chitosan profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	21896651
MeSH ID	M0049825

Synonym
9012-76-4
chitosan ,
FT-0623591
B0052-187887
PD055893

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In conclusion, it was suggested that subacute toxicity of chitosan oligosaccharide was low and the no-observed adverse effect level was considered to be over 2,000 mg/kg in rats."	( Subacute toxicity of chitosan oligosaccharide in Sprague-Dawley rats. Han, SS; Kim, SK; Park, PJ; Yang, HP, 2001)	0.31
" Cytotoxicity results showed that all derivatives were significantly less toxic than linear polyethylenimine (PEI)."	( Trimethylated chitosans as non-viral gene delivery vectors: cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency. Kean, T; Roth, S; Thanou, M, 2005)	0.33
" In addition, this therapy was found to be devoid of toxic effects, as evidenced by similarities between control and treated animals for the following parameters: body weight gain; biochemical markers of hepatic, renal, and pancreatic function; and macroscopic appearance of organs after 30 days of treatment."	( Intravenous delivery of anti-RhoA small interfering RNA loaded in nanoparticles of chitosan in mice: safety and efficacy in xenografted aggressive breast cancer. Bertrand, JR; Blot, E; Li, H; Lu, H; Maksimenko, A; Malvy, C; Opolon, P; Pillé, JY; Pritchard, LL; Soria, C; Soria, J; Vannier, JP, 2006)	0.33
" The histopathological analysis indicates the absence of inflammation on administration, suggesting that these formulations are safe during the studied period."	( Biodegradable in situ gelling system for subcutaneous administration of ellagic acid and ellagic acid loaded nanoparticles: evaluation of their antioxidant potential against cyclosporine induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Italia, JL; Ravi Kumar, MN; Sharma, G; Sonaje, K; Tikoo, K, 2007)	0.34
" There were 29 predominantly mild adverse events reported by 24 (23%) patients related to the study treatment, most frequently constipation (3."	( Efficacy and safety of chitosan HEP-40 in the management of hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Jaffer, S; Sampalis, JS, 2007)	0.34
"HEP-40 low-molecular weight chitosan, although not as effective as statins, is efficacious and safe in lowering LDL-C concentrations in treatment-naive patients with low-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia."	( Efficacy and safety of chitosan HEP-40 in the management of hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Jaffer, S; Sampalis, JS, 2007)	0.34
" By monitoring incidence of mortality, animal behaviour, clinical signs and abnormality in several organs, PMB in water solution was found lethal at a dose lower than the LD50 (790 mg kg(-1)) in the fasted state and toxic for the gastrointestinal tract in the fed state."	( Toxicity and gut associated lymphoid tissue translocation of polymyxin B orally administered by alginate/chitosan microparticles in rats. Bondi, M; Coppi, A; Coppi, G; Iannuccelli, V; Rossi, T; Sergi, S, 2008)	0.35
" Drug safety assessment studies including acute toxicity, hemolysis test, intravenous stimulation and injection anaphylaxis revealed that the PTX-M was safe for intravenous injection."	( Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, efficacy and safety of N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan micelles loaded with paclitaxel. Ding, Q; Guo, Q; Ping, Q; Qu, G; Shen, Z; Sun, Y; Wu, X; Yao, Z; Yuan, S; Zhang, C; Zhou, H, 2008)	0.35
" Safety assessments included adverse events and nasal examination."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of morphine-chitosan nasal solution in patients with moderate to severe pain following orthopedic surgery. Carr, DB; Ernst, C; Gawarecki, D; Hamilton, D; McNicol, E; Mermelstein, F; Reber, KR; Stoker, DG; Waltzman, LS; Wright, C, )	0.13
" Local adverse events associated with IN morphine were transient and mostly mild (bad taste, nasal congestion, throat irritation, and sneezing)."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of morphine-chitosan nasal solution in patients with moderate to severe pain following orthopedic surgery. Carr, DB; Ernst, C; Gawarecki, D; Hamilton, D; McNicol, E; Mermelstein, F; Reber, KR; Stoker, DG; Waltzman, LS; Wright, C, )	0.13
"By multiple measures of pain intensity and pain relief, IN morphine provides sustained analgesia in postsurgical patients and thus may offer a safe and less invasive alternative to IV morphine."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of morphine-chitosan nasal solution in patients with moderate to severe pain following orthopedic surgery. Carr, DB; Ernst, C; Gawarecki, D; Hamilton, D; McNicol, E; Mermelstein, F; Reber, KR; Stoker, DG; Waltzman, LS; Wright, C, )	0.13
" This new delivery system could offer a new pharmacological tool for the treatment of leishmaniosis that reduces the doses required, lowering toxic side effects because of meglumine antimoniate."	( In vitro evaluation of the effectiveness and cytotoxicity of meglumine antimoniate microspheres produced by spray drying against Leishmania infantum. Carrió, J; García, E; Miñarro, M; Pérez, P; Portus, M; Pujals, G; Suñé-Negre, JM; Tico, JR, 2008)	0.35
" It was demonstrated that Ch-SP-MS/EuL enhanced effectiveness of PD and reduced toxic side effects of PD greatly."	( Efficacy and toxicity of Eudragit-coated chitosan-succinyl-prednisolone conjugate microspheres using rats with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis. Machida, Y; Onishi, H; Oosegi, T, 2008)	0.35
"Chitosan, PCEP (poly{[(cholesteryl oxocarbonylamido ethyl) methyl bis(ethylene) ammonium iodide] ethyl phosphate}), and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were evaluated for the safe delivery of genes in the eye."	( Ocular nanoparticle toxicity and transfection of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Bhutto, I; Grebe, R; Kim, SY; Leong, K; Lutty, GA; McLeod, DS; Mennon, M; Merges, C; Prow, TW; Rodriguez, L; Uno, K, 2008)	0.35
" The LD50 and its 95% confidence interval of PTX-OCC were 134."	( [Solubilizing and sustained-releasing abilities and safety preliminary evaluation for paclitaxel based on N-octyl-O, N-carboxymethyl chitosan polymeric micelles]. Huo, MR; Liu, FJ; Liu, H; Lü, L; Zhang, Y; Zhou, JP, 2008)	0.35
" Safety assessments included adverse event recording and nasal examinations."	( The analgesic efficacy and safety of a novel intranasal morphine formulation (morphine plus chitosan), immediate release oral morphine, intravenous morphine, and placebo in a postsurgical dental pain model. Babul, N; Carr, DB; Christensen, KS; Cohen, AE; Hamilton, DA; McNicol, E; Mermelstein, FH, 2008)	0.35
" Study medications were generally well tolerated, with no withdrawals due to adverse events or other safety concerns, and no serious adverse events reported."	( The analgesic efficacy and safety of a novel intranasal morphine formulation (morphine plus chitosan), immediate release oral morphine, intravenous morphine, and placebo in a postsurgical dental pain model. Babul, N; Carr, DB; Christensen, KS; Cohen, AE; Hamilton, DA; McNicol, E; Mermelstein, FH, 2008)	0.35
" Therefore, the SPH-IPN was preliminarily considered to be biocompatible and might be a safe carrier for protein drugs."	( Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of superporous hydrogel containing interpenetrating polymer networks. Cui, L; Ding, J; He, M; Tang, C; Yin, C; Yin, L; Zhao, X, 2009)	0.35
" This review will aim to provide information on these biological properties that affect chitosan's safe use in drug delivery."	( Biodegradation, biodistribution and toxicity of chitosan. Kean, T; Thanou, M, 2010)	0.36
" The LD50 value of gold nanoparticles was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg."	( Acute and subacute toxicity studies of chitosan reduced gold nanoparticles: a novel carrier for therapeutic agents. Bhumkar, D; Bodhankar, S; Dhar, S; Mali, V; Pokharkar, V; Prasad, BL, 2009)	0.35
" Consequently, the impacts of such nanoparticles on organisms and on the environment need to be investigated to ensure their safe use."	( Evaluation of the genotoxicity of chitosan nanoparticles for use in food packaging films. Ahmad Aouada, F; De Lima, R; de Moura, MR; do Espírito Santo Pereira, A; Feitosa, L; Fernandes Fraceto, L; Henrique Capparelli Mattoso, L, 2010)	0.36
" It is essential to establish an efficient and safe protocol for the administration of camptothecin versus tumor metastasis and growth."	( The antitumor and antimetastatic effects of N-trimethyl chitosan-encapsulated camptothecin on ovarian cancer with minimal side effects. Chen, X; Du, L; He, X; Li, X; Li, Z; Qian, Z; Wei, Y; Wen, Y; Zhao, X; Zhou, L, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse reactions only occurred in the area of treatment due to photothermal injury and local administration of immunoadjuvant."	( Preliminary safety and efficacy results of laser immunotherapy for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer patients. Adalsteinsson, O; Chen, WR; Ferrel, GL; Guerra, MC; Hode, T; Li, X; Liu, H; Lunn, JA; Nordquist, RE, 2011)	0.37
" Here we show effective and safe gene-based delivery of GLP-1 using chitosan/plasmid-DNA therapeutic nanocomplexes (TNCs) in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) animal model of T2D."	( Effective and safe gene-based delivery of GLP-1 using chitosan/plasmid-DNA therapeutic nanocomplexes in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Alameh, M; Buschmann, MD; Jean, M; Merzouki, A, 2011)	0.37
" FCM test showed the nanoparticles had significant toxic effects against malignant astrocytoma U251 cell lines, equal to taxol alone."	( [Preparation of superparamagnetic paclitaxel nanoparticles from modified chitosan and their cytotoxicity against malignant brain glioma]. Chang, J; Li, A; Liang, S; Wang, H; Yan, R; Zhang, J; Zhao, M, 2011)	0.37
" The main objective of this study is to assess the safety of Glipizide (GZ) loaded polymeric nanoparticle systematically and to observe the toxic effects of nanoparticles on the functions of various tissues and organs in rats."	( Sub acute toxicity assessment of glipizide engineered polymeric nanoparticles. Kishore, N; Lekshmi, UM; Reddy, PN, 2011)	0.37
" No participant had a positive SPT to chitosan powder or experienced an adverse reaction during bandage challenges."	( Safety of chitosan bandages in shellfish allergic patients. Gomez, R; Haney, B; Moore, M; Waibel, KH; Whisman, B, 2011)	0.37
" These results indicated that female mice were more susceptible to the toxic effect of chitosan than males when administered with the higher dose for a long period."	( Chitosan induced hepato-nephrotoxicity in mice with special reference to gender effect in glycolytic enzymes activities. Aly, HF; Nada, SA; Omara, EA, 2012)	0.38
" However, the oligomers obtained after hydrolysis demonstrated no toxic effects on the normal cells (3T3)."	( Chitooligosaccharides antagonize the cytotoxic effect of glucosamine. Costa, LS; de Assis, CF; de Macedo, GR; Melo-Silveira, RF; Oliveira, RM; Pagnoncelli, MG; Rocha, HA; Santos, ES, 2012)	0.38
" We found that MMWC was toxic for two parasite forms."	( In vitro analysis regarding the safety of components used in a film-based therapeutic system loaded with meglumine antimoniate and its activity toward Leishmania major experimental infections: a preliminary study. Barbosa, H; Delgado, G; Gutiérrez, J; Pinzón, J; Vallejo, B, 2013)	0.39
" However, to develop an intranasal vaccine to deliver inactivated virus, a safe and effective adjuvant is necessary to enhance the mucosal immune response."	( Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of chitosan derivatives as adjuvants for intranasal vaccines. Fukushima, K; Hasegawa, H; Ishikawa, K; Kobayashi, T; Saito, N; Sannan, T; Sato, Y; Takiguchi, Y, 2013)	0.39
" It is safe and nontoxic to neural tissue."	( The efficacy and safety of chitosan dextran gel in a burr hole neurosurgical sheep model. Bassiouni, A; Drilling, A; Ha, T; Harding, M; James, C; Jardeleza, C; Moratti, S; Rajiv, S; Robinson, S; Wormald, PJ, 2013)	0.39
"Controlling and minimizing the adverse effects of drugs are the key issues in ensuring the safety of drug therapy."	( Identification and analysis of an impurity inducing clinical adverse effect in anti-adhesion carboxymethyl chitosan products. Jiang, TF; Lv, ZH; Wang, DY; Wang, YH; Yu, MM, 2013)	0.39
" These results indicated CS/CMCS-NPs were highly efficient and safe as an oral delivery system for DOX."	( Chitosan/o-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for efficient and safe oral anticancer drug delivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Chen, X; Cheng, X; Feng, C; Jiang, C; Kong, M; Li, Y; Wang, Z; Zhou, X, 2013)	0.39
"Anti-adhesion modified chitosan is both convenient and safe for clinical application."	( [Safety analysis of application of medical anti-adhesion modified chitosan in cardiac surgery]. Chen, XL; Chi, LQ; Kong, QY; Lin, Y; Niu, YP; Xiao, W; Zhang, JQ; Zhou, ZJ, 2013)	0.39
" Toxic effect of the prepared magnetic particles was determined as well and was examined on five different bacterial cultures; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae."	( Toxicity of magnetic chitosan micro and nanoparticles as carriers for biologically active substances. Crnjac, A; Heržič, K; Hojski, A; Knez, Z; Leitgeb, M; Podrepšek, GH, 2014)	0.4
"Acetaminophen (APAP) is the most commonly reported toxic ingestion in the world."	( Protective effect of chitosan treatment against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Erkasap, N; Karimi, H; Ozcelik, E; Uslu, S, 2014)	0.4
" Nanocarriers may be a promising alternative for prolonged, effective and safe intravesical drug delivery due to their favorable size, surface properties and optimum interaction with mucosal layer of the bladder wall."	( Cationic core-shell nanoparticles for intravesical chemotherapy in tumor-induced rat model: safety and efficacy. Bilensoy, E; Erdogar, N; Eroglu, H; İskit, AB; Mungan, NA; Sargon, MF, 2014)	0.4
" In the acute toxicity test, the LD10 and LD50 of free EcEO was 1999 and 2653 mg/kg, respectively, while the LD10 and LD50 of nanoencapsulated EcEO was 1121 and 1681 mg/kg, respectively."	( Efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and toxicity for mice. Araújo Filho, JV; Bevilaqua, CM; Camurça-Vasconcelos, AL; Macedo, IT; Magalhães, RD; Paula, HC; Ribeiro, JC; Ribeiro, WL; Santos, JM, 2014)	0.4
" This work investigates the preparation and characterization of nanoparticles composed of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) to produce an efficient herbicidal formulation that was less toxic and could be used for safer control of weeds in agriculture."	( Chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles loaded with paraquat herbicide: an environmentally safer alternative for weed control. de Lima, R; Fraceto, LF; Greiner, R; Grillo, R; Nishisaka, CS; Oehlke, K; Pereira, AE, 2014)	0.4
" In addition, the toxic effects of the tested compounds on the activity of ATPase indicated that highly significant inhibition was found with N-(4-propylbenzyl)chitosan with an IC50 of 8194 and 8035 mg/L, in females and males, respectively."	( Toxicity of naturally occurring Bio-fly and chitosan compounds to control the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Badawy, ME; El-Gendy, IR; Nasr, HM; Rabea, EI, 2015)	0.42
" Local, transient reactions at the injection site were the most common adverse events."	( Evaluation of safety and efficacy as an adjuvant for the chitosan-based vaccine delivery vehicle ViscoGel in a single-blind randomised Phase I/IIa clinical trial. Al-Tawil, N; Andersson, M; Binnmyr, J; Enoksson, M; Franzén, H; Gafvelin, G; Grönlund, H; Hällgren, AC; Lafolie, P; Langebäck, J; Lind Enoksson, S; Lindberg, A; Neimert-Andersson, T; Singer, P; Zettergren, L, 2014)	0.4
" Although a low toxic tissue response was observed in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, further studies are necessary to justify the use of this material in tissue engineering applications."	( Biocompatibility and toxicity of poly(vinyl alcohol)/N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan scaffold. Choon, DS; Ibrahim, NS; Kamarul, T; Krishnamurithy, G; Raghavendran, HR; Salih, ND; Suhaeb, AR, 2014)	0.4
" AFB1 wielded their toxic effects on the survival, spontaneous movement, hatching and heart rate and development of embryos were observed in both time and dose-dependent manner at 4μM."	( Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio): potential activity of piceatannol encapsulated chitosan/poly (lactic acid) nanoparticles. Baskar, SK; Dhanapal, J; Ravindrran, MB, 2015)	0.42
"In this study, the improved safety and enhanced immune response characteristics of our novel adjuvant system suggest the possibility of the extended use of adjuvants in clinical practice with reduced apprehension about toxic side effects."	( GM-CSF-loaded chitosan hydrogel as an immunoadjuvant enhances antigen-specific immune responses with reduced toxicity. Byeon, Y; Han, HD; Jeon, HN; Jung, ID; Kang, TH; Kim, HS; Kim, TW; Lee, KM; Lee, YH; Noh, KH; Park, YM; Seong, SY; Shin, BC; Song, KH, 2014)	0.4
" Taking into consideration the prospects of these highly luminescent, bio-compatible ZnS:Mn nanocrystals in bio-imaging applications, cytotoxicity studies were conducted to identify the capping combination which would accomplish minimum toxic effects."	( Cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of ZnS:Mn nanocrystals biofunctionalized with chitosan and aminoacids. Anas, A; Das, AV; Jayalekshmi, S; Sajimol Augustine, M; Sreekanth, S, 2015)	0.42
" Chitosans obtained from Panurilus argus lobster shell have low toxicity and may be safe in rats because it did not cause any lethality or changes in the general behavior in both the single and repeated dose toxicity studies."	( Safety evaluation of chitosan and chitosan acid salts from Panurilus argus lobster. Aparicio, G; de la Paz, N; Dominguez, J; Lagarto, A; Merino, N; Spencer, E; Valdes, O, 2015)	0.42
" The ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assays showed that humic substances can decrease the toxic effects of nanoparticles containing paraquat."	( Chitosan nanoparticles loaded the herbicide paraquat: the influence of the aquatic humic substances on the colloidal stability and toxicity. Campos, EV; Chalupe, VC; Clemente, Z; de Lima, R; de Oliveira, JL; Fraceto, LF; Greiner, R; Grillo, R; Jonsson, CM; Nishisaka, CS; Oehlke, K; Rosa, AH; Sanches, G, 2015)	0.42
" In this context, microencapsulation for pulmonary administration can offer an alternative to increase the bioavailability of dapsone, reducing its adverse effects."	( Development of Novel Chitosan Microcapsules for Pulmonary Delivery of Dapsone: Characterization, Aerosol Performance, and In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation. Guterres, SS; Jornada, DS; Ortiz, M; Pohlmann, AR, 2015)	0.42
" Further, the aim was to investigate adverse effect of acute and sub-acute toxicity of chitosan nanogels (CS-NGs) loaded with FUCO+GL in rats."	( Chitosan-glycolipid nanogels loaded with anti-obese marine carotenoid fucoxanthin: Acute and sub-acute toxicity evaluation in rodent model. Arunkumar, R; Baskaran, V; Ravi, H, 2015)	0.42
" Results also showed that the most important factor in determining the particles' toxicity is size--smaller particles showed more toxic effects, regardless of the effect of other input parameters."	( Cytotoxicity of chitosan/streptokinase nanoparticles as a function of size: An artificial neural networks study. Amani, A; Baharifar, H, 2016)	0.43
" HC-HT CSNPs exhibited LD50 > 125 mg/body surface area of active, which is 100-fold higher than the normal human dose of HC."	( Minimization of Local and Systemic Adverse Effects of Topical Glucocorticoids by Nanoencapsulation: In Vivo Safety of Hydrocortisone-Hydroxytyrosol Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles. Amin, MCIM; Buang, F; Jamil, A; Katas, H; Ng, SF; Siddique, MI; Zulfakar, MH, 2015)	0.42
" In this work, the effectiveness, toxic side effects (5 mg prednisolone (PD) eq/kg × 3 d, 10 mg PD eq/kg × 3 d), and pharmacokinetic characteristics (5 mg PD eq/kg) were examined using rats with colitis induced through 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid."	( Comparison of Simple Eudragit Microparticles Loaded with Prednisolone and Eudragit-Coated Chitosan-Succinyl-Prednisolone Conjugate Microparticles: Part II. In Vivo Evaluation of Efficacy, Toxicity, and Biodisposition Characteristics. Kikuchi, H; Onishi, H, 2015)	0.42
" In conclusion, these results point out to a safe use of PLGA NPs regardless of their surface coating compared to non-biodegradable ones."	( Compared in vivo toxicity in mice of lung delivered biodegradable and non-biodegradable nanoparticles. Aragao-Santiago, L; Coll, JL; Dufort, S; Fattal, E; Grabowski, N; Hillaireau, H; Mura, S; Nascimento, TL; Tsapis, N, 2016)	0.43
" MTT and euglobulin clot lysis assays on the optimized nanoparticles showed that chitosan/streptokinase nanoparticles have slightly toxic effect on human fetal lung fibroblast cells (Mrc-5), compared with chitosan and streptokinase alone as a control."	( Optimization of Self-Assembled Chitosan/Streptokinase Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity and Thrombolytic Activity. Amani, A; Baharifar, H; Bidgoli, SA; Faramarzi, MA; Ghanbari, H; Karimi, R; Tavoosidana, G, 2015)	0.42
"Sodium hyaluronate gel or chitosan smeared around the limbs of a defunctioning enterostomy was safe and effective in the prevention of postoperative peristomal adhesions."	( Safety and Efficacy of Sodium Hyaluronate Gel and Chitosan in Preventing Postoperative Peristomal Adhesions After Defunctioning Enterostomy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trials. Fan, D; He, X; Hu, J; Lan, P; Lin, X; Wu, X, 2015)	0.42
" The study of acute oral toxicity in mice revealed no adverse short-term effects of consumption in the synthesized materials with non-toxicity evidence until 2000 mg/kg through an oral acute administration."	( Suppression of the tert-butylhydroquinone toxicity by its grafting onto chitosan and further cross-linking to agavin toward a novel antioxidant and prebiotic material. Gimeno, M; Gracia-Mora, I; Hernández-Castro, R; Hernández-Valdepeña, MA; Montiel, C; Nieto-Sotelo, J; Pedraza-Chaverri, J; Sánchez-Bartez, F; Shirai, K, 2016)	0.43
" Furthermore, damaged tissues were found in the livers and kidneys of mice injected with DOTAREM®, but there were no obvious adverse effects with Gd(iii)-CNPs."	( T1-Weighted MR imaging of liver tumor by gadolinium-encapsulated glycol chitosan nanoparticles without non-specific toxicity in normal tissues. Choi, K; Choi, SH; Han, H; Han, SJ; Kim, H; Kim, K; Koo, H; Kwon, IC; Lee, KE; Lee, S; Na, JH, 2016)	0.43
" leaves has cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cell lines but is less toxic towards normal cells."	( Formulation and Cytotoxicity of Ribosome-Inactivating Protein Mirabilis Jalapa L. Nanoparticles Using Alginate-Low Viscosity Chitosan Conjugated with Anti-Epcam Antibodies in the T47D Breast Cancer Cell Line. Ismail, H; Martien, R; Name, S; Wicaksono, PA, 2016)	0.43
" In this article, we report a free-standing nanomembrane that was developed using a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique with a safe and sacrificial substrate method."	( Fast and safe fabrication of a free-standing chitosan/alginate nanomembrane to promote stem cell delivery and wound healing. Darabi, MA; Kong, Y; Luo, G; Wu, J; Xing, MM; Xu, R; Zhong, W, 2016)	0.43
" Hence, objective of the current study was to investigate the potential toxic effects of ACS c-SLN combined chemopreventive regimens following acute (3 days), subacute (28 days), and subchronic (90 days) administrations by oral gavage in BALB/c mice."	( Preclinical systemic toxicity evaluation of chitosan-solid lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated aspirin and curcumin in combination with free sulforaphane in BALB/c mice. Chenreddy, S; Khamas, W; Prabhu, S; Thakkar, A; Thio, A; Wang, J, 2016)	0.43
" The facilitated intracellular gene release along with excellent redox-responsive characteristics and dropped cytotoxicity suggests the potential of GCS-ss-PEI as a candidate for developing highly efficient and safe gene vectors."	( Bioreducible PEI-functionalized glycol chitosan: A novel gene vector with reduced cytotoxicity and improved transfection efficiency. Chandrasekaran, R; Cheng, W; Hourigan, K; Taranejoo, S, 2016)	0.43
"The tunability of the properties of chitosan-based carriers opens new ways for the application of drugs with low water-stability or high adverse effects."	( Controlling Properties and Cytotoxicity of Chitosan Nanocapsules by Chemical Grafting. Alleva, M; de la Fuente, JM; De Matteis, L; García-Embid, S; Moros, M; Serrano-Sevilla, I; Stepien, G, 2016)	0.43
" However, no study has investigated the possible toxic side effects of chitosan treatments, in particular when regarding the most important bioenergetic organelle, mitochondria."	( Hepatic and skeletal muscle mitochondrial toxicity of chitosan oligosaccharides of normal and diabetic rats. Duarte, FV; Gomes, AP; Palmeira, CM; Rolo, AP; Teodoro, JS; Varela, AT, 2016)	0.43
" The overall aim was to end up with a selection of safe polymer coated liposomes with promising mucoadhesive properties for drug delivery to the oral cavity."	( Polymer coated liposomes for use in the oral cavity - a study of the in vitro toxicity, effect on cell permeability and interaction with mucin. Hiorth, M; Jacobsen, J; Kjøniksen, AL; Klemetsrud, T; Smistad, G, 2018)	0.48
" The exceptional resistance of Toledo cells to toxic effects of CdS nanoconjugates even at severe test conditions was assigned to specific role of B-lineage cells of the immune defense system."	( In vitro and in vivo assessment of nanotoxicity of CdS quantum dot/aminopolysaccharide bionanoconjugates. de Carvalho, SM; Guedes, MIMC; Leite, MF; Lobato, ZIP; Mansur, AAP; Mansur, HS, 2017)	0.46
" The results of the acute toxicity assay revealed that the LD50 mice was >707."	( Safety and toxicology of the intravenous administration of Ang2‑siRNA plasmid chitosan magnetic nanoparticles. Hu, X; Liu, Z; Shan, X; Wang, B; Xu, T; Zhang, YD, 2017)	0.46
" Both loaded and unloaded NC_PCL were the most toxic formulations to developmental rate, significantly reducing worms length, even at low concentrations."	( Safety assessment of nanopesticides using the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Ávila, DS; Campos, EV; Fraceto, LF; Jacques, MT; Oliveira, JL, 2017)	0.46
" The results also revealed that the nanogels and the magnetite nanogels seem to possess promising capability as a safe carrier in comparison of the toxic potential effect of free doxorubicin."	( Magnetic nanogels as dual triggered anticancer drug delivery: Toxicity evaluation on isolated rat liver mitochondria. Hamidi, M; Hosseini, MJ; Hosseini-Monfared, H; Rostamizadeh, K; Sadighian, S, 2017)	0.46
" SNP2 also effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of cancer cells with minimal toxic effect on normal cells."	( Preparation of sulfur nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect. Pangeni, R; Park, JW; Rhim, JW; Shankar, S, 2018)	0.48
"The drug-loaded NPs present increased toxicity over human breast cancer cells without increasing toxic effects over endothelial cells."	( Gemcitabine delivered by fucoidan/chitosan nanoparticles presents increased toxicity over human breast cancer cells. Martins, A; Neves, NM; Oliveira, C; Reis, RL; Silva, TH, 2018)	0.48
" These pH-sensitive hydrogels appear to provide an ideal basis as a safe carrier for oral drug delivery."	( Facile Synthesis of Chitosan Based-(AMPS-co-AA) Semi-IPNs as a Potential Drug Carrier: Enzymatic Degradation, Cytotoxicity, and Preliminary Safety Evaluation. Khan, SA; Mannan, A; Murtaza, G; Rashid, H; Shah, A; Sohail, M; Ullah, K, 2019)	0.51
" Oral biocompatibility in albino rabbits showed that the hydrogel suspension was tolerable up to 3600 mg/kg as no toxic or histopathological changes were observed upon comparison with the control group."	( Natural and synthetic materials based CMCh/PVA hydrogels for oxaliplatin delivery: Fabrication, characterization, In-Vitro and In-Vivo safety profiling. Khan, SA; Murtaza, G; Sohail, M; Ullah, K, 2019)	0.51
"the formulation with chamomile microparticles is safe for topical use, not causing irritation and improving skin hydration over four weeks of use."	( Safety of a formulation containing chitosan microparticles with chamomile: blind controlled clinical trial. Campos, PMBGM; Carvalho, EC; Freitas, LAP; Garbuio, DC; Melo, MO; Zamarioli, CM, 2018)	0.48
"A simple and safe method was used to stabilize nanofibrous structure of chitosan (CS) based mats obtained from acidic solution."	( Stabilization of chitosan based electrospun nanofibers through a simple and safe method. Asvar, Z; Azarpira, N; Fadaie, M; Mirzaei, E, 2019)	0.51
"As a potent herbicide capable of contaminating water and soil environments, paraquat, which is still widely used worldwide, is toxic to mammals, algae, aquatic animals, etc."	( Pectin/Chitosan/Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles: Efficient Carriers for Reducing Soil Sorption, Cytotoxicity, and Mutagenicity of Paraquat and Enhancing Its Herbicide Activity. Birjandi, M; Davari, B; Heydari, R; Kordi, S; Maleki, A; Mohammadi, E; Pajouhi, N; Rashidipour, M; Rasoulian, B; Rezaee, R, 2019)	0.51
" Since ZnSe QDs were toxic for most of the investigated cancer cell lines, they cannot be used as inert tracers for bioimaging, but can be promising for further investigation for anticancer therapy."	( Ligand-assisted synthesis and cytotoxicity of ZnSe quantum dots stabilized by N-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosans. Bratskaya, S; Konovalova, M; Mironenko, A; Modin, E; Pestov, A; Sergeev, A; Sergeeva, K; Svirshchevskaya, E, 2019)	0.51
"All low-sodium sausage types tested are suggested to be safe in terms of subacute toxicity."	( Subacute feeding toxicity of low-sodium sausages manufactured with sodium substitutes and biopolymer-encapsulated saltwort (Salicornia herbacea) in a mouse model. Hur, SJ; Jung, EY; Kim, OY; Lee, DY; Lee, SY; Yim, DG, 2020)	0.56
"Cypermethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, may cause several adverse effects including nephrotoxicity."	( Nephroprotective effects of curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticles in cypermethrin induced renal toxicity in rabbits. Akhtar, B; Anwar, M; Muhammad, F; Saleemi, MK; Ur Rehman, S, 2020)	0.56
" The study suggests that the nanohybrid developed will be safe and useful for delivery of micro or macro biomolecules in fish and higher animals."	( Chitosan grafting onto single-walled carbon nanotubes increased their stability and reduced the toxicity in vivo (catfish) model. Bhat, IA; Chanu, TI; Kumar, P; Nayak, SK; Pathakota, GB; Sharma, R; Walke, P; Wisdom, KS, 2020)	0.56
"Although fungicides could be the best solution in combating fungal infections in crops, however, the phytotoxic level of fungicides to the crops should be tested first to ensure that it is safe for the crops."	( Phytotoxicity of chitosan-based agronanofungicides in the vegetative growth of oil palm seedling. Daim, LDJ; Fakurazi, S; Hilmi, NHZ; Hussein, MZ; Idris, AS; Maluin, FN; Yusof, NA, 2020)	0.56
"The aim of this study was to formulate an easily-administered, safe and effective dosage form loaded with meclizine for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) through the buccal route."	( Nanotechnology based blended chitosan-pectin hybrid for safe and efficient consolidative antiemetic and neuro-protective effect of meclizine hydrochloride in chemotherapy induced emesis. Elmotasem, H; Salama, AAA; Salama, AH, 2020)	0.56
" The corneal hydration and histopathology of excised goat cornea revealed safe to the cornea."	( Stimulus Responsive Ocular Gentamycin-Ferrying Chitosan Nanoparticles Hydrogel: Formulation Optimization, Ocular Safety and Antibacterial Assessment. Afzal, M; Alhakamy, NA; Alharbi, KS; Alotaibi, NH; Alruwaili, NK; Alshehri, S; Alzarea, AI; Elmowafy, M; Imam, SS; Zafar, A, 2020)	0.56
" The cytotoxic assay showed that the incorporation of PCA into the CS matrix increased the toxic effect on ARPE-19 cells."	( Phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and in vivo antifungal efficacy of chitosan nanobiocomposites on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Argüelles-Monal, WM; Burboa-Zazueta, MG; Burgos-Hernández, A; Calderón-Santoyo, M; Cortez-Rocha, MO; Gálvez-Iriqui, AC; García-Romo, JS; Luque-Alcaraz, AG; Plascencia-Jatomea, M, 2021)	0.62
"The clinical studies proved the adverse effect of Propranolol on sexual function."	( An Herbal Nanohybrid Formula of Epigallocatechin Gallate-Chitosan-Alginate Efficiently Restrict the Sexual Dysfunction Adverse Effect of Abo El-Ela, FI; El-Banna, HA; El-Nesr, KA; El-Shahawy, AAG; Khaled, E; Zanaty, MI, 2020)	0.56
