titanocene : A bis(eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)metal(II) having Ti(II) as the metal(II) species. The parent of the class of titanonocenes.	2.11	1	0
verrucarin j [no description available]	4.16	5	0	trichothecene
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	6.56	42	1
decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid: contains GABA moiety; RN given refers to HCl, (4a alpha,5 alpha,8a alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.23	6	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	18.73	196	87
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	3.77	10	0
benzoylhypaconine benzoylhypaconine: Aconitum alkaloid in serum. benzoylhypaconine : A diterpene alkaloid with formula C31H43NO9 that is isolated from several Aconitum species.	2.08	1	0
7-hydroxycalamenene 7-hydroxycalamenene: from Malagasy liverwort, Bazzania nitida; structure in first source	3.47	7	0
neosolaniol neosolaniol: RN given refers to (3 alpha,4 beta,8 alpha)-isomer	2.66	3	0
aflatoxin g1 aflatoxin G1: RN given refers to (7aR-cis)-isomer & is from 9th CI Form Index	2.03	1	0
asteriscunolide d asteriscunolide D: from the aerial part of Nauplius aquaticus (Asteraceae); structure in first source	2.75	3	0
kamebakaurin kamebakaurin: isolated from leaves and stems of Radbosia serra (Maxim) Hara; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
ptaquiloside ptaquiloside: a norsesquiterpene from bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum); not a pteridine; can be activated to alkylate DNA	8.74	78	0
odoratin odoratin: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.5	8	0
astragaloside ii astragaloside II: a potent multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal agent from Astragalus; structure in first source. astragaloside II : A triterpenoid saponin that is cycloastragenol glycosylated at positions 3 and 6 by 2-O-acetyl-beta-D-xylosyl and beta-D-glucosyl residues respectively.	2.15	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; oxolanes; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triterpenoid saponin	plant metabolite
prim-o-glucosylcimifugin prim-O-glucosylcimifugin: from Peucedanum dissolutum; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle
alisol b monoacetate alisol B 23-acetate: from Alisma orientale rhizome; structure in first source	2.48	2	0	triterpenoid
curcumol [no description available]	7.6	96	0	sesquiterpenoid
toxin nt-2 toxin NT-2: from Fusarium sporotrichioides	1.96	1	0
isolongifolenone isolongifolenone: natural compound found in the Tauroniro tree (Humiria balsamifera) of South America, Insecticide for mosquito control	3.61	8	0
bisacurone bisacurone: an NSAID isolated from Curcuma longa; structure in first source	4.71	8	0
15-deoxygoyazensolide 15-deoxygoyazensolide: an NSAID with schistossomicidal and trypanosomicidal activities; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
ludartin ludartin: a TRPA1 channel activator; structure in first source	2.83	3	0
deoxoartemisinin deoxoartemisinin: structure given in first source	4.01	14	0
atractylenolide ii atractylenolide II: from Atractylodes ovata; structure in first source	5.97	31	0	sesquiterpene lactone
britannin britannin: from Inula aucheriana; structure in first source	4.32	16	0
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	3.31	6	0
de-o-methyllasiodiplodin de-O-methyllasiodiplodin: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
lasiodiplodin lasiodiplodin: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	2.02	1	0
isotrichodermin isotrichodermin: involved in the biosynthesis of Fusarium culmorum; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha)-isomer	2.4	2	0	sesquiterpenoid
terrecyclic acid a terrecyclic acid A: isolated from Aspergillus terreus; structure given in first source	3.36	7	0
dehydroeburicoic acid dehydroeburicoic acid: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	bile acid
alisol a alisol A: has anti-hepatitis B virus activity; structure	2.97	4	0
farnesiferol c farnesiferol C: an antiangiogenic and antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	4.32	5	0
scirpentriol scirpentriol: T-2 toxin metabolite in Curtobacterium; structure given in first source	3.06	5	0
dehydroabietinol dehydroabietinol: Isolated from Hyptis suaveolens; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	2.51	2	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	3.39	7	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	6.16	39	0
rapalexin a rapalexin A: structure in first source	3.17	5	0
neopeltolide neopeltolide: a macrolide from a lithistid sponge of the family Neopeltidae; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	3.11	1	0
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	1.96	1	0
oenothein b oenothein B: from Oenothera erythrosepala Bordas; exhibits strong antitumor activity against MM2 ascites tumors & inhibits the growth of Meth-A solid-type tumors in mice; 5 alpha reductase testosterone inhibitor	2.21	1	0
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.25	1	0
thrombin receptor peptide (42-55) thrombin receptor peptide (42-55): tethered ligand exposed by cleavage of platelet thrombin receptor by thrombin, activates platelets and induces platelet activation; amino acid sequence given in first source; do not confuse with other TRAP (CD40L, MtrB, TRAP protocol, or thrombospondin related anonymous protein)	2.06	1	0
peptide i peptide I: 15-amino acid sequence given in first source; part of a receptor for protein kinase C (RACK)	2.02	1	0
omega-conotoxin (conus magus) Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa	1.98	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.43	2	0
emerimicins Peptaibols: A group of peptides characterized by length of 1-2 dozen residues with a high proportion of them being non-proteinogenic, notably alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) and isovaline, and have a C-terminal amino alcohol and N terminal alkyl group. They are found in FUNGI and some are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. They form channels or pores in target organisms. The term is a contraction of peptide-Aib-alcohol.	2.08	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.01	1	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	2.48	2	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	5.26	9	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.71	3	0
liraglutide [no description available]	3.21	1	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	4.38	6	0	glycoside
ferrous gluconate ferrous gluconate: iron important in this cpd; RN given refers to ferrous cpd	2.02	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.71	3	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.65	9	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.	2.58	2	0
depudecin depudecin: structure given in first source; isolated from the fungus Alternaria brassicicola. depudecin : A polyketide obtained from the fungus Alternaria brassicicola and having a highly unusual structure of an 11-carbon chain containing two epoxides and six stereogenic centres. It is an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) both in vivo and in vitro and also exhibits anti-angiogenic activity.	2	1	0	polyketide	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
germacradienol germacradienol: structure in first source. (1E,4S,5E,7R)-germacra-1(10),5-dien-11-ol : A germacrane sesquiterpenoid obtained from germacrane by hydroxylation at C(11) together with dehydrogenation across the C(1)-C(10) and C(5)-C(6) bonds.	3.15	5	0	germacrane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	6.73	17	1	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	2.37	2	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
du1301 DU1301: an antimalarial drug that is effective against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains	2.95	4	0
carolenalin carolenalin: guaianolide--sesquiterpene lactone from Helenium autumnale L.; structure	1.95	1	0
pyranonigrin a pyranonigrin A: structure in first source. pyranonigrin A : A member of the class of pyranopyrroles that is 2-[(1E)-prop-1-en-1-yl]-6,7-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrrole-4,5-dione carrying two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 7. Originally isolated from Aspergillus niger.	2.15	1	0	cyclic ketone; enol; gamma-lactam; pyranopyrrole; secondary alcohol	antioxidant; Aspergillus metabolite; marine metabolite
nsc 23766 NSC 23766 trihydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of NSC 23766 with 3 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride. An inhibitor of the signalling G-protein known as RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1).. Rac1 inhibitor : Any inhibitor of Rac1.	2.04	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.6.5.2 (small monomeric GTPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.42	2	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	5.93	19	0
pinoresinol pinoresinol: in plants; a furo[3,4-c]furan created from dimer of coniferyl alcohol. pinoresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl groups.	2.49	2	0
benzoylaconine benzoylaconine: alkaloid isolated from Aconitum carmichaeli. benzoylaconine : A diterpene alkaloid with formula C32H45NO10 that is isolated from several Aconitum species.	2.08	1	0	benzoate ester; bridged compound; diterpene alkaloid; organic heteropolycyclic compound; polyether; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	phytotoxin; plant metabolite
hydrocortisone sodium phosphate hydrocortisone sodium phosphate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer. cortisol phosphate(2-) : A steroid phosphate oxoanion which is the dianion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of cortisol phosphate.	1.98	1	0	steroid phosphate oxoanion
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.75	3	0
arphamenine a arphamenine A: from Chromobacterium violaceum; structure given in second source	3.06	1	0
eremantholide c eremantholide C: structure in first source	3.21	5	0	furofuran
pregeijerene b pregeijerene B: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
1,2,4-trioxane 1,2,4-trioxane: structure in first source	3.12	1	0
dictyoceratin-c dictyoceratin-C: from the marine species Spongia sp.; structure in first source	4.44	6	0
dihydroagarofuran dihydroagarofuran: alpha & beta dihydroagarofuran are stereoisomers; RN given refers to alpha-isomer; structure given in first source. dihydroagarofuran : A eudesmane sesquiterpenoid that is octahydro-2H-3,9a-methano-1-benzoxepine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 5a and 9 (the 3R,5aS,9R,9aS stereoisomer).	6.52	53	0	bridged compound; cyclic ether; eudesmane sesquiterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound	metabolite
basiliolide b basiliolide B: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	3.7	9	0
volicitin volicitin: an elicitor that triggers emission of volatile from plants	2.41	2	0
esterastin esterastin: inhibitor of esterases; structure	3.46	2	0
azuletil sodium sodium 3-ethyl-7-isopropyl-1-azulenesulfonate: structure in first source. egualen sodium : An organic sodium salt having 3-ethyl-7-isopropylazulene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Used for treatment of gastric ulcers.	2.93	4	0	organic sodium salt; organosulfonate salt	anti-ulcer drug; thromboxane A2 antagonist
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.92	4	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	1.96	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.47	2	0
4-sulfophenylmethallyl ether [no description available]	2.1	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.15	1	0
echinomycin Echinomycin: A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.	2.03	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide
epi-isozizaene epi-isozizaene: structure in first source	3.73	9	0	sesquiterpene
olaparib [no description available]	2.63	2	0	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
hygromycin b [no description available]	2.39	2	0
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	3.79	3	0
arenaemycin e arenaemycin E: from Streptomyces species; arenaemycin C is the chlorhydrin of the parent cpd, arenaemycin D is the diol & arenaemycin E is the epoxide; structure. pentalenolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone that is isolated from several Streptomyces species and exhibits antibiotic activity.	5.8	29	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone; spiro-epoxide	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.2.1.12 [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating)] inhibitor
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	11.3	45	0
largazole largazole: an antiproliferative agent from Symploca; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.69	2	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
goniomitine goniomitine: from root bark of Gonioma malagasy; structure in first source	3.41	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	6.5	24	0
echinopine a echinopine A: from Echinops spinosus; structure in first source	3.68	9	0
2',3'-o-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate: analog of ATP; do not confuse with TNP-ATP record	2.02	1	0	C-nitro compound; spiroketal	antagonist
benzoylmesaconine benzoylmesaconine: structure in first source. benzoylmesaconine : A diterpene alkaloid with formula C31H43NO10 that is isolated from several Aconitum species.	2.08	1	0	benzoate ester; bridged compound; diterpene alkaloid; organic heteropolycyclic compound; polyether; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	analgesic; antiinfective agent; plant metabolite
zedoarondiol zedoarondiol: structure in first source	3.22	5	0
arabinogalactan [no description available]	3.06	1	0
colletoic acid colletoic acid: an 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides; structure in first source	3.37	6	0
mk-1775 adavosertib: a Wee1 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	piperazines
chloropupukeananin chloropupukeananin: a chlorinated pupukeanane derivative from Pestalotiopsis fici; structure in first source	3.5	7	0
albiflorin albiflorin: glucoside in peony roots. albiflorin : A monoterpene glycoside with formula C23H28O11, originally isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.	2.11	1	0	benzoate ester; beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; gamma-lactone; monoterpene glycoside; secondary alcohol	neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