" Furthermore, the histopathological assessment and HET-CAM study revealed that the DRZ-CS-PCL-NPs were non-irritant and safe for ocular administration."	( Optimization to development of chitosan decorated polycaprolactone nanoparticles for improved ocular delivery of dorzolamide: In vitro, ex vivo and toxicity assessments. Alshehri, S; Imam, SS; Rizwanullah, M; Shahab, MS, 2020)	0.56
" Therefore, reduction of Aβ neurotoxicity via inhibiting aggregation of Aβ or dissociating toxic Aβ aggregates into nontoxic forms might be effective therapeutic methods for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment."	( Blood-Brain Barrier Permeable Chitosan Oligosaccharides Interfere with β-Amyloid Aggregation and Alleviate β-Amyloid Protein Mediated Neurotoxicity and Neuroinflammation in a Dose- and Degree of Polymerization-Dependent Manner. Du, Y; Jiao, S; Li, J; Li, R; Wang, ZA; Wei, J; Yan, Y; Zhu, L, 2020)	0.56
" Moreover, this therapeutic combination of agents is safe and does not weaken the healing of the sutured enterotomy site."	( Prevention of adhesions post-abdominal surgery: Assessing the safety and efficacy of Chitogel with Deferiprone in a rat model. Bassiouni, A; Bennett, C; Cooksley, C; Finnie, J; Jones, CF; Maddern, G; Moratti, S; Psaltis, AJ; Quarrington, RD; Trochsler, M; Vediappan, RS; Vreugde, S; Wormald, PJ, 2021)	0.62
" It is thought that because of the ecofriendly nature of chitosan, CZNCs may pave the way to developing less toxic surfaces for combating marine fouling."	( "Safe" Chitosan/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite Has Minimal Organ-Specific Toxicity in Early Stages of Zebrafish Development. Al-Asmakh, M; Calzolari, S; Mahmoud, KA; Nasrallah, GK; Pintus, G; Rasool, K; Younes, N; Younes, S, 2020)	0.56
" Nanomedicine may provide safe and efficient drug delivery systems offering breakthrough innovation in targeting Wnt signaling."	( Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Inhibitor Delivered by Chitosan Nanocapsules Promotes Safe, Fast, and Efficient Activation of Wnt Signaling Ambrosone, A; De La Fuente, JM; Matteis, L; Serrano-Sevilla, I; Tortiglione, C, 2020)	0.56
" Therefore, in this study sodium alginate and chitosan were used to synthesize the hydrogels that are known as biocompatible, hydrophilic and low toxic drug delivery systems."	( Cytotoxicity Effects of Curcumin Loaded on Chitosan Alginate Nanospheres on the KMBC-10 Spheroids Cell Line. Afzali, E; Ansari, M; Eslaminejad, T; Shahrokhi-Farjah, M; Yazdi Rouholamini, SE, 2021)	0.62
"Topical application of hm-P in conjunction with pneumatic compression was safe and resulted in rapid and predictable hemostasis at the arterial puncture site."	( Safe and rapid radial hemostasis achieved using a novel topical hemostatic patch: Results of a first-in-human pilot study using hydrophobically modified polysaccharide-chitosan. Anchan, R; Besser, SA; Blair, J; Fernandez, C; Kalathiya, R; Larsen, P; Lee, L; Nathan, S; Paul, J; Venturini, J, 2022)	0.72
"The findings from ERG, US, SLB, funduscopy, and IOP showed no detectable adverse effects caused by our biodegradable micro-implants."	( Non-invasive evaluation of toxicity in vitreoretinal domain following insertion of sustained release methotrexate micro-implant. Augsburger, JJ; Banerjee, RK; Caixeta Faraj, RQ; Correa, ZM; Manna, S; Nair, V; Rao, MB; Riemann, B; Riemann, CD, 2021)	0.62
"Excessive cadmium (Cd) causes toxic effects on crops."	( Foliage application of chitosan alleviates the adverse effects of cadmium stress in wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.). Gai, L; Liu, J; Zong, H, 2021)	0.62
" The purpose of this study was to study the toxic effects of BPA on the biochemical variables and oxidative stress in female African catfish, Clarias gariepinus and to estimate the protective role of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) against BPA toxicity."	( Chitosan nanoparticles alleviated endocrine disruption, oxidative damage, and genotoxicity of Bisphenol-A- intoxicated female African catfish. Ali, RM; Hamed, HS; Hussein, NM; Shaheen, AA, 2021)	0.62
" No mortalities or significant adverse effects were recorded in non-infected treated-groups while infected were (20%) LEV, (30%) CNPs, (40%) FOS and (70%) G2."	( Assessment the efficacy of some various treatment methods, in vitro and in vivo, against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in fish with regard to side effects and residues. El-Sherbeny, EME; Kassem, S; Khoris, EA, 2022)	0.72
" Both dressings were well tolerated and there were no adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of chitosan-based bio-compatible dressing versus nanosilver (Acticoat Abdollahimajd, F; Mahdavi, H; Mirzadeh, H; Moravvej, H; Pourani, MR; Younespour, S, 2022)	0.72
" Chitosan nanocapsules were the most toxic in all exposures, demonstrating toxicity even at low concentrations."	( Safety assessment of different unloaded polymeric nanocapsules in Caenorhabditis elegans. Agarrayua, DA; Ávila, DS; Funguetto-Ribeiro, AC; Haas, SE; Trevisan, P, 2023)	0.91
" Unfortunately, there is currently no foolproof method for determining the microbial consortium and providing a safe oral dosage for every patient."	( Amygdalin: A Review on Its Characteristics, Antioxidant Potential, Gastrointestinal Microbiota Intervention, Anticancer Therapeutic and Mechanisms, Toxicity, and Encapsulation. Abdellatif, AAH; Algheshairy, RM; Alhomaid, RM; Aljutaily, T; Almujaydil, MS; Almutairi, AS; Alshimali, SI; Barakat, H, 2022)	0.72
" The results showed that celecoxib (20 µg/ml) induced a significant increase in cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm) collapse, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial swelling while CuCsSLN and curcumin reverted the above toxic effect of celecoxib."	( Curcumin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticle Preparation and Its Protective Effect on Celecoxib-induced Toxicity in Rat isolated Cardiomyocytes and Mitochondria. Ebrahimi, HA; Esmaeli, S; Khezri, S; Salimi, A, 2023)	0.91
" The interactions between QC and nanoparticles caused the nanocomposite pH-responsive behavior that assists in minimizing the side effect of the anticancer agent by controlling the burst release of QC at neutral conditions."	( Development of chitosan/halloysite/graphitic‑carbon nitride nanovehicle for targeted delivery of quercetin to enhance its limitation in cancer therapy: An in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells. Khadiv-Parsi, P; Pourmadadi, M; Rashedi, H; Sabzini, M; Yazdian, F, 2023)	0.91
" No sign of toxic effect on the zebra fish embryonic developmental stages revealed biocompatibility of the nanocomposite."	( Chitosan nanocomposite as an effective carrier of potential herbicidal metabolites for noteworthy phytotoxic effect against major aquatic invasive weed water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). , 2023)	0.91
" Arsenic (As) is an environmental pollutant with a major health concern due to its toxic effects on multiple body organs, including the brain."	( Salix subserrata Bark Extract-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Attenuate Neurotoxicity Induced by Sodium Arsenate in Rats in Relation with HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS Profile. Bakr, AF; El-Shazly, AM; El-Shiekh, RA; Farrag, N; Hamdan, DI; Khalil, HMA; Mahmoud, MY; Tawfeek, N; Wink, M; Zaafar, D, 2022)	0.72
"Safe antioxidants are highly demanded in food preservation, yet existing preparation methods of typical bio-based antioxidants all suffer from either toxic catalysts or poor water solubility of the products."	( Thermal-assisted synthesis of ferulic acid-chitosan complex in water and its application as safe antioxidant. Chen, H; Duan, X; Wang, B; Wang, X; Xiang, S; Xu, J, 2023)	0.91
"This study aims to inspect the neuroprotective effect of selenium-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-SeNPs) against the adverse impact of Ag-NPs on brain tissue in adult rats."	( Assessment of the neuroprotective effect of selenium-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against silver nanoparticles-induced toxicity in rats. Ahmed, YH; Elbargeesy, GA; Khalil, HMA; Mahmoud, MY; Mekkawy, AM; Shalaby, OE, 2023)	0.91
"Sildenafil (SF) is widely used for erectile dysfunction and other conditions, though with limitations regarding oral absorption and adverse effects."	( Chitosan Nanoparticles Alleviated the Adverse Effects of Sildenafil on the Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Rats. Alian, DME; El-Khordagui, L; Haroun, M; Nounou, MI; Patel, A; Sheweita, SA, 2023)	0.91
" In this vein, our nanofiber has a variety of advantages including biocompatibility, strong long-term antibacterial effect, and skin adaptability, revealing the significant potential to be used as highly safe biomaterial for wound dressings."	( Long-term antibacterial activity by synergistic release of biosafe lysozyme and chitosan from LBL-structured nanofibers. Chen, C; Deng, H; Du, Y; Liu, F; Shi, X; Wu, J; Wu, Y; Zhao, Z, 2023)	0.91
" The evaluation of both in vitro and in vivo testing shows that nanoparticles with chitosan have significantly less, if any, toxic effects compared to those without chitosan."	( Bringing pathology to nanomedicine: a comparison of in vivo toxicity of polymeric nanoparticle carriers with and without chitosan coating. Chakim, Z; Foroglou, N; Kapoukranidou, D; Karagkiozaki, V; Logothetidis, S; Poulios, C; Zarampoukas, T, 2023)	0.91
" Exposure to toxic agents and chemicals that induce cardiac dysfunction has been of interest in recent years."	( Nanobiotechnology-based strategies in alleviation of chemotherapy-mediated cardiotoxicity. Luo, X, 2023)	0.91
" The chitosan-STWE adsorbent was determined to be non-toxic, thus safe to be used in wastewater treatment applications."	( Spent tea waste extract as a green modifying agent of chitosan for aspirin adsorption: Fixed-bed column, modeling and toxicity studies. Nabgan, W; Ngadi, N; Noralidin, NA; Nordin, AH; Nordin, ML; Osman, AY; Shaari, R, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Pharmacokinetic analysis of each plasma concentration indicated that for each conjugate, the in vitro drug release reported previously was useful for the approximate estimation of the in vivo regeneration of MMC."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics and antitumor activity of the N-succinyl-chitosan-mitomycin C conjugate and the carboxymethyl-chitin-mitomycin C conjugate. Nagai, T; Onishi, H; Song, Y, 1993)	0.29
" The mean half-life of M6G after intravenous administration was 51."	( Nasal administration of morphine-6-glucuronide in sheep--a pharmacokinetic study. Barrett, DA; Davis, SS; Farraj, NF; Fisher, AN; Illum, L; Pawula, M; Shaw, PN, 1996)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that morphine release from the gel matrix was significantly prolonged but fully bioavailable."	( Pharmacokinetics of an injectable sustained-release formulation of morphine for use in dogs. Dohoo, SE; Elson, CM; Ross, SJ; Tasker, RA, 1997)	0.3
"A pharmacokinetic model of colon-specific drug delivery developed in a previous study has been validated by use of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) as a model anti-inflammatory drug."	( Validation of a pharmacokinetic model of colon-specific drug delivery and the therapeutic effects of chitosan capsules containing 5-aminosalicylic acid on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid-induced colitis in rats. Fujita, T; Muranishi, S; Odoriba, T; Okabe, S; Terabe, A; Tozaki, H; Yamamoto, A, 1999)	0.3
"The aim of this study was to increase the understanding on the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution of paclitaxel as influenced by formulation approach."	( In vivo pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies in mice of alternative formulations for local and systemic delivery of Paclitaxel: gel, film, prodrug, liposomes and micelles. Dhanikula, AB; Panchagnula, R; Singh, DR, 2005)	0.33
" The proposed method was successfully applied for a pharmacokinetic study of PS916 in rabbits."	( Bioanalysis and pharmacokinetics of chitosan ester in rabbit serum by HPLC with postcolumn fluorescence derivatization. Han, Y; Jiang, T; Lv, Z; Wang, Y, 2007)	0.34
" The Cmax and Tmax values of sterylglucoside (SG) and chitosan-contained formulations by nasal administration were 416."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sterylglucoside-modified liposomes for levonorgestrel delivery via nasal route. Ding, WX; Fu, Q; Piao, HS; Qi, XR, 2007)	0.34
" The pharmacokinetic behaviour of docetaxel injection, PDL, PEGDL and NDL were significantly different."	( Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetics of N-palmitoyl chitosan anchored docetaxel liposomes. Bin, N; Fei, X; Jia-Bi, Z; Liang, G, 2007)	0.34
"The influence of chitosan glutamate and carbomer 974P (alone and in combination with EDTA-Na2) on the in vitro Caco-2 permeability and oral pharmacokinetic profile in the rat of acyclovir was investigated."	( Effect of chitosan glutamate, carbomer 974P, and EDTA on the in vitro Caco-2 permeability and oral pharmacokinetic profile of acyclovir in rats. Christoffersen, C; El-Kattan, A; Merzlikine, A; Poe, J; Rago, B; Rotter, C; Thomas, VH; Troutman, M, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic studies showed a 22."	( Preparation, in vitro characterization, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic evaluation of chitosan-based plumbagin microspheres in mice bearing B16F1 melanoma. Aithal, K; Anandam, A; Arumugam, K; Bhat, K; Bola Sadashiva, SR; Mandala Rayabandla, SK; Musmade, P; Nayanabhirama, U; Shavi, G, 2010)	0.36
" The venous pharmacokinetic profiles and tolerability of these formulations were assessed and compared with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) lozenge."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of three nasal fentanyl formulations; pectin, chitosan and chitosan-poloxamer 188. Fisher, A; Knight, A; Smith, A; Watling, M, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) and biodistribution studies can help inform decisions determining particle size, coatings, or other features early in nanoparticle development."	( Rapid pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies using cholorotoxin-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles: a novel non-radioactive method. Bhattarai, N; Ditzler, S; Ellenbogen, R; Hansen, SJ; Knoblaugh, S; Lee, D; Lee, MJ; Olson, JM; Sun, C; Veiseh, O; Zhang, M, 2010)	0.36
"To address this problem, we developed an economical, radioactivity-free method for assessing serum half-life and tissue distribution of nanoparticles in mice."	( Rapid pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies using cholorotoxin-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles: a novel non-radioactive method. Bhattarai, N; Ditzler, S; Ellenbogen, R; Hansen, SJ; Knoblaugh, S; Lee, D; Lee, MJ; Olson, JM; Sun, C; Veiseh, O; Zhang, M, 2010)	0.36
"We report here a simple near-infrared fluorescence based methodology to assess PK properties of nanoparticles in order to integrate pharmacokinetic data into early nanoparticle design and synthesis."	( Rapid pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies using cholorotoxin-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles: a novel non-radioactive method. Bhattarai, N; Ditzler, S; Ellenbogen, R; Hansen, SJ; Knoblaugh, S; Lee, D; Lee, MJ; Olson, JM; Sun, C; Veiseh, O; Zhang, M, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by non-compartmental and two-compartmental models."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nasally delivered midazolam. Briellmann, TA; Drewe, J; Dussy, FE; Fröhlich, J; Haschke, M; Hofmann, S; Imanidis, G; Krähenbühl, S; Surber, C; Suter, K; Witschi, R, 2010)	0.36
" The pharmacodynamic effects after the low-dose nasal formulations were comparable with those after 1 mg intravenous midazolam."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nasally delivered midazolam. Briellmann, TA; Drewe, J; Dussy, FE; Fröhlich, J; Haschke, M; Hofmann, S; Imanidis, G; Krähenbühl, S; Surber, C; Suter, K; Witschi, R, 2010)	0.36
"The pharmacokinetic characteristics were found by a two-compartment model following the oral administration of NF-loaded N-succinyl chitosan/alginate hydrogel beads in rabbits."	( Pharmacokinetics of a novel nifedipine and pH-sensitive N-succinyl chitosan/alginate hydrogel bead in rabbits. He, JQ; Li, P; Liu, X; Yuan, W; Zhu, XJ, 2010)	0.36
"To prepare the diammonium glycyrrhizinate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (DG-CS NPs), and evaluate its pharmaceutical properties and pharmacodynamic effects on ulcerative colitis (UC)."	( [Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of diammonium glycyrrhizinate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles]. Cao, Q; Cui, J; Yang, S; Zhu, Y, 2010)	0.36
"This investigation compared the tumor distribution, efficacy, blood pharmacokinetic parameters and hematological alterations following treatment with chitosan/glyceryl-monooleate (GMO) nanostructures containing paclitaxel (PTX) to a conventional formulation of PTX (Taxol(®)) in BALB/c female mice."	( Antitumor efficacy, tumor distribution and blood pharmacokinetics of chitosan/glyceryl-monooleate nanostructures containing paclitaxel. Dash, AK; Jain, N; Joshi, SS; Munt, DJ; Trickler, WJ, 2011)	0.37
"The tumor and blood concentrations of PTX were evaluated by HPLC and the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined through noncompartmental methods."	( Antitumor efficacy, tumor distribution and blood pharmacokinetics of chitosan/glyceryl-monooleate nanostructures containing paclitaxel. Dash, AK; Jain, N; Joshi, SS; Munt, DJ; Trickler, WJ, 2011)	0.37
" Tablets were evaluated for physicochemical parameters, in vitro drug release, in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies."	( Mucoadhesive bilayer buccal tablet of carvedilol-loaded chitosan microspheres: in vitro, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations. Dhiman, MK; Petkar, K; Sawant, K; Yedurkar, P, 2012)	0.38
" The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of NOSC-modified DTX liposomes (NDLs) were evaluated compared with the conventional DTX liposomes (DLs) and commercial dosage form of DTX, Taxotere(®)."	( N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan-modified liposomes for delivery of docetaxel: preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics. Qu, G; Wu, X; Yin, L; Zhang, C, 2012)	0.38
" The results of a pharmacokinetic study in male Sprague-Dawley rats showed improved transport of leuprolide from thiolated NPs as compared to leuprolide solution."	( Thiolated chitosan nanoparticles for the nasal administration of leuprolide: bioavailability and pharmacokinetic characterization. Augustijns, P; Barthelmes, J; Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Dünnhaput, S; Iqbal, J; Laffleur, F; Perera, G; Rahmat, D; Schlocker, W; Shahnaz, G; Vetter, A, 2012)	0.38
" The PK-PD and pharmacokinetic simulation was carried out to estimate optimum dosing regimen for good efficacy."	( Mucoadhesive nanoparticles for prolonged ocular delivery of natamycin: In vitro and pharmacokinetics studies. Bhatta, RS; Chandasana, H; Chhonker, YS; Kumar, D; Mitra, K; Rathi, C; Shukla, PK, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic profiles of the NCTD group and PVP-NCTD-NP group, after oral and intravenous administration in rats, revealed that relative bioavailabilities were 173."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and metabolites of a polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated norcantharidin chitosan nanoparticle formulation in rats and mice, using LC-MS/MS. Chen, WL; Ding, XY; Gu, ZL; Hong, CJ; Liu, Y; Shi, LS; Xing, KL; Zhang, Q; Zhang, XN; Zhu, AJ, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic study revealed that DOMC-FA/PTX micelles exhibited higher AUC values and a prolonged residence time of drug in the blood circulation than that of Taxol injection."	( Tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics evaluation of DOMC-FA micelles for intravenous delivery of PTX. Guo, H; Guo, S; Hao, L; Li, C; Wang, F; Zhang, D; Zhang, Q; Zheng, D, 2013)	0.39
" This study aimed to examine the pharmacokinetic properties of the formulated capsaicin-loaded nanoemulsions."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of capsaicin-loaded nanoemulsions fabricated with alginate and chitosan. Choi, AY; Gwak, HS; Kim, CT; Kim, HO; Lee, KE; Lee, NR; Park, HY, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacodynamic study was carried out using elevated plus maze (EPM) and Morris water maze (MWM) behavioral models for nootropic activity in swiss albino mice; and biochemical estimations (acetylcholine esterase, reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde and brain nitrite level)."	( Formulation, optimization, in vivo pharmacokinetic, behavioral and biochemical estimations of minocycline loaded chitosan nanoparticles for enhanced brain uptake. Mishra, DN; Nagpal, K; Singh, SK, 2013)	0.39
"The purpose of this study was to encapsulate NT within polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) modified with chitosan (NT-PLA-cNPs) and to evaluate their brain pharmacokinetic behaviors after intranasal (i."	( Brain pharmacokinetics of neurotoxin-loaded PLA nanoparticles modified with chitosan after intranasal administration in awake rats. Chai, G; Li, F; Liu, L; Zhang, X, 2013)	0.39
" Biological investigations including pharmacokinetic studies, brain drug targeting efficiency determinations and histopathological examinations were performed on rats."	( Chitosan and cyclodextrin in intranasal microemulsion for improved brain buspirone hydrochloride pharmacokinetics in rats. Bshara, H; El-Shamy, Ael-H; Mansour, S; Osman, R, 2014)	0.4
" Further, the in vivo pharmacokinetic characteristics of DTX-C/GP correlated well with the in vitro release."	( Efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of thermosensitive chitosan/β-glycerophosphate hydrogel loaded with docetaxel. Chen, X; Dai, Y; Deng, S; Li, C; Liu, Q; Ren, S; Tian, F; Wang, X; Zhao, J; Zhou, S, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic studies proved F23 ability to increase extent of FXD absorption and reduce T(max)."	( Phenylalanine-free taste-masked orodispersible tablets of fexofenadine hydrochloride: development, in vitro evaluation and in vivo estimation of the drug pharmacokinetics in healthy human volunteers. El-Ridi, MS; El-Sherif, NG; Tadros, MI; Yehia, SA, 2015)	0.42
" The biodistribution, pharmacokinetic parameters and dopamine concentration was analysed by ultra-HPLC/mass spectrometry method."	( Optimised nanoformulation of bromocriptine for direct nose-to-brain delivery: biodistribution, pharmacokinetic and dopamine estimation by ultra-HPLC/mass spectrometry method. Ali, J; Baboota, S; Fazil, M; Haque, S; Kumar, M; Md, S; Sahni, JK, 2014)	0.4
" In addition, the in vivo pharmacokinetic data in mouse model revealed the improved plasma concentrations of 5-FU and CUR which prolonged up to 72 h unlike the bare drugs."	( In vitro combinatorial anticancer effects of 5-fluorouracil and curcumin loaded N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles toward colon cancer and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. Anitha, A; Chennazhi, KP; Jayakumar, R; Lakshmanan, VK; Sreeranganathan, M, 2014)	0.4
" The in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats showed that the micelles prolonged the half-life and increased AUC of PTX than Taxol formulation."	( In vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and antitumor effect of paclitaxel-loaded micelles based on α-tocopherol succinate-modified chitosan. Cui, F; Fang, L; Hong, J; Liang, N; Sun, S; Tian, J, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by DAS program."	( [Pharmacokinetics and Intestinal Absorption of Curcumin Chitosan Hydrochloride Coated Liposome in Rats]. Hu, XY; Wan, SL; Yang, M; Zhang, JQ; Zhong, M, 2015)	0.42
" In this study, a portability liver cancer model of rats was established successfully to compare the pharmacodynamic of ZTO microspheres and injection."	( Pharmacodynamics study of zedoary turmeric oil chitosan microspheres administered via arterial embolization. Song, T; Sun, R, 2016)	0.43
"The present study focuses on biodistribution profile and pharmacokinetic parameters of EGFR-targeted chitosan nanoparticles (TG CS nanoparticles) for siRNA/cisplatin combination therapy of lung cancer."	( Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of Mad2 siRNA-loaded EGFR-targeted chitosan nanoparticles in cisplatin sensitive and resistant lung cancer models. Amiji, MM; Bousbaa, H; Ferreira, D; Gattacceca, F; Nascimento, AV; Sarmento, B; Singh, A, 2016)	0.43
" Dermal pharmacokinetic of CSNPs with a size of 228."	( In-vivo dermal pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of skin targeting nanoparticles for corticosteroid treatment of atopic dermatitis. Amin, MC; Jamil, A; Katas, H; Ng, SF; Siddique, MI; Zulfakar, MH, 2016)	0.43
" The efficacy was evaluated by in vitro MTT studies, safety by erythrocyte compatibility, and biodistribution by in vivo pharmacokinetic studies."	( Chitosan-Stearic Acid Based Polymeric Micelles for the Effective Delivery of Tamoxifen: Cytotoxic and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation. Bhushan, S; Dadarwal, M; Guru, SK; Katare, OP; Kumar, P; Raza, K; Sharma, G; Thotakura, N, 2017)	0.46
" Compared with the free EPB group, the NPs group exhibited higher plasma drug concentration, longer half-life time."	( Toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo efficacy of biotinylated chitosan surface-modified PLGA nanoparticles for tumor therapy. Chen, H; Li, Y; Lin, J; Lv, F; Nan, W; Tang, H; Wang, Y; Wei, X; Zhang, Q; Zhou, C; Zhu, W, 2017)	0.46
"A comparative pharmacokinetic study was conducted in rats after intratracheal aerosolization of levofloxacin, as a solution, as immediate-release chitosan microspheres or as sustained-release PLGA microspheres."	( Pulmonary pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in rats after aerosolization of immediate-release chitosan or sustained-release PLGA microspheres. Couet, W; Gaspar, MC; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Lamarche, I; Marchand, S; Olivier, JC; Pais, AA; Sousa, JJ, 2016)	0.43
" Preservation stability and pharmacokinetic studies were performed to compare the membrane-coated liposomes with either commercially available liposomes or the VS solution."	( The influence of different long-circulating materials on the pharmacokinetics of liposomal vincristine sulfate. Chen, Y; Li, X; Liang, X; Luo, X; Zhang, J, )	0.13
"PEG-DSPE coating may be related to better absorption, based on the stability and a pharmacokinetic improvement in the blood circulation time."	( The influence of different long-circulating materials on the pharmacokinetics of liposomal vincristine sulfate. Chen, Y; Li, X; Liang, X; Luo, X; Zhang, J, )	0.13
" The PNS concentrations in rat plasma were analyzed by HPLC-MS-MS method and the relative bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using Kinetica4."	( Pharmacokinetics and correlation between in vitro release and in vivo absorption of bio-adhesive pellets of panax notoginseng saponins. Li, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhu, CY, 2017)	0.46
" 3) The pharmacokinetic of PS916-FTC in rats was investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Excretion Study of Fluoresceinlabeled PS916 in Rats. Fugang, M; Mingming, Y; Tingfu, J; Weijie, Y; Yuanhong, W; Zhihua, LV, 2017)	0.46
" However, the short elimination half-life time and treatment without targeting limits its application."	( N-octyl-N-arginine-chitosan micelles for gambogic acid intravenous delivery: characterization, cell uptake, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Jiang, F; Tang, X; Wang, B; Yu, F, 2018)	0.48
"Gamma scintigraphy and in vivo pharmacokinetic study suggested enhanced RHT concentration, upon intranasal administration of RHT:CH-ME, compare with other groups administered formulations intranasally."	( Formulation and In-vivo Pharmacokinetic Consideration of Intranasal Microemulsion and Mucoadhesive Microemulsion of Rivastigmine for Brain Targeting. Khunt, D; Misra, M; Padh, H; Shah, B, 2018)	0.48
" Drastic improvement in pharmacokinetic profile of VChNP than noncoated formulation was observed."	( Chitosan-coated nanoparticles enhanced lung pharmacokinetic profile of voriconazole upon pulmonary delivery in mice. Debnath, MC; Gaonkar, RH; Mukherjee, B; Paul, P; Sengupta, S; Shaw, TK, 2018)	0.48
" Additionally, in-vivo pharmacokinetic study in healthy rabbits revealed the significantly higher bioavailability of PRT-TRI-PHY compared with TRI-PHY with relative bioavailability of 244%."	( Laminated chitosan-based composite sponges for transmucosal delivery of novel protamine-decorated tripterine phytosomes: Ex-vivo mucopenetration and in-vivo pharmacokinetic assessments. Abdallah, OY; Freag, MS; Saleh, WM, 2018)	0.48
"v route) were evaluated for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies on rats."	( Brain targeting of chitosan-based diazepam mucoadhesive microemulsions via nasal route: formulation optimization, characterization, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. Janapareddi, K; Ramreddy, S, 2019)	0.51
"The present investigation was carried out to improve the galantamine bioavailability in brain by intranasal drug delivery through thiolated chitosan nanoparticles and compared to nasal and oral delivery of its solution using pharmacodynamic activity as well as biochemical estimation."	( Nose to Brain Delivery of Galantamine Loaded Nanoparticles: In-vivo Pharmacodynamic and Biochemical Study in Mice. Mishra, DN; Singh, SK, 2019)	0.51
"05) as compared to oral and nasal administration of its solution, by pharmacodynamic study and biochemical estimation of acetylcholinesterase activity in Swiss albino mice brain."	( Nose to Brain Delivery of Galantamine Loaded Nanoparticles: In-vivo Pharmacodynamic and Biochemical Study in Mice. Mishra, DN; Singh, SK, 2019)	0.51
"In order to research and enhance bioavailability of chlorogenic acid and rutin(CA-R) via the oral route, chitosan coated composite phospholipid liposomes (C-CPLs) were applied to study on preparation, permeability and pharmacokinetic of C-CA-R-CPLs."	( Chitosan coated chlorogenic acid and rutincomposite phospholipid liposomes: Preparation, characterizations, permeability and pharmacokinetic. He, C; Jiang, W; Li, J; Xing, J; Zeng, C; Zheng, R, 2018)	0.48
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined based on the serum levels of rHuKGF, following a single intravenous (IV) or oral dosages using a rabbit model."	( Rabbit as an Animal Model for Pharmacokinetics Studies of Enteric Capsule Contains Recombinant Human Keratinocyte Growth Factor Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles. Cheah, SC; Elumalai, M; Kumar, PV; Majeed, ABBA; Maki, MAA; Raghavan, B; Tatt, LM; Wei, YS, 2019)	0.51
" The pharmacokinetic results revealed that the optimized chitosan nanoparticles formulation have higher bioavailability than marketed tablet formulation which indicates CAR-CS NPs as an effective strategy to delivery poorly water soluble drugs."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble carvedilol by chitosan nanoparticles: Optimization and pharmacokinetic study. Jain, DK; Saraf, A; Sharma, M; Sharma, R, 2019)	0.51
" The nasal spray was prepared from Zolmitriptan loaded chitosan nanoparticles and evaluated for pharmacokinetic properties."	( Pharmacokinetic study and brain tissue analysis of Zolmitriptan loaded chitosan nanoparticles in rats by LC-MS method. Bukka, R; Khezri, FANZ; Lakshmi, CSR; Nargund, SL; Nidhi, M, 2020)	0.56
" Coating nanoparticles with polymers such as chitosan greatly affects their pharmacokinetic behavior, stability, tissue uptake, and controlled drug delivery."	( Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Akbari, J; Gharibkandi, NA; Hosseinimehr, SJ; Molavipordanjani, S, 2019)	0.51
" The pharmacodynamic studies were conducted for CPNCs on glaucoma induced rabbit eye model and compared with marketed product."	( Brinzolamide loaded chitosan-pectin mucoadhesive nanocapsules for management of glaucoma: Formulation, characterization and pharmacodynamic study. Dangi, JS; Dubey, V; Kesavan, K; Mohan, P, 2020)	0.56
" In pharmacodynamic study, greater intraocular pressure lowering effect was achieved by CPNCs as compared to marketed drug product."	( Brinzolamide loaded chitosan-pectin mucoadhesive nanocapsules for management of glaucoma: Formulation, characterization and pharmacodynamic study. Dangi, JS; Dubey, V; Kesavan, K; Mohan, P, 2020)	0.56
" A computer-aided pharmacokinetic study as well as in-silico design with model fitting can provide the possible finding related to target selectivity and interaction."	( Chitosan Anchored Nanoparticles in Current Drug Development Utilizing Computer-Aided Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Case Studies for Target Specific Cancer Treatment and Future Prospective. Nandi, S; Nayak, BS; Roy, H, 2020)	0.56