antroquinonol d antroquinonol: isolated from Antrodia camphorata. antroquinonol : An enone that is cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3, a methyl group at position 6 and a (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl group at position 5 (the 4R,5R,6R stereoisomer). It is isolated from the solid-state fermented mycelium of the fungus Antrodia camphorata and has been found to exhibit potent cytotoxicity against a number of human cancer cell lines. However, a synthesis-enabled biological re-examination published in 2016, revealed minimal in vitro and in vivo antitumour activity in preclinical models.	2.11	1	0	enol ether; enone; secondary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite
dolichol monophosphate [no description available]	2.41	2	0
dolichol pyrophosphate [no description available]	2.39	2	0
ainsliadimer a ainsliadimer A: a sesquiterpene lactone dimer with an unusual carbon skeleton from Ainsliaea macrocephala; structure in first source. ainsliadimer A : A sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the whole plants of Ainsliaea macrocephala; exhibits inhibitory activity against production of nitric oxide (NO).	2.99	4	0	sesquiterpene lactone; spiro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	1.95	1	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	2.68	3	0
rimorphin rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin	1.96	1	0
substance p, phe(5)-trp(7,9)-leu(11)- substance P, Phe(5)-Trp(7,9)-Leu(11)-: substance P antagonist; bombesin antagonist	2.05	1	0
systemin systemin: amino acid sequence given in first source; a mobile 18 amino acid polypeptide, induces proteinase inhibitor synthesis; from Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)	3.1	1	0
albaflavenone albaflavenone: an alpha,beta-unsaturated sesquiterpene ketone with a zizaene skeleton; produced by a streptomycete; structure given in first source. albaflavenone : A carbotricyclic compound that is (+)-epi-isozizaene in which the hydrogens at position 5 have been replaced by an oxo group.	3.56	8	0	carbocyclic antibiotic; carbotricyclic compound; cyclic terpene ketone; enone; sesquiterpenoid	bacterial metabolite
mannans [no description available]	3.13	5	0
inositol 1,4-bis(phosphate) inositol 1,4-bis(phosphate): induced in human platelets by thrombin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate(4-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.	1.97	1	0
germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-oic acid germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-oic acid: germacrene A carboxylic acid; structure in first source. germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-oic acid : A germacrane sesquiterpenoid derived from germacrane by dehydrogenation between the 1-10, 4-5, and 11-13 positions, and by oxidation of the methyl group at position 12 to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	3.12	5	0	germacrane sesquiterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid
lycojapodine a lycojapodine A: isolated from Lycopodium japonicum; structure in first source. lycojapodine A : An alkaloid isolated from the club moss Lycopodium japonicum and has been shown to exhibit acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and anti-HIV-1 activity.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; bridged compound; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound	anti-HIV-1 agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
cicutoxin cicutoxin: highly unsaturated higher alcohol that is poisonous substance in water hemlock (Ciculata maculata); structure	3.1	1	0	long-chain fatty alcohol
xiamycin xiamycin: from Streptomyces sp.; structure in first source	8.98	12	0
ss220 SS220: Insect Repellent	2.07	1	0
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.35	2	0
sundiversifolide sundiversifolide: from germinating sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	terpene lactone
plx4032 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
meiogynin a meiogynin A: from the bark of Meiogyne cylindrocarpa; structure in first source	3.34	6	0
urushiol [no description available]	1.97	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	2.11	1	0
elafin Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.	2.72	3	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	7.71	38	0
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	3.8	3	0
madindoline a madindoline A: inhibits interleukin-6; isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source	3.11	1	0
wasalexin a wasalexin A: wasalexins A and B are geometrical isomers; isolated from Wasabia japonica; structure in first source	2.96	4	0	indoles
deoxyartemisinin deoxyartemisinin: structure given in first source	3.39	7	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	7.96	44	0
centratherin centratherin: from Eremanthus eriopus (Asteraceae); structure in first source	2.75	3	0
xanthinosin xanthinosin: a potential anticancer agent from Xanthium strumarium	3.17	5	0
jiadifenolide jiadifenolide: from Illicium jiadifengpi; structure in first source	10.15	13	0
integric acid integric acid: structure in first source. integric acid : An eremophilane sesquiterpenoid with anti-HIV-1 activity. It is isolated from Xylaria sp. MF6254.	2.53	2	0	carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; dioxo monocarboxylic acid; enal; enone; eremophilane sesquiterpenoid	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor; metabolite
transtaganolide d transtaganolide D: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
hemopressin hemopressin: hemoglobin alpha-chain fragment	2.1	1	0
typhaneoside typhaneoside: isolated from pollen of Typha angustfolia L. (puhuang); structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
lemnalol lemnalol: from coral Lemnalia tenuis; RN given refers also to unspecified stereoisomer; structure given in first source	3.42	7	0
11-o-debenzoyltashironin 11-O-debenzoyltashironin: structure in first source	3.87	3	0
euonine euonine: from Trypterygium wilfordii Hook; structure given in first source. wilformine : A sesquiterpene alkaloid that has been isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii and exhibits immunosuppressive and insecticidal properties. It was found to be identical with euonine, previously isolated from Euonymous sieboldiana.	2	1	0	acetate ester; dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenoid; macrolide; pyridine alkaloid; sesquiterpene alkaloid	immunosuppressive agent; insecticide; plant metabolite
roridin e roridin E: RN given refers to (2'E,7'R(R))-isomer; see also roridin J: 74042-83-6	3.98	4	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	1.97	1	0
fosinopril Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.	2.41	1	0
hordatine a hordatine A: has antifungal activity; isolated from barley; structure in first source. hordatine A : A member of the calss of benzofurans that is a homodimer of para-coumarylagmatine where a hydroxy group of one molecule has reacted across the other molecule's ethene double bond to combine the two molecules and form a furan ring.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; benzofurans; dicarboxylic acid diamide; guanidines; phenols	adrenergic antagonist; metabolite
neosurugatoxin neosurugatoxin: from Japanese Ivory Shell, Babylonia japonica; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
zederone zederone: isolated from Curcuma genus; structure in first source	7.83	3	0	germacrane sesquiterpenoid
englerin a [no description available]	8.93	3	0	cinnamate ester; glycolate ester; guaiane sesquiterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
merulin a merulin A: cytotoxic compound from the culture broth extract of an endophytic fungus of Xylocarpus granatum; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
miogadial miogadial: responsible for hot taste of myoga, Zingiber mioga; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
fructose-1,6-diphosphate fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer	2.21	1	0
lychnopholide lychnopholide: isolated from Vanillosmopsis erythropappa; structure in first source	5.08	12	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	3.77	2	1
armillaridin armillaridin: isolated from Armillaria mellea mycelium I; structure given in first source	3.15	5	0	benzoate ester; sesquiterpenoid
isoquercitrin [no description available]	2.17	1	0
gorgosterol gorgosterol: structure	2.41	2	0	steroid
dimethylaminomicheliolide dimethylaminomicheliolide: a prodrug of micheliolide; has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	3.99	3	0
moverastin a moverastin A: inhibits cancer cell migration; isolated from Aspergillus; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
phosphomannopentaose sulfate phosphomannopentaose sulfate: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	7.27	34	0
leukotoxin leukotoxin: do not confuse with leukotoxin which is 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate	2.05	1	0
miglyol 840 miglyol 840: a propylene glycol diester of saturated vegetable fatty acids (C8-C10 chain lengths)	1.98	1	0
antrocin antrocin: from Antrodia camphorata; structure in first source	3.56	7	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	2.31	1	0
afidopyropen afidopyropen: a TRPV channel modulator with insecticidal activity; structure in first source. afidopyropen : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,12,12a,12b-decahydro-2H,11H-benzo[f]pyrano[4,3-b]chromen-11-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6a, and 12b; hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, and 9; and a cyclopropycarbonyloxymethyl group and a cyclopropylcarbonyloxy group at positions 17 and 18 respectively, and a pyridin-3-yl group at position 14 (the (3S,4R,4aR,6S,6aS,12R,12aS,12bS stereoisomer). It is an insecticide that is effective against sucking insects on fruit, vegetables and nuts.	2.41	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyridines; secondary alcohol	agrochemical; insecticide; TRPV channel modulator
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	7.2	17	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	2-pyranones
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	6.87	13	6
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	2.37	2	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.62	3	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	6.08	16	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	6.08	22	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	1.98	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	11.03	136	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	2.4	2	0
tetramic acid tetramic acid : A gamma-lactam that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. Despite its simple structure, it was not synthesised until 1972; earlier attempts were later shown to have resulted only in the formation of the isomer 5-imino-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-ol.	7.46	2	0
subglutinol a subglutinol A: an osteogenic agent isolated from Fusarium subglutinans; structure in first source	3.41	1	0
pogostone Pogostone: volatile oil of Pogostemon cablin	4.76	9	0	aromatic ketone
shizukaol B shizukaol B: from Chloranthus henryi, attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory responses in BV2 microglial cells	2.15	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
shizukaol f shizukaol F: an inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase RNase H; structure in first source	2.51	2	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
betalains Betalains: Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.	2.21	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	6.14	16	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	2	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	5.04	12	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	6.4	16	0
staphyloxanthin staphyloxanthin: Staph aureus pigment; glucose esterified with both a triterpenoid carotenoid carboxylic acid & a C15 fatty acid. staphyloxanthin : A xanthophyll that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6 have been acylated by an all-trans-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22-decaenoyl group and a 12-methyltetradecanoyl group, respectively. Staphyloxanthin is responsible for the characteristic yellow-golden colour which gives the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus its name.	2.04	1	0	apo carotenoid triterpenoid; D-aldohexose derivative; fatty acid ester; triol; xanthophyll	antioxidant; biological pigment; metabolite; virulence factor
satratoxin h satratoxin H: toxic metabolite of Stachybotrys atra; see also record for satratoxin G; structure	4.85	11	0	trichothecene
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	1.97	1	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.41	2	0	ketal
pyrethrins [no description available]	3.83	11	0
vernolide-a vernolide-A: antineoplastic from the plant Vernonia cinerea L. (Asteraceae); structure in first source	4.8	9	0
promegestone biyouyanagin A: an anti-HIV agent from Hypericum chinense L. var. salicifolium; structure in first source	3.3	6	0	terpene lactone	metabolite
shizukaol d shizukaol D: isolated from Chloranthusjaponicus; structure in first source	2.66	2	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
coriaria lactone coriaria lactone: induces convulsions in rats	3.19	1	0
cucurbitane cucurbitane: structure in first source. cucurbitane : A triterpene that is an isomer of lanostane obtained by migration of the methyl group from 10 to the 9beta position.	2.13	1	0	triterpene
fti 277 FTI 277: a ras CAAX (C - Cys; A - aliphatic amino acid; X - Ser or Met) peptidomimetic; inhibits farnesyltransferase; blocks Ras oncogenic signaling by accumulating Ras/Raf complexes in the cytoplasm; structure given in first source	3.14	5	0
deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside: a major conjugate of deoxynivalenol in beer and some brewing intermediates	3.31	1	0	trichothecene
eupalinolide a eupalinolide A: heat shock protein inducer from Eupatorium lindleyanum; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	2.41	1	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.4	2	0