"Therefore, cancer cell target-specific drug delivery using a natural biopolymer conjugate with a computer-aided pharmacokinetic model will be the thirst area of future research."	( Chitosan Anchored Nanoparticles in Current Drug Development Utilizing Computer-Aided Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Case Studies for Target Specific Cancer Treatment and Future Prospective. Nandi, S; Nayak, BS; Roy, H, 2020)	0.56
" The pharmacokinetic investigation of the releasing results demonstrated the best fitting with Korsmeyer-Peppas with diffusion exponent (n) values related to non-Fickian transport behavior suggesting a combination of erosion and diffusion mechanisms."	( Insight into the role of integrated carbohydrate polymers (starch, chitosan, and β-cyclodextrin) with mesoporous silica as carriers for ibuprofen drug; equilibrium and pharmacokinetic properties. Abukhadra, MR; El-Sherbeeny, AM; Ibrahim, KE; Nadeem, A; Refay, NM, 2020)	0.56
"We conducted 5 studies: 4 open-label, sequence-randomized, crossover, pharmacodynamic studies testing 6 doses/formulations and a repeatability study."	( Pharmacodynamic studies of nasal tetracosactide with salivary glucocorticoids for a noninvasive Short Synacthen Test. Cross, AS; Elder, CJ; Johnson, TN; Keevil, BG; Kemp, EH; Ross, RJ; Taylor, RN; Vilela, R; Wright, NP, 2020)	0.56
" Additionally, in vivo pharmacokinetic study demonstrates an increase in Cmax (1."	( Polymeric micelles based on amphiphilic oleic acid modified carboxymethyl chitosan for oral drug delivery of bcs class iv compound: Intestinal permeability and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Kaur, S; Kumar, R; Roy, S; Samal, SK; Sangamwar, AT; Sirvi, A, 2020)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic studies in female Wistar rats showed significant improvement (~4."	( Self-assembled lecithin-chitosan nanoparticles improve the oral bioavailability and alter the pharmacokinetics of raloxifene. Kathuria, H; Murthy, A; Ravi, PR; Vats, R, 2020)	0.56
" A simple and sensitive HPLC-UV method was optimized and the comparative pharmacokinetic study was performed in rabbits using OXP-oral solution and OXP-loaded hydrogels."	( Pharmacokinetic Profile of Oxaliplatin-Loaded pH-Responsive Hydrogels in Rabbits. Khan, SA; Mannan, A; Murtaza, G; Sohail, M; Ullah, K, 2020)	0.56
" The incorporation of the NLCs in in situ gelling hard gelatin capsules fulfilled a dual function in increasing permeability, as well as sustaining the pharmacodynamic effect."	( Quality by Design Approach for Preparation of Zolmitriptan/Chitosan Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Particles - Formulation and Pharmacodynamic Assessment. Awadeen, RH; Boughdady, MF; Meshali, MM, 2020)	0.56
" A pharmacokinetic study was carried out to evaluate the ability of the prepared galactosylated chitosan-coated spanlastics formulation to enhance ledipasvir liver bioavailability when it was administrated via the oral route."	( Liver targeting of ledipasvir via galactosylated chitosan-coated spanlastics: chemical synthesis, statistical optimization, in vitro, and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Abdelbary, A; Elshafeey, AH; Fatouh, AM, 2022)	0.72
"The pharmacokinetic study revealed that the optimized galactosylated chitosan-coated spanlastics exhibited significantly higher liver peak concentration (Cmax) and area under liver concentration versus time curve (AUC0-72 h) and significant prolongation in the liver terminal half life (t½) and mean residence time (MRT) compared to the free ledipasvir dispersion with values of 6270 ng/g, 61,706."	( Liver targeting of ledipasvir via galactosylated chitosan-coated spanlastics: chemical synthesis, statistical optimization, in vitro, and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Abdelbary, A; Elshafeey, AH; Fatouh, AM, 2022)	0.72
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were studied with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)."	( Building and behavior of a pH-stimuli responsive chitosan nanoparticles loaded with folic acid conjugated gemcitabine silver colloids in MDA-MB-453 metastatic breast cancer cell line and pharmacokinetics in rats. Babu, D; Gautam, M; Karuppaiah, A; Natrajan, T; Nesamony, J; Rajan, R; Ranganathan, H; Sankar, V; Selvaraj, D; Siram, K, 2021)	0.62
" Furthermore, ocular pharmacodynamic studies conducted on rabbits following ocular infection with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that the administered NPs augmented the antibacterial activity of the delivered GM."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Gemifloxacin Chitosan Nanoparticles As an Antibacterial Ocular Dosage Form. Ali, AI; ElDesawy, EM; ElShafeey, AH; Hassan, HAFM, 2022)	0.72
" The pharmacokinetic study was conducted on albino Wistar rats to evaluate the bioavailability and neuropharmacokinetic parameters after intranasal administration of the optimized formulation (RT-CH-NLCs-OPT)."	( Formulation of intranasal surface engineered nanostructured lipid carriers of rotigotine: Full factorial design optimization, in vitro characterization, and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Alruwaili, NK; Awad Alsaidan, O; Muqtader Ahmed, M; Saad Alharbi, K; Sarim Imam, S; Singh, L; Yasir, M; Zafar, A, 2022)	0.72
" The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of selected formula compared to oral and nasal OLM suspensions were conducted."	( Chitosan nanoparticles for intranasal delivery of olmesartan medoxomil: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic perspectives. El-Din, SB; Gad, HA; Hassan, RH; Ishak, RAH; Shaker, DS, 2022)	0.72
" The results suggested that subcutaneous injection of thermosensitive in situ hydrogels may be used to achieve sustained exposure of protein therapeutics which have a very short half-life and thus require frequent administration."	( Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Thermosensitive Sustained Release Formulations Developed for Subcutaneous Delivery of Protein Therapeutics. Rajadhyaksha, PM; Shah, DK; Shastri, DH, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"We report the design of a platform for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs via a macromolecular prodrug approach combined with LbL-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayers."	( Delivery platform for hydrophobic drugs: prodrug approach combined with self-assembled multilayers. Bilodeau, L; Kujawa, P; Tabrizian, M; Thierry, B; Tkaczyk, C; Winnik, FM, 2005)	0.33
"A simple and reliable one-pot approach using surface imprinting coating technique combined with polysaccharide incorporated sol-gel process was established to synthesize a new organic-inorganic hybrid matrix possessing macroporous surface and functional ligand."	( One-pot preparation of silica-supported hybrid immobilized metal affinity adsorbent with macroporous surface based on surface imprinting coating technique combined with polysaccharide incorporated sol--gel process. Li, F; Li, XM; Zhang, SS, 2006)	0.33
" The AOB nanorods could be easily combined with biopolymer chitosan (Chi) to form an organic-inorganic hybrid material, and a biocompatible, crack-free and porous Chi-AOB composite film could be readily obtained."	( Hydroxyl-containing antimony oxide bromide nanorods combined with chitosan for biosensors. Li, J; Lu, X; Wen, Z, 2006)	0.33
" These results demonstrated that the oligomixture, which is the main functional component in the chitosan hydrolysate, in combination with IFN-gamma, synergistically induced NF-kappaB activation and NO production through binding with the receptors of CD14, TLR4 and CR3 in RAW264."	( Chitooligosaccharides in combination with interferon-gamma increase nitric oxide production via nuclear factor-kappaB activation in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Tsai, GJ; Wu, GJ, 2007)	0.34
"A chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellet combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) has been developed with increased compressive strength and osteoinduction, but with a resorption profile only slightly slower than uncoated pellet."	( Effects of chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellet combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 on restoration of segmental bone defect. Cui, X; Gao, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, B, 2008)	0.35
" aeruginosa are investigated for drug-drug interactions in vitro."	( Activity of Chitosans in combination with antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lim, CS; Sakharkar, KR; Sakharkar, MK; Tin, S, 2009)	0.35
" The purpose of this study was to prepare carboplatin-Fe@C-loaded chitosan nanoparticles with Fe@C as a magnetic core and to investigate efficacy of hyperthermia combined with chemotherapy for transplanted liver cancer in rats."	( Preparation of carboplatin-Fe@C-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and study on hyperthermia combined with pharmacotherapy for liver cancer. Guo, YH; Li, FR; Qi, H; Yan, WH; Zhou, HX, 2009)	0.35
" The therapeutic effect of hyperthermia combined with chemotherapy for tumor, toxicity and rat survival time were observed."	( Preparation of carboplatin-Fe@C-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and study on hyperthermia combined with pharmacotherapy for liver cancer. Guo, YH; Li, FR; Qi, H; Yan, WH; Zhou, HX, 2009)	0.35
" Chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellets combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) have been developed that exhibit decreased resorption speed and increased compressive strength and osteoinduction."	( Effects of chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellets combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 on bone formation in femoral condyle-contained bone defects. Chen, H; Cui, X; Tang, P; Tian, X; Wang, Y; Yu, X; Zhang, B, 2010)	0.36
" The goal of this study was to develop and test chitosan conduit to use in peripheral nerve reconstruction, either alone or combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)."	( Use of chitosan conduit combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for promoting peripheral nerve regeneration. Cui, HF; Zheng, L, 2010)	0.36
" Using 3 different hydrophilic carriers, immediate release FLT dispersions were prepared via lyophilization of monophase solution technique then combined with prolonged release chitosan microparticles to develop 6 controlled release formulae of FLT."	( Biopolymeric microparticles combined with lyophilized monophase dispersions for controlled flutamide release. Elgindy, N; Elkhodairy, K; Elzoghby, A; Molokhia, A, 2011)	0.37
" Results revealed that, at the end of the storage, chitosan coating significantly reduced all microbiological population counts, except lactic acid bacteria; while higher reduction was observed with chitosan coating combined with a heat shock treatment."	( Effectiveness of edible coatings combined with mild heat shocks on microbial spoilage and sensory quality of fresh cut broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.). Ansorena, R; Moreira, Mdel R; Ponce, A; Roura, SI, 2011)	0.37
"The continuous consumer interest in high quality and food safety, combined with environmental concern has induced to the development and study of edible coatings that avoid the use of synthetic materials."	( Effectiveness of edible coatings combined with mild heat shocks on microbial spoilage and sensory quality of fresh cut broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.). Ansorena, R; Moreira, Mdel R; Ponce, A; Roura, SI, 2011)	0.37
"To investigate the ectopic bone formation of the chitosan/phosphonic chitosan sponge combined with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) in vitro."	( [Experimental study on ectopic bone formation of chitosan/phosphonic chitosan sponge combined with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells]. Jiao, G; Jiao, Y; Li, Z; Lin, Y; Sun, G; Zhou, C, 2011)	0.37
"To investigate the anti-infection and bone repair effects of cationic liposome-encapsulated vancomycin combined with the nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan/konjac glucomannan (n-HA/CS/KGM) composite scaffold in vivo."	( [Vancomycin cationic liposome combined with nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan/konjac glucomannan scaffold for treatment of infected bone defects in rabbits]. Fan, X; Huang, J; Ma, T; Tang, H; Xu, Y, 2012)	0.38
" To address the disadvantages of limited availability of donor nerves and donor site morbidity, we have fabricated chitosan conduits and seeded them combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) as an alternative."	( Enhancement of nerve regeneration along a chitosan conduit combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cui, HF; Zheng, L, 2012)	0.38
"Chitosan (CS) combined with poly-L-arginine (PLA) was formulated and evaluated for its performance to deliver siRNA to HeLa cells expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)."	( Chitosan combined with poly-L-arginine as efficient, safe, and serum-insensitive vehicle with RNase protection ability for siRNA delivery. Ngawhirunpat, T; Opanasopit, P; Plianwong, S; Rojanarata, T, 2013)	0.39
" This study investigated the effects of chitosan coating combined with organic acids on inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (RTE) shrimps during storage at 4°C."	( Inhibitory effects of chitosan coating combined with organic acids on Listeria monocytogenes in refrigerated ready-to-eat shrimps. Fang, W; Li, M; Li, Y; Wang, W, 2013)	0.39
"To investigate the effect of bridging defects in chronic spinal cord injury using peripheral nerve grafts combined with a chitosan-laminin scaffold and enhancing regeneration through them by co-transplantation with bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells."	( Bridging defects in chronic spinal cord injury using peripheral nerve grafts combined with a chitosan-laminin scaffold and enhancing regeneration through them by co-transplantation with bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: case series of 14 patient Abdel-Aziz, MT; Abdel-Fattah, DS; Amr, SM; Atta, HM; Galal, AA; Gouda, A; Koptan, WT; Rashed, LA, 2014)	0.4
"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived neural stem cell-like cell transplantation enhances recovery in chronic spinal cord injuries with defects bridged by sural nerve grafts combined with a chitosan-laminin scaffold."	( Bridging defects in chronic spinal cord injury using peripheral nerve grafts combined with a chitosan-laminin scaffold and enhancing regeneration through them by co-transplantation with bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: case series of 14 patient Abdel-Aziz, MT; Abdel-Fattah, DS; Amr, SM; Atta, HM; Galal, AA; Gouda, A; Koptan, WT; Rashed, LA, 2014)	0.4
" Higher sodium alginate concentration (3%) for production of hydrogel beads in combination with psyllium or chitosan coating would present the most favourable carrier systems for immobilization of caffeine."	( Improving the controlled delivery formulations of caffeine in alginate hydrogel beads combined with pectin, carrageenan, chitosan and psyllium. Belščak-Cvitanović, A; Djaković, S; Ježek, D; Karlović, S; Komes, D; Mršić, G; Spoljarić, I, 2015)	0.42
"In this study, chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles were used as a sorbent of miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with flotation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the simultaneous determination of 13 n-alkanes such as C8 H18 and C20 H42 in soil samples."	( Matrix solid-phase dispersion with chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles combined with flotation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of 13 n-alkanes in soil samples. Arefnejad, E; Bohlooli, M; Khajeh, M; Yan, H, 2014)	0.4
"In this study, the effects of the water-soluble chitosan (WSC) in combination with glutathione on preservation of pen shell adductor muscles (PSAM) during frozen storage were investigated."	( Effect of water-soluble chitosan in combination with glutathione on the quality of pen shell adductor muscles. Chen, Y; Pan, S; Wu, S, 2015)	0.42
" Based on the results of the investigation, the treatments performed in groups 2, 3 and 4 were identified as being capable of reducing the weights of the tumors, however, group 4, which was treated with chitosan (5 mg/kg/day) in combination with ABM (246 mg/kg/day) was able to reduce the levels of GOT and VEGF."	( Chitosan oligosaccharides in combination with Agaricus blazei Murill extract reduces hepatoma formation in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Chang, JB; Chou, J; Chung, JG; Hung, HF; Kuo, WL; Lu, HF; Shang, HS; Wu, LY; Yeh, C; Yeh, MY, 2015)	0.42
"The effects of the transplanted bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) -related peptide P24 and rhBMP2 combined with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/chitosan (CS) microspheres were investigated in promoting the repair of rat cranial bone defect."	( Repair of rat cranial bone defect by using bone morphogenetic protein-2-related peptide combined with microspheres composed of polylactic acid/polyglycolic acid copolymer and chitosan. Jin, L; Li, J; Wang, M; Xu, S; Zhu, S, 2015)	0.42
"To study the feasibility of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) combined with small intestinal submucosa powder (SISP)/chitosan chloride (CSCl)-β-glycerol phosphate disodium (GP)-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) for adipose tissue engineering."	( [HUMAN ADIPOSE-DERIVED STEM CELLS COMBINED WITH SMALL INTESNITAL SUBMUCOSA POWDER/CHITOSAN CHLORIDE-β-GLYCEROL PHOSPHATE DISODIUM-HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE HYBRID FOR ADIPOSE TISSUE ENGINEERING]. Deng, X; Lü, Q; Luo, J; Xiong, B; Zhang, S, 2015)	0.42
" Effect of local polyethylene glycol in combination with chitosan-based hybrid nanofiber conduit was assessed."	( Local Polyethylene Glycol in Combination with Chitosan Based Hybrid Nanofiber Conduit Accelerates Transected Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Mehrshad, A; Mohammadi, R; Mokarizadeh, A, 2016)	0.43
"The aims of this study were to prepare fine intra-articular-administrated chitosan thermosensitive hydrogels combined with alginate microspheres and to investigate the possibility of those hydrogels as a drug delivery system for promoting the anti-inflammation effect."	( Intra-articular Administration of Chitosan Thermosensitive In Situ Hydrogels Combined With Diclofenac Sodium-Loaded Alginate Microspheres. Li, W; Luan, K; Qi, X; Qin, J; Qin, X; Song, L; Wu, Z; Yang, R, 2016)	0.43
"Effects of chitosan combined with different concentrations of nisin on quality enhancement of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) stored at 4 °C were evaluated for 8 days."	( Effects of chitosan combined with nisin treatment on storage quality of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea). Feng, H; Gao, Y; Hui, G; Li, J; Liu, W, 2016)	0.43
"To investigate the effect of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) combined with chitosan on the immediate retraction rate of rabbit expanded skin."	( [EFFECT OF ADIPOSE-DERIVED STEM CELLS COMBINED WITH CHITOSAN ON IMMEDIATE RETRACTION RATE OF EXPANDED SKIN IN RABBIT]. Wu, C; Yan, H; Yang, B; Yao, Y; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.42
"Our previous studies have established the efficacy of chemopreventive regimens of aspirin and curcumin (CUR) encapsulated within solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in combination with free sulforaphane (ACS combination) to prevent or delay the initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer, classified as one of the deadliest diseases with very low chances of survival upon diagnosis."	( Preclinical systemic toxicity evaluation of chitosan-solid lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated aspirin and curcumin in combination with free sulforaphane in BALB/c mice. Chenreddy, S; Khamas, W; Prabhu, S; Thakkar, A; Thio, A; Wang, J, 2016)	0.43
"This study suggests that the use of a hemostasis pad in combination with rotatory compression devices is a safe and effective hemostasis strategy after radial artery access."	( Hemostasis pad combined with compression device after transradial coronary procedures: A randomized controlled trial. Chae, IH; Cho, YS; Han, D; Kang, SH; Kim, S; Park, JJ; Suh, JW; Yoon, CH; Youn, TJ, 2017)	0.46
" This study aimed to screen the toxicity using the brine shrimp lethality assay and to investigate the inhibitory activity of carboxymethyl in isolation or in combination with silver nitrate, copper sulfate and zinc sulfate on biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Kocuria rhizophila ATCC 9341, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Escherichia coli ATCC 25312, and Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 17759."	( Inhibition of bacterial biofilms by carboxymethyl chitosan combined with silver, zinc and copper salts. da Silva, DP; Gonçalves, RC; Naves, PLF; Signini, R, 2017)	0.46
" Fresh gutted fishes were dipped for 60s either in sterile distilled water (Control) or in chitosan combined with 0 (Ch), 1% (Ch+PPE1), 2% (Ch+PPE2), or 4% (Ch+PPE4) (w/v) PPE."	( Microbial, chemical, textural and sensory properties of coated rainbow trout by chitosan combined with pomegranate peel extract during frozen storage. Barbieri, G; Berizi, E; Hosseinzadeh, S; Shekarforoush, SS, 2018)	0.48
"The purpose of this study was to prepare endostatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (ES-NPs) and evaluate their antitumor effect when combined with paclitaxel (PTX) on Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) mouse xenografts."	( In vivo antitumor effect of endostatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles combined with paclitaxel on Lewis lung carcinoma. Ding, RL; Fu, SZ; He, WF; Lin, S; Liu, ZJ; Wen, QL; Wu, JB; Xie, F; Yang, LL, 2017)	0.46
" Biomaterials for engineering artificial nerves, particularly materials combined with supportive cells, display remarkable promising prospects."	( A magnetically responsive nanocomposite scaffold combined with Schwann cells promotes sciatic nerve regeneration upon exposure to magnetic field. Ge, J; Huang, J; Huang, L; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Luo, Z; Sun, Z; Zeng, W; Zhu, S, 2017)	0.46
"In the present study, the effects of hyaluronic acid (HA) combined with chitosan conduit on peripheral nerve scarring and regeneration were investigated in a rat model of peripheral nerve crush injury."	( Chitosan conduit combined with hyaluronic acid prevent sciatic nerve scar in a rat model of peripheral nerve crush injury. Bi, W; Hu, M; Huang, H; Li, R; Liu, H; Song, W; Tan, X; Wang, C; Wen, W; Yan, R; Zhang, F; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Chiosan (CS) has been widely used as biomaterials, in combination with marine peptides (MPs) extracted from seawater cultured Tilapia, the newly developed material Chitosan-Marine Peptides hydrogels (CSMP) in this study showed antibacterial activity, pro-cell proliferation and migration, well burning healing."	( Chitosan hydrogel in combination with marine peptides from tilapia for burns healing. Chen, Y; Deng, YF; Hu, Z; Li, PW; Li, SD; Lin, ZP; Ouyang, QQ; Quan, WY, 2018)	0.48
"To evaluate the osteogenic effect of dextran sulfate/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2/chitosan (DS/rhBMP-2/CS) combined with coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA) in repairing large segmental bone defects by radiographic feature."	( [Radiological evaluation of dextran sulfate/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2/chitosan composite microspheres combined with coral hydroxyapatite artificial bone in repairing large segmental bone defects]. Chen, Z; Lin, Z; Xia, H; Xia, Y; Ye, X; Yin, Q; Zhang, Y, 2017)	0.46
"To investigate the possibility and effect of chitosan porous scaffolds combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in repair of neurological deficit after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats."	( [Effect of chitosan porous scaffolds combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in repair of neurological deficit after traumatic brain injury in rats]. Dong, T; Tan, K; Wang, X; Zhang, J; Zhuang, Z, 2018)	0.48
"The transplantation of chitosan porous scaffolds combined with BMSCs can improve the neurological deficit of rats following TBI obviously, and also inhabit the glial scar's formation in the brain damage zone, and can make BMSCs survive, proliferate, and differentiate into nerve cells in the brain damage zone."	( [Effect of chitosan porous scaffolds combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in repair of neurological deficit after traumatic brain injury in rats]. Dong, T; Tan, K; Wang, X; Zhang, J; Zhuang, Z, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, we developed a chitosan/ cis-dichlorodiamineplatinum (CS/DDP) hydrogel-based drug delivery system for the in situ treatment of NPC in combination with RT, and investigated their synergistic antitumor efficacy and underlying mechanism of action."	( The antitumor effect of cisplatin-loaded thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel combined with radiotherapy on nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Fu, S; Huang, Q; Li, Y; Liu, W; Peng, H; Wu, M; Yue, H; Zhang, G; Zhang, J, 2019)	0.51
"In this study, lyophilized advanced platelet rich fibrin (A-PRF) was used in combination with collagen-chitosan membrane for the first time to combine advantages of both collagen and A-PRF membranes."	( Fabrication, modeling and optimization of lyophilized advanced platelet rich fibrin in combination with collagen-chitosan as a guided bone regeneration membrane. Ansarizadeh, M; Mashayekhan, S; Saadatmand, M, 2019)	0.51
"The present study describes the preparation and characterization of composite films from bacterial cellulose produced by Komagataeibacter xylinus combined with poly(vinyl alcohol) and chitosan."	( Composite Films with UV-Barrier Properties Based on Bacterial Cellulose Combined with Chitosan and Poly(vinyl alcohol): Study of Puncture and Water Interaction Properties. Cazón, P; Vázquez, M; Velazquez, G, 2019)	0.51
"The objective of this study was to fabricate and characterize chitosan combined with different amounts of simvastatin-loaded nanoparticles and to investigate their potential for guided bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of chitosan scaffolds combined with simvastatin-loaded nanoparticles for guided bone regeneration. Chen, F; Guan, B; Jin, C; Jin, L; Li, H; Li, Y; Lin, M; Liu, D; Liu, Z; Luo, S; Song, J; Wu, M; Xue, Y; Zhang, X, 2019)	0.51
" Irradiation at 200 Gray alone caused 79% mortality and increased to 100% when combined with the bioactive chitosan film containing the oregano:thyme nanoemulsion."	( Synergistic Effects of Nanocomposite Films Containing Essential Oil Nanoemulsions in Combination with Ionizing Radiation for Control of Rice Weevil Sitophilus oryzae in Stored Grains. Follett, P; Harich, M; Hossain, F; Lacroix, M; Salmieri, S; Vu, KD, 2019)	0.51
"We evaluated in a randomized, assessor-blinded, study the efficacy of a hydroxypropyl chitosan-based nail lacquer (HPC-NL) alone or in combination with oral biotin (HPC-NL + B) in the treatment of brittle nail syndrome (BNS)."	( Treatment of brittle nail with a hydroxypropyl chitosan-based lacquer, alone or in combination with oral biotin: A randomized, assessor-blinded trial. Chiavetta, A; Mazzurco, S; Milani, M; Secolo, MP; Tomarchio, G, 2019)	0.51
"The effect of high-intensity ultrasound (US) combined with transglutaminase treatment (TG) and the inclusion of nanoparticles (Np) on the structural, mechanical, barrier, and physicochemical properties of quinoa protein/chitosan composite edible films were evaluated."	( Effect of high-intensity ultrasound treatment in combination with transglutaminase and nanoparticles on structural, mechanical, and physicochemical properties of quinoa proteins/chitosan edible films. Abugoch, L; Tapia, C; Vera, A, 2020)	0.56
" In this study, we aimed to evaluate the immune responses and protective effect of FKC combined with chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) or Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) in the pearl gentian grouper♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂E."	( Immune effect of Vibrio harveyi formalin-killed cells vaccine combined with chitosan oligosaccharide and astragalus polysaccharides in ♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus×♂Epinephelus lanceolatus. Cai, S; Huang, Y; Ma, S; Wei, G; Wu, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Therefore, the aim of this studies to explore the effect of olfactory ensheathing cells combined with chitosan (OECs+CS) transplantation on NPP caused by sciatic nerve injury in rats, and its relationship with the expression levels of P2X4R in the L4-5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG)."	( Effect of olfactory ensheathing cells combined with chitosan on inhibition of P2×4 receptor over-expression-mediated neuropathic pain. Luo, HL; Zhang, WJ; Zhu, ZM, 2020)	0.56
"Use of carbon dots (CDs) in combination with aqueous chitosan solution to extend shelf life and improve stability of soy milk was investigated."	( Effect of carbon dots in combination with aqueous chitosan solution on shelf life and stability of soy milk. Devahastin, S; Wang, H; Zhang, M; Zhao, L, 2020)	0.56
"ICS combined with CSSH could promote the repair of osteochondral defect in rabbit knees."	( Repair of osteochondral defect using icariin-conditioned serum combined with chitosan in rabbit knees. Ji, Q; Jiao, J; Liu, A; Ming, D; Shang, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
" Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore a new method for the treatment of NPP by transplanting olfactory ensheathing cells combined with chitosan (OECs-CS)."	( Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells combined with chitosan down-regulates the expression of P2X7 receptor in the spinal cord and inhibits neuropathic pain. Hu, CG; Luo, HL; Zhang, WJ; Zhu, JF; Zhu, ZM, 2020)	0.56
" Application of CH coating alone or in combination with potassium sorbate could decrease the CI symptoms and preserved peel cell membrane integrity by maintaining electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde in lower levels."	( Impact of chitosan in combination with potassium sorbate treatment on chilling injury and quality attributes of pomegranate fruit during cold storage. Molaei, S; Rabiei, V; Razavi, F; Soleimani, A, 2021)	0.62
" In addition, the multihead attention (MHA)-based convolutional neural network (CNN) combined with the time-dependent Cox regression model are initially applied to predict and dissect the adsorption elimination processes of IMI by CTS@AgBC."	( Accurate prediction and further dissection of neonicotinoid elimination in the water treatment by CTS@AgBC using multihead attention-based convolutional neural network combined with the time-dependent Cox regression model. Chen, H; Huang, M; Li, F; Li, G; Li, X; Niu, G; Ying, GG; Zhang, C, 2022)	0.72
" A case study was performed to observe the regenerative outcomes of the surgical repair of long-distance peripheral nerve defects in the upper arm with chitosan-poly(glycolide-co-lactide) (PGLA) nerve grafts combined with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs)."	( Combined Use of Chitosan-PGLA Nerve Grafts and Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells to Repair a 50-mm-long Median Nerve Defect Combined with an 80-mm-long Ulnar Nerve Defect in the Human Upper Arm. Deng, A; Gu, J; Gu, X; Liu, H; Xu, L; Yi, S, 2022)	0.72
"These results suggest that chitosan-PGLA nerve grafts combined with BMMCs could effectively repair long-distance nerve defects and achieve good clinical results."	( Combined Use of Chitosan-PGLA Nerve Grafts and Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells to Repair a 50-mm-long Median Nerve Defect Combined with an 80-mm-long Ulnar Nerve Defect in the Human Upper Arm. Deng, A; Gu, J; Gu, X; Liu, H; Xu, L; Yi, S, 2022)	0.72
" The purpose of this work was to evaluate the removal efficiency of CS-DTPA NP combined with lung lavage in dogs."	( Effects of a Modified Chitosan Compound Combined with Lung Lavage after Inhalation of Depleted Uranium Dust. Chen, X; Fu, W; Li, R; Liang, Y; Liu, M; Xiao, Y; Zeng, F; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Our study was designed to investigate the effect of vancomycin-loaded calcium sulfate hemihydrate/nanohydroxyapatite/carboxymethyl chitosan (CSH/n-HA/CMCS) hydrogels combined with BMSC sheets as bone substitutes for the treatment of IBDs."	( Application of vancomycin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate/nanohydroxyapatite/carboxymethyl chitosan injectable hydrogels combined with BMSC sheets for the treatment of infected bone defects in a rabbit model. Liu, S; Liu, Y; Lu, S; Luo, W; Ma, Q; Qian, J; Wang, G; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Z; Zhu, Z, 2022)	0.72