3,7-dioxolanosta-8,24-dien-26-oic acid 3,7-dioxolanosta-8,24-dien-26-oic acid: isolated from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum	2.11	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	2.06	1	0
crotogoudin crotogoudin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
glutaminase [no description available]	2.17	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	4.42	20	0
contraceptives, postcoital Contraceptives, Postcoital: Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.	1.97	1	0
isoatriplicolide tiglate isoatriplicolide tiglate: from Paulownia coreana; structure in first source	2.77	3	0
petrosaspongiolide m petrosaspongiolide m: isolated from the caledonian marine sponge Petrosaspongia nigra; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	5.2	3	1
ckd732 CKD732: angiogenesis inhibitor	10.92	18	6
inulicin inulicin: sesquiterpene lactone from Japanese inula; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4alpha,5alpha,8aalpha))-isomer	2.73	3	0
ly 355703 cryptophycin 52: an antimitotic antitumor agent; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
alisol f [no description available]	2.73	3	0
alisol a 24-acetate alisol A 24-acetate: isolated from Alismatis Rhizoma; structure in first source	2.48	2	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	1.97	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	3.76	10	0
azulenyl nitrone azulenyl nitrone: a class of free radical spin-trapping compounds; structure in first source	4.49	7	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	1.95	1	0
glaucarubin Glaucarubin: (1 beta,2 alpha,11 beta,12 alpha,15 beta(S))-11,20-Epoxy-1,2,11,12-tetrahydroxy-15-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)picras-3-en-16-one. A quassinoid (Simaroubolide) from Simaruba glauca, a tropical shrub. It has been used as an antiamebic agent and is found to be cytotoxic. It may be of use in cancer chemotherapy.	1.96	1	0
pladienolide b pladienolide B: structure in first source	3.56	2	0
germacranolide germacranolide: from Artemisia pallens; structure in first source. germacranolide : A sesquiterpene lactone based on germacrane skeleton.	9.63	25	0
globulol globulol: from the fruits of Eucalyptus globulus Labill; structure in first source	3.95	12	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.41	2	0
pterodontic acid pterodontic acid: anti-bacterial from Laggera pterodonta; structure in first source	4.33	5	0
phyllanthoside phyllanthoside: structure	3.07	5	0
gliovirin gliovirin: from Gliocladium virens; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.13	1	0
guajadial guajadial: structure in first source	2.52	2	0
chrodrimanin b chrodrimanin B: an insecticidal meroterpene that blocks GABA-gated chloride channels; isolated from Talaromyces; structure in first source	3.06	4	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound
allatotropin allatotropin: from cerebral or corpora cardiaca of locusts & moths	2.92	4	0
formycin diphosphate formycin diphosphate: analog of ADP	2.01	1	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	2.91	4	0
oridonin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
ganoderic acid a ganoderic acid A: isolated from Ganoderma lucidum; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	4.05	14	0
deacetylcytochalasin h cytochalasin J: cytochalasin J treatment significantly alters mitotic spindle microtubule organization and kinetochore structure in PtK1 cell	2.1	1	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	11.01	385	1
trichodermin Trichodermin: Antifungal metabolite from several fungi, mainly Trichoderma viride; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes; proposed as antifungal and antineoplastic; used as tool in cellular biochemistry.. trichodermin : A tetracyclic spiroepoxide which acts as an antifungal and protein synthesis inhibitor.	4.26	19	0
ht-2 toxin HT-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin.	4.45	23	0
baccharin baccharin: antileukemic trichothecene triepoxide isolated from Baccharis megapotamica, a higher plant but may be plant-altered fungal metabolite; structure	1.95	1	0
gymnodimine gymnodimine: a spiro-imine algal toxin; a neurotoxic shellfish poison produced by Karenia selliformis (formerly Gymnodinium selliforme) and related species	3.1	1	0
ivalin ivalin: from vomiting bush Geigeria; RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4aalpha,7alpha,8abeta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	3.61	9	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	3.26	5	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.4	2	0
crenatoside crenatoside: structure given in first source; isolated from the aerial parts of Orobanche crenata	2.04	1	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.08	1	0
ferric ammonium citrate ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.	2.13	1	0
ggti-2133 GGTI-2133: an inhibitor of geranylgeranyltransferase, inhibits infiltration of inflammatory cells into airways in mouse experimental asthma. GGTI-2133 : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixing of equimolar amounts of GGTI-2133 free base and trifluoroacetic acid. An inhibitor of geranylgeranyltransferase type I.	2.06	1	0	organoammonium salt	EC 2.5.1.59 (protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I) inhibitor
cyperenoic acid cyperenoic acid: has gastroprotective activity; structure in first source	3.5	7	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	3.8	3	0
moxidectin moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity	2.03	1	0
lysergic acid lysergic acid : An ergoline alkaloid comprising 6-methylergoline having additional unsaturation at the 9,10-position and a carboxy group at the 8-position.	2.02	1	0
selamectin selamectin: a broad-spectrum endectocide; structure in first source	3.11	1	0
dihydroxythiobinupharidine dihydroxythiobinupharidine: structure	2.17	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	3.96	13	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.41	1	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	1.97	1	0
2-methylisoborneol 2-methylisoborneol: structure. 2-methylisoborneol : An bornane monoterpenoid comprising isoborneol carrying a 2-methyl substituent (the 1R,2R,4R-diastereomer).	2.07	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.59	2	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.5	2	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	1.98	1	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	2.05	1	0
alismol alismol: isolated from Alismatis Rhizoma; structure given in first source	8.81	11	0
tomatine Tomatine: An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed). tomatine : A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose.	2.31	1	0
fusarenon-x fusarenon-X: mycotoxin isolated from Fusarium nivale; belongs to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; structure	5.36	19	0
ovalicin ovalicin: sesquiterpene isolated from culture filtrate of fungus Pseudorotium ovalis; shows antitumor activity; structure	11.35	30	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.69	3	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.44	2	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.68	3	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.91	4	0
rhamnogalacturonan i rhamnogalacturonan I: pectic polysaccharide from sycamore cell walls; composed of galactosyluronic acid, rhamnosyl, galactosyl, arabinosyl & fucosyl residues. rhamnogalacturonan I : A family of polysaccharides that all contain a linear backbone composed of repeating units of the disaccharide alpha-D-GalpA-(l->2)-alpha-L-Rhap joined by alpha-(1->4) linkages.	3.47	2	0
nedaplatin nedaplatin: structure given in first source	2.41	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.72	3	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	5.07	9	1
rupestonic acid rupestonic acid: isolated from Artemisia rupestris; structure given in first source	5.24	15	0
plicamycin mithramycin A: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
roseoside roseoside: from Polygonum hydropiper L. (Polygonaceae); structure in first source	2.08	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.71	3	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	4.37	6	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	3.4	7	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	1.97	1	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.46	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.27	6	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	3.82	3	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosine diphosphate Inosine Diphosphate: An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.03	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2.07	1	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	3.01	4	0
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.11	5	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	5.5	4	1
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	5.58	4	1	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	3.42	1	1	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.92	12	0	dacarbazine
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.71	3	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.42	7	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	3.27	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	3.11	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	2	1	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.06	1	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
hymenialdisine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
brassilexin brassilexin: structure in first source	3.29	6	0	indoles
xav939 XAV939: selectively inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transcription; structure in first source. XAV939 : A thiopyranopyrimidine in which a 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine skeleton is substituted at C-4 by a hydroxy group and at C-2 by a para-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.	2.15	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; thiopyranopyrimidine	tankyrase inhibitor
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.73	3	0
zd 9331 ZD 9331: BGC9331 was formerly known as ZD9331; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	1.99	1	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid [no description available]	3.27	1	0	cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	immunomodulator; signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	3	4	0	guanosines	biomarker
pycnidione pycnidione: potentiator of bleomycin; isolated from Gloeotinia; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	2.01	1	0
carbadox Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)	2.1	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
kinamycin a kinamycin A: isolated from Streptomyces muragamaensis; RN in Chemline for Kinamycin B: 35303-13-0; RN for Kinamycin C: 35303-08-3; RN for Kinamycin D: 35303-14-1; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.31	1	0	kinamycin
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	2.74	3	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
guanylyl-(3',5')-cytidine guanylyl-(3'->5')-cytidine : A (3'->5')-dinucleotide composed from guanosine and cytidine units.	1.97	1	0	(3'->5')-dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide
carthamine carthamine: composed of two chalcones; from Carthamus tinctorius; the conjugated bonds cause a red color; derived from precarthamin by a decarboxylase; do not confuse with carthamidin	2.07	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
siphonodictyal b1 siphonodictyal B1: isolated from Siphonodictyon coralliphagum; structure in first source	3.03	4	0
clothianidin clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.	2.31	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
molybdenum cofactor molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.	1.99	1	0	Mo-molybdopterin cofactor; organophosphate oxoanion
alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.	1.96	1	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.55	2	0
eye [no description available]	5.23	9	0
alisol b monoacetate alisol B monoacetate: inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase; isolated from Alismatis rhizoma; structure in first source	2	1	0
chaetomanone chaetomanone: antimycobacterial anthraquinone-chromanone compound from the fungus Chaetomium globosum KMITL-N0802; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
ferroquine ferroquine: an antimalarial agent; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
enhydrin enhydrin: from Tetragonotheca sp. (Asteraceae); structure in first source	3.79	10	0	sesquiterpene lactone
suberogorgin suberogorgin: isolated from Suberogorgia sp.; MF: C15-H20-O3; MW: 248.32; structure given in first source	3.49	8	0
repin repin: isolated from knapweed Acroptilon repens; causes equine nigropallidial encephalomacia; structure given in first source	3.84	12	0
wilforine wilforine: isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii; structure in first source. wilforine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and pyridine alkaloid with formula C43H49NO18 originally isolated from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii.	2.5	2	0
curcumenol curcumenol: from Echinacea; structure in first source	4.14	14	0
bisabolangelone bisabolangelone: from the roots of Angelica koreana; structure in first source	3.93	12	0
novofumigatonin novofumigatonin: an orthoester meroterpenoid from Aspergillus novofumigatus; structure in first source	3.41	1	0	cyclic ketone; meroterpenoid; organic heteropolycyclic compound; ortho ester
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	4.13	16	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.08	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	1.97	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	5.47	5	1
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	3.18	5	0
araban araban: contains arabinose & galactose	3.06	1	0
destruxin b destruxin B: cyclodepsipeptide from entomopathogenic fungus Metarhyzium anisopliae; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
merrilactone a merrilactone A: structure in first source	5.29	16	0
spirastrellolide a spirastrellolide A: an antimitotic macrolide isolated from the Caribbean marine sponge Spirastrella coccinea; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