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of wet dressing combined with chitosan wound dressing for deep II degree burn wounds, and provide the basis for clinical application."	( Clinical efficacy of wet dressing combined with chitosan wound dressing in the treatment of deep second-degree burn wounds: A prospective, randomised, single-blind, positive control clinical trial. Chen, T; Cui, C; Guo, K; Hu, J; Lin, Y; Su, T; Zhang, F, 2023)	0.91
" Combined with chitosan, XFII could spontaneously lyse Gram-negative bacteria without pretreatment."	( Characterization of Salmonella endolysin XFII produced by recombinant Escherichia coli and its application combined with chitosan in lysing Gram-negative bacteria. Chang, Y; Lu, X; Qi, Q; Yuan, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhang, S, 2022)	0.72
" Colon cancer cells were differentiated from the normal cells via investigating light diffusion combined with the fluorescence effect of the Ashwagandha chitosan nanoparticles (Ash C NPs)."	( Early cancer detection using the fluorescent Ashwagandha chitosan nanoparticles combined with near-infrared light diffusion characterization: in vitro study. Abuelmakarem, HS; Ahmed, WA; El-Azab, J; Hamdy, O; Sliem, MA, 2023)	0.91
" Other natural polymers combined with ALG create great potential as drug carriers, improving limitations of ALG matrices."	( Alginates Combined with Natural Polymers as Valuable Drug Delivery Platforms. Kruk, K; Winnicka, K, 2022)	0.72
"ICS combined with CSSH attenuated cartilage injury and abnormal subchondral remodeling in rabbits with KOA."	( Icariin-conditioned serum combined with chitosan attenuates cartilage injury in rabbit knees with osteochondral defect. Fan, F; Liu, A; Meng, L; Shang, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, J, 2023)	0.91
"ICS combined with CSSH could promote the repair of osteochondral defect and stabilize subchondral bone remodeling in rabbit knees."	( Icariin-conditioned serum combined with chitosan attenuates cartilage injury in rabbit knees with osteochondral defect. Fan, F; Liu, A; Meng, L; Shang, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, J, 2023)	0.91
"To compare the efficacy of chitosan and intrauterine device (IUD) combination with an IUD alone in patients with intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) who underwent hysteroscopic adhesiolysis."	( Chitosan combined with intrauterine device prevents intrauterine adhesions after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis: A target trial emulation study. Chu, D; Cui, W; Gao, Y; Shao, L; Wang, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y, 2023)	0.91
" In vitro studies indicated that FIBL-Linker-NT3 combined with SF membranes promoted axon growth in adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons."	( Promising application of a novel biomaterial, light chain of silk fibroin combined with NT3, in repairment of rat sciatic nerve defect injury. Gu, X; Guan, T; Li, Z; Liu, M; Liu, Y; Tu, Q; Wu, R; Yan, Y; Zhang, W, 2023)	0.91
"005 g/mL) combined with thermal treatment (85 °C for 30 min) on tenderness, lipid and protein oxidation, bacterial diversity, and volatile flavor compounds in braised duck leg meat under vacuum packaging during refrigerated storage (4 °C for 15 days)."	( Effects of chitosan coating combined with thermal treatment on physicochemical properties, bacterial diversity and volatile flavor of braised duck meat during refrigerated storage. Chen, L; Huang, Q; Li, H; Ma, P; Qu, S; Tang, H; Zhang, J; Zhao, K; Zou, G, 2023)	0.91
" The approach involved the preparation of a magnetic molecularly imprinted chitosan (MMIC) for preparation of the sample, which was combined with a nitrocellulose membrane (a paper-based analytical device, PAD) integrated with D-TRP covalently grafted with polymethacrylic acid (PAD-PMA_D-TRP)."	( Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Chitosan Combined with a Paper-Based Analytical Device for the Smartphone Discrimination of Tryptophan Enantiomers. Amine, A; Cubillana-Aguilera, L; García-Guzmán, JJ; Karrat, A; Palacios-Santander, JM, 2023)	0.91
" A2A receptor antagonists are an emerging class of agents that treat cancers by enhancing immunotherapy, both as monotherapy and in combination with other therapeutic agents."	( Caffeine-folic acid-loaded-chitosan nanoparticles combined with methotrexate as a novel HepG2 immunotherapy targeting adenosine A2A receptor downstream cascade. Gaber, M; Ghareeb, D; Hamed, A; Hamed, M; Mohamed, TM; Nofal, MS, 2023)	0.91
"This study suggests that CAF-FA-CS-NPs (D4) in combination with MTX may be a promising candidate for cancer immunotherapy, by inhibiting A2aR signaling and leading to improved immune activation and anti-tumor activity of MTX."	( Caffeine-folic acid-loaded-chitosan nanoparticles combined with methotrexate as a novel HepG2 immunotherapy targeting adenosine A2A receptor downstream cascade. Gaber, M; Ghareeb, D; Hamed, A; Hamed, M; Mohamed, TM; Nofal, MS, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The bioavailability and gastric ulcerogenic activity of oxyphenbutazone and glafenine (acidic and basic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), coated with different cellulose derivatives were assessed in albino rats."	( A new approach to encapsulating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. IV. Effect of cellulose derivatives with different functional groups on the bioavailability and gastric ulcerogenic activity of acidic as well as basic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory dr el-Dien, EZ; Luzzi, LA; Meshali, MM; Omar, SA, )	0.13
" Further more by the oral administration of the tablet to beagle dogs, the sustained release of theophylline was also confirmed by some bioavailability parameters."	( [Sustained-release effect of the direct compressed tablet based on chitosan and Na alginate]. Miyazaki, T; Okada, S; Yomota, C, 1994)	0.29
"The mucoadhesiveness of polymer-coated liposomes was evaluated to develop a novel drug carrier system for oral administration of poorly absorbed drugs such as peptide drugs."	( Enteral absorption of insulin in rats from mucoadhesive chitosan-coated liposomes. Hino, T; Kawashima, Y; Niwa, T; Takeuchi, H; Yamamoto, H, 1996)	0.29
" The bioavailability of M6G in the chitosan formulation was found to be 31."	( Nasal administration of morphine-6-glucuronide in sheep--a pharmacokinetic study. Barrett, DA; Davis, SS; Farraj, NF; Fisher, AN; Illum, L; Pawula, M; Shaw, PN, 1996)	0.29
" The higher bioavailability with chitosan hydrochloride compared to C934P and FNaC934P indicates that for buserelin the intestinal transmucosal transport enhancing effect of the polymer plays a more dominant role than the protection against proteases such as alpha-chymotrypsin."	( Mucoadhesive polymers in peroral peptide drug delivery. VI. Carbomer and chitosan improve the intestinal absorption of the peptide drug buserelin in vivo. de Boer, AB; de Leeuw, BJ; Junginger, HE; Langemeÿer, MW; Luessen, HL; Verhoef, JC, 1996)	0.29
"The bioavailability of acyclovir to the ophthalmic epithelium is low and when the drug is administered in ophthalmic ointment it must be applied every four hours."	( Bioadhesive microspheres for ophthalmic administration of acyclovir. Conti, B; Genta, I; Pavanetto, F; Perugini, P; Puglisi, G; Spadaro, A, 1997)	0.3
" Determination of the in vivo bioavailability of the steroid from microsphere formulation by intramuscular injection in rabbits showed that a plasma concentration of 1 to 2 ng/ml was maintained up to 5 months without a high 'burst effect'."	( Progesterone-loaded chitosan microspheres: a long acting biodegradable controlled delivery system. Jameela, SR; Jayakrishnan, A; Kumary, TV; Lal, AV, 1998)	0.3
" The results have supported the hypothesis that chitosan delivery systems can reduce the rate of clearance from the nasal cavity, thereby increasing the contact time of the delivery system with the nasal mucosa, providing the potential for increasing the bioavailability of drugs incorporated into these systems."	( Evaluation of the clearance characteristics of bioadhesive systems in humans. Davis, SS; Frier, M; Illum, L; Jones, NS; Perkins, AC; Soane, RJ, 1999)	0.3
" In this study, the effects of chitosans with varying molecular weights and degrees of acetylation on the absorption of a poorly absorbed model drug (atenolol) were studied in intestinal epithelial cell layers with or without a mucus layer and in an in situ perfusion model of rat ileum."	( Chitosans as absorption enhancers of poorly absorbable drugs. 3: Influence of mucus on absorption enhancement. Artursson, P; Lennernäs, H; Ocklind, G; Schipper, NG; Stenberg, P; Vârum, KM, 1999)	0.3
" Bioavailability studies in male beagle dogs clearly showed the sustained nature of release from chitosan based ibuprofen tablet as compared to conventional ibuprofen marketed formulation."	( Dissolution studies on tablets of ibuprofen using chitosan. Ilango, R; Jaykar, B; Kavimani, S; Umamaheshwari, G, 1999)	0.3
" Based on these unique features, the co-administration of chitosan and its derivatives leads to a strongly improved bioavailability of many perorally given peptide drugs such as insulin, calcitonin and buserelin."	( Chitosan and its derivatives: potential excipients for peroral peptide delivery systems. Bernkop-Schnürch, A, 2000)	0.31
"The nasal bioavailability of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) (Mw = 4300) encapsulated in non-mucoadhesive and mucoadhesive microspheres in New Zealand White rabbits was investigated."	( Improved nasal bioavailability of FITC-dextran (Mw 4300) from mucoadhesive microspheres in rabbits. Dickinson, PA; El-Shafy, MA; Kellaway, IW; Taylor, G, 2000)	0.31
"Rapid mucociliary clearance of intranasally administered drugs is often a key factor in determining the bioavailability of such therapeutic agents."	( Preparation and evaluation of the in vitro drug release properties and mucoadhesion of novel microspheres of hyaluronic acid and chitosan. Berry, DJ; Brown, MB; Lim, ST; Martin, GP, 2000)	0.31
"0% (w/v) TMC solution significantly increased the absorption of the peptide analogue, resulting in a 5-fold increase of octreotide bioavailability compared with the controls (octreotide alone)."	( Intestinal absorption of octreotide: N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) ameliorates the permeability and absorption properties of the somatostatin analogue in vitro and in vivo. Junginger, HE; Marbach, P; Thanou, M; Verhoef, JC, 2000)	0.31
"Bioadhesive chitosan microspheres (Ms) of pentazocine (Pz) for intranasal systemic delivery were prepared with the aim of avoiding the first pass effect, and thus improving the bioavailability and achieving sustained and controlled blood level profiles, as an alternative therapy to injection and to obtain improved therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of chronic pain such as cancer, trauma and post-operative pain, etc."	( Chitosan based pentazocine microspheres for intranasal systemic delivery: development and biopharmaceutical evaluation. Mishra, B; Rani, M; Sankar, C; Srivastava, AK, 2001)	0.31
" The bioavailability of bupravaquone is limited when given orally."	( Production and characterisation of mucoadhesive nanosuspensions for the formulation of bupravaquone. Jacobs, C; Kayser, O; Müller, RH, 2001)	0.31
" By the development of mucoadhesive nanosuspensions, a potential drug delivery system for poorly soluble drugs has been investigated to overcome bioavailability problems caused by the pathophysiological diarrhoeic situation in patients suffering from cryptosporidiosis."	( A new approach for targeting to Cryptosporidium parvum using mucoadhesive nanosuspensions: research and applications. Kayser, O, 2001)	0.31
" The core-coated microspheres system may have potential use as a carrier for drugs that are poorly absorbed after oral administration."	( Investigation on a novel core-coated microspheres protein delivery system. Deng, X; Li, X; Zhou, S, 2001)	0.31
" For determining bioavailability (F) values, the pigs also received an octreotide solution intravenously (IV)."	( Intestinal absorption of octreotide using trimethyl chitosan chloride: studies in pigs. Junginger, HE; Thanou, M; Verheijden, JH; Verhoef, JC, 2001)	0.31
" Co-administrations of TMC with peptide drugs were found to substantially increase the bioavailability of the peptide in both rats and juvenile pigs compared with administrations without the polymer."	( Chitosan and its derivatives as intestinal absorption enhancers. Junginger, HE; Thanou, M; Verhoef, JC, 2001)	0.31
" As the inhibition of these enzymes strongly improves the bioavailability of non-invasively administered peptide drugs, chemically modified chitosans represent promising auxiliary polymers."	( Chemically modified chitosans as enzyme inhibitors. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Kast, CE, 2001)	0.31
" The bioavailability of gentamicin was poor when administered as a nasal solution (1."	( In vivo evaluation of novel hyaluronan/chitosan microparticulate delivery systems for the nasal delivery of gentamicin in rabbits. Berry, DJ; Brown, MB; Forbes, B; Lim, ST; Martin, GP, 2002)	0.31
"Morphine administered nasally to humans as a simple solution is only absorbed to a limited degree, with a bioavailability of the order of 10% compared with intravenous administration."	( Intranasal delivery of morphine. Davis, SS; Fisher, AN; Hinchcliffe, M; Illum, L; Jabbal-Gill, I; Nankervis, R; Norbury, H; Watts, P, 2002)	0.31
" As shown in the sheep model, the most effective chitosan formulation for nasal insulin absorption was a chitosan powder delivery system with a bioavailability of 17."	( Nasal delivery of insulin using novel chitosan based formulations: a comparative study in two animal models between simple chitosan formulations and chitosan nanoparticles. Castile, J; Dyer, AM; Hinchcliffe, M; Illum, L; Jabbal-Gill, I; Nankervis, R; Smith, A; Watts, P, 2002)	0.31
" Zeolite-sludge was found to have higher percentage of reduced metal bioavailability than chitosan-sludge."	( Environmental applicability of chitosan and zeolite for amending sewage sludge. Laortanakul, P; Leong, ST; Parkpian, P; Poonpolwatanaporn, P, 2002)	0.31
"Adhesive CS-MP were helpful in increasing the relative pharmacological bioavailability of insulin, and a distinct advantage of proper particle size helped to increase the drug effects."	( Relationship between drug effects and particle size of insulin-loaded bioadhesive microspheres. Li, YJ; Pan, Y; Wei, G; Xu, H; Zhao, HY; Zheng, JM, 2002)	0.31
"There are many ongoing investigations to improve the oral bioavailability of peptide and protein formulations."	( Bioadhesive polysaccharide in protein delivery system: chitosan nanoparticles improve the intestinal absorption of insulin in vivo. Cui, FD; Hao, JS; Li, YJ; Pan, Y; Wei, G; Xu, H; Zhao, HY; Zheng, JM, 2002)	0.31
" In the study reported, the biopharmaceutical properties of granules containing microcrystalline chitosan (MCCh; molecular weight 150 kDa, degree of deacetylation 75%) were evaluated via bioavailability tests in human volunteers."	( In vivo evaluation of matrix granules containing microcrystalline chitosan as a gel-forming excipient. Jürjenson, H; Linna, A; Marvola, M; Ojala, S; Säkkinen, M; Veski, P, 2003)	0.32
" No marked changes in the in vivo absorption rate (t(max)) were noted, but the amounts of furosemide absorbed (AUC(0- infinity ) and C(max)) decreased as the in vitro release rate decreased, although this was not statistically significant in the case of AUC."	( Evaluation of microcrystalline chitosans for gastro-retentive drug delivery. Jürjenson, H; Marvola, M; Säkkinen, M; Tuononen, T; Veski, P, 2003)	0.32
"It was the aim of this study to develop a mucoadhesive, permeation enhancing delivery system for orally administered poorly absorbed drugs."	( Thiolated chitosans: development and in vitro evaluation of a mucoadhesive, permeation enhancing oral drug delivery system. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Guggi, D; Pinter, Y, 2004)	0.32
" The sustained release and increase in bioavailability were also observed with a sub-therapeutic dose of the microspheres."	( Chemotherapeutic potential of alginate-chitosan microspheres as anti-tubercular drug carriers. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R, 2004)	0.32
" Consequently, the residence time at concentrations higher than the MIC90 and the bioavailability of the antibiotic in the aqueous were increased by about 150 and 240%, respectively, with respect to the reference vehicle."	( Effect of chitosan and of N-carboxymethylchitosan on intraocular penetration of topically applied ofloxacin. Burgalassi, S; Di Colo, G; Nardini, I; Saettone, MF; Zambito, Y, 2004)	0.32
"To ascertain the nasal bioavailability of Levonorgestrel and change formulation components to provide long-term effective concentrations of the drug in blood."	( Nasal delivery of levonorgestrel for contraception: an experimental study in rats. Misra, A; Shahiwala, A, 2004)	0.32
" Bioavailability was improved from 29."	( Nasal delivery of levonorgestrel for contraception: an experimental study in rats. Misra, A; Shahiwala, A, 2004)	0.32
"To study the relationship between cellular membrane fluidity and relative bioavailability (Fr) of protein and peptide drugs combined with absorption enhancers after pulmonary administration in rats."	( [Study on pulmonary delivery of peptide drugs in rats: effects of absorption enhancers on cellular membrane fluidity]. Wang, ZY; Zhang, Q, 2003)	0.32
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the transport mechanisms and causes of low bioavailability of leuprolide."	( Transport of leuprolide across rat intestine, rabbit intestine and Caco-2 cell monolayer. Dong, J; Feng, L; Guo, J; Jiang, G; Li, C; Li, Z; Ping, Q; Qi, S, 2004)	0.32
"The water absorption rate of the material reached 1 100% with contact angle of 83-86."	( [Biocompatibility evaluation of chitosan-g-polyvinylpyrrolidone]. Deng, ZX; Li, LH; Zhang, ZX; Zhou, CR, 2004)	0.32
" FS in Lip-Np administered to rats exhibited prolonged circulation and higher bioavailability than FS in Np."	( Preparation and characterization of liposomes encapsulating chitosan nanoparticles. Gao, JQ; Huang, YZ; Liang, WQ; Nakagawa, S, 2005)	0.33
" As compared with subcutaneous injection, the relative pharmacological bioavailability was 17."	( [Studies on the insulin-liposomes double-coated by chitosan and chitosan-EDTA conjugates]. Cai, P; Lei, XM; Li, JY; Ping, QN; Song, YM; Wu, ZH, 2004)	0.32
" The beads were evaluated for their bioavailability in six beagle dogs relative to the commercial enteric-coated Voltaren tablets."	( Evaluation of crosslinked chitosan hydrogel beads as a carrier for prolonged delivery of diclofenac sodium: in vitro and in vivo studies. Alsarra, IA, 2004)	0.32
" TMC derived from the lower MW chitosan and characterized by the highest degree of quaternization shows the best mucoadhesive and penetration enhancement properties and is the most promising TMC to improve the bioavailability of hydrophilic and large MW molecules (like peptides and proteins) when administered via buccal route."	( Buccal penetration enhancement properties of N-trimethyl chitosan: Influence of quaternization degree on absorption of a high molecular weight molecule. Bonferoni, MC; Caramella, C; Di Colo, G; Ferrari, F; Rossi, S; Sandri, G; Zambito, Y, 2005)	0.33
" In particular, the feasibility of producing a formulation with a comparable or improved bioavailability and/or less variability than the currently marketed nasal product (Miacalcin nasal spray, Novartis Pharmaceuticals) was assessed."	( Effect of chitosan on the intranasal absorption of salmon calcitonin in sheep. Hinchcliffe, M; Jabbal-Gill, I; Smith, A, 2005)	0.33
"The effectiveness of chitosan in promoting the intranasal bioavailability of recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) has been evaluated."	( Intranasal delivery of recombinant human growth hormone (somatropin) in sheep using chitosan-based powder formulations. Cheng, YH; Dyer, AM; Hinchcliffe, M; Jabbal-Gill, I; Nankervis, R; Smith, A; Watts, P, 2005)	0.33
" In vivo effects of COSs on Ca bioavailability were further studied in the osteoporosis modeling rats induced by ovariectomy and concurrent low calcium intake."	( Effect of chitooligosaccharides on calcium bioavailability and bone strength in ovariectomized rats. Jung, WK; Kim, SK; Moon, SH, 2006)	0.33
"5% with or without various enhancers significantly increased the permeability coefficient (P) and relative bioavailability (Fr) of FITC-rHV2 compared with the blank control."	( Permeation-enhancing effects of chitosan formulations on recombinant hirudin-2 by nasal delivery in vitro and in vivo. Lu, WL; Ma, CH; Sun, JN; Wang, XL; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X; Zhang, YJ, 2005)	0.33
" This is most likely due to the high oil adsorbancy capacity of chitosan, which enhances the bioavailability of high ring number PAHs to the microbial biomass."	( Bioremediation of oil-contaminated sediments on an inter-tidal shoreline using a slow-release fertilizer and chitosan. Lau, AN; Lim, YG; Obbard, JP; Xu, R, 2005)	0.33
"Nutrient concentration and hydrocarbon bioavailability are key factors affecting biodegradation rates of oil in contaminated beach sediments."	( Use of slow-release fertilizer and biopolymers for stimulating hydrocarbon biodegradation in oil-contaminated beach sediments. Lim, YG; Obbard, JP; Xu, R; Yong, LC, 2005)	0.33
" Hydrophilic drugs usually present low bioavailability after oral administration."	( Intestinal absorption enhancement via the paracellular route by fatty acids, chitosans and others: a target for drug delivery. Cano-Cebrián, MJ; Granero, L; Polache, A; Zornoza, T, 2005)	0.33
" These findings when analyzed showed an increase in the bioavailability of clarithromycin from microsphere formulation as compared to plain drug suspension in vivo, with AUC 0-->alpha being 91."	( Chitosan-based mucoadhesive microspheres of clarithromycin as a delivery system for antibiotic to stomach. Majithiya, RJ; Murthy, RS, 2005)	0.33
"Rapid passage through the proximal intestine can result in the low bioavailability of a drug substance with site-specific absorption characteristics in the upper gastrointestinal tract."	( Are chitosan formulations mucoadhesive in the human small intestine? An evaluation based on gamma scintigraphy. Ahonen, A; Kanerva, H; Lindevall, K; Marvola, J; Marvola, M; Säkkinen, M, 2006)	0.33
" Relative percentage of bioavailability (F) for nasal treatments was calculated from plasma concentration vs time plots."	( Preliminary investigation of the nasal delivery of liposomal leuprorelin acetate for contraception in rats. Misra, A; Shahiwala, A, 2006)	0.33
" The control of the size and size distribution of chitosan microsphere is necessary in order to improve its reproducibility, bioavailability and repeatable release behavior."	( Preparation and improvement of release behavior of chitosan microspheres containing insulin. Gu, YH; Ma, GH; Su, ZG; Wang, LY, 2006)	0.33
" Although chitosan hydrogel shortened the operation time and resulted in a high graft absorption rate in comparison with suturing, wound epithelization was rather retarded."	( Medium (DMEM/F12)-containing chitosan hydrogel as adhesive and dressing in autologous skin grafts and accelerator in the healing process. Ishihara, M; Kanatani, Y; Kikuchi, M; Kiyozumi, T; Okada, Y; Saitoh, D; Shimizu, J; Suzuki, S; Yura, H, 2006)	0.33
" This in vivo study showed that a delivery system based on thiolated chitosan significantly increased the oral bioavailability of P-gp substrate Rho-123."	( In vivo evaluation of an oral delivery system for P-gp substrates based on thiolated chitosan. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Föger, F; Schmitz, T, 2006)	0.33
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the transport characteristics and mechanisms for discovering the possible causes of the low bioavailability of astragaloside IV and to develop an absorption enhancement strategy."	( Absorption enhancement study of astragaloside IV based on its transport mechanism in caco-2 cells. Huang, CR; Li, H; Lv, H; Sun, JG; Wang, GJ; Wu, XL; Xie, HT, )	0.13
" These results suggested that LCS is a good mucoadhesive polymer candidate for enhancing the bioavailability of orally administered peptide containing liposomes, while encapsulation of eCT within the liposomal particles is important to protect eCT against enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract."	( The effect of particle structure of chitosan-coated liposomes and type of chitosan on oral delivery of calcitonin. Kawabata, Y; Takeuchi, H; Thongborisute, J; Tsuruta, A, 2006)	0.33
" These inherent drawbacks of chitosan have been overcome by forming derivatives such as carboxylated, various conjugates, thiolated, and acylated chitosan, thus providing a platform for sustained release formulations at a controlled rate, prolonged residence time, improved patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency, enhanced bioavailability and a significant improvement in therapeutic efficacy."	( Advances and potential applications of chitosan derivatives as mucoadhesive biomaterials in modern drug delivery. Ahmad, FJ; Chopra, S; Iqbal, Z; Kaur, J; Mahdi, S; Talegaonkar, S, 2006)	0.33
"Peptides, although high efficacy and specificity in their physiological function, usually have low therapeutical activities due to their poor bioavailability when administrated orally."	( Research on thymopentin loaded oral N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles. He, Q; Song, QG; Yuan, XJ; Zhang, ZR, 2006)	0.33
" These graft copolymer nanoparticles enhanced the absorption and improved the bioavailability of insulin via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of normal male Sprague-Dawley (SD) strain rats to a greater extent than that of the phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of insulin."	( Chitosan graft copolymer nanoparticles for oral protein drug delivery: preparation and characterization. Cui, F; Ding, J; Qian, F; Tang, C; Yin, C, 2006)	0.33
" All the results suggest that HM-polysaccharide micellar systems have the potential of enhancing the bioavailability of poorly adsorbed drugs in peroral delivery."	( In vitro evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of polysaccharide-based nanoparticulate oral drug delivery systems. Chayed, S; Winnik, FM, 2007)	0.34
" Together, these results indicate that the bioavailability of ellagic acid can be improved by subcutaneous formulations administered as simple EA or EA nps."	( Biodegradable in situ gelling system for subcutaneous administration of ellagic acid and ellagic acid loaded nanoparticles: evaluation of their antioxidant potential against cyclosporine induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Italia, JL; Ravi Kumar, MN; Sharma, G; Sonaje, K; Tikoo, K, 2007)	0.34
" The bioavailability of daidzein in the microspheres by intramuscular injection increased up to 39% in rats, suggesting that the cross-linked chitosan microspheres are a valuable system for the long-term delivery of isoflavones."	( Optimized preparation of daidzein-loaded chitosan microspheres and in vivo evaluation after intramuscular injection in rats. Chen, DW; Ge, YB; Xie, LP; Zhang, RQ, 2007)	0.34
" Results of this study showed that Ch-TBA in combination with GSH can be an interesting tool for increasing the oral bioavailability of actively secreted compounds."	( Enhanced transport of P-glycoprotein substrate saquinavir in presence of thiolated chitosan. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Föger, F; Hoyer, H; Kafedjiiski, K; Loretz, B, 2007)	0.34
"In general, drugs are well absorbed from the lung, and the pulmonary absorption of therapeutic protein and peptide drugs, which are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, was observed."	( [Control of pulmonary absorption of drugs by various pharmaceutical excipients]. Yamada, K, 2007)	0.34
"The purpose of this study was to develop a sublingual drug delivery spray formulation of scopolamine hydrobromide (L-(-)-hyoscine hydrobromide) and to determine the absolute bioavailability of scopolamine hydrobromide following sublingual delivery and to investigate the effect of a bioadhesive on the pharmacokinetic parameters of this drug in a rabbit model."	( Scopolamine sublingual spray: an alternative route of delivery for the treatment of motion sickness. Al-Ghananeem, AM; Crooks, PA; Malkawi, AH, 2007)	0.34
" It was the aim of the study to synthesise, characterise and evaluate a novel polymer-inhibitor conjugate in order to improve the bioavailability of orally-administered peptides and proteins."	( Design and evaluation of a chitosan-aprotinin conjugate for the peroral delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins susceptible to enzymatic degradation. Entstrasser, D; Föger, F; Loretz, B; Werle, M, 2007)	0.34
"The purpose of this investigation was to study the influences of absorption enhancers in increasing oral bioavailability of Ganciclovir (GAN) by assessing the transepithelial permeation across cell monolayers in vitro and bioavailability in rats in vivo."	( Modulation of ganciclovir intestinal absorption in presence of absorption enhancers. Bagchi, T; Jogani, V; Mishra, AK; Mishra, P; Misra, A; Shah, P, 2007)	0.34
"Chitosan is a widely available, mucoadhesive polymer that is able to increase cellular permeability and improve the bioavailability of orally administered protein drugs."	( Chitosan nanoparticles for oral drug and gene delivery. Bowman, K; Leong, KW, 2006)	0.33
" Encapsulation of insulin into dextran sulfate/chitosan nanoparticles was a key factor in the improvement of the bioavailability of its oral delivery over insulin solution."	( Oral bioavailability of insulin contained in polysaccharide nanoparticles. Ferreira, D; Neufeld, R; Ribeiro, A; Sarmento, B; Veiga, F, 2007)	0.34
"In this study the significant effect of chitosan on improving the dissolution rate and bioavailability of aceclofenac has been demonstrated by simple solvent change method."	( Enhancement of dissolution rate and bioavailability of aceclofenac: a chitosan-based solvent change approach. Anju, P; Manoj, K; Mutalik, S; Usha, AN, 2008)	0.35
" Poor ocular bioavailability of drugs (< 1%) from conventional eye drops is due mainly to the precorneal loss factors that include rapid tear turnover, nonproductive absorption, transient residence time in the cul-de-sac, and the relative impermeability of the drugs to corneal epithelial membrane."	( Sustained ocular drug delivery from a temperature and pH triggered novel in situ gel system. Gupta, H; Jain, S; Mathur, R; Mishra, AK; Mishra, P; Velpandian, T, 2007)	0.34
" These results clearly showed that PTX-M had the similar antitumor efficacy as Taxol, but significantly reduced the toxicity and improved the bioavailability of PTX."	( Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, efficacy and safety of N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan micelles loaded with paclitaxel. Ding, Q; Guo, Q; Ping, Q; Qu, G; Shen, Z; Sun, Y; Wu, X; Yao, Z; Yuan, S; Zhang, C; Zhou, H, 2008)	0.35
"To improve the bioavailability of orally administered drugs, formulations based on polymers are of great interest for pharmaceutical technologists."	( Thiolated chitosans: useful excipients for oral drug delivery. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Werle, M, 2008)	0.35
" The cationic charge (due to the presence of chitosan) of these particles is expected to favour oral absorption and thus overall bioavailability of orally administered amifostine."	( Preparation of polylactide-co-glycolide and chitosan hybrid microcapsules of amifostine using coaxial ultrasonic atomizer with solvent evaporation. Bostanian, LA; Graves, RA; Kishore, V; Mandal, TK; Moiseyev, R; Pamujula, S, 2008)	0.35
" After nasal administration in rats the bioavailability of rHV2 with or without various enhancers was compared."	( [Promoting mechanism of enhancers and transport pathway of large hydrophilic molecular across nasal epithelium studied by ESR and CLSM technologies]. Chen, MX; Jiang, H; Sun, MJ; Wang, Q; Wang, XL; Yang, J; Zhang, Q; Zhang, YJ, 2007)	0.34
" The impact of the powder formulation on insulin bioavailability and its pharmacological effect was evaluated using a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model."	( Efficacy of pulmonary insulin delivery in diabetic rats: use of a model-based approach in the evaluation of insulin powder formulations. Amidi, M; Crommelin, DJ; Della Pasqua, OE; Hennink, WE; Jiskoot, W; Krudys, KM; Snel, CJ, 2008)	0.35
" Significantly improved permeation of acyclovir in the presence of selected combinations of absorption enhancers may be used as a viable approach in overcoming the problem of limited oral bioavailability of acyclovir."	( In vitro assessment of acyclovir permeation across cell monolayers in the presence of absorption enhancers. Bagchi, T; Jogani, V; Mishra, AK; Mishra, P; Misra, A; Shah, P, 2008)	0.35
" The poor bioavailability of acyclovir is attributed to short retention of its dosage form at the absorption sites (in upper gastrointestinal tract to duodenum and jejunum)."	( Mucoadhesive microspheres for gastroretentive delivery of acyclovir: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Dhaliwal, S; Jain, S; Singh, HP; Tiwary, AK, 2008)	0.35
"The object of the study was to evaluate locust bean gum and chitosan in ratios of 2:3; 3:2 and 4:1 (F1, F2 and F3) as a mucoadhesive component in buccal tablets and to compare the bioavailability of a propranolol hydrochloride buccal tablet with the oral tablet in healthy human volunteers."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of locust bean gum and chitosan combination as a carrier for buccal drug delivery. Ramakrishnan, A; Vasanthakumar, S; Vijayaraghavan, C, 2008)	0.35
" Thus formulations can be used to improve bioavailability of buspirone HCl."	( Intranasal mucoadhesive buspirone formulation: in vitro characterization and nasal clearance studies. Khan, SA; Patil, KS; Yeole, PG, 2008)	0.35
"Colon-specific drug delivery systems (CDDS) can improve the bioavailability of drug through the oral route."	( Study on colon-specific 5-Fu pH-enzyme Di-dependent chitosan microspheres. Chen, DW; Li, KX; Pang, DH; Zhao, XF; Zhao, XL, 2008)	0.35
"In recent years, researchers have been working extensively on various novel properties of polymers to develop increased efficiency of drug delivery and improve bioavailability of various drug molecules, especially macromolecules."	( Potential prospects of chitosan derivative trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) as a polymeric absorption enhancer: synthesis, characterization and applications. Ahmad, FJ; Chopra, S; Khar, RK; Sahni, JK, 2008)	0.35
" These results demonstrate that the surface treated alginate-chitosan film could be a potential vehicle to enhance ocular GS bioavailability and patient compliance."	( Alginate-chitosan film for ocular drug delivery: effect of surface cross-linking on film properties and characterization. Gilhotra, RM; Mishra, DN, 2008)	0.35
"Two different chitosan (CS) nanocarriers namely nanoparticles and nanoemulsion were developed to prolong Indomethacin (IM) precorneal residence time and to improve its ocular bioavailability the main limitations in its management of post-operative inflammation and intraocular irritation after cataract extraction."	( Chitosan based nanocarriers for indomethacin ocular delivery. Badawi, AA; El dally, M; El Mofty, H; El Qidra, RK; El-Laithy, HM, 2008)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic data revealed approximately 42% of bioavailability after oral administration of 5 mg PTX/kg of the conjugate."	( Conjugated chitosan as a novel platform for oral delivery of paclitaxel. Chae, SY; Jon, S; Kim, H; Lee, E; Lee, IH; Lee, J; Yu, M, 2008)	0.35
"Inspite of the various impediments in the bioavailability of orally delivered drugs, oral dosage forms, both solid and liquid, occupy a center stage in the therapeutic regimen of diseases."	( Phase transition system: novel oral in-situ gel. Nagarwal, RC; Pandit, JK, 2008)	0.35
" However, its oral therapy is encountered with bioavailability problems due to its poor solubility leading to irreproducible clinical response, in addition to adverse effects like dizziness and gastric disturbances."	( Design and evaluation of chitosan films for transdermal delivery of glimepiride. Ammar, HO; El-Nahhas, SA; Elmotasem, H; Salama, HA, 2008)	0.35
" With the aim to improve TMX oral bioavailability and decrease its side effects, crosslinked alginate microparticles for the targeting to the lymphatic system by Peyer's patch (PP) uptake were developed and in vitro characterized."	( Alginate/chitosan microparticles for tamoxifen delivery to the lymphatic system. Coppi, G; Iannuccelli, V, 2009)	0.35
" Hence, the insulin permeation achieved by the GEDD system is primarily due to the enhancing effect of TMC and the mucoadhesive properties of PEO both of which synergistically increase the bioavailability of insulin."	( Development of a Gas Empowered Drug Delivery system for peptide delivery in the small intestine. Abashzadeh, Sh; Avadi, MR; Dorkoosh, F; Ejtemaimehr, Sh; Faghihi, M; Junginger, HE; Partoazar, A; Rafiee-Tehrani, M; Sadeghi, AM, 2009)	0.35
" This leads to the rising needs to develop new formulation strategies emphasizing on the assembly of insulin and excipients into a physical structure to maintain the stability and increase the bioavailability of insulin."	( Chitosan and its use in design of insulin delivery system. Wong, TW, 2009)	0.35
"The main objective of the study was to investigate the efficacy of chitosan to facilitate brain bioavailability of intranasally administered nerve growth factor (NGF)."	( Delivery of nerve growth factor to brain via intranasal administration and enhancement of brain uptake. Day, LB; Murthy, SN; Sammeta, SM; Vaka, SR, 2009)	0.35
" Its water absorption rate and water retention rate were 772% and 206% respectively."	( [Preparation and characterization of an extracellular matrix of artificial tendon tissue from natural macromolecules]. Wan, L; Xiong, Y, 2008)	0.35
" In rat, chitosan glutamate doubled oral bioavailability of acyclovir and tripled the amount of acyclovir excreted unchanged into urine."	( Effect of chitosan glutamate, carbomer 974P, and EDTA on the in vitro Caco-2 permeability and oral pharmacokinetic profile of acyclovir in rats. Christoffersen, C; El-Kattan, A; Merzlikine, A; Poe, J; Rago, B; Rotter, C; Thomas, VH; Troutman, M, 2009)	0.35
"The purpose of this study was to find out whether nasal application of buspirone could increase its bioavailability and directly transport the drug from nose to brain."	( Brain targeting studies on buspirone hydrochloride after intranasal administration of mucoadhesive formulation in rats. Gaikwad, R; Khan, S; Patil, K; Yeole, P, 2009)	0.35
"The nasal Bus-chitosan formulation improved the absolute bioavailability to 61% and the plasma concentration peaked at 30 min whereas the peak for nasal Bus-plain formulation was 60 min."	( Brain targeting studies on buspirone hydrochloride after intranasal administration of mucoadhesive formulation in rats. Gaikwad, R; Khan, S; Patil, K; Yeole, P, 2009)	0.35
" The bioavailability of CsA after administration of plain CsA, solid CsA/alpha-CD and solid CsA/alpha-CD/CH (0."	( Cyclodextrins and chitosan derivatives in sublingual delivery of low solubility peptides: A study using cyclosporin A, alpha-cyclodextrin and quaternary chitosan N-betainate. Auriola, S; Holappa, J; Jarho, P; Järvinen, K; Mannila, J; Matilainen, L, 2009)	0.35
"The water absorption rate and the swelling rate of the CHP blend membrane was 83."	( [Preparation and physicochemical property of carboxymethyl-chitosan/hyaluronic acid poly(vinyl alcohol) blend membrane]. Chang, J; Han, B; Li, S; Liu, W, 2009)	0.35
"Heparin is a potent anticoagulant; however, it is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract."	( The characteristics, biodistribution and bioavailability of a chitosan-based nanoparticulate system for the oral delivery of heparin. Chen, HL; Chen, MC; Chu, CY; Lin, KJ; Lin, YH; Sonaje, K; Sung, HW; Wey, SP; Wong, HS, 2009)	0.35
"To improve the oral bioavailability of silymarin, the silymarin-loaded amphiphilic chitosan micelles (SM-OGC) were prepared."	( [Preparation of silymarin-loaded amphiphilic chitosan micelle and its in situ absorption in rat intestine]. Huo, MR; Wu, YP; Zhou, JP, 2009)	0.35
" Mucoadhesive and absorption enhancement properties of chitosan increase the in vivo residence time of the dosage form in the gastrointestinal tract and improve the bioavailability of various drugs."	( Targeted delivery of low molecular drugs using chitosan and its derivatives. Kim, K; Kwon, IC; Park, JH; Saravanakumar, G, 2010)	0.36
" The in vivo study regarding the behaviour of the obtained formulation, showed an increase bioavailability of THP compared to the raw drug, suggesting the possible application of the complex Xa-CS as an oral controlled drug delivery system in the management of chronic pulmonary obstructive disease."	( Hydrogels based on chitosan-xanthan for controlled release of theophylline. Lupusoru, CE; Novac, O; Popa, MI; Popa, N; Profire, L, 2010)	0.36
" However, low drug-contact time and poor ocular bioavailability of drugs due to drainage of solution, tear turnover and its dilution or lacrimation limits its uses."	( Hyaluronic acid modified chitosan nanoparticles for effective management of glaucoma: development, characterization, and evaluation. Paliwal, R; Paliwal, SR; Vyas, SP; Wadhwa, S, 2010)	0.36
" In conclusion, the oral bioavailability of enoxaparin can be enhanced by improving the bioadhesive properties of PEC via the chemical modification of chitosan employed."	( Bioadhesion and oral absorption of enoxaparin nanocomplexes. Junyaprasert, VB; Mao, S; Na, L; Sun, W; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Zhang, T, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of this work is to improve the ocular bioavailability of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CPX) through the preparation of ocular mucoadhesive chitosan (CS)-coated liposomes."	( Ocular ciprofloxacin hydrochloride mucoadhesive chitosan-coated liposomes. Abdelbary, G, 2011)	0.37
" Formulations were tested for gelation time, thermosensitivity, mucoadhesion, in vitro release and permeation, in vitro cytotoxicity, nasal clearance, in vivo bioavailability and brain uptake."	( Formulation of intranasal mucoadhesive temperature-mediated in situ gel containing ropinirole and evaluation of brain targeting efficiency in rats. Bobade, N; Gaikwad, R; Khan, S; Patil, K; Yeole, P, 2010)	0.36
" With the aim of improving both bioavailability and tamoxifen selective toxicity, the activity of tamoxifen embedded in calcium alginate/chitosan microparticles was studied."	( Role of the pharmaceutical excipients in the tamoxifen activity on MCF-7 and vero cell cultures. Baggio, G; Bruni, E; Coppi, G; Iannuccelli, V; Rossi, T, 2009)	0.35
"Poor bioavailability (<1%) of drugs from conventional eye drops is mainly due to the various precorneal loss factors which include rapid tear turnover, systemic drug absorption through naso-lachrymal duct, transient residence time of the drug solution in the cul-de-sac and the relative impermeability of the drugs to corneal epithelial membrane."	( Ion- and pH-activated novel in-situ gel system for sustained ocular drug delivery. Gupta, H; Jain, S; Velpandian, T, 2010)	0.36
" The wafers were tested for their physical characteristics, ex vivo mucoadhesion strength, ex vivo mucoadhesion time, in vitro drug release, and in vitro permeation and in vivo bioavailability studies."	( Development and evaluation of novel buccoadhesive wafers of nimodipine for treatment of hypertension. Ali, J; Ali, M; Hassan, N, 2010)	0.36
" Bioavailability compared with OTFC was significantly greater for all nasal fentanyl formulations (FPNS 132."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of three nasal fentanyl formulations; pectin, chitosan and chitosan-poloxamer 188. Fisher, A; Knight, A; Smith, A; Watling, M, 2010)	0.36
" The relative bioavailability of insulin was found to be approximately 20%."	( Enteric-coated capsules filled with freeze-dried chitosan/poly(gamma-glutamic acid) nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. Chen, HL; Chen, YJ; Hsu, CW; Juang, JH; Lin, KJ; Nguyen, HN; Sonaje, K; Sung, HW; Wey, SP, 2010)	0.36
" In vivo release study of OZ, physically entrapped within chitosan-coated CP microcapsules, demonstrated the sustained release of OZ and could be used to improve the bioavailability of OZ following oral administration."	( Optimization, in vitro release and bioavailability of gamma-oryzanol-loaded calcium pectinate microparticles reinforced with chitosan. Chang, PS; Kim, JS; Lee, HG; Lee, JS, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of the present study was to develop and characterize chitosan mucoadhesive microspheres of carvedilol (CRV) for nasal delivery to improve bioavailability for treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris."	( Mucoadhesive chitosan microspheres of carvedilol for nasal administration. Babbar, A; Mathur, R; Mishra, A; Patil, S; Sawant, K, 2010)	0.36
" A new approach was developed for promoting drug bioavailability that has the potential to decrease the required dose and side effects, particularly for chemotherapeutic drugs with narrow therapeutic index."	( The development of a dense gas solvent exchange process for the impregnation of pharmaceuticals into porous chitosan. Barrett, A; Dehghani, F; Foster, NR; Ji, C; Poole-Warren, LA, 2010)	0.36
"4-fold increase in bioavailability with F127 and F127/0."	( A nonionic surfactant/chitosan micelle system in an innovative eye drop formulation. Filipović-Grcić, J; Hafner, A; Lovrić, J; Pepić, I; Pirkić, B, 2010)	0.36
" Using such an approach, we found that dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg chitosan (a prebiotic and a polysaccharide not digested by animal cells) reduced oxygen consumption, as well as the net absorption of dietary AA into the portal vein, thereby enhancing their bioavailability for extraintestinal tissues."	( Amino acid metabolism in the portal-drained viscera of young pigs: effects of dietary supplementation with chitosan and pea hull. Deng, Z; Hou, Y; Huang, R; Li, T; Ruan, Z; Wu, G; Xie, M; Yin, Y, 2010)	0.36
"The objective of this investigation was the development of chitosan/pectin based nasal inserts to improve bioavailability of antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of psychotic symptoms."	( Freeze-dried chitosan/pectin nasal inserts for antipsychotic drug delivery. Abruzzo, A; Bigucci, F; Cerchiara, T; Corace, G; Luppi, B; Zecchi, V, 2010)	0.36
"This study examined a novel alendronate formulation that was developed to overcome the shortcomings of alendronate, such as its low bioavailability and gastric adverse effects."	( Alendronate-loaded microparticles for improvement of intestinal cellular absorption. Baek, JS; Cho, CW; Hwang, JS; Kim, YR; Kwon, HH; Lee, JM; Shin, SC; Sung, HC, 2011)	0.37
" This article reviews the potential impact of the physicochemical characteristics of nano-laminated biopolymer coatings on the bioavailability of encapsulated lipids."	( Design of nano-laminated coatings to control bioavailability of lipophilic food components. McClements, DJ, )	0.13
"1) in bioavailability enhancing quaternary ammonium palmitoyl glycol chitosan (GCPQ) micelles."	( In silico modelling of drug-polymer interactions for pharmaceutical formulations. Ahmad, S; Gellert, P; Johnston, BF; Mackay, SP; Schatzlein, AG; Sengupta, D; Uchegbu, IF, 2010)	0.36
" In this study, the changes in bioavailability of the chiral herbicide dichlorprop to Chlorella pyrenoidosa by chitosan were investigated."	( Effect of chitosan on the enantioselective bioavailability of the herbicide dichlorprop to Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Chen, H; Lin, K; Liu, W; Wen, Y; Xu, D; Yuan, Y, 2010)	0.36
" This preparation (MZ-CR) was characterized by in vitro, ex vivo bioadhesion and in vivo bioavailability study."	( Bioadhesive controlled metronidazole release matrix based on chitosan and xanthan gum. Al Remawi, MM; Al Shami, MR; Arafat, TA; Badwan, AA; Eftaiha, AF; Qinna, N; Rashid, IS, 2010)	0.36
"Mean bioavailability of midazolam after nasal administration ranged from 76 +/- 12% to 92 +/- 15%."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nasally delivered midazolam. Briellmann, TA; Drewe, J; Dussy, FE; Fröhlich, J; Haschke, M; Hofmann, S; Imanidis, G; Krähenbühl, S; Surber, C; Suter, K; Witschi, R, 2010)	0.36
" In addition, the relative pharmacodynamic bioavailability (F(dyn)) of the formulations was found to be dependent upon the charge ratio of insulin and polymer, regardless of polymer structure."	( Nasal absorption and local tissue reaction of insulin nanocomplexes of trimethyl chitosan derivatives in rats. Jintapattanakit, A; Junyaprasert, VB; Kissel, T; Peungvicha, P; Sailasuta, A, 2010)	0.36
" weight may be suitable to treat acute inflammation cases; however, further studies are needed to ascertain the effect upon longer inflammation periods as well as studies upon the bioavailability of these compounds."	( Anti-inflammatory activity of chitooligosaccharides in vivo. Carvalho, JE; de Sousa, V; Fernandes, JC; Malcata, FX; Pintado, ME; Santos-Silva, A; Spindola, H, 2010)	0.36
" These results suggest that FP from LM chitosan kneaded mixture increases the dissolution rate and improves the bioavailability of the drug by the formation of a water-soluble complex."	( Enhancement of dissolution and bioavailability of flurbiprofen by low molecular weight chitosans. Anraku, M; Arahira, M; Imai, T; Khaled, KA; Mady, FM; Otagiri, M; Seo, H; Yamasaki, K, 2010)	0.36
" The MNHG shows optimal magnetization, good specific absorption rate (under external AC magnetic field) and excellent cytocompatibility with L929 cell lines, which may find potential applications in hyperthermia treatment of cancer and targeted drug delivery."	( Thermal behavior of magnetically modalized poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-chitosan based nanohydrogel. Bahadur, D; Banerjee, R; Jaiswal, MK; Pradhan, P, 2010)	0.36
" In vivo bioavailability studies in rats were performed and the nasal bioavailability of Pheroid vesicles and Pheroid microsponges were compared relative to subcutaneous administration."	( Nasal delivery of recombinant human growth hormone: in vivo evaluation with Pheroid technology and N-trimethyl chitosan chloride. du Plessis, L; Kotzé, A; Steyn, D, 2010)	0.36
" Using specific RIA, the relative bioavailability of rhGH after comparison with subcutaneous injection was determined to be 38."	( Nasal delivery of recombinant human growth hormone: in vivo evaluation with Pheroid technology and N-trimethyl chitosan chloride. du Plessis, L; Kotzé, A; Steyn, D, 2010)	0.36
" After orally administration of PTX-loaded DHC micelles, the bioavailability was threefold compared with that of an orally dosed Taxol®."	( Enhanced oral absorption of paclitaxel in N-deoxycholic acid-N, O-hydroxyethyl chitosan micellar system. Dai, Y; Deng, Y; Huo, M; Li, H; Masoud, J; Shi, X; Zhou, J, 2010)	0.36
"A new oral delivery system for insulin was developed aiming to improve bioavailability based on a conjugate between insulin and low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) of narrow molecular weight distribution."	( A novel approach to oral delivery of insulin by conjugating with low molecular weight chitosan. Jon, S; Lee, E; Lee, J, 2010)	0.36
"Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems offer great promise in addressing challenges of drug toxicity, poor bioavailability and non-specificity for a number of drugs."	( In vivo uptake and acute immune response to orally administered chitosan and PEG coated PLGA nanoparticles. Booysen, LI; Kalombo, L; Katata, L; Ramalapa, B; Semete, B; Swai, H; Venter, JD; Verschoor, JA, 2010)	0.36
" Ex vivo application of free RA and the RA-loaded PCPLC NPs onto the surface of the freshly excised skin from a baby mouse indicated a significantly slower skin absorption rate for the encapsulated RA."	( Retinyl acetate-loaded nanoparticles: dermal penetration and release of the retinyl acetate. Arayachukeat, S; Tree-Udom, T; Wanichwecharungruang, SP, 2011)	0.37
" In vivo study demonstrated that the micelles could significantly improve the bioavailability of encapsulated drug."	( Stearic acid-g-chitosan polymeric micelle for oral drug delivery: in vitro transport and in vivo absorption. Du, YZ; Hu, FQ; Lu, LJ; Yuan, H, 2011)	0.37
" A further aim was to investigate the effect of nasally administered chitosan-based nasal bioadhesive gel on THC bioavailability as a formulation strategy to decrease normal mucociliary drug clearance."	( Bioavailability of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol following intranasal administration of a mucoadhesive gel spray delivery system in conscious rabbits. Al-Ghananeem, AM; Crooks, PA; Malkawi, AH, 2011)	0.37
" The absolute bioavailability of THC after nasal delivery was studied to compare plasma THC concentrations after nasal administration with those after intravenous injection."	( Bioavailability of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol following intranasal administration of a mucoadhesive gel spray delivery system in conscious rabbits. Al-Ghananeem, AM; Crooks, PA; Malkawi, AH, 2011)	0.37
" Bioavailability study of batch CS9 was studied in rabbit eye and compare to 5-FU solution."	( Chitosan nanoparticles of 5-fluorouracil for ophthalmic delivery: characterization, in-vitro and in-vivo study. Kant, S; Maiti, P; Nagarwal, RC; Pandit, JK; Singh, PN, 2011)	0.37
"P-glycoprotein (P-gp), expressed in the apical membranes of the epithelial cells of the intestine, can reduce the oral bioavailability of a wide range of drugs."	( Enhancing effect of N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan on etoposide absorption. Mo, R; Ping, Q; Sun, M; Xiao, Y; Zhang, C, 2011)	0.37
" Thus, this study suggests that (thiolated) polymers display a promising potential to inhibit cytochrome P450s activity and might turn out to be potentially valuable tools for improving the oral bioavailability of actively secreted compounds by avoiding intestinal metabolism."	( Thiomers: Inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Iqbal, J; Sakloetsakun, D, 2011)	0.37
" In vivo, the oral bioavailability of PTX loaded in NOSC micelles (PTX-M) was 6-fold improved in comparison with that of an orally dosed Taxol(®)."	( The mechanism of enhancement on oral absorption of paclitaxel by N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan micelles. Jin, X; Ju, C; Li, N; Mo, R; Ping, Q; Sun, M; Zhang, C, 2011)	0.37
"Conventional eye drops can result in poor drug bioavailability due to the unique ocular anatomy and physiology."	( Comparison of ion-activated in situ gelling systems for ocular drug delivery. Part 1: physicochemical characterisation and in vitro release. Alany, RG; Green, CR; Rupenthal, ID, 2011)	0.37
" Mucoadhesive and absorption enhancement properties of chitosan increase the in vivo residence time of the dosage form in the gastrointestinal tract and improve the bioavailability of various drugs."	( Chitosan mediated targeted drug delivery system: a review. Patel, JK; Patel, MP; Patel, RR, 2010)	0.36
"These thiolated chitosans would therefore be advantageous tools for enhancing the noninvasive bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients."	( Thiolated chitosans: influence of various sulfhydryl ligands on permeation-enhancing and P-gp inhibitory properties. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Iqbal, J; Millotti, G; Sakloetsakun, D; Vetter, A, 2011)	0.37
" The combined effect of properties of polyelectrolyte microparticles and of encapsulated recombinant proteins on the bioavailability of insulin under peroral administration is discussed."	( Mucoadhesive polyelectrolyte microparticles containing recombinant human insulin and its analogs aspart and lispro. Balabushevich, NG; Larionova, NI; Pechenkin, MA; Shibanova, ED; Zorov, IN, 2011)	0.37
"Curcumin has been shown to have anti malarial activity, but poor bioavailability and chemical instability has hindered its development as a drug."	( Oral delivery of curcumin bound to chitosan nanoparticles cured Plasmodium yoelii infected mice. Akhtar, F; Kar, SK; Rizvi, MM, )	0.13
" Unfortunately, current therapeutic options often result in poor bioavailability of antifungal agents due to protective mechanisms of the eye."	( Enhancing and sustaining the topical ocular delivery of fluconazole using chitosan solution and poloxamer/chitosan in situ forming gel. de Freitas, O; Gelfuso, GM; Gratieri, T; Lopez, RF; Rocha, EM, 2011)	0.37
"In the current study, the influence of chitosan on the dissolution rate and bioavailability of acyclovir has been illustrated through the preparation of co-crystals by simple solvent change method."	( Formulation and physicochemical characterization of chitosan/acyclovir co-crystals. Allam, AN; El Gamal, SS; Naggar, VF, )	0.13
" It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and its various clinical uses are limited because of its poor bioavailability."	( Enhancing effects of chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride on intestinal absorption of berberine in rats. Chen, W; Fan, D; He, H; Meng, L; Miao, Y; Tang, X; Weng, Y; Yang, S, 2012)	0.38
" Obtained results suggest that prepared formulations have potential to be used as carriers of poorly soluble drugs and they may improve their bioavailability after oral administration."	( Chitosan coated furosemide liposomes for improved bioavailability. Olmez, SS; Sarisozen, C; Vural, I, 2011)	0.37
"A novel approach to improve the bioavailability and stability of atorvastatin (AT) was developed by constructing a nano-sized polymer-atorvastatin conjugate."	( Enhanced bioavailability of nano-sized chitosan-atorvastatin conjugate after oral administration to rats. Ahmad, FJ; Akhter, S; Anwar, M; Gahoi, S; Jain, GK; Khar, RK; Mallick, N; Talegaonkar, S; Warsi, MH, 2011)	0.37
" Brain bioavailability of rats administered intranasally with BDNF solution containing chitosan was significantly enhanced ~13-fold compared to rats administered with same concentration of BDNF solution without chitosan."	( Delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor via nose-to-brain pathway. Balaji, A; Murthy, SN; Repka, MA; Vaka, SR, 2012)	0.38
"Intranasal formulations containing chitosan as barrier-modulating agent significantly enhanced brain bioavailability of BDNF."	( Delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor via nose-to-brain pathway. Balaji, A; Murthy, SN; Repka, MA; Vaka, SR, 2012)	0.38
"Various efforts have been made to improve the bioavailability and to prolong the residence time of eye drops."	( Chitosan nanoparticles for controlled delivery of brimonidine tartrate to the ocular membrane. Shinde, UA; Singh, KH, 2011)	0.37
" To achieve this, paclitaxel loaded chitosan and polyethylene glycol coated PLGA (PLGA-CS-PEG) nanoparticles were formulated and characterized that could efficiently encapsulate hydrophobic drugs, and also evade the phagocytic uptake by reducing opsonization by blood proteins, hence increasing the bioavailability of the drug."	( Long circulating chitosan/PEG blended PLGA nanoparticle for tumor drug delivery. Parveen, S; Sahoo, SK, 2011)	0.37
" The use of polycationic chitosan derivatives can promote the absorption of polyphenols across intestinal epithelium, thus increasing their bioavailability and potential therapeutic value in atherosclerosis."	( Red grape skin and seeds polyphenols: Evidence of their protective effects on endothelial progenitor cells and improvement of their intestinal absorption. Balbarini, A; D'Onofrio, C; Di Colo, G; Di Stefano, R; Fausto, C; Felice, F; Zambito, Y, 2012)	0.38
"The bioavailability of therapeutic agents from eye drops is usually limited due to corneal barrier functions and effective eye protective mechanisms."	( Biodegradable ocular inserts for sustained delivery of brimonidine tartarate: preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Aburahma, MH; Mahmoud, AA, 2011)	0.37
" Therefore, CS-PN/SE could enhance the duration of action and ocular bioavailability by improving the precorneal residence and ocular absorption significantly."	( [Chitosan-coated ophthalmic submicro emulsion for pilocarpine nitrate]. He, HL; Wei, J; Zheng, CL; Zhu, JB, 2011)	0.37
"The aims of this study were to design the formulation of curcumin (CUR) liposomes coated with N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) and to evaluate in vitro release characteristics and in vivo pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of TMC-coated CUR liposomes in rats."	( N-trimethyl chitosan chloride-coated liposomes for the oral delivery of curcumin. Cao, F; Chen, H; Guo, C; Sun, M; Tan, Q; Wu, J; Yu, A; Zhai, G; Zhao, L, 2012)	0.38
"A multiple-unit system comprising mucoadhesive bilayer buccal tablets of carvedilol-loaded chitosan microspheres (CMs) was developed to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of carvedilol."	( Mucoadhesive bilayer buccal tablet of carvedilol-loaded chitosan microspheres: in vitro, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations. Dhiman, MK; Petkar, K; Sawant, K; Yedurkar, P, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of present study was to investigate the potential of mucoadhesive polymer chitosan (CS) and N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) based nanoparticulate systems for oral bioavailability enhancement of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)."	( Chitosan nanoconstructs for improved oral delivery of low molecular weight heparin: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Agrawal, GP; Paliwal, R; Paliwal, SR; Vyas, SP, 2012)	0.38
" However, native GLP-1 pharmacokinetics reveals low bioavailability due to degradation by the ubiquitous dipeptydil peptidase IV (DPP-IV) endoprotease."	( Chitosan-based therapeutic nanoparticles for combination gene therapy and gene silencing of in vitro cell lines relevant to type 2 diabetes. Alameh, M; Buschmann, MD; Darras, V; De Jesus, D; Jean, M; Lavertu, M; Merzouki, A; Nelea, M; Thibault, M, 2012)	0.38
"5-fold higher relative bioavailability compared with unmodified ones."	( Goblet cell-targeting nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery and the influence of mucus on insulin transport. Chen, C; Huang, Y; Jin, Y; Song, Y; Zhang, Z; Zhou, D; Zhu, X, 2012)	0.38
"The purpose of the study was to formulate and evaluate controlled release chitosan microspheres of mirtazapine (MTZ) to improve the bioavailability by altering the pharmacokinetic profiles of the drug."	( Controlled release chitosan microspheres of mirtazapine: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Arumugam, K; Averineni, RK; Meka, SR; Nayak, UY; Ranjan, OP; Shavi, GV; Sureshwar, P, 2011)	0.37
" The film showed enhanced bioavailability and prolonged efficacy compared to the oral solution."	( Development of chitosan-based ondansetron buccal delivery system for the treatment of emesis. Jee, JP; Kim, CK; Kim, HT; Park, DM; Song, YK, 2012)	0.38
"The mucoadhesive ondansetron buccal film may be a potential alternative to the marketed oral formulation, parenterals and solid suppositories with better patient compliance and higher bioavailability for the treatment of emesis."	( Development of chitosan-based ondansetron buccal delivery system for the treatment of emesis. Jee, JP; Kim, CK; Kim, HT; Park, DM; Song, YK, 2012)	0.38
" The relative bioavailability of oral administration in rats of LMWH loaded CSNPs to LMWH solution was 517%."	( Preparation of chitosan-based nanoparticles for delivery of low molecular weight heparin. Ling, P; Lou, H; Tan, H; Wang, J; Wu, J; Yu, A; Zhai, G, 2011)	0.37
" The relative oral bioavailability of insulin was approximately 20%."	( Protease inhibition and absorption enhancement by functional nanoparticles for effective oral insulin delivery. Chuang, EY; Ho, YC; Lin, KJ; Maiti, B; Panda, N; Sonaje, K; Su, FY; Sung, HW; Wey, SP; Yen, TC, 2012)	0.38
" However, their negative surface charge decreases bioavailability under oral administration."	( Preparation and characterization of insulin-loaded bioadhesive PLGA nanoparticles for oral administration. Bi, Y; Cao, D; Sun, J; Sun, M; Zhang, X; Zheng, A, 2012)	0.38
"Nanochemoprevention by oral consumption was developed by the encapsulation of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) with nanoparticles that were electrostatically assembled from bioactive caseinophosphopeptides and chitosan, which was highly biocompatible and able to enhance the bioavailability of EGCG."	( Nanochemoprevention by encapsulation of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate with bioactive peptides/chitosan nanoparticles for enhancement of its bioavailability. Hu, B; Huang, Q; Tang, W; Ting, Y; Yang, X; Zeng, X, 2012)	0.38
"Harsh gastric condition causes low bioavailability of probiotics when supplied orally."	( Effect of microencapsulation of Lactobacillus salivarus 29 into alginate/chitosan/alginate microcapsules on viability and cytokine induction. Bajracharya, P; Cho, CS; Choi, YJ; Islam, MA; Jiang, T; Kang, SK, 2012)	0.38
" The plasma profile and bioavailability of IMC after oral administration of both types of liposomes were improved, compared with oral administration of IMC solution."	( Effectiveness of submicronized chitosan-coated liposomes in oral absorption of indomethacin. Kawashima, Y; Sugihara, H; Takeuchi, H; Yamamoto, H, 2012)	0.38
"Artesunate (AST), the most widely used artemisnin derivative, has poor aqueous solubility and suffers from low oral bioavailability (~40%)."	( Artesunate-loaded chitosan/lecithin nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and in vivo studies. Chadha, R; Gupta, S; Pathak, N, 2012)	0.38