cnicin cnicin: extract from CENTAUREA BENEDICTA	4.11	15	0
filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.	2.41	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	10.68	42	3

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Breast Cancer [description not available]	10.44	177	2
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	10.44	177	2
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	5.34	51	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	5.34	51	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	5.54	15	1
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	5.54	15	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	9.78	75	2
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	9.78	75	2
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	5.75	26	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	5.75	26	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	10.63	88	2
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	3.23	5	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	3.23	5	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	10.63	88	2
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	4.57	21	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	3.38	6	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	4.57	21	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	3.38	6	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	6.54	44	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	6.54	44	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	13.45	243	3
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	15.2	294	2
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	7.02	6	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	13.45	243	3
Amentia [description not available]	6.98	9	1
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	6.98	9	1
Dermatoses [description not available]	4.86	8	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	4.86	8	0
Cardiovirus Infections Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.	2.31	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	5.17	14	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	10.91	407	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	4.94	12	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	4.94	12	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	5.17	14	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	6.51	43	1
Cancer of Head [description not available]	6.6	10	2
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	4.26	17	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.82	2	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.51	43	1
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	6.6	10	2
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	4.26	17	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	14.47	208	5
Metastase [description not available]	12.25	67	3
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	6.82	62	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	14.47	208	5
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	12.25	67	3
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	5.49	16	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	16.58	262	13
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	16.58	262	13
Kahler Disease [description not available]	4.42	20	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	4.42	20	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	9.64	32	4
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	3.21	4	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	9.64	32	4
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	6.44	6	1
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	2.31	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	4.14	14	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	4.41	20	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	4.41	20	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	3.57	7	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	3.57	7	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	15.1	138	6
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	15.1	138	6
Viral Diseases [description not available]	3.68	2	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	3.68	2	0
Grippe [description not available]	7.45	16	1
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	4.72	10	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	7.45	16	1
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	4.72	10	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	8.17	41	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	8.17	41	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	13.37	27	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	8.37	27	1
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	5.32	52	0
Allodynia [description not available]	4.8	29	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	5.21	16	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	5.21	16	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	6.8	21	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	6.8	21	1
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	12.8	86	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	8.44	117	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	7.8	86	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	8.44	117	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	6.09	16	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	7.35	56	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	7.35	56	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	5.91	22	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	6.75	54	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	6.75	54	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	6.02	17	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	6.02	17	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	6.57	16	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	6.57	16	0
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	3.8	1	1
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	3.8	1	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	11.48	61	3
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	11.48	61	3
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	3.88	10	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	3.88	10	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	11.64	35	6
Atherogenesis [description not available]	6.15	27	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	6.15	27	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	9.48	70	1
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	9.48	70	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	9.24	65	2
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	9.24	65	2
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.41	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.42	6	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	3.42	6	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	4.67	23	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	9.67	23	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	5.4	22	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	3.63	8	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	3.63	8	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	2.41	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	7.66	54	1
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	7.66	54	1
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	4.3	6	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	4.56	22	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	4.3	6	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	7.68	28	2
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	7.68	28	2
Bilharziasis [description not available]	6.86	19	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	6.86	19	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	4.75	9	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	4.75	9	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	4.2	14	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	11.29	82	1
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	11.29	82	1
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	3.94	12	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	3.94	12	0
Acanthamoeba Meningoencephalitis [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	2.41	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	4.51	22	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	4.8	30	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	4.51	22	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.8	30	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	5.46	22	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	4.49	21	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	5.46	22	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	4.49	21	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	3.7	9	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	3.7	9	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	4.83	4	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	4.83	4	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	7.12	20	1
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	3.12	4	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	3.12	4	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	4.45	7	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	4.45	7	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	4.05	14	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	9.05	14	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	11.19	143	8
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	8.88	47	2
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	8.88	47	2
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	3.43	7	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	3.03	4	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	8.95	91	1
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	8.95	91	1
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	3.94	11	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	3.94	11	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.94	3	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	2.41	1	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	2.94	3	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	6.15	6	2
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	6.15	6	2
Hypopharyngeal Cancer [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.	2.41	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	8.47	30	3
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.9	3	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	7.28	67	0
Atheroma [description not available]	3.28	5	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.16	4	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	3.16	4	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	3.78	10	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	4.55	8	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	3.78	10	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	4.55	8	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	5.62	17	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	5.62	17	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	3.11	5	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	2.78	3	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	4.08	15	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.57	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	9.43	80	5
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	9.43	80	5
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.59	2	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	2.91	4	0
Anasarca [description not available]	7.66	88	0
Granulomas [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	7.66	88	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	3.13	5	0
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	2.69	2	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	6.04	26	1
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	6.04	26	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	5.01	36	0
Polyploid [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	6.82	9	3
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	2.41	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	18.9	354	31
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	23.9	354	31
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	6.07	10	1
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	3.57	8	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	6.07	10	1
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	3.57	8	0
Tetraploid [description not available]	2.98	3	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	7.96	58	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	3.7	9	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	3.7	9	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	3.76	10	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	2.41	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	5.18	19	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.74	3	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	12.85	86	7
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	2.82	2	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	3.24	5	0
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	2.82	2	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	3.24	5	0
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	2.6	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	6.01	42	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	6.01	42	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	3.8	11	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	3.8	11	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	3.49	7	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	5.33	13	1
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	3.49	7	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	23.71	621	285
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	23.71	621	285
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	4.21	17	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.54	8	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.44	7	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	2.83	3	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	3.1	5	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	7.37	39	3