"The purpose of this study was to develop thiolated nanoparticles to enhance the bioavailability for the nasal application of leuprolide."	( Thiolated chitosan nanoparticles for the nasal administration of leuprolide: bioavailability and pharmacokinetic characterization. Augustijns, P; Barthelmes, J; Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Dünnhaput, S; Iqbal, J; Laffleur, F; Perera, G; Rahmat, D; Schlocker, W; Shahnaz, G; Vetter, A, 2012)	0.38
"Gastroretentive floating drug delivery systems have emerged as efficient approaches for enhancing the bioavailability and controlled delivery of various therapeutic agents."	( Chitosan-based gastroretentive floating drug delivery technology: an updated review. Kohli, K; Kumar, V; Pahwa, R; Saini, N, 2012)	0.38
"Solid lipid nanoparticles are most promising delivery systems for the enhancement of bioavailability of highly lipophilic drugs those prone to the first pass metabolism."	( Design and evaluation of polymer coated carvedilol loaded solid lipid nanoparticles to improve the oral bioavailability: a novel strategy to avoid intraduodenal administration. Adepu, L; Chede, R; Diwan, PV; Komuravelli, R; Sistla, R; Venishetty, VK, 2012)	0.38
" Water absorption rate of 226."	( Mechanical properties of biodegradable small-diameter chitosan artificial vascular prosthesis. Han, B; Kong, X; Li, H; Liu, W; Wang, H; Xu, W, 2012)	0.38
"Human Parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH1-34) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (PTH 1-34 chitosan nanoparticles) via simple ionic gelation technique were prepared which can improve the bioavailability and half-life of the peptide."	( Synthesis, characterization and preliminary in vitro evaluation of PTH 1-34 loaded chitosan nanoparticles for osteoporosis. Anitha, A; Chennazhi, KP; Jayakumar, R; Nair, SV; Narayanan, D, 2012)	0.38
"This study aimed to design the chitosan coated liposomes of alendronate and optimize their in vitro/in vivo characteristics to improve the bioavailability as well as potentially to reduce the mucosal irritation of alendronate."	( Improved oral bioavailability of alendronate via the mucoadhesive liposomal delivery system. Ha, DH; Han, HK; Shin, HJ, 2012)	0.38
" In conclusion, intranasal administration of chitosan coated liposome appeared to be effective to enhance the bioavailability as well as prolonged exposure of fexofenadine in rats."	( Enhanced systemic exposure of fexofenadine via the intranasal administration of chitosan-coated liposome. Han, HK; Lee, BJ; Qiang, F; Shin, HJ, 2012)	0.38
" Enhancement of ocular bioavailability with increased dose penetration and longer retention time at desired sites can be achieved by recent formulations."	( Ocular application of chitosan. Başaran, E; Yazan, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The surface modification by chitosan improved the bioavailability compared with the initial nanocrystals, which had demonstrated significant improvement of bioavailability compared to the traditional coarse powder form."	( A novel surface modified nitrendipine nanocrystals with enhancement of bioavailability and stability. Cui, F; Liang, N; Piao, H; Quan, P; Shi, K; Xia, D, 2012)	0.38
"The rivastigmine (RHT) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-RHT NPs) were prepared by ionic gelation method to improve the bioavailability and enhance the uptake of RHT to the brain via intranasal (i."	( Development and evaluation of rivastigmine loaded chitosan nanoparticles for brain targeting. Ali, J; Baboota, S; Fazil, M; Haque, S; Kumar, M; Md, S; Sahni, JK, 2012)	0.38
" The absorption rate constants (Ka) of NCTD at different segments were found to be duodenum > jejunum > ileum > colon."	( Novel norcantharidin-loaded liver targeting chitosan nanoparticles to enhance intestinal absorption. Bei, YY; Chen, WL; Chen, XY; Gu, ZL; Liu, Y; Shi, LS; Wang, Q; Wang, WJ; Xing, KL; Xu, JY; Zhang, Q; Zhang, XN; Zhu, AJ, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this research is to develop novel chitosan nanoparticles including cyclodextrins complexes for docetaxel (DTX), evaluate the performance of nanoparticles which could enhance the oral permeability and bioavailability of DTX in vitro and in vivo."	( Sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin/chitosan nanoparticles enhance the oral permeability and bioavailability of docetaxel. Fang, L; Shen, Q; Wu, J, 2013)	0.39
"Chitosan (CS) and its derivatives have been investigated as paracellular permeation enhancers for facilitating the oral bioavailability of hydrophilic macromolecules."	( Elucidating the signaling mechanism of an epithelial tight-junction opening induced by chitosan. Chen, CT; Ho, YC; Hsu, LW; Hwang, SM; Juang, JH; Lee, PL; Mi, FL; Sung, HW, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies indicated that nanoformulated Fe-bLf was predominantly present on tumor cells compared to non-nanoformulated Fe-bLf."	( Novel alginate-enclosed chitosan-calcium phosphate-loaded iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin nanocarriers for oral delivery in colon cancer therapy. Kanwar, JR; Kanwar, RK; Mahidhara, G, 2012)	0.38
"The formation of nanoparticles from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is crucial to improving EPA's bioavailability and pharmacological properties, and widening its use in biomedical fields."	( Elevated anti-inflammatory effects of eicosapentaenoic acid based self-aggregated glycol chitosan nanoparticles. Jeong, HJ; Kim, DW; Kim, J; Lee, CM; Lee, KY, 2012)	0.38
" The aim of topical use of chitosan particles is to improve the drug bioavailability by prolonging the residence time of drugs applied topically or by enhancing the passing of drugs through the epithelial cells by opening the tight junctions between epithelial cells and also to reduce the side effects of the drugs."	( Topical drug delivery using chitosan nano- and microparticles. Cevher, E; Sezer, AD, 2012)	0.38
"To have advantages of reduced dosing frequency, improved bioavailability and effective delivery system of Cefuroxime Axetil, a Chitosan based intragastric sustained release microbead formulation of Cefuroxime Axetil was developed."	( Chitosan-based intragastric delivery of cefuroxime axetil: development and in-vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive approach. Nagar, M; Yadav, AV, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of microparticles for dissolution enhancement and oral bioavailability of curcumin (Cur)."	( Chitosan microparticles for oral bioavailability improvement of the hydrophobic drug curcumin. Sun, L; Sun, Y; Tan, F; Wan, S, 2012)	0.38
" The enhanced mucoadhesiveness of CH-SA-CH DNPs results in higher bioavailability as compared to the uncoated nanoparticles."	( Chitosan coated sodium alginate-chitosan nanoparticles loaded with 5-FU for ocular delivery: in vitro characterization and in vivo study in rabbit eye. Kumar, R; Nagarwal, RC; Pandit, JK, 2012)	0.38
"85%, indicating that the bioavailability of insulin was significantly enhanced by NP-CS/GP gels."	( Injectable and biodegradable thermosensitive hydrogels loaded with PHBHHx nanoparticles for the sustained and controlled release of insulin. Gong, T; Peng, Q; Sun, X; Tan, J; Wu, CY; Zhang, T; Zhang, ZR, 2013)	0.39
" The sustained release of core material later in the GI tract provided an optimal absorption rate in the small intestine."	( Physiochemical properties and prolonged release behaviours of chitosan-denatured β-lactoglobulin microcapsules for potential food applications. Choi, Y; Ko, S; Lee, PS; Van Anh Ha, T; Yim, SG, 2012)	0.38
" However, hesperidin has a low bioavailability compared to hesperitin due to the rutinoside moiety attached to the flavonoid."	( Hesperidinase encapsulation towards hesperitin production targeting improved bioavailability. Furtado, AF; Nunes, MA; Ribeiro, MH, 2012)	0.38
"The developed CH-MEs are a viable alternative to conventional eye drops for its ability to enhance bioavailability through its longer precorneal residence time and its ability to sustain the release of the drug."	( Mucoadhesive chitosan-coated cationic microemulsion of dexamethasone for ocular delivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Kant, S; Kesavan, K; Pandit, JK; Singh, PN, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic and bioavailability aspects were also discussed."	( Novel chitosan-functionalized spherical nanosilica matrix as an oral sustained drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble drug carvedilol. Jiang, T; Sun, C; Sun, J; Sun, L; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zhang, J; Zheng, X, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of the work is to modify the solubility and bioavailability of Losartan potassium, by employing noneffervescent floating drug delivery (tablet dosage forms)."	( Formulation and evaluation of non-effervescent floating tablets of losartan potassium. Gangadharappa, HV; Getyala, A; Kumar, TM; Prasad, MS; Reddy, MP, 2013)	0.39
" The results showed that CNZ mucoadhesive microparticles had a better bioavailability than CNZ suspension due to longer retention in the gastric environment of the test animals."	( Formulation and characterization of mucoadhesive microparticles of cinnarizine hydrochloride using supercritical fluid technique. Patel, JK; Patil, PS; Sutariya, VB, 2013)	0.39
" However, clinical success is still hampered due to its limited bioavailability and thus, lack of sustained modulation of disease-relevant protective programs."	( Interferon alpha-armed nanoparticles trigger rapid and sustained STAT1-dependent anti-viral cellular responses. Ginter, T; Günzel, K; Henke, A; Krämer, OH; Pieper, J; Pollok, S; Reichardt, W; Stauber, RH, 2013)	0.39
" The biocompatibility, efficiency of drug loading, and enhanced bioavailability of the capsule system was confirmed by MTT assay and in vivo biodistribution studies."	( Intracellular delivery of doxorubicin encapsulated in novel pH-responsive chitosan/heparin nanocapsules. Chakravortty, D; Gnanadhas, DP; Radhakrishnan, K; Raichur, AM; Thomas, MB, 2013)	0.39
"Nanotechnologies are being employed to enhance the stability and oral bioavailability of lipophilic substances, such as capsaicin."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of capsaicin-loaded nanoemulsions fabricated with alginate and chitosan. Choi, AY; Gwak, HS; Kim, CT; Kim, HO; Lee, KE; Lee, NR; Park, HY, 2013)	0.39
"The purpose of this study was to develop a new delivery system capable of improving bioavailability and controlling release of hydrophilic drugs."	( Improving oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of liposomal metformin by glycerolphosphate-chitosan microcomplexation. Diez-Sales, O; Fadda, AM; Manca, ML; Manconi, M; Merino, V; Merino-Sanjuan, M; Mura, C; Mura, S; Nácher, A, 2013)	0.39
" We aimed to use our novel delivery system to improve the bioavailability and prolong the retention time of curcumin in the body."	( Development and evaluation of a novel phytosome-loaded chitosan microsphere system for curcumin delivery. Li, N; Tang, Q; Xu, X; Zhang, J, 2013)	0.39
" Compared with the ABZ suspension groups, the relative bioavailability values of ABZ and ABZSX were 146."	( Novel albendazole-chitosan nanoparticles for intestinal absorption enhancement and hepatic targeting improvement in rats. Bawudong, D; Chen, YL; Gu, JP; Liu, Y; Ren, WX; Wang, XQ; Xu, XD; Yu, Y; Zhang, JK; Zhang, XN, 2013)	0.39
" However, the low level of stability and bioavailability in the body makes administering EGCG at chemopreventive doses unrealistic."	( Anticancer activities of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate encapsulated nanoliposomes in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Cai, Q; de Pace, RC; Fan, Z; Gao, W; Liu, X; Nie, S; Pan, X; Sun, M; Wang, S; Zhang, J, 2013)	0.39
"Levodopa is the drug of choice in the treatment of Parkinson's disease but it exhibits low oral bioavailability (30%) and very low brain uptake due to its extensive metabolism by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase in the peripheral circulation."	( Formulation and characterization of intranasal mucoadhesive nanoparticulates and thermo-reversible gel of levodopa for brain delivery. Lohan, S; Murthy, RS; Sharma, S, 2014)	0.4
"The overall goal of this paper was to enhance the bioavailability of orally delivered insulin."	( In vitro cell culture evaluation and in vivo efficacy of amphiphilic chitosan for oral insulin delivery. Sharma, CP; Shelma, R, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this study is to improve the dissolution and oral bioavailability of tanshinone IIA (TAN)."	( Enhanced dissolution and oral bioavailability of tanshinone IIA base by solid dispersion system with low-molecular-weight chitosan. Jia, XB; Jiang, YR; Jin, X; Liu, QY; Zhang, ZH, 2013)	0.39
"In conclusion, the LMC -based solid dispersions could achieve complete dissolution, accelerated absorption rate and superior oral bioavailability."	( Enhanced dissolution and oral bioavailability of tanshinone IIA base by solid dispersion system with low-molecular-weight chitosan. Jia, XB; Jiang, YR; Jin, X; Liu, QY; Zhang, ZH, 2013)	0.39
" However, the low bioavailability caused by insolubility, limits its clinical application."	( N-octyl-N-arginine-chitosan (OACS) micelles for gambogic acid oral delivery: preparation, characterization and its study on in situ intestinal perfusion. He, C; Lv, H; Munyendo, WL; Waddad, AY; Yu, F; Zhang, Q; Zhou, J, 2014)	0.4
"Nanodrugs play important roles in enhancing the sustainability of pharmaceutical manufacturing via their ability to enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, resulting in less drug wastage and less mass/energy consumed in their manufacturing."	( A highly sustainable and versatile granulation method of nanodrugs via their electrostatic adsorption onto chitosan microparticles as the granulation substrates. Hadinoto, K; Yang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Lutein-LMWC nanoencapsules were prepared, characterized and bioavailability was studied in vitro and in vivo with lutein in mixed micelles (control)."	( Promising interaction between nanoencapsulated lutein with low molecular weight chitosan: characterization and bioavailability of lutein in vitro and in vivo. Arunkumar, R; Baskaran, V; Harish Prashanth, KV, 2013)	0.39
" The bioavailability of encapsulated FO was compared with that of native oil in rats by utilizing the intestinal sac method and by an in vivo study giving microemulsions of FO through intubation for a period of 30 days."	( Enhanced incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid in serum, heart, and brain of rats given microemulsions of fish oil. Lokesh, BR; Sugasini, D, 2013)	0.39
"Glucosamine, as a dietary supplement for management of osteoarthritis, has a low and erratic oral bioavailability due to its transport-mediated absorption and presystemic loss in liver and GI tract."	( Bioavailability enhancement of glucosamine hydrochloride by chitosan. Betageri, GV; Chow, MS; Huang, M; Lee, B; Qian, S; Wang, Y; Zhang, Q; Zuo, Z, 2013)	0.39
"This study aimed at improving the oral bioavailability of acyclovir (ACV) through incorporating it into gastroretentive dosage form based on floating hollow chitosan beads."	( Development of mucoadhesive floating hollow beads of acyclovir with gastroretentive properties. Al-Kassas, R; Chalabi, S; In Kim, JH; Langford, C; Painter, S; Seyfoddin, A; Svirskis, D, 2014)	0.4
" Oral bioavailability of the encapsulated insulin is improved due to the cumulative effect of each component."	( Multifunctional polyelectrolyte microparticles for oral insulin delivery. Balabushevich, NG; Mikhalchik, EV; Pechenkin, MA; Shibanova, ED; Volodkin, DV, 2013)	0.39
" In conclusion, oral bioavailability of enoxaparin can be enhanced by structure modification of the carriers and the bioavailability is hydrophobic modification degree dependent."	( Exploration of hydrophobic modification degree of chitosan-based nanocomplexes on the oral delivery of enoxaparin. Junyaprasert, VB; Li, C; Li, L; Li, Y; Mao, S; Sun, Y; Tian, Y; Wang, L, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this study was to evaluate a nanoparticulate system with mucoadhesion properties composed of a core of polymethyl methacrylate surrounded by a shell of thiolated chitosan (Ch-GSH-pMMA) for enhancing oral bioavailability of docetaxel (DTX), an anticancer drug."	( Enhanced oral delivery of docetaxel using thiolated chitosan nanoparticles: preparation, in vitro and in vivo studies. Atyabi, F; Dinarvand, R; Kebriaeezadeh, A; Ostad, SN; Saremi, S, 2013)	0.39
" In conclusion, the release properties and oral bioavailability of albendazole were greatly improved by using spraydried chitosan-sodium lauryl sulphate microparticles."	( Chitosan microparticles: influence of the gelation process on the release profile and oral bioavailability of albendazole, a class II compound. Bolmaro, RE; García, A; Lamas, MC; Leonardi, D; Mamprin, ME; Piccirilli, GN; Salomón, CJ, 2014)	0.4
"05) the oral bioavailability of enoxaparin in comparison to plain enoxaparin solution as revealed by threefold increase in AUC of plasma drug concentration time curve and around 60% reduction in thrombus formation in rat venous thrombosis model."	( Alginate coated chitosan core shell nanoparticles for oral delivery of enoxaparin: in vitro and in vivo assessment. Bagre, AP; Jain, K; Jain, NK, 2013)	0.39
" The bioavailability was evaluated after oral administration of clozapine free and nanoencapsulated in rats."	( Development of innovative oil-core self-organized nanovesicles prepared with chitosan and lecithin using a 2(3) full-factorial design. Dalla Costa, T; de Andrade, C; Guterres, S; Haas, SE; Sansone, PE, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of the present study was to develop and characterize chitosan mucoadhesive microspheres of verapamil hydrochloride (VRP) for intranasal delivery as an alternative to oral VRP which suffers low bioavailability (20%) due to extensive first pass effect."	( Bioavailability enhancement of verapamil HCl via intranasal chitosan microspheres. Abdel Mouez, M; Geneidi, AS; Mansour, S; Zaki, NM, 2014)	0.4
" PEG-CS-PTH NPs showed an oral bioavailability of 100-160 pg/mL PTH 1-34 throughout 48 h, which is remarkable compared to the bare PTH 1-34 and CS-PTH NPs."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of osteoporosis therapeutic peptide PTH 1-34 loaded pegylated chitosan nanoparticles. Anitha, A; Chennazhi, KP; Jayakumar, R; Narayanan, D, 2013)	0.39
" Oral administration of DOX:CS/CMCS-NPs was effective to deliver DOX into blood, giving an absolute bioavailability of 42%."	( Chitosan/o-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for efficient and safe oral anticancer drug delivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Chen, X; Cheng, X; Feng, C; Jiang, C; Kong, M; Li, Y; Wang, Z; Zhou, X, 2013)	0.39
"Phenolic acids, the main active ingredients in Flos Lonicerae extract possess strong antibacterial, antioxidant and antiviral effects, and their contents was higher largely than that of other ingredients such as flavones, but the absolute bioavailability orally was significantly low, which is significant low influencing clinical efficacies of its oral preparations."	( Effect of chito-oligosaccharide on the oral absorptions of phenolic acids of Flos Lonicerae extract. Cai, B; Di, L; Shan, J; Tan, X; Yin, A; Zhou, W; Zou, J, 2014)	0.4
" Comparative bioavailability studies were carried out on rabbits with vaginal HPMC gel, vaginal chitosan gel, vaginal OXY solution and commercially available oral Üropan tablets."	( Development of long-acting bioadhesive vaginal gels of oxybutynin: formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Acartürk, F; Erdoğan, D; Tuğcu-Demiröz, F, 2013)	0.39
" However, the limited bioavailability of active agents could be one reason for their restricted usefulness for human consumption."	( Oral administration of naturally occurring chitosan-based nanoformulated green tea polyphenol EGCG effectively inhibits prostate cancer cell growth in a xenograft model. Adhami, VM; Bharali, DJ; Cui, H; Khan, N; Mousa, SA; Mukhtar, H; Shabana, SM; Siddiqui, IA, 2014)	0.4
" The corresponding absolute bioavailability (Fabs) of NT-PLA-cNPs was about 151% with NT-PLA-NPs as reference preparations."	( Brain pharmacokinetics of neurotoxin-loaded PLA nanoparticles modified with chitosan after intranasal administration in awake rats. Chai, G; Li, F; Liu, L; Zhang, X, 2013)	0.39
" However, despite this tremendous potential, their bioavailability at the tumor microenvironment remains rather limited."	( Synthesis and characterization of micelles as carriers of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) for application in breast cancer therapy. Correia, IJ; Costa, E; Gaspar, VM; Marques, JG; Paquete, CM, 2014)	0.4
" According to these results, liposomes coated with S-protected thiomers have demonstrated to be highly valuable carriers for enhancing the oral bioavailability of salmon calcitonin."	( Liposomes coated with thiolated chitosan enhance oral peptide delivery to rats. Almer, G; Barthelmes, J; Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Dünnhaupt, S; Fröhlich, E; Gradauer, K; Mangge, H; Prassl, R; Roblegg, E; Teubl, B; Vonach, C, 2013)	0.39
" The oral bioavailability studies were conducted in rats and the pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated."	( Preparation and evaluation in vitro and in vivo of docetaxel loaded mixed micelles for oral administration. Dou, J; Liu, X; Zhai, G; Zhang, H; Zhang, M, 2014)	0.4
" The hydrogel presents a three-week sustained release of cyclosporine A with no significant burst release in vitro and produces the effective drug concentration in blood for more than five weeks in vivo, performing almost the same bioavailability to chitosan/glycerophosphate hydrogel."	( PEG-g-chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel for implant drug delivery: cytotoxicity, in vivo degradation and drug release. Ding, F; Jiang, G; Sun, J, 2014)	0.4
" The bioavailability of the loaded drug in the optimized microspheres was evaluated in Wistar rats which showed an area under curve (AUC) almost 10 times higher than the pure drug."	( Spray drying formulation of albendazole microspheres by experimental design. In vitro-in vivo studies. García, A; Lamas, MC; Leonardi, D; Mamprin, ME; Olivieri, AC; Piccirilli, GN, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to develop buspirone hydrochloride microemulsion formulations for intranasal administration to improve the drug bioavailability and provide high drug brain levels."	( Chitosan and cyclodextrin in intranasal microemulsion for improved brain buspirone hydrochloride pharmacokinetics in rats. Bshara, H; El-Shamy, Ael-H; Mansour, S; Osman, R, 2014)	0.4
"05) improvement in bioavailability (four- to six-folds) of the drug from intranasal gels than oral solution."	( Nasal in-situ gels for delivery of rasagiline mesylate: improvement in bioavailability and brain localization. Aditya, N; Cherian, L; Patil, S; Ravi, PR, 2015)	0.42
"A nanocomposite based on chitosan and montmorillonite was developed as carrier to improve oral bioavailability of oxytetracycline."	( Intestinal permeability of oxytetracycline from chitosan-montmorillonite nanocomposites. Aguzzi, C; Bonferoni, C; Cerezo, P; Salcedo, I; Sánchez-Espejo, R; Sandri, G; Viseras, C, 2014)	0.4
"Chitosan/carboxymethyl chitosan nanogels (CS/CMCS-NGs) could enhance the oral bioavailability of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX)."	( Transport mechanism of doxorubicin loaded chitosan based nanogels across intestinal epithelium. Cha, D; Chen, X; Cheng, X; Feng, C; Kong, M; Park, H; Sun, G; Wang, Z, 2014)	0.4
" Chitosan nanoparticles as delivery systems may provide an alternative approach for enhancing bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs."	( Cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects of tea polyphenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on human hepatoma HepG2 cells. An, X; Cao, L; Fang, Y; Hu, Q; Li, F; Liang, J; Xin, Z; Yang, W; Zhao, L, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of this research was to increase the oral bioavailability of puerarin by N-trimethyl chitosan-modified microemulsions (TMC-MEs) loaded with puerarin."	( N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC)-modified microemulsions for improved oral bioavailability of puerarin: preparation and evaluation. Dai, W; Han, M; Kang, R; Liao, D; Liu, X; Ou, G; Tang, T; Xiang, D; Yang, S; Zhang, K, 2015)	0.42
" Additionally, the in vivo biodistribution study clearly identified accumulations of G-CSF in the heart, liver, bone marrow, and urinary bladder, an indication of systemic absorption of G-CSF; its relative bioavailability was approximately 13."	( Treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in a rat model by using multiple daily doses of oral administration of G-CSF-containing nanoparticles. Chen, CT; Chou, YC; Chuang, EY; Lin, KJ; Lin, PY; Mi, FL; Su, FY; Sung, HW; Wey, SP; Yen, TC, 2014)	0.4
"Fexofenadine hydrochloride (FXD) is a slightly soluble, bitter-tasting, drug having an oral bioavailability of 35%."	( Phenylalanine-free taste-masked orodispersible tablets of fexofenadine hydrochloride: development, in vitro evaluation and in vivo estimation of the drug pharmacokinetics in healthy human volunteers. El-Ridi, MS; El-Sherif, NG; Tadros, MI; Yehia, SA, 2015)	0.42
" The objective of this study was to formulate in situ gel of chitosan nanoparticles to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of dorzolamide in the glaucoma treatment."	( In situ gelling dorzolamide loaded chitosan nanoparticles for the treatment of glaucoma. Ali, A; Aqil, M; Chuttani, K; Katiyar, S; Mishra, AK; Mondal, RS; Pandit, J; Sultana, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Hence, GCS-NAC and GCS may constitute new biomaterials useful for improving the bioavailability of P-gp substrates."	( Mucoadhesive properties and interaction with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) of thiolated-chitosans and -glycol chitosans and corresponding parent polymers: a comparative study. Cioffi, N; Colabufo, NA; Conese, M; Contino, M; Ditaranto, N; Palazzo, C; Perrone, MG; Puglisi, G; Trapani, A; Trapani, G, 2014)	0.4
" However, poor trans-mucosal permeability of large macromolecular antigens limits bioavailability to local inductive immune cells."	( Polymeric penetration enhancers promote humoral immune responses to mucosal vaccines. Klein, K; Mann, JF; Rogers, P; Shattock, RJ, 2014)	0.4
" RLX possesses only 2% absolute bioavailability (BA) by oral route due to its extensive first-pass metabolism."	( Formulation, development and optimization of raloxifene-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for treatment of osteoporosis. Ali, J; Ali, MM; Baboota, S; Fazil, M; Saini, D, 2015)	0.42
"Nonobvious controlled polymeric pharmaceutical excipient, chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) for lenalidomide encapsulation were geared up by the simple ionic cross linking method to get better bioavailability and to reduce under as well as overloading of hydrophobic and sparingly soluble drug lenalidomide towards cancer cells."	( Studies on drug-polymer interaction, in vitro release and cytotoxicity from chitosan particles excipient. Gomathi, T; Govindarajan, C; Imran, PK; Kim, SK; Rose H R, MH; Sudha, PN; Venkatesan, J, 2014)	0.4
"5 times higher than that of MTC injection, and these micelles can enhance the bioavailability of MTC."	( Deoxycholic acid-grafted PEGylated chitosan micelles for the delivery of mitomycin C. Guan, J; Jin, Y; Shi, NQ; Zhang, XR; Zhao, Y; Zhu, HY, 2015)	0.42
" The results showed significant enhancement of bioavailability in brain, after administration of the RAS-loaded CG-NPs which could be a substantial achievement of direct nose to brain targeting in Parkinson's disease therapy."	( Brain targeted nanoparticulate drug delivery system of rasagiline via intranasal route. Ali, A; Ali, J; Baboota, S; Fazil, M; Hasan, Q; Md, S; Mittal, D, 2016)	0.43
"Colon cancer is the third most leading causes of death due to cancer worldwide and the chemo drug 5-fluorouracil's (5-FU) applicability is limited due to its non-specificity, low bioavailability and overdose."	( In vitro combinatorial anticancer effects of 5-fluorouracil and curcumin loaded N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles toward colon cancer and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. Anitha, A; Chennazhi, KP; Jayakumar, R; Lakshmanan, VK; Sreeranganathan, M, 2014)	0.4
" However, its hydrophobic nature limits its bioavailability compromising in vivo biological activities."	( Fabrication, characterization and bioevaluation of silibinin loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Babu Bikkina, DJ; Chinde, S; Kulhari, H; Nikhila, N; Pooja, D; Raghavendra, YM; Sreedhar, B; Tiwari, AK, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of present study was to investigate a pH-responsive and mucoadhesive nanoparticle system for oral bioavailability enhancement of low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH)."	( pH-responsive thiolated chitosan nanoparticles for oral low-molecular weight heparin delivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Fan, B; Liang, G; Sun, C; Xing, Y; Zheng, Y, 2016)	0.43
" However, their negative surface charge decreases bioavailability under oral administration."	( Preparation and in vitro evaluation of thienorphine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Mei, XG; Xie, XY; Yang, Y, 2016)	0.43
"Quercetin (QUE) is a flavonoid with antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties, poorly absorbed when orally administered."	( Chitosan-xanthan gum microparticle-based oral tablet for colon-targeted and sustained delivery of quercetin. Caddeo, C; Díez-Sales, O; Fadda, AM; Manconi, M; Merino-Sanjuán, M; Nácher, A, 2014)	0.4
"To prepare chitosan/xanthan gum microparticles to increase QUE oral bioavailability and optimize its release in the colon."	( Chitosan-xanthan gum microparticle-based oral tablet for colon-targeted and sustained delivery of quercetin. Caddeo, C; Díez-Sales, O; Fadda, AM; Manconi, M; Merino-Sanjuán, M; Nácher, A, 2014)	0.4
"N-palmitoyl-N-monomethyl-N,N-dimethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-6-O-glycolchitosan (GCPQ) is a self-assembling polymer, which enables the oral bioavailability of peptide and hydrophobic drugs."	( Physical characterisation and long-term stability studies on quaternary ammonium palmitoyl glycol chitosan (GCPQ)--a new drug delivery polymer. Arifin, N; Chooi, KW; Gaisford, S; Schätzlein, AG; Simão Carlos, MI; Soundararajan, R; Uchegbu, IF, 2014)	0.4
"An amphiphilic carboxymethyl chitosan-quercetin (CQ) conjugate was designed and synthesized for oral delivery of paclitaxel (PTX) to improve its oral bioavailability by increasing its water solubility and bypassing the P-gp drug efflux pumps."	( Amphiphilic carboxymethyl chitosan-quercetin conjugate with P-gp inhibitory properties for oral delivery of paclitaxel. Chen, Y; Dahmani, FZ; Wang, X; Yao, J; Yin, L; Zhou, J, 2014)	0.4
"To conclude, the combination of 5-FU-TCS-NPs and CRC-TCS-NPs showed enhanced anticancer effects on colon cancer cells in vitro and improved the bioavailability of the drugs in vivo."	( Combinatorial anticancer effects of curcumin and 5-fluorouracil loaded thiolated chitosan nanoparticles towards colon cancer treatment. Anitha, A; Chennazhi, KP; Deepa, N; Jayakumar, R; Lakshmanan, VK, 2014)	0.4
" Thus, this approach can be used for enhancement of the oral bioavailability of the drug."	( Preparation, characterization and evaluation of ranitidine hydrochloride-loaded mucoadhesive microspheres. Awasthi, R; Dhamija, K; Dhankar, V; Garg, G, )	0.13
"Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have been proposed as a colloidal carrier system that could enhance the oral bioavailability of curcumin."	( Enhanced oral delivery of curcumin from N-trimethyl chitosan surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles: pharmacokinetic and brain distribution evaluations. Ko, YT; Ramalingam, P, 2015)	0.42
" To investigate the details of chitosan and TMC surface modification on SLCNs composed of palmitic acid, cholesterol, TPGS and curcumin, a number of factors such as optimized SLNs composition, solid state characterization, stability, cell viability, in vitro release in GI conditions, curcumin oral bioavailability and brain distribution studies, were evaluated."	( Enhanced oral delivery of curcumin from N-trimethyl chitosan surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles: pharmacokinetic and brain distribution evaluations. Ko, YT; Ramalingam, P, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to investigate olanzapine (OZ) systemic absolute bioavailability after intranasal (i."	( Intranasal drug delivery of olanzapine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Al-Ghananeem, AM; Baltzley, S; Malkawi, AH; Mohammad, A, 2014)	0.4
" Both CL alone and in combination with PS promotes the formation of DNA gel particles that have an acute hydrophilic character, which may govern the posterior adsorption of plasma proteins and influence the bioavailability of the systems."	( Sustainable DNA release from chitosan/protein based-DNA gel particles. Jorge, AF; Morán, MC; Vinardell, MP, 2014)	0.4
" However, therapeutic proteins have poor bioavailability upon oral administration due to the impermeable barrier from intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ)."	( FRET-based dual-emission and pH-responsive nanocarriers for enhanced delivery of protein across intestinal epithelial cell barrier. Chuang, EY; Ho, YC; Hsu, CH; Lin, CW; Lu, KY; Mi, FL; Sung, HW, 2014)	0.4
"Recent studies have shown that it should be possible to control lipid bioavailability through food structural approaches."	( In vivo postprandial bioavailability of interesterified-lipids in sodium-caseinate or chitosan based O/W emulsions. Bouchon, P; Farfán, M; Nieto, S; Ortíz, ME; Villalón, MJ, 2015)	0.42
" The in vivo absorption test showed that SD- and SASD-processed sCT powders increased the bioavailability of the drug when compared to the nasal administration of raw sCT."	( Design of salmon calcitonin particles for nasal delivery using spray-drying and novel supercritical fluid-assisted spray-drying processes. Alhalaweh, A; Cha, KH; Cho, W; Hwang, SJ; Jung, MS; Kim, JS; Kim, MS; Park, HJ; Park, J; Velaga, SP, 2015)	0.42
" Finally, pharmacokinetics studies in mongrel dogs showed a dramatic 47- and 95-fold increase of the drug oral bioavailability and half-life, respectively, with respect to the free unprocessed drug."	( Novel protease inhibitor-loaded Nanoparticle-in-Microparticle Delivery System leads to a dramatic improvement of the oral pharmacokinetics in dogs. Del Sole, MJ; E Lanusse, C; Imperiale, JC; Nejamkin, P; Sosnik, A, 2015)	0.42
" Therefore, the bioavailability of PS at the surface of target tissues is reduced."	( Using chitosan gels as a toluidine blue O delivery system for photodynamic therapy of buccal cancer: In vitro and in vivo studies. Coutinho, TS; Cressoni, CB; Frange, RC; Freitas, Cde P; Garcia, MT; Graciano, TB; Pereira, SA; Pierre, MB; Shimano, MM, 2015)	0.42
" In conclusion, core-shell type pH-sensitive mucoadhesive microparticles loaded with puerarin could enhance puerarin bioavailability and have the potential to alleviate ethanol-mediated gastric ulcers."	( Mucoadhesive microparticles for gastroretentive delivery: preparation, biodistribution and targeting evaluation. Cui, YL; Gao, LN; Hou, JY; Meng, FY, 2014)	0.4
"β-Carotene (β-C) is a well-established natural antioxidant agent, but its poor water-solubility, low chemical stability and low bioavailability limit its application in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries."	( Characterization and antioxidant activity of β-carotene loaded chitosan-graft-poly(lactide) nanomicelles. Chen, M; Ge, W; Li, D; Liu, S; Sun, R; Wang, X, 2015)	0.42
"), is a hydrophilic drug with low oral bioavailability (BA)."	( A novel oral preparation of hydroxysafflor yellow A base on a chitosan complex: a strategy to enhance the oral bioavailability. Li, ZP; Ma, GN; Mei, XG; Wang, S; Xie, XY; Yu, FL, 2015)	0.42
" However, developing an appropriate drug delivery system (DDS) that achieves high bioavailability is challenging."	( Development of a protective dermal drug delivery system for therapeutic DNAzymes. Dobler, D; Eicher, AC; Mäder, U; Marquardt, K; Renz, H; Runkel, F; Schmidts, T, 2015)	0.42
"This study aimed to design the chitosan coated TPGS liposome to enhance the bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)."	( TPGS-chitosome as an effective oral delivery system for improving the bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10. Han, HK; Shao, Y; Yang, L, 2015)	0.42
"Enhanced oral bioavailability of aceclofenac has been achieved using chitosan cocrystals of aceclofenac and its entrapment into alginate matrix a super saturated drug delivery system (SDDS)."	( Chitosan cocrystals embedded alginate beads for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of aceclofenac. Ganesh, M; Hemalatha, P; Jang, HT; Jeon, UJ; Peng, MM; Saravanakumar, A; Ubaidulla, U, 2015)	0.42
" Oral bioavailability and bioactivity of all these molecules against selected drug targets as well as ADME/Tox studies were conducted."	( Virtual screening of molecular properties of chitosan and derivatives in search for druggable molecules. Hassan, B; Mujeeb, VM; Muraleedharan, K; Shireen, A, 2015)	0.42
" The in vivo ophthalmic drug absorption study performed on rabbits indicated that DC-TMCNs could improve ophthalmic bioavailability of DC."	( Development and Evaluation of Diclofenac Sodium Loaded-N-Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles for Ophthalmic Use. Asasutjarit, R; Fuongfuchat, A; Kewsuwan, P; Ritthidej, GC; Theerachayanan, T; Veeranodha, S, 2015)	0.42
" In summary, PLGA and PLGA-Chi nanoparticles may be considered as an attractive and promising approach to enhance the bioavailability and activity of poorly water soluble compounds such as α-tocopherol and tocotrienols."	( Cellular uptake, antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of entrapped α-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol in poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) and chitosan covered PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA-Chi). Alayoubi, A; Alqahtani, S; Astete, CE; Kaddoumi, A; Nazzal, S; Sabliov, CM; Shen, Y; Simon, L; Sylvester, PW; Xu, Z, 2015)	0.42
" In this context, microencapsulation for pulmonary administration can offer an alternative to increase the bioavailability of dapsone, reducing its adverse effects."	( Development of Novel Chitosan Microcapsules for Pulmonary Delivery of Dapsone: Characterization, Aerosol Performance, and In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation. Guterres, SS; Jornada, DS; Ortiz, M; Pohlmann, AR, 2015)	0.42
" However, the low bioavailability and short half-life of GCV necessitate the development of a carrier for sustained delivery."	( Ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone initiated by ganciclovir (GCV) for the preparation of GCV-tagged polymeric micelles. Peng, CA; Sawdon, AJ, 2015)	0.42
"The effect of chitosan on the intestinal absorption of cyanocobalamin (VB12), a stable form of vitamin B12, was investigated in vivo in rats, with the aim of improving the oral bioavailability of VB12 for anemia treatment in patients with gastrectomy."	( In vivo application of chitosan to improve bioavailability of cyanocobalamin, a form of vitamin B12, following intraintestinal administration in rats. Aiba, T; Goto, Y; Masuda, A, 2015)	0.42
"An encapsulated system for cryptdin-2 (a Paneth cell antimicrobial peptide) was developed, with a view to help it sustain adverse gut conditions and to ensure its bioavailability on oral administration."	( Improved oral therapeutic potential of nanoencapsulated cryptdin formulation against Salmonella infection. Arora, S; Bhogal, A; Kaur, IP; Pandey, SK; Rishi, P; Verma, I, 2015)	0.42
" However, due to bioavailability problems, the most common route of insulin administration is the subcutaneous route, which may present patients compliance problems to treatment."	( Polymer-based nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery: Revisited approaches. Araújo, F; Fonte, P; Pereira, C; Reis, S; Santos, HA; Sarmento, B; Silva, C, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that when oral administration the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) and the absolute bioavailability of paclitaxel-loaded micelles were five times greater than that of the paclitaxel solution."	( Cysteine modified and bile salt based micelles: preparation and application as an oral delivery system for paclitaxel. Fan, X; Li, L; Xu, W; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Progesterone has a short elimination half-life and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism, which results in very low oral bioavailability (∼25%)."	( Development and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of Zn-pectinate microparticles reinforced with chitosan for the colonic delivery of progesterone. El-Sayed, AM; Gadalla, HH; Mohammed, FA; Soliman, GM, 2016)	0.43
" Such properties demonstrate the potential for nanoparticles to provide an extended pre-corneal residence time of melatonin, ensuring higher eye-related bioavailability and extended intraocular pressure reduction compared to melatonin in both aqueous and micelle solutions."	( Evaluation of cationic nanosystems with melatonin using an eye-related bioavailability prediction model. Cetina-Čižmek, B; Filipović-Grčić, J; Hafner, A; Juretić, M; Lovrić, J; Pepić, I; Romić, MD, 2015)	0.42
" Finally, the relative bioavailability of NOR after a single oral dosage of 1:5 and 1:10 NOR-CTS was enhanced to 148."	( Chitosan Influences the Expression of P-gp and Metabolism of Norfloxacin in Grass Carp. Hu, K; Jin, T; Li, HR; Li, Y; Ruan, J; Xie, X; Yang, XL; Zhao, YN, 2015)	0.42
" Nevertheless, the therapeutic agent of this substance in OA is limited by its poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability and short biological half-life."	( In vivo anti-apoptosis activity of novel berberine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles effectively ameliorates osteoarthritis. He, B; Liu, SQ; Peng, H; Yu, L; Zhao, Q; Zhou, Y, 2015)	0.42
" As there is no BDMCA sensor available so far, this type of detection is very essential to monitor the pharmacokinetic behavior, the therapeutic dosage, bioavailability and related toxicity of BDMCA in different formulations and samples."	( State of the Art Detection System for Curcumin Analog. Devasena, T; Francis, AP; Jebarani, AH, 2015)	0.42
" However, the lack of stability of this kind of particles in biological environments induces a low bioavailability of encapsulated insulin after oral administration."	( Design, characterisation, and bioefficiency of insulin-chitosan nanoparticles after stabilisation by freeze-drying or cross-linking. Auberval, N; Bekel, A; Bietiger, W; Diop, M; Frere, Y; Jeandidier, N; Julien David, D; Langlois, A; Marchioni, E; Mura, C; Peronet, C; Pinget, M; Sigrist, S; Vauthier, C; Viciglio, A; Zhao, M, 2015)	0.42
" As a protein drug, the oral bioavailability of insulin is low due to many physiological reasons."	( A review of biodegradable polymeric systems for oral insulin delivery. Gong, YC; Li, YP; Li, ZL; Luo, YY; Tian, Y; Xiong, XY, 2016)	0.43
" In vivo pharmacokinetics studies showed enhanced pre-corneal retention and penetration of the DIC/MPEG-PCL-CS nanosuspension, which resulted in a higher concentration of DIC (Cmax) in the aqueous humor and better bioavailability compared with commercial DIC eye drops (P < 0."	( Chitosan grafted methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) nanosuspension for ocular delivery of hydrophobic diclofenac. Chen, H; Li, X; Liang, R; Luo, Z; Shi, S; Yu, J; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.42
"The objective of this study was the development of chitosan/hyaluronan transdermal films to improve bioavailability of thiocolchicoside."	( Development and characterization of chitosan/hyaluronan film for transdermal delivery of thiocolchicoside. Abruzzo, A; Bigucci, F; Cerchiara, T; Gallucci, MC; Luppi, B; Saladini, B, 2015)	0.42
" In this study, nanoencapsulation is an approach adopted to improve bioavailability of FUCO by using ionic-gelation method with polymeric chitosan (CS) dispersed in glycolipid (GL), as a carrier."	( Chitosan-glycolipid nanogels loaded with anti-obese marine carotenoid fucoxanthin: Acute and sub-acute toxicity evaluation in rodent model. Arunkumar, R; Baskaran, V; Ravi, H, 2015)	0.42
"This study was conducted to develop formulations of hydrocortisone butyrate (HB)-loaded poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NP) suspended in thermosensitive gel to improve ocular bioavailability of HB for the treatment of bacterial corneal keratitis."	( Nanoparticle-Based Topical Ophthalmic Gel Formulation for Sustained Release of Hydrocortisone Butyrate. Agrahari, V; Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Sheng, Y; Trinh, HM; Yang, X, 2016)	0.43
" The relative bioavailability of the optimized ACV nanoemulsion hydrogel improved to 535."	( Utilization of nanotechnology to enhance percutaneous absorption of acyclovir in the treatment of herpes simplex viral infections. Ahmed, TA; Al-Subaie, MM; Aljaeid, BM; El-Say, KM; Hosny, KM, 2015)	0.42
" Even though nano-encapsulation has been widely demonstrated to be effective in enhancing the bioavailability of curcumin, it is not without drawbacks (i."	( Cost-effective alternative to nano-encapsulation: Amorphous curcumin-chitosan nanoparticle complex exhibiting high payload and supersaturation generation. Hadinoto, K; Kiew, TY; Nguyen, MH; Yu, H, 2015)	0.42
" In conclusion, Tat-CS-NPs as vehicles for colon-specific drug delivery may be an efficient approach to improve oral bioavailability of protein and peptide drugs."	( Modified nanoparticles with cell-penetrating peptide and amphipathic chitosan derivative for enhanced oral colon absorption of insulin: preparation and evaluation. Chen, S; Gao, Y; Guo, F; Liu, J; Liu, W; Zhang, M; Zhong, H; Zhu, S, 2016)	0.43
"The bioavailability of CCLP in rats is increased remarkably and Ka is increased in various intestinal segments by CCLP, especially in colon, as well as Peff."	( [Pharmacokinetics and Intestinal Absorption of Curcumin Chitosan Hydrochloride Coated Liposome in Rats]. Hu, XY; Wan, SL; Yang, M; Zhang, JQ; Zhong, M, 2015)	0.42
" The use of this drug is limited due to its poor bioavailability and short plasma half-life."	( Anti-cancerous efficacy and pharmacokinetics of 6-mercaptopurine loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Amaresha, S; Janardhana, PB; Kumar, GP; Manohara, C; Phani, AR; Prasad, RG; Raghavendra, HL; Sanganal, JS; Swamy, KB; Tripathi, SM, 2015)	0.42
" Through this approach peptides are expected to increase their bioavailability and efficiency in vivo both by their specific release at the intestinal level and also by the reduced enzymatic activity."	( Microfluidic Assembly of a Multifunctional Tailorable Composite System Designed for Site Specific Combined Oral Delivery of Peptide Drugs. Araújo, F; Granja, PL; Herranz-Blanco, B; Hirvonen, JT; Liu, D; Mäkilä, EM; Salonen, JJ; Santos, HA; Sarmento, B; Shahbazi, MA; Shrestha, N, 2015)	0.42
" In this study, two kinds of QC-loaded self-aggregates based on O-carboxymethyl chitosan-cholic acid conjugates (CMCA) were developed to improve the drug bioavailability in which glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) modification was utilized in the nanocarrier fabrication (QC-GA-CMCA) or not (QC-CMCA)."	( The role of glycyrrhetinic acid modification on preparation and evaluation of quercetin-loaded chitosan-based self-aggregates. Du, H; Liu, M; Yang, X; Zhai, G, 2015)	0.42
" These delivery systems presented efficient GSNO loading and sustained release as well as cytocompatibility, showing their promise as a means of improving the oral bioavailability of GSNO and as a potential new treatment."	( Polymer nanocomposite particles of S-nitrosoglutathione: A suitable formulation for protection and sustained oral delivery. Fries, I; Gaucher, C; Hu, XM; Maincent, P; Sapin-Minet, A; Wu, W, 2015)	0.42
"The concentration of oligochitosan had different effects on the absorption rate constant (Ka) and apparent permeability coefficient (Peff) of the three active component in rat intestines."	( [Study on effect of oligochitosan in promoting intestinal absorption of protoberberine alkaloids in extracts from Corydalis saxicola total alkaloids]. Li, XY; Liu, T; Lu, TL; Shi, YJ; Xie, H; Zhang, XD, 2015)	0.42
" Although unmodified chitosan has some mucoadhesive properties on its own, its bioavailability is limited due to its short retention time in the body."	( Mucoadhesive Chitosan Derivatives as Novel Drug Carriers. Cherukula, K; Cho, CS; Choi, YJ; Firdous, J; Hasan, A; Islam, MA; Kang, SK; Park, IK; Park, TE; Reesor, E; Singh, B, 2015)	0.42
" Its low oral bioavailability demands the development of innovative strategies to overcome the first pass metabolism."	( Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Zidovudine Nasal Delivery. Barbi, Mda S; Barud, Hda S; Carvalho, FC; Gremião, MP; Kiill, CP; Ribeiro, SJ; Santagneli, SH, 2015)	0.42
"Quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties, poorly absorbed when administered orally."	( Cross-linked chitosan/liposome hybrid system for the intestinal delivery of quercetin. Caddeo, C; Carbone, C; Díez-Sales, O; Ennas, G; Fadda, AM; Manconi, M; Pons, R; Puglisi, G, 2016)	0.43
"Oxymatrine (OM) can be metabolized to matrine in gastrointestinal ileocecal valve after oral administration, which affects pharmacological activity and reduce bioavailability of OM."	( Development and evaluation of alginate-chitosan gastric floating beads loading with oxymatrine solid dispersion. Chen, L; Hou, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, W; Yang, J; Zhou, C, 2016)	0.43
" The purpose of the current research work was to develop and evaluate Bay41-4109 loaded chitosan nanoparticles to increase the solubility and bioavailability for treatment of HBV."	( Development of chitosan nanoparticles as drug delivery system for a prototype capsid inhibitor. An, S; Guo, Y; Hou, H; Hu, S; Jiang, C; Jiang, X; Lu, Y; Xue, M; Zhang, Y; Zhou, X, 2015)	0.42
" However, low ocular bioavailability and short residence time are the limiting factors of topically administered antioxidants."	( Thermosensitive chitosan-based hydrogels for sustained release of ferulic acid on corneal wound healing. Cheng, YH; Chiou, SH; Liu, KT; Sung, YJ; Tsai, CY; Tseng, PC; Woung, LC; Yen, JC, 2016)	0.43
"Attempts to formulate acyclovir to improve its bioavailability and reduce the frequency of dosing from the present q4h have not materialized."	( The Interesting Case of Acyclovir Delivered Using Chitosan in Humans: Is it a Drug Issue or Formulation Issue? Srinivas, NR, 2016)	0.43
"The carrier technology provides an intelligent approach for drug delivery by entrapping the drug into a carrier, such as nanoparticles, microspheres, hydrogels, and so on, which can increase the bioavailability of drug, enhance targeting, reduce toxicity and side effects of drug."	( The Application of Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Nanosized Carriers for the Delivery of Chemical Drugs and Genes or Proteins. Chen, Y; Huang, G; Huang, Y; Lou, Q; Ran, R; Tang, Q, 2016)	0.43
"The poor ocular bioavailability of the conventional eye drops is due to lack of corneal permeability, nasolacrimal drainage and metabolic degradation."	( Improved intraocular bioavailability of ganciclovir by mucoadhesive polymer based ocular microspheres: development and simulation process in Wistar rats. Boggarapu, PR; Kapanigowda, UG; Nagaraja, SH; Ramaiah, B, 2015)	0.42
"Correlating with in vitro data, the formulation showed sustained drug release along with improved intraocular bioavailability of ganciclovir in Wistar rats."	( Improved intraocular bioavailability of ganciclovir by mucoadhesive polymer based ocular microspheres: development and simulation process in Wistar rats. Boggarapu, PR; Kapanigowda, UG; Nagaraja, SH; Ramaiah, B, 2015)	0.42
" The relatively improved oral bioavailability and better antitumour efficacy indicated that the dual-drug CD/CS NPs developed in our study possessed significant advantages and might be a promising strategy for the development of drug, delivery systems for cancer chemotherapy."	( Co-Delivery of Docetaxel and Berbamine by Chitosan/Sulfobutylether-β-Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles for Enhancing Bioavailability and Anticancer Activities. Bu, X; Dou, L; Fang, L; Shen, Q; Wu, J, 2015)	0.42
" After treatment with NCs it has substantially increased the bioavailability of the protein and showed comparatively increased levels of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide production, and Th1 cytokine which helped in parasite clearance."	( Oral administration of encapsulated bovine lactoferrin protein nanocapsules against intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Anand, N; Dubey, ML; Kanwar, JR; Kanwar, RK; Sehgal, R; Vasishta, RK, 2015)	0.42
"To explore the effect of the pore size of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous chitosan-silica (3D-CS) matrix on the solubility, drug release, and oral bioavailability of the loaded drug."	( Effect of pore size of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous chitosan-silica matrix on solubility, drug release, and oral bioavailability of loaded-nimodipine. Gao, Y; Jiang, T; Sun, H; Wang, S; Xie, Y; Zhao, Q; Zheng, X, 2016)	0.43
"Our findings suggest that the oral bioavailability decreased with a decrease in the pore size of the matrix."	( Effect of pore size of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous chitosan-silica matrix on solubility, drug release, and oral bioavailability of loaded-nimodipine. Gao, Y; Jiang, T; Sun, H; Wang, S; Xie, Y; Zhao, Q; Zheng, X, 2016)	0.43
" It may be treated by acyclovir (ACV), however this antiviral drug is poorly soluble with low ocular bioavailability requiring high and frequent dosing."	( Ex vivo and In vivo Evaluation of Chitosan Coated Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Ocular Delivery of Acyclovir. Al-Kassas, R; McGhee, CN; Patel, DV; Rupenthal, ID; Seyfoddin, A; Sherwin, T; Taylor, JA, 2016)	0.43
"NLCs enhanced the ocular bioavailability and antiviral properties of ACV through cell internalisation, sustained release, and increased corneal permeation."	( Ex vivo and In vivo Evaluation of Chitosan Coated Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Ocular Delivery of Acyclovir. Al-Kassas, R; McGhee, CN; Patel, DV; Rupenthal, ID; Seyfoddin, A; Sherwin, T; Taylor, JA, 2016)	0.43
" Targeted nanotization showed higher cardiac bioavailability of Curcumin at a low dose of 5 mg/kg body weight compared to free Curcumin at 35 mg/kg body weight."	( Improved bioavailability of targeted Curcumin delivery efficiently regressed cardiac hypertrophy by modulating apoptotic load within cardiac microenvironment. Banerjee, D; Datta, R; Mitra, A; Naskar, S; Rana, S; Ray, A; Sarkar, S, 2016)	0.43
"Iron casein succinylate (ICS) liquid oral preparation as iron supplement has uncomfortable taste after a long period of storage because of its stability, and poor bioavailability of iron compared to any other iron preparations."	( Iron casein succinylate-chitosan coacervate for the liquid oral delivery of iron with bioavailability and stability enhancement. Cho, JH; Kim, CK; Min, KA; Song, YK, 2016)	0.43
" Plasma insulin and blood glucose levels were measured in diabetic rats and showed about four fold increases in insulin bioavailability and sustained hypoglycemic effects up to 12h of administration with VitB12-Chi-CPNPs in comparison to Chi-CPNPs."	( Vitamin B12 functionalized layer by layer calcium phosphate nanoparticles: A mucoadhesive and pH responsive carrier for improved oral delivery of insulin. Dwivedi, P; Gupta, GK; Gupta, PK; Mishra, PR; Sharma, S; Singh, A; Teja, BV; Trivedi, R; Verma, A, 2016)	0.43
" Apart from pH responsive behavior it utilizes multiple pathways to improve the overall bioavailability of insulin including paracellular transport and receptor mediated endocytosis."	( Vitamin B12 functionalized layer by layer calcium phosphate nanoparticles: A mucoadhesive and pH responsive carrier for improved oral delivery of insulin. Dwivedi, P; Gupta, GK; Gupta, PK; Mishra, PR; Sharma, S; Singh, A; Teja, BV; Trivedi, R; Verma, A, 2016)	0.43
"Gentamicin (GM), one of the most commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotics, has been used for treating pneumonia; however, the applicability of GM is limited by its bioavailability and toxic side effects."	( Biphasic release of gentamicin from chitosan/fucoidan nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery. Chen, JK; Chen, JY; Huang, YC; Li, RY, 2016)	0.43
" TMC-HM-lip exhibited higher oral bioavailability and had prolonged retention time in GIT."	( Liposomes coated with N-trimethyl chitosan to improve the absorption of harmine in vivo and in vitro. Chen, WL; Li, F; Li, JZ; Lin, YM; Liu, Y; Yang, SD; Yuan, ZQ; Zhang, CG; Zhang, XN; Zhou, XF; Zhu, WJ, 2016)	0.43
" Recently, biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles with amphilic copolymers as drug carriers have shown better bioavailability against tumor as promising tumor-targeted drug delivery system."	( Enhanced Pro-Apoptotic Effect of Tetrandrine Loaded Nanoparticles Against Osteosarcoma Cells. Tian, Y; Xu, H; Yin, H, 2016)	0.43
"To improve the ocular bioavailability of the model drug of pirenoxine sodium (PRN), organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites including layered double hydroxides (LDH) and chitosan derivatives (chitosan-glutathione (CG), chitosan-glutathione-valine (CG-V) and chitosan-glutathione-valine-valine (CG-VV)) were designed and characterized."	( Multifunctional properties of organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites based on chitosan derivatives and layered double hydroxides for ocular drug delivery. Cao, F; Chi, H; Xu, T; Zhang, J, 2016)	0.43
" Prolonged precorneal retention, better corneal permeability and enhanced ocular bioavailability of the model drug pirenoxine sodium were observed."	( Multifunctional properties of organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites based on chitosan derivatives and layered double hydroxides for ocular drug delivery. Cao, F; Chi, H; Xu, T; Zhang, J, 2016)	0.43
" The bioavailability of such ophthalmic drugs can be enhanced significantly using contact lenses incorporating drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs)."	( Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) Contact Lenses Containing Chitosan Nanoparticles as an Ocular Delivery System for Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate. Behl, G; Fitzhenry, L; Iqbal, J; McLoughlin, P; O'Reilly, NJ, 2016)	0.43
" This approach can improve the bioavailability and sustained release of phytochemicals having lower bioavailability."	( Encapsulation and release studies of strawberry polyphenols in biodegradable chitosan nanoformulation. Brar, SK; Das, RK; Marques, C; Pulicharla, R; Rouissi, T, 2016)	0.43
"The goal of this study was to evaluate the enhanced catalytic activity, increased stability, in vitro anti-cancer effects on H446 cells and in vivo bioavailability of novel enzyme delivery nanovesicles (l-asparaginase containing chitosan modified lipid nanovesicles, ACLNs) when administered intravenously."	( Chitosan-modified lipid nanovesicles for efficient systemic delivery of l-asparaginase. He, D; Wan, S; Yan, Z; Yuan, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2016)	0.43
" In vivo study demonstrated that TMC could enhance the absorption and bioavailability of the pulmonarily administered insulin formulation for SD rats."	( Formulation of insulin-loaded N-trimethyl chitosan microparticles with improved efficacy for inhalation by supercritical fluid assisted atomization. Du, Z; Guan, YX; Shen, YB; Tang, C; Yao, SJ, 2016)	0.43
" In the case of acyclovir, Cap-Na either alone or in combination with SLS or chitosan has the potential to improve its absorption and bioavailability and has yet to be explored."	( Effect of permeability enhancers on paracellular permeability of acyclovir. Ates, M; Kaynak, MS; Sahin, S, 2016)	0.43
" However, despite favourable physicochemical properties, oral administration of MTF-HCl is associated with impaired bioavailability (50-60%), lactic-acidosis and frequent dosing (500mg 2-3 times a day) in PCOS that ultimately influence the patient compliance."	( Intravaginal administration of metformin hydrochloride loaded cationic niosomes amalgamated with thermosensitive gel for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: In vitro and in vivo studies. Bajaj, L; Jain, UK; Katare, OP; Madan, J; Pandey, RS; Saini, N; Sodhi, RK, 2016)	0.43
" The nasal delivery showed improved bioavailability as compared to oral delivery."	( Nasal inserts containing ondansetron hydrochloride based on Chitosan-gellan gum polyelectrolyte complex: In vitro-in vivo studies. Mahajan, HS; Sonje, AG, 2016)	0.43
" Significantly higher brain/blood ratio and 2 folds higher nasal bioavailability in brain with QF-NP in comparison to drug solution following intranasal administration revealed preferential nose to brain transport bypassing blood-brain barrier and prolonged retention of QF at site of action suggesting superiority of chitosan as permeability enhancer."	( "Application of Box-Behnken design for optimization and development of quetiapine fumarate loaded chitosan nanoparticles for brain delivery via intranasal route* ". Khunt, D; Misra, M; Padh, H; Shah, B, 2016)	0.43
"The therapeutic potentials of silibinin - a phytochemical isolated from milk thistle plants - have not been fully realized due to its poor oral bioavailability caused by the low aqueous solubility."	( A supersaturating delivery system of silibinin exhibiting high payload achieved by amorphous nano-complexation with chitosan. Dong, B; Hadinoto, K; Nguyen, MH; Yu, H, 2016)	0.43
" This article aimed to develop a nanoencapsulation formulation of PL using water-soluble chitosan and Eudragit S100 and to evaluate its potential for bioavailability enhancement."	( Nanoencapsulation of psoralidin via chitosan and Eudragit S100 for enhancement of oral bioavailability. Song, X; Xiang, C; Yin, J, 2016)	0.43
"05) higher bioavailability of DEX compared to DEX-solution."	( The potential application of hyaluronic acid coated chitosan nanoparticles in ocular delivery of dexamethasone. Kalam, MA, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of this study was to develop QF based microemulsion (ME) with and without chitosan (CH) to investigate its potential use in improving the bioavailability and brain targeting efficiency following non-invasive intranasal administration."	( Non-invasive intranasal delivery of quetiapine fumarate loaded microemulsion for brain targeting: Formulation, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic consideration. Khunt, D; Misra, M; Padh, H; Shah, B, 2016)	0.43
" However, low bioavailability and poor stability of CUR hinders its application."	( Curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticles impregnated into collagen-alginate scaffolds for diabetic wound healing. Karri, VV; Kollipara, R; Kuppusamy, G; Malayandi, R; Mannemala, SS; Mulukutla, S; Raju, KR; Talluri, SV; Wadhwani, AD, 2016)	0.43
" The in vitro release study indicated that Nag-CD/CS-NPs achieved moderate sustained-release effect, and the in vivo study revealed that the prepared nanoparticles was nonirritating to rabbit's eye and had better ability to prolong the residence time than the naringenin suspension, which can significantly increase naringenin bioavailability in the aqueous humor."	( Preparation and evaluation of naringenin-loaded sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin/chitosan nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery. Bai, Y; Hu, W; Liu, X; Zhang, L; Zhang, P, 2016)	0.43
"69%) showed enhanced bioavailability for RUT in brain as compared to intravenous administration."	( Rutin-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles targeted to the brain in the treatment of Cerebral Ischemia. Ahmad, FJ; Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Alam, MA; Ashafaq, M; Iqbal, Z; Naqvi, AA; Samim, M, 2016)	0.43
" In this study, kaempferol (KAE) was loaded into lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles (LC NPs) to determine antifungal activity compared to pure KAE against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporium to resolve the bioavailability problem."	( Kaempferol loaded lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and their potential applications as a sustainable antifungal agent. Ilk, S; Özgen, M; Saglam, N, 2017)	0.46
"Efforts were made to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of Glycyrrhizic acid, a triterpentine saponin obtained from Glycyrrhiza glabra, having several pharmacological properties, by its encapsulation in biocompatible biopolymeric nanoparticles."	( Enhancement of anti-inflammatory activity of glycyrrhizic acid by encapsulation in chitosan-katira gum nanoparticles. Ahuja, M; Bernela, M; Thakur, R, 2016)	0.43
" In addition, the D-PL/TG NPs with sodium dodecyl sulfate modification on the surface have enhanced stability in the GI tract and increased oral bioavailability of doxorubicin."	( Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Modified Doxorubicin-Loaded Chitosan-Lipid Nanocarrier with Multi Polysaccharide-Lecithin Nanoarchitecture for Augmented Bioavailability and Stability of Oral Administration In Vitro and In Vivo. Chen, SY; Chen, YP; Chiang, MY; Hsu, CH; Li, WM; Lin, YL; Su, CW; Tsai, NM, 2016)	0.43
" Moreover, the nanogel/gel exhibited no cytotoxicity by MTT assay, and the oral bioavailability of Myr in rats was improved with an accelerated absorption rate after Myr was loaded into CS/β-GP nanogel/gel."	( Preparation and evaluation of chitosan-based nanogels/gels for oral delivery of myricetin. Ji, G; Li, G; Meng, Q; Shen, H; Wang, H; Xia, M; Xie, Y; Yao, Y, 2016)	0.43