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	7.37	39	3
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	4.14	16	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	4.14	16	0
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	5.46	5	1
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	7.06	11	3
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	5.06	3	1
Disorder, Borderline Personality [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Brucella Infection [description not available]	4.85	2	1
E coli Infections [description not available]	5.32	4	1
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	5.54	3	1
As If Personality [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	5.71	7	1
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	6.33	13	1
Koch's Disease [description not available]	5.05	3	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	9.55	12	5
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	12.01	58	29
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	4.91	1	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	10.77	17	13
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	5.02	2	1
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	5.06	3	1
Borderline Personality Disorder A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)	4.91	1	1
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	4.85	2	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	5.32	4	1
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	4.71	2	1
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	5.54	3	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	11.47	114	10
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	5.71	7	1
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	6.33	13	1
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	5.05	3	1
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	4.91	1	1
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	4.91	1	1
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	5.46	5	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	7.06	11	3
Ache [description not available]	8.63	35	3
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	8.63	35	3
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	3.31	5	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.31	5	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	9.14	18	6
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	2.72	2	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	6.42	39	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	6.42	39	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	6.53	17	3
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	6.63	19	3
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	6.53	17	3
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	6.63	19	3
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	2.21	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	8.18	7	2
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	8.18	7	2
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.91	3	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.91	3	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.51	2	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	6.4	59	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.77	3	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	3.3	6	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.4	2	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	3.55	8	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	7.62	15	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	7.62	15	1
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	2.21	1	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.49	2	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	3.08	4	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	5.07	3	1
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	6.79	7	1
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	6.79	7	1
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	4.67	6	1
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	4.67	6	1
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	14.73	102	46
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	3.17	5	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	6.21	31	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	6.21	31	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	3.67	8	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	3.67	8	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	2.76	3	0
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	2.49	2	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	5.57	17	1
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	2.76	3	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	5.57	17	1
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	2.25	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	6.97	26	1
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	2.51	2	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	6.97	26	1
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	2.52	2	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	3	4	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	3	4	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	4.8	12	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.25	1	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	4.17	3	1
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	7.51	18	3
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	7.51	18	3
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	2.25	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	3.5	7	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	3.5	7	0
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	2.79	3	0
Postoperative Cognitive Complications COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.	2.25	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	3.07	5	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	2.58	2	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	4.27	5	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	5.66	18	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	5.66	18	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	4.67	28	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	2.25	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	5.85	37	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	2.25	1	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	5.51	24	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	2.58	2	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	5.72	4	1
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	7.02	15	2
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	5.72	4	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	8.21	53	2
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	8.21	53	2
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	3.98	12	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	3.78	11	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	3.78	11	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	3.14	5	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	5.08	3	1
Aerobic Glycolysis, Oncologic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	3.86	3	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	3.86	3	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	3.86	3	0
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	7.9	21	4
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	7.9	21	4
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	2.25	1	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	3.33	2	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	2.25	1	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	3.67	9	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	3.67	9	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	3.46	7	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	6.09	46	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.48	2	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	6.09	46	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	9.34	42	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	9.34	42	1
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	3.85	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	7.14	11	2
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	3.85	2	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	7.14	11	2
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	4.96	13	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	4.96	13	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	3.85	4	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	2.52	2	0
Anosmia Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of smell. Loss of smell may be caused by many factors such as a cold, allergy, OLFACTORY NERVE DISEASES, viral RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (e.g., COVID-19), aging and various neurological disorders (e.g., ALZHEIMER DISEASE).	2.25	1	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	6.25	19	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	3.58	8	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	3.58	8	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	2.25	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	8.42	20	1
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	2.31	1	0
Infections, Microspora [description not available]	9.48	37	4
Fibroid [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	3.65	9	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.93	3	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	3.65	9	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	6.67	20	3
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	6.67	20	3
Polyarthritis [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.12	5	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	3.82	3	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	3.82	3	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	3.87	2	1
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.31	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.31	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	2.76	3	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	4.32	7	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.71	3	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	3.98	12	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	3.98	12	0
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	3.02	4	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.4	7	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	3.4	7	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	4.02	2	1
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	4.02	2	1
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	2.31	1	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	2.94	3	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	2.94	3	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	4.8	12	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	4.8	12	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	4.11	3	1
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	4.11	3	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	4.63	5	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	4.5	5	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	4.5	5	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	3.07	4	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	3.07	4	0
Congenital Epulides [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2.31	1	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	3.55	2	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	2.87	3	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	3.55	2	0
Aura [description not available]	4.84	7	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	4.84	7	0
Endothelioma, Vascular [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Hemangioendothelioma A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	2.72	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	6.58	17	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	6.58	17	1
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	2.31	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	2.46	2	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.74	3	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	2.31	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	3.61	9	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.55	2	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	2.53	2	0
Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).	2.31	1	0
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	3.06	4	0
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.31	1	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.31	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	4.8	7	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	4.8	7	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2.85	3	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.15	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.15	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	3.64	3	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	2.91	4	0
Black Fever [description not available]	5.61	6	1
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	5.61	6	1
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	4.64	6	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	5.2	19	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	4.54	9	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	6.21	24	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	5.47	15	1
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.	2.15	1	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	3.71	3	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	3.71	3	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	2.4	2	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	2.4	2	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	3.14	5	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	2.15	1	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	2.15	1	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	3.43	2	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.64	9	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	4.29	4	1
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	3.64	9	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	4.29	4	1
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	3.69	3	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	4.45	1	1
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	4.86	2	1
Weight Reduction [description not available]	9.82	12	5
Labhart-Willi Syndrome [description not available]	4.45	1	1
Prader-Willi Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)	4.45	1	1
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	9.82	12	5
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	4.45	1	1
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	3.37	6	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	4.14	3	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	2.73	3	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	9.58	17	3
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	9.58	17	3
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.53	2	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	3.53	7	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	4.73	30	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	4.73	30	0
Ciliophora Infections Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.	2.15	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	3.58	8	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	3.58	8	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	3.27	6	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2.96	4	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2.15	1	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	2.17	1	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.15	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Verruca [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	2.49	2	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	5.75	7	3
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	2.15	1	0
Molluscum Contagiosum A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.17	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	3.98	14	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	5.24	4	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	5.24	4	1
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	2.7	3	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	3.53	8	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	3.53	8	0
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Tracheal Stenosis A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.	2.55	2	0
Granuloma, Respiratory Tract Granulomatous disorders affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract.	2.17	1	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	2.17	1	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	2.71	3	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	3.79	11	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.96	4	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	3.15	5	0
Yellow Fever An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.	2.17	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	4.38	4	1
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	3.23	5	0
Rift Valley Fever An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.	2.17	1	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	3.23	5	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.75	3	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	2.67	3	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.99	4	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	4.33	7	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	2.17	1	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	2.17	1	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	2.17	1	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	2.46	2	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	2.78	3	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	4.71	3	2
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	4.71	3	2
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	3.38	7	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	2.78	3	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.79	3	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.51	2	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.94	4	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	2.52	2	0
Sepsis Associated Delirium [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	2.17	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	3.27	6	0
Muscle Pain [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	3.91	2	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	3.91	2	0
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	3.46	2	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	2.52	2	0
Neoplasms, Nerve Sheath [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.	2.17	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	2.93	4	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	5.5	14	1
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	5.5	14	1
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	2.17	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	10.73	23	13
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	9.11	10	7
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	10.73	23	13
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	2.17	1	0
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	2.21	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	6.25	7	2
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	6.25	7	2
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	3.08	4	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	3.47	2	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	3.47	2	0
Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Scrub Typhus An acute infectious disease caused by ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI. It is limited to eastern and southeastern Asia, India, northern Australia, and the adjacent islands. Characteristics include the formation of a primary cutaneous lesion at the site of the bite of an infected mite, fever lasting about two weeks, and a maculopapular rash.	2.17	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	3.52	8	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.21	1	0
Opisthorchis felineus Infection [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Opisthorchiasis Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.	3.12	1	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	2.52	2	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.21	1	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	5.32	13	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	2.21	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.1	5	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	2.21	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Arbovirus Infections Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.	2.21	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	6.19	20	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	3.72	10	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	3.72	10	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.53	2	0
Wasting Disease [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	2.25	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	2.75	3	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	2.9	4	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	2.43	2	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	2.43	2	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	3	1	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	3.37	2	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	3	1	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	2.08	1	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	2.08	1	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	4.13	3	1
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	3.78	2	1
Genome Instability [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	3.07	5	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	4.74	7	1
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	3.07	5	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	4.74	7	1
Equine Diseases [description not available]	3.82	4	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.08	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.42	2	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	2.08	1	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.08	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	3.13	5	0
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	4.51	5	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	4.51	5	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	3.44	7	0
Teratogenesis The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.	3	1	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.93	4	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic [description not available]	5.86	10	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	3.87	2	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	6.18	5	1
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	6.18	5	1
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Chronic Plantar Fasciitis [description not available]	4.39	1	1
Fasciitis, Plantar Inflammation of the plantar fascia (APONEUROSIS) on the bottom of the foot causing heel pain. The etiology of plantar fasciitis remains controversial but is likely to involve a biomechanical imbalance. Though often presenting along with HEEL SPUR, they do not appear to be causally related.	4.39	1	1
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.67	3	0
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	4.82	35	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	3.14	5	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.47	2	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.78	3	0
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	2.49	2	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	2.89	4	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	6.2	53	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	4.6	10	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.82	11	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	3.82	11	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	2.08	1	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.49	2	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	4.42	8	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	4.42	8	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	4.99	9	1
Bone Marrow Failure [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Bone Marrow Failure Disorders Inherited or acquired diseases characterized by insufficient and/or dysplastic blood cells.	2.1	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	2.1	1	0
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	2.1	1	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	4.67	30	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	4.67	30	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	2.78	3	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	5.24	20	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	3.41	7	0
Acariasis [description not available]	3	4	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	5.17	47	0
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	5.6	3	2
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	5.6	3	2
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	5.78	11	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	5.78	11	0
Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous A form of LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS caused by Leishmania aethiopica in Ethiopia and Kenya, L. pifanoi in Venezuela, L. braziliensis in South America, and L. mexicana in Central America. This disease is characterized by massive dissemination of skin lesions without visceral involvement.	2.1	1	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	2.1	1	0
Entomophthoramycosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Zygomycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.	2.1	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	5.2	11	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	5.2	11	1
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	4.83	7	1
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.94	4	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.94	4	0
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	2.51	2	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.11	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	4.19	17	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	3.85	2	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	3.85	2	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.	2.77	3	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.89	14	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	2.11	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.11	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	12.91	61	40
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.94	4	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	2.43	2	0
Shoulder Injuries Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.	3.94	1	0
Adjustment Sleep Disorder [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	2.43	2	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	4.04	5	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.52	2	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	3.03	1	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	3.03	1	0
Balkan Endemic Nephropathy [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.11	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	3.5	1	1
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	3.5	1	1
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	3.26	6	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	2.47	2	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	3.5	1	1
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	5.07	5	2
Sex Disorders [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	5.07	5	2
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	2.11	1	0
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	2.46	2	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	2.11	1	0
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2.11	1	0
Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)	2.13	1	0
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Gliosarcoma Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)	2.7	3	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	2.51	2	0
Chloasma [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	3.5	1	1
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	3.23	6	0
Infection [description not available]	5.42	5	1
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	5.42	5	1
Parasite Infections [description not available]	4.78	5	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	3.04	1	0
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	2.13	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	5.67	3	2
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	5.67	3	2
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	2.13	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.11	1	0
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	3.93	2	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	3.94	13	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.94	13	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	2.4	2	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	3.1	5	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	5.82	8	3
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.49	2	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	3.2	5	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	3.51	1	1
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	2.83	3	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	3.06	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	2.41	2	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	2.13	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	3.11	5	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	2.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	5.41	24	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Eye Pain A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.	2.15	1	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	4.45	1	1
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	4.45	1	1
Leukostasis Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.	2.15	1	0
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	2.96	1	0
Finger Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.	2.04	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	2.75	3	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	3.63	9	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.72	3	0
Flatus [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	2.04	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	2.04	1	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	2.04	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	8.48	29	14
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	8.48	29	14
ATLL [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2.44	2	0
Bovine Hemorrhagic Syndrome [description not available]	2.04	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.46	2	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.46	2	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	2.46	2	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	4.08	15	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	2.05	1	0
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	2.72	3	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	2.05	1	0
Adenoma Sebaceum Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis	2.05	1	0
Tuberous Sclerosis Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.	2.05	1	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	2.38	2	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	14.03	54	25
Colicky Pain [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	2.95	4	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Microphthalmia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.44	2	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	5.81	4	2
Dermatitis, Poison Ivy [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	2.46	2	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	2.05	1	0
Proctitis INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.43	1	1
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	2.44	2	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	2.44	2	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.05	1	0
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	2.46	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	5.85	23	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	3.67	3	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2.06	1	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	2.05	1	0
Anisakiasis Infection with roundworms of the genus ANISAKIS. Human infection results from the consumption of fish harboring roundworm larvae. The worms may cause acute NAUSEA; VOMITING; or penetrate into the wall of the DIGESTIVE TRACT where they give rise to EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA in the STOMACH; INTESTINES; or the OMENTUM.	2.47	2	0
ADPKD [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	2.05	1	0
Itching [description not available]	5.69	5	4
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	5.69	5	4
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.06	1	0
Arenaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ARENAVIRIDAE.	2.06	1	0
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Mucorales Infection [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Mucormycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.	2.06	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.44	2	0
Trypanosomiasis, Bovine Infection in cattle caused by various species of trypanosomes.	2.44	2	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	3.23	6	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	2.44	2	0
Frigidity [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)	2.06	1	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	2.89	4	0
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Carcinosarcoma A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.94	4	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	2.06	1	0
Spasmophilia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.4	2	0
Humeral Fractures Fractures of the HUMERUS.	2.06	1	0
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)	2.06	1	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	2.06	1	0
Sick Building Syndrome A group of symptoms that are two- to three-fold more common in those who work in large, energy-efficient buildings, associated with an increased frequency of headaches, lethargy, and dry skin. Clinical manifestations include hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ALVEOLITIS, EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC); allergic rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL); ASTHMA; infections, skin eruptions, and mucous membrane irritation syndromes. Current usage tends to be less restrictive with regard to the type of building and delineation of complaints. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.44	2	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.44	2	0
Mast-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Leukemia, Mast-Cell A form of systemic mastocytosis (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC) characterized by the presence of large numbers of tissue MAST CELLS in the peripheral blood without skin lesions. It is a high-grade LEUKEMIA disease with bone marrow smear of	2.07	1	0
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.	2.07	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	4.83	13	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	4.83	13	0
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	2.44	2	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Bends [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	2.07	1	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2.07	1	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	3.47	1	1
Diaper Rashes [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Diaper Rash A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	3.47	1	1
Halitosis An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.	2.41	2	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	2.7	3	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	3.47	8	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	3.47	8	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	3	1	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	3	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	3	1	0
Acne [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	3.86	2	1
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	2.07	1	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Adrenoleukodystrophy, Autosomal Neonatal Form [description not available]	4.4	3	0
Peroxisomal Disorders A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional PEROXISOMES. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME; INFANTILE REFSUM DISEASE; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders.	4.4	3	0
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	5.56	3	2
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	5.56	3	2
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	13.53	40	23
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	13.53	40	23
Neuroectodermal Tumors Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.	2.01	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	4.06	3	1
Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	2.01	1	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059)	2.01	1	0
Rhabdoid Tumor A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)	2.01	1	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	2.01	1	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	2.39	2	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	2.39	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	2.01	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	3.37	7	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	7.08	12	3
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	2.92	1	0
Melanoma, Amelanotic An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.01	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	2.4	2	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	2.4	2	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.01	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	4.77	12	0
Schistosoma haematobia Infection [description not available]	6.29	8	5
Schistosomiasis haematobia A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.	6.29	8	5
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	9.76	34	5
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	4.09	3	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	4.09	3	1
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	3.8	2	1
Leukemic Infiltration A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.	2.01	1	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.01	1	0
Eye Infections, Parasitic Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.	3.5	8	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	4.52	9	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	7.07	9	4
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	2.01	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	3.26	6	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	3.3	2	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	4.97	3	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	4.97	3	1
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	2.01	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	2.69	3	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	5.48	11	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	5.48	11	0
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	8.75	12	4
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.39	2	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	5.04	10	1
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	5.04	10	1
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	4.94	9	1
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	3.28	2	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	1.93	1	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Paranasal Sinus Diseases Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.	1.93	1	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	1.93	1	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	5.07	7	0
MODS [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	3.84	4	0
Adenomyoma A benign neoplasm of muscle (usually smooth muscle) with glandular elements. It occurs most frequently in the uterus and uterine ligaments. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.01	1	0
Dictyocauliasis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2.69	3	0
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).	2.02	1	0
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	2.41	2	0
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	2.42	2	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	2.9	4	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	2.02	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.4	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Endometrioid An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.	2.02	1	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	2.91	4	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	4.45	5	1
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	4.45	5	1
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	2.02	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	2.93	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	3.4	1	1
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	2.91	4	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	5.19	4	1
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	5.19	4	1
Fasciculation Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)	2.02	1	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	2.02	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.02	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	2.92	4	0
A-Thalassemia [description not available]	4.48	5	1
alpha-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.	4.48	5	1
Kaposi Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cockayne Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including DWARFISM; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; PREMATURE AGING; and HEARING LOSS. It is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled DNA REPAIR processes. Cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. Type I (classical; CSA) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type II (congenital; CSB) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type III (xeroderma pigmentosum; XP) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms.	2.02	1	0
Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.	2.02	1	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.02	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	2.02	1	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	2.02	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	2.02	1	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	6.7	4	2
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	6.7	4	2
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	3.81	2	1
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	5.51	10	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2.02	1	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	2.94	1	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	4.66	3	2
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	4.66	3	2
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	4.72	2	1
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.92	4	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	2.93	4	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.94	1	0
Black Water Fever [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Hoarseness An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.	3.4	1	1
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	4	5	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	2.02	1	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Benign Optic Nerve Neoplasm [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	2.02	1	0
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	2.02	1	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	2.03	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	2.03	1	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	2.03	1	0
Marasmus [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	2.03	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2.67	3	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	2.67	3	0
Echinostomiasis Infection by flukes of the genus Echinostoma.	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.92	4	0
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	4.11	3	1
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	4.11	3	1
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	2.03	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Infections, Rhabdoviridae [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.03	1	0
Heatstroke [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	2.03	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	2.03	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.03	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2.03	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	3.57	9	0
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	2.03	1	0
Foot Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.	2.03	1	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	2.03	1	0
Parotiditis [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Rida [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	2.03	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	5.4	5	1
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	7.69	21	2
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.03	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	2.42	2	0
Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in Japan, China, the Philippines, India, and other countries of southeast Asia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.42	1	1
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	3.42	1	1
Actinomycetoma [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Mycetoma A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.	2.03	1	0
Hives [description not available]	7.46	4	4
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	7.46	4	4
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	2.03	1	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	2.42	2	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	3.79	2	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	3.79	2	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	5.56	3	2
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	5.56	3	2
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.03	1	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.03	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	3.43	1	1
Chylothorax The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.04	1	0
Cheilitis Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.	2.39	2	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.04	1	0
Dysuria Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.	4.34	1	1
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	2.04	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	5.79	4	2
Neoplasms, Skull [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	2.88	4	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	1.96	1	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	3.56	3	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	5.71	33	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	1.96	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	3.06	5	0
Cancer of ILEUM [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	3.81	4	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	3.81	4	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	3.46	8	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	2.66	3	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	1.96	1	0
Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue.	1.96	1	0
Aphthae [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	1.96	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	3.3	2	0
Cardiac Edema [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Edema, Cardiac Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).	1.96	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	2.36	2	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	2.89	4	0
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	1.96	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	1.96	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	2.37	2	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	2.65	3	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.22	6	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	1.95	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	1.96	1	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	2.36	2	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	1.95	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	3.31	2	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	2.39	2	0
Multiple Neurofibromas [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	1.98	1	0
Neurofibromatoses A group of disorders characterized by an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with high rates of spontaneous mutation and multiple neurofibromas or neurilemmomas. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 (generalized neurofibromatosis) accounts for approximately 95% of cases, although multiple additional subtypes (e.g., NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2, neurofibromatosis 3, etc.) have been described. (From Neurochirurgie 1998 Nov;44(4):267-72)	1.98	1	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	1.98	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	3.31	2	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	3.09	5	0
Asystole [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	1.98	1	0
Encephalitozoonosis Infection with FUNGI of the genus ENCEPHALITOZOON. Lesions commonly occur in the BRAIN and KIDNEY tubules. Other sites of infection in MAMMALS are the LIVER; ADRENAL GLANDS; OPTIC NERVES; RETINA; and MYOCARDIUM.	3.24	6	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	2.39	2	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.69	3	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.68	3	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	4.28	1	1
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	4.28	1	1
Neurofibroma A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)	4.28	1	1
Choked Disk [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	3.37	1	1
Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Island Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Adenoma, Islet Cell A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.	1.99	1	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	1.99	1	0
P carinii Infection [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pneumocystis Infections Infections with species in the genus PNEUMOCYSTIS, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS) and other infections in humans and other MAMMALS. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.	1.99	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	4.29	4	1
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	4.29	4	1
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	1.98	1	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Neoplasm Seeding The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.	1.99	1	0
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	3.37	1	1
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Aprosodia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	3.79	2	1
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	1.99	1	0
Neoplasms, Vascular [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.89	4	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Cerebromalacia [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	1.99	1	0
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.99	1	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	3.61	3	0
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	1.99	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	2	1	0
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	2	1	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	2	1	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	2	1	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2.91	1	0
Islet Cell Tumor, Malignant [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Carcinoma, Islet Cell A primary malignant neoplasm of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the non-INSULIN-producing cell types, the PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS) in GLUCAGONOMA and SOMATOSTATINOMA, respectively.	2.91	1	0
Polyomavirus Infections Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).	2	1	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	3.3	2	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.4	2	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	4.71	2	1
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	1.99	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	4.35	2	2
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	4.35	2	2
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Bewilderment [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	3.38	1	1
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	2	1	0
Clonorchiasis Infection of the biliary passages with CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. Extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Drooling [description not available]	2	1	0
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow.	2	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2	1	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2	1	0
Nail Fungus [description not available]	2	1	0
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	2	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	4.36	2	2
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	4.36	2	2
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	2	1	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	2	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2	1	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	2	1	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	2	1	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	2	1	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	2	1	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	2	1	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	2	1	0
Brown Lung [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	2.36	2	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	3.22	6	0
Dementia Multi-Infarct [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	1.97	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	1.97	1	0
Fungus Poisoning [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	1.97	1	0
Cardiac Neurosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	1.97	1	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	2.36	2	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	2.36	2	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	1.97	1	0
Aujeszky Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Krebs 2 A transplantable neoplasm of mice.	1.97	1	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	1.97	1	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	1.97	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	1.96	1	0
Atypical Lipoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.	1.96	1	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	1.96	1	0
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Stomatitis, Denture Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.	1.95	1	0
Adjustment Disorder [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Indigestion [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hypochondriacal Neuroses [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Bodily Distress Disorder [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	1.95	1	0
Adjustment Disorders Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.	1.95	1	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	1.95	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	1.95	1	0

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sesquiterpenes

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Synonyms (1)

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Overview

Effects

Toxicity

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Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

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Studies (16,717)

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Research Demand Index: 54.54

Study Types

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