"Transdermal local anesthesia is one of the most applied strategies to avoid systemic adverse effects; there is an appealing need for a prolonged local anesthetic that would provide better bioavailability and longer pain relief with a single administration."	( Local anesthetic lidocaine delivery system: chitosan and hyaluronic acid-modified layer-by-layer lipid nanoparticles. Chi, H; Wang, J; Wang, S; Zhang, L, 2016)	0.43
" The present study was aimed at to increase the TPs bioavailability by nanoformulation by using BSA as the matrix and chitosan as the external shell."	( Fabrication of BSA-Green Tea Polyphenols-Chitosan Nanoparticles and Their Role in Radioprotection: A Molecular and Biochemical Approach. Kumar, S; Meena, R; Rajamani, P, 2016)	0.43
"99 nm chitosan reduced AuNS in vivo models with respect to its bioavailability and toxicity against various concentrations (2."	( Chitosan Tethered Colloidal Gold Nanospheres for Drug Delivery Applications. Hari, K; Kumpati, P, 2016)	0.43
" All these antihypertensive therapeutic drugs have low oral bioavailability and can induce upper respiratory tract abstraction, angioedema, reflex tachycardia and extreme hypotensive effect after oral administration which can cause lethal effects in patients with heart diseases."	( Prospectives of Antihypertensive Nano-ceuticals as Alternative Therapeutics. Hafeez, Z; Imran, M; Niaz, T, 2017)	0.46
"The efficacy of most anticancer drugs is highly limited in vivo due mainly to poor pharmacokinetics behavior including poor bioavailability after extravascular administration."	( Modified-chitosan nanoparticles: Novel drug delivery systems improve oral bioavailability of doxorubicin. Aiedeh, K; Alkhatib, H; Bustanji, Y; Hamad, I; Khdair, A; Mohammad, M; Tayem, R, 2016)	0.43
" In addition, the GI mucosa irritation and oral bioavailability of SLNs were also evaluated in rats."	( Gastrointestinal stability, physicochemical characterization and oral bioavailability of chitosan or its derivative-modified solid lipid nanoparticles loading docetaxel. Cao, QR; Cao, Y; Cui, JH; Liu, JY; Lu, J; Shi, LL; Zhang, H; Zhang, XX, 2017)	0.46
"The positively charged HACC-DTX-SLNs with a stable particle size could provide the enhanced oral bioavailability of DTX in rats."	( Gastrointestinal stability, physicochemical characterization and oral bioavailability of chitosan or its derivative-modified solid lipid nanoparticles loading docetaxel. Cao, QR; Cao, Y; Cui, JH; Liu, JY; Lu, J; Shi, LL; Zhang, H; Zhang, XX, 2017)	0.46
" The bioavailability for the intratracheal levofloxacin solution and intratracheal chitosan microspheres was estimated to be 98% and 71%, respectively, both with a direct release into the ELF compartment."	( Pulmonary pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in rats after aerosolization of immediate-release chitosan or sustained-release PLGA microspheres. Couet, W; Gaspar, MC; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Lamarche, I; Marchand, S; Olivier, JC; Pais, AA; Sousa, JJ, 2016)	0.43
"This study aimed at improving the systemic bioavailability of propranolol-HCl by the design of transdermal drug delivery system based on chitosan nanoparticles dispersed into gels."	( Transdermal delivery of propranolol hydrochloride through chitosan nanoparticles dispersed in mucoadhesive gel. Al-Kassas, R; Cheng, AE; Kim, AM; Liu, SSM; Wen, J; Yu, J, 2016)	0.43
" Despite many promises, tamoxifen is associated with various challenges like low hydrophilicity, poor bioavailability and dose-dependent toxicity."	( Chitosan-modified PLGA polymeric nanocarriers with better delivery potential for tamoxifen. Chitkara, D; Kumar, P; Kumar, R; Raza, K; Singh, B; Thakur, CK; Thotakura, N, 2016)	0.43
" The in vivo ocular pharmacokinetic study indicated improved bioavailability of AmB-CH-NLC."	( Ocular amphotericin B delivery by chitosan-modified nanostructured lipid carriers for fungal keratitis-targeted therapy. Fu, T; Lv, S; Yi, J; Zhang, B, 2017)	0.46
"Despite the therapeutic effects of resveratrol, its clinical application is restricted by its poor oral bioavailability and low water solubility."	( Resveratrol cross-linked chitosan loaded with phospholipid for controlled release and antioxidant activity. Jeong, H; Kim, NH; Lee, DW; Lee, JH; Samdani, KJ; Yoo, DH; Yoo, IS, 2016)	0.43
" The chitosan composite transfersomal formulation exhibited absolute bioavailability of 81."	( Composite chitosan-transfersomal vesicles for improved transnasal permeation and bioavailability of verapamil. Abdel-Mottaleb, M; Geneidi, AS; Mansour, S; Mouez, MA; Nasr, M, 2016)	0.43
" Being benefited from specific targeting of peptide conjugation, improved bioavailability and enhanced tumor accumulation are achieved by the GLD-PL/TG NPs, leading to better antitumor efficacy."	( Multistage Continuous Targeting with Quantitatively Controlled Peptides on Chitosan-Lipid Nanoparticles with Multicore-Shell Nanoarchitecture for Enhanced Orally Administrated Anticancer In Vitro and In Vivo. Chen, SY; Chiang, CS; Hsu, CH; Su, CW; Yen, CS, 2017)	0.46
" Presentation of the compound in the amorphous form lead to a very fast absorption, however, the obtained bioavailability was at the same level observed following buccal administration of a commercially immediate release tablet."	( Buccal absorption of diazepam is improved when administered in bioadhesive tablets-An in vivo study in conscious Göttingen mini-pigs. Holm, R; Jacobsen, J; Jørgensen, EB; Meng-Lund, E; Müllertz, A, 2016)	0.43
" Icariin with the poor solubility and low bioavailability limited the treatment of many diseases in clinic."	( Colon targeted oral drug delivery system based on alginate-chitosan microspheres loaded with icariin in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Cui, YL; Gao, LN; Wang, GF; Wang, QS; Zhou, J, 2016)	0.43
" A new strategy for improving the bioavailability of vascular growth factors was developed by loading VEGF with chitosan nanoparticles."	( Development and Characterization of VEGF165-Chitosan Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Radiation-Induced Skin Injury in Rats. Huang, S; Li, S; Li, X; Liu, Y; Sun, L; Wang, S; Yu, D; Zhang, Y; Zhu, M, 2016)	0.43
"Topical application of drugs to the eyes suffers from poor bioavailability at the ocular surface and in the anterior chamber."	( Penetration of mucoadhesive chitosan-dextran sulfate nanoparticles into the porcine cornea. Chaiyasan, W; Kompella, UB; Praputbut, S; Srinivas, SP; Tiyaboonchai, W, 2017)	0.46
" Cellular uptake experiments showed that the hybrid liposomes significantly increased the bioavailability of curcumin."	( Hybrid liposomes composed of amphiphilic chitosan and phospholipid: Preparation, stability and bioavailability as a carrier for curcumin. Chen, X; Hu, X; Li, Z; Liu, C; Liu, W; Peng, S; Zou, L, 2017)	0.46
" One of the most important questions to solve is the poor solubility of most drugs which produces low bioavailability and delivery problems, a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry."	( Albendazole Microcrystal Formulations Based on Chitosan and Cellulose Derivatives: Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro Parasiticidal Activity in Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms. Codina, AV; Hinrichsen, LI; Lamas, MC; Leonardi, D; Priotti, J; Vasconi, MD, 2017)	0.46
" The second is related to the relatively poor understanding of the pathways by which polymeric micelles improve the bioavailability of the payload by mucosal routes (e."	( Protoporphyrin IX-modified chitosan-g-oligo(NiPAAm) polymeric micelles: from physical stabilization to permeability characterization in vitro. Schlachet, I; Sosnik, A, 2016)	0.43
"PZQ-NE-dispersed chitosan/glycerol 2-phosphate disodium/HPMC (NE/CS/β-GP/HMPC) hydrogel was successfully prepared to improve bioavailability of PZQ."	( Design and optimization of thermosensitive nanoemulsion hydrogel for sustained-release of praziquantel. Cong, Z; Li, J; Peng, X; Shi, Y; Wang, Y; Wei, B, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that NE/CS/β-GP/HMPC hydrogel can significantly slow down drug elimination, prolong mean residence time and improve bioavailability of PZQ."	( Design and optimization of thermosensitive nanoemulsion hydrogel for sustained-release of praziquantel. Cong, Z; Li, J; Peng, X; Shi, Y; Wang, Y; Wei, B, 2017)	0.46
" These results demonstrate that FX-CS-CN can enable the application of FX, with improved bioavailability and water dispersibility, in the food industry."	( Preparation of Fucoxanthin-Loaded Nanoparticles Composed of Casein and Chitosan with Improved Fucoxanthin Bioavailability. Kim, SM; Koo, SY; Mok, IK; Pan, CH, 2016)	0.43
" Herein, the effect of magnetic retention on the circulation and bioavailability of magnetic beads in the gastrointestinal tract in the presence of an external magnetic field is evaluated."	( Optimization of magnetic retention in the gastrointestinal tract: Enhanced bioavailability of poorly permeable drug. Badier, T; Delbos, JM; Delory, N; Jeannin, V; Lafargue, D; Laporte, A; Ménager, C; Péan, JM; Poirier, C; Seth, A, 2017)	0.46
" However, loss of carrier stability against biological environments induces low bioavailability of encapsulated drugs after oral administration."	( Novel amphiphilic chitosan nanocarriers for sustained oral delivery of hydrophobic drugs. Kashanian, S; Motiei, M, 2017)	0.46
"A thermosensitive ophthalmic hydrogel (TSOH) - fluid at 4°C (instillation temperature), semisolid at 35°C (eye temperature), which coupled the dosing accuracy and administration ease of eyedrops with the increased ocular bioavailability of a hydrogel - was prepared by gelling a chitosan hydrochloride (ChHCl) solution (27."	( Thermosensitive hydrogel based on chitosan and its derivatives containing medicated nanoparticles for transcorneal administration of 5-fluorouracil. Bizzarri, R; Fabiano, A; Zambito, Y, 2017)	0.46
"Recent studies showed an enhanced oral bioavailability of tamoxifen (TMX) by hydrophobically modified α-tocopherol succinate-g-carboxymethyl chitosan (Cmc-TS) micelles."	( Potential of amphiphilic graft copolymer α-tocopherol succinate-g-carboxymethyl chitosan in modulating the permeability and anticancer efficacy of tamoxifen. Chand, M; Jena, SK; Kaur, S; Samal, SK; Sangamwar, AT, 2017)	0.46
" In conclusion, a chitosan-modified system could be a promising method for increasing the ocular bioavailability of unmodified L/NPs by enhancing their retention time and permeation into the cornea."	( Corneal permeation properties of a charged lipid nanoparticle carrier containing dexamethasone. Ban, J; Chen, Y; Deng, G; Hou, D; Huang, X; Lu, Z; Zhang, Y, 2017)	0.46
" In this study, we formulated and characterized a novel intestinal target nanoparticle carrier based on amphiphilic chitosan derivatives (Chit-DC-VB12) loaded with scutellarin to enhance its bioavailability and then evaluated its therapeutic effect in experimental diabetic retinopathy model."	( Enhancement of scutellarin oral delivery efficacy by vitamin B12-modified amphiphilic chitosan derivatives to treat type II diabetes induced-retinopathy. Chen, L; Deng, DY; Huang, P; Long, L; Luo, J; Tan, J; Wang, J; Yang, L; Zhang, LM; Zhou, W; Zhu, B, 2017)	0.46
" Bioavailability studies were performed in Sprague-Dawley rats, which present the area under the curve of scutellarin of Chit-DC-VB12-Scu was two to threefolds greater than that of free scutellarin alone."	( Enhancement of scutellarin oral delivery efficacy by vitamin B12-modified amphiphilic chitosan derivatives to treat type II diabetes induced-retinopathy. Chen, L; Deng, DY; Huang, P; Long, L; Luo, J; Tan, J; Wang, J; Yang, L; Zhang, LM; Zhou, W; Zhu, B, 2017)	0.46
"Chit-DC-VB12 nanoparticles loaded with scutellarin have better bioavailability and cellular uptake efficiency than Scu, while Chit-DC-VB12-Scu nanoparticles alleviated the structural disorder of intraretinal neovessels in the retina induced by diabetes, and it also inhibited the retinal neovascularization via down-regulated the expression of angiogenesis proteins."	( Enhancement of scutellarin oral delivery efficacy by vitamin B12-modified amphiphilic chitosan derivatives to treat type II diabetes induced-retinopathy. Chen, L; Deng, DY; Huang, P; Long, L; Luo, J; Tan, J; Wang, J; Yang, L; Zhang, LM; Zhou, W; Zhu, B, 2017)	0.46
" In this study, chitosan-alginate nanoparticles, considered as a new vehicle for crocin to improve properties in terms of antioxidant activity, bioavailability and anticancer activity."	( Nanoparticles based on crocin loaded chitosan-alginate biopolymers: Antioxidant activities, bioavailability and anticancer properties. Hashemi, M; Moini, S; Rahaiee, S; Razavi, SH; Shojaosadati, SA, 2017)	0.46
" The PNS concentrations in rat plasma were analyzed by HPLC-MS-MS method and the relative bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using Kinetica4."	( Pharmacokinetics and correlation between in vitro release and in vivo absorption of bio-adhesive pellets of panax notoginseng saponins. Li, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhu, CY, 2017)	0.46
" Therefore, GCS polymer and corresponding dosage forms may contribute to increase the oral bioavailability of Pgp-substrate drugs, while GCS-TBA cannot be used for the same purpose."	( In vitro evaluation of glycol chitosan based formulations as oral delivery systems for efflux pump inhibition. Colabufo, NA; Giammona, G; Mandracchia, D; Perrone, MG; Trapani, A; Trapani, G; Tripodo, G, 2017)	0.46
" Enhanced CNS bioavailability (12."	( Intranasal chitosan-g-HPβCD nanoparticles of efavirenz for the CNS targeting. Belgamwar, A; Khan, S; Yeole, P, 2018)	0.48
" Moreover, in vivo study showed that HK-CS-NPs exhibited good ocular tolerability and could improve ophthalmic bioavailability of honokiol."	( Development of a Chitosan-based Nanoparticle Formulation for Ophthalmic Delivery of Honokiol. Chen, H; Deng, F; Hu, W; Tang, Y; Zhang, L, 2018)	0.48
" The pharmacokinetics of PS916-FTC was characterized by low bioavailability (8."	( Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Excretion Study of Fluoresceinlabeled PS916 in Rats. Fugang, M; Mingming, Y; Tingfu, J; Weijie, Y; Yuanhong, W; Zhihua, LV, 2017)	0.46
" The heating ability of MCP nanogels was calculated to be ∼204W/g for the concentration of 2mg/mL using time-dependent Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) method."	( Dual responsive magnetic composite nanogels for thermo-chemotherapy. Arunkumar, P; Bahadur, D; Indulekha, S; Srivastava, R, 2017)	0.46
" Concurrent administration of RES and QUR was able to enhance the bioavailability of RES."	( Co-encapsulated resveratrol and quercetin in chitosan and peg modified chitosan nanoparticles: For efficient intra ocular pressure reduction. Kandasamy, R; Muthusamy, S; Natesan, S; Palanichamy, R; Pandian, S; Ponnusamy, C, 2017)	0.46
" However, the poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability hinders the therapeutic potential of it when administrated orally."	( Preparation and characterisation of atorvastatin and curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoformulations for oral delivery in atherosclerosis. J B, VK; Madhusudhan, B; Ramakrishna, S, 2017)	0.46
" It has demonstrated anti-tumoural activity against many types of malignancies; however, due to its hydrophobic structure, it has poor water solubility, bioavailability and permeability across intestinal epithelial cells."	( Effect of silibinin-loaded nano-niosomal coated with trimethyl chitosan on miRNAs expression in 2D and 3D models of T47D breast cancer cell line. Hakamivala, A; Kashanian, S; Maharat, Z; Moghassemi, S; Omidfar, K; Yazdi Rouholamini, SE, 2018)	0.48
" To circumvent the low bioavailability and the short half-life time obstacles, we hypothesized a novel PLGA nano-platform functionalized with CS and PEG to encapsulate these phytochemicals."	( CS-PEG decorated PLGA nano-prototype for delivery of bioactive compounds: A novel approach for induction of apoptosis in HepG2 cell line. Abd-Rabou, AA; Ahmed, HH, 2017)	0.46
"To improve insulin bioavailability and overcome multiple barriers for oral delivery of insulin, the composite nanocarriers (PLGA/FA-CS) prepared from poly(lactide-co-glycoside) (PLGA) and folic acid modified chitosan (FA-CS) were fabricated via electrostatic self-assembly method."	( Preparation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and chitosan composite nanocarriers via electrostatic self assembly for oral delivery of insulin. Jiang, G; Kong, X; Liu, D; Liu, Y; Xu, B; Yao, J; Yu, W, 2017)	0.46
"The low bioavailability and short biological half-life of berberine chloride (BBR) negatively affect the protective role of this compound against osteoarthritis (OA)."	( Sustained release effects of berberine-loaded chitosan microspheres on in vitro chondrocyte culture. Deng, M; He, B; Li, Y; Liu, S; Ming, J; Zhou, Y, 2017)	0.46
" The performance of these nonviral vectors appears therefore difficult to predict simply on the basis of carrier- or payload-related variables, and a more holistic consideration of the journey of the nanoparticle, from cell uptake to cytosolic bioavailability of payload, is needed."	( Chitosan/Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles: Rational Design Revisited for RNA Delivery. Ashford, M; Gennari, A; Lallana, E; Pelliccia, M; Puri, S; Rios de la Rosa, JM; Stratford, IJ; Tirella, A; Tirelli, N, 2017)	0.46
" However, the low bioavailability and nonspecific tumor targeting restrict its further clinical application."	( A smart pH-responsive nano-carrier as a drug delivery system for the targeted delivery of ursolic acid: suppresses cancer growth and metastasis by modulating P53/MMP-9/PTEN/CD44 mediated multiple signaling pathways. Chen, S; Chen, X; Chi, T; Fan, L; Jia, L; Jiang, K; Li, T; Liu, Y; Shao, J; Zheng, G, 2017)	0.46
" Hence in the present study, an attempt has been made to load both these drugs into a single nanoparticlulate system to enhance their bioavailability and efficacy."	( Formulation and characterization of chitosan encapsulated phytoconstituents of curcumin and rutin nanoparticles. Dwarampudi, LP; Kadiyala, M; Kumar, CKA; Kuppuswamy, G; Paranjothy, M; Ramaswamy, S; Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy, K, 2017)	0.46
" The chitosan nanofiber has given significantly faster absorption rate [1860."	( Chitosan nanofilm and electrospun nanofiber for quick drug release in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. AnjiReddy, K; Karpagam, S, 2017)	0.46
" Cromolyn is a mast cell stabilizer and was proposed as an anticancer agent; however its high polarity limits its bioavailability by rapid washing from the body."	( Cromolyn chitosan nanoparticles as a novel protective approach for colorectal cancer. El-Maraghy, SA; ElMeshad, AN; Hammam, OA; Motawi, TK; Nady, OM, 2017)	0.46
" The nanocomplex enhanced bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs, efficient tumor cell targeting and exhibited pH-responsive function and sustained release profile."	( Simultaneous inhibition of growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by co-delivery of ursolic acid and sorafenib using lactobionic acid modified and pH-sensitive chitosan-conjugated mesoporous silica nanocomplex. Fan, L; Jiang, K; Li, T; Shao, J; Zhao, R; Zheng, G, 2017)	0.46
" A major limitation associated with most of the currently available conventional and controlled release drug delivery devices is that not all the drug candidates are well absorbed uniformly locally or systemically."	( Application of Chitosan and its Derivatives in Nanocarrier Based Pulmonary Drug Delivery Systems. Awasthi, R; Bebawy, M; De Jesus Andreoli Pinto, T; Dua, K; Gupta, G; Hansbro, PM; Tekade, M; Tekade, RK, 2017)	0.46
"Scutellarin (SCU) is a traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, but its clinic applications have been limited due to its poor water solubility, poor bioavailability and short half-life."	( Intranasal administration of brain-targeted HP-β-CD/chitosan nanoparticles for delivery of scutellarin, a compound with protective effect in cerebral ischaemia. Ho, PC; Liu, S, 2017)	0.46
"The poor retention and penetration are the major issues in the bioavailability of drugs through ocular route."	( Development of Timolol Maleate Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles For Improved Ocular Delivery. Kaushik, D; Pandey, P; Saroha, A, 2017)	0.46
"Amorphous CUR-CHI nanoparticle complex (or CUR nanoplex in short) recently emerged as a promising bioavailability enhancement strategy of CUR attributed to its fast dissolution, supersaturation generation capability, and simple preparation."	( Effects of chitosan molecular weight on the physical and dissolution characteristics of amorphous curcumin-chitosan nanoparticle complex. Hadinoto, K; Nguyen, MH; Yu, H, 2018)	0.48
"Liposome is one of a promising delivery system to improve water solubility, stability, and bioavailability of curcumin."	( Liposomes coated with thiolated chitosan as drug carriers of curcumin. Cai, Z; Deng, L; Ding, S; Li, L; Li, R; Wang, K; Zhang, S; Zhou, C, 2017)	0.46
"Chitosan microspheres can address challenges associated with poor bioavailability or unsustained drug release when used as drug delivery systems thanks to their mucoadhesiveness, which allows the drug dosage to be retained in the gastrointestinal track for extended periods."	( Characterization and degradation study of chitosan-siloxane hybrid microspheres synthesized using a microfluidic approach. Cruz-Neves, S; Hayakawa, S; Miyazaki, T; Shirosaki, Y, 2017)	0.46
" However, hostile GI environments and nonspecific biological trafficking prevent achieving appropriate bioavailability of siRNA."	( Oral siRNA Delivery to Treat Colorectal Liver Metastases. Bae, WK; Cho, KJ; Cho, S; Kang, SH; Lee, SJ; Lee, YK; Park, IK; Revuri, V, 2017)	0.46
" Results show that the morphology of microsphere was round and uniform, mean diameter was about 100 nm, absorption rate was up to 983."	( [ATDC-5 growth promoted by sustained-releasing chitosan microspheres loading TGF-β1 in artificial cartilage scaffolds]. Chang, Y; Feng, C; He, X; Liu, H; Zhou, X, 2017)	0.46
" Thus, mucoadhesive CS/DS NPs may be an effective oral delivery platform for improving bioavailability of CoQ10."	( Preparation and Characterization of Mucoadhesive Nanoparticles for Enhancing Cellular Uptake of Coenzyme Q10. Kim, ES; Lee, HG; Lee, JS; Suh, JW, 2017)	0.46
"To develop mucoadhesive tablets for the vaginal delivery of progesterone (P4) to overcome its low oral bioavailability resulting from drug hydrophobicity and extensive hepatic metabolism."	( Mucoadhesive tablets for the vaginal delivery of progesterone: in vitro evaluation and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in female rabbits. Ali, MF; El-Gindy, GEA; El-Mahdy, MM; Hassan, AS; Soliman, GM, 2018)	0.48
" In vivo study showed that chitosan-alginate mucoadhesive tablets had ∼2-fold higher P4 mean residence time (MRT) in the blood and 5-fold higher bioavailability compared with oral P4."	( Mucoadhesive tablets for the vaginal delivery of progesterone: in vitro evaluation and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in female rabbits. Ali, MF; El-Gindy, GEA; El-Mahdy, MM; Hassan, AS; Soliman, GM, 2018)	0.48
" The use of chitosan and β-GP together with HP-β-CD inclusion compounds was shown to enhance the bioavailability of LNG transdermally."	( Novel dissolving microneedles for enhanced transdermal delivery of levonorgestrel: In vitro and in vivo characterization. Chen, H; Lin, S; Pan, X; Peng, T; Quan, G; Ran, H; Wang, L; Wang, Q; Wu, C; Yao, G; Zhang, Q, 2017)	0.46
" Further pharmacokinetic studies disclose an oral bioavailability of 15."	( Functional nanoparticles exploit the bile acid pathway to overcome multiple barriers of the intestinal epithelium for oral insulin delivery. Fan, W; Gan, Y; Guo, S; He, S; Hovgaard, L; Li, X; Xia, D; Yang, M; Zhu, C; Zhu, Q, 2018)	0.48
"Currently, the most prominent barrier to the success of orally delivered paclitaxel (PTX) is the extremely limited bioavailability of delivered therapeutic."	( N-Deoxycholic acid-N,O-hydroxyethyl Chitosan with a Sulfhydryl Modification To Enhance the Oral Absorptive Efficiency of Paclitaxel. Cai, H; Chen, Q; Fu, Y; Huo, M; Mu, Y; Xu, W; Yao, L; Yin, T; Yu, Y; Zhou, J, 2017)	0.46
" The result of the present study showed the potency of the nanoparticle form of insulin to attenuate hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation in diabetes, which indicate the bioavailability of insulin-encapsulated trimethylchitosan nanoparticles."	( The effect of insulin-loaded trimethylchitosan nanoparticles on rats with diabetes type I. Abbasalipourkabir, R; Dehghan, A; Jamshidi, M; Kalantarian, G; Khodadadi, I; Ziamajidi, N, 2018)	0.48
" Then, we compared physicochemical properties such as water absorption rate and degradation property."	( Production of Composite Scaffold Containing Silk Fibroin, Chitosan, and Gelatin for 3D Cell Culture and Bone Tissue Regeneration. Chen, L; Chen, Y; Gu, Y; Li, J; Wang, Q; Zhu, Y, 2017)	0.46
" So, the bioavailability of drugs can be enhanced."	( Chitosan and its derivatives as vehicles for drug delivery. Chen, L; Huang, G; Liu, Y, 2017)	0.46
" In animal model, oral administration of glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine conjugate nanoparticles of trimethyl chitosan demonstrated reasonable increase in Serum insulin level with relative bioavailability of 17."	( In-vitro and in-vivo cytotoxicity and efficacy evaluation of novel glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine conjugates of chitosan and trimethyl chitosan nano-particles as carriers for oral insulin delivery. Bahari Javan, N; Dehpour, AR; Dorkoosh, F; Jafary Omid, N; Partoazar, A; Rafiee Tehrani, M, 2018)	0.48
" Results of pharmacokinetic studies on rats then confirmed a desirable enhancement in the oral bioavailability of SLB by OCC-SLB micelles compared with a stock SLB suspension solution."	( The efficiency and mechanism of N-octyl-O, N-carboxymethyl chitosan-based micelles to enhance the oral absorption of silybin. Chen, Q; Fu, Y; Huo, M; Liang, J; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Tang, X; Yin, T; Zhang, Y; Zhou, J, 2018)	0.48
"Liposomes are regarded as promising drug carriers for enhancing the pharmacological effects of poorly absorbed drugs, such as peptides, following oral administration."	( Evaluation of liposomal behavior in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration using real-time in vivo imaging. Nishio, M; Tahara, K; Takeuchi, H, 2018)	0.48
"The nanosized rifampicin (RIF) has been prepared to increase the solubility in aqueous solution, which leads to remarkable enhancement of its bioavailability and their convenient delivery system studied by newly produced nontoxic, biodegradable magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) cross-linked polyethylene glycol hybrid chitosan (mCS-PEG) gel beads."	( Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) cross-linked natural polymer-based hybrid gel beads: Controlled nano anti-TB drug delivery application. Annaraj, J; Ayyanaar, S; Dhaveethu Raja, J; Kesavan, MP; Rajesh, J; Sakthipandi, K; Vijayakumar, V, 2018)	0.48
"Herein, thioglycolic acid modified N-octyl-O, N'-glycol chitosan (N-mercapto acetyl-N'-octyl-O, N″-glycol chitosan, abbreviated as SH-OGC) was synthesized to improve the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel (PTX)."	( N-mercapto acetyl-N'-octyl-O, N″-glycol chitosan as an efficiency oral delivery system of paclitaxel. Chen, Q; Fu, Y; Huo, M; Li, L; Liu, Y; Mu, Y; Xu, W; Yin, T; Zhou, J, 2018)	0.48
" In present work, we have selected Rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate (RHT), a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, which exhibits extensive first-pass metabolism, resulting in limited absolute bioavailability (36%)."	( Formulation and In-vivo Pharmacokinetic Consideration of Intranasal Microemulsion and Mucoadhesive Microemulsion of Rivastigmine for Brain Targeting. Khunt, D; Misra, M; Padh, H; Shah, B, 2018)	0.48
" Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) was selected as the model drug since it undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism, leading to poor oral bioavailability of 23%."	( Microemulsion-based delivery of triamcinolone acetonide to posterior segment of eye using chitosan and butter oil as permeation enhancer: an in vitro and in vivo investigation. Khunt, D; Misra, M; Raval, N, 2018)	0.48
" To improve oral bioavailability of dioscorins in the intestine, recombinant dioscorin (rDioscorin) was coated with N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) and tripolyphosphate (TPP), resulting in the formation of TMC-rDio-TPP nanoparticles (NPs)."	( Development of Yam Dioscorin-Loaded Nanoparticles for Paracellular Transport Across Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. Hsieh, HL; Lee, CH; Lin, KC, 2018)	0.48
"A new family of biofunctionalized chitosan decorated nanocochleates-mediated drug delivery system was developed that involves uniquely combining nanocochleates with anticancer drug for controlled drug release, targeted delivery, improved bioavailability with reduced toxicity."	( Development of novel biofunctionalized chitosan decorated nanocochleates as a cancer targeted drug delivery platform. Bothiraja, C; Panda, B; Pawar, A; Poudel, I; Rajalakshmi, S; Rajput, N, 2018)	0.48
"The aim of this study was to evaluate mannose-anchored thiolated chitosan (MTC) based nanocarriers (NCs) for enhanced permeability, improved oral bioavailability and anti-parasitic potential of amphotericin B (AmB)."	( Design of mannosylated oral amphotericin B nanoformulation: efficacy and safety in visceral leishmaniasis. Akhtar, S; Gendelman, HE; Nadhman, A; Rehman, AU; Saljoughian, N; Sarwar, HS; Satoskar, AR; Shahnaz, G; Sohail, MF; Yasinzai, M, 2018)	0.48
"In situ forming ophthalmic gels need to be fine tuned considering all the biopharmaceutical challenges of the front of the eye in order to increase drug residence time at the application site resulting in its improved bioavailability and efficacy."	( D-Optimal Design in the Development of Rheologically Improved In Situ Forming Ophthalmic Gel. Cetina-Čižmek, B; Filipović-Grčić, J; Grassi, M; Hafner, A; Krtalić, I; Lovrić, J; Nenadić, M; Pepić, I; Radošević, S, 2018)	0.48
" However, there are several challenges in developing an oral route for insulin delivery; insulin has extremely poor bioavailability and a low diffusion rate through the mucus layer."	( Oral Insulin: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Chellappan, DK; Chellian, J; Gupta, G; Wei, CC; Yenese, Y, 2017)	0.46
" Cell viability of assay was implemented to determination of biocompatibility, bioavailability and therapeutic potency of nano-complexes on different cancer and normal cell lines."	( Synthesis and in vitro study of modified chitosan-polycaprolactam nanocomplex as delivery system. Bidaki, K; Mohammadnejad, J; Narmani, A; Rezvani, M, 2018)	0.48
" However, its use has been limited due to poor bioavailability and local administration for short time."	( Effects of Paclitaxel-conjugated N-Succinyl-Hydroxyethyl Chitosan Film for Proliferative Cholangitis in Rabbit Biliary Stricture Model. Liu, YX; Wang, T; Zhang, XW; Zou, H, 2018)	0.48
" Additionally, in-vivo pharmacokinetic study in healthy rabbits revealed the significantly higher bioavailability of PRT-TRI-PHY compared with TRI-PHY with relative bioavailability of 244%."	( Laminated chitosan-based composite sponges for transmucosal delivery of novel protamine-decorated tripterine phytosomes: Ex-vivo mucopenetration and in-vivo pharmacokinetic assessments. Abdallah, OY; Freag, MS; Saleh, WM, 2018)	0.48
" This study will facilitate the application of ferritin-chitosan materials for fabricating the core-shell platform for encapsulation and bioavailability enhancement of bioactive molecules."	( Chitosan binding onto the epigallocatechin-loaded ferritin nanocage enhances its transport across Caco-2 cells. Blanchard, C; Tian, J; Wang, D; Yang, R; Zhou, Z, 2018)	0.48
" However, the full potential of this drug has not been realised, in part due to low oral bioavailability and frequent dosing requirements."	( N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles and CSKSSDYQC peptide: N-trimethyl chitosan conjugates enhance the oral bioavailability of gemcitabine to treat breast cancer. Chen, G; Huang, Y; Lu, W; Svirskis, D; Wen, J; Ying, M, 2018)	0.48
"Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have been used to enhance bioavailability and biological activities."	( Molecular dynamic of curcumin/chitosan interaction using a computational molecular approach: Emphasis on biofilm reduction. Jokar, M; Karimi, A; Khezri, A; Mofradnia, SR; Rashedi, H; Tavakoli, Z; Yazdian, F, 2018)	0.48
" Moreover, bioavailability of DTX from BI-CHI-DTX-NC was increased by 10-folds with longer circulation time and slower plasma elimination with low tissue distribution as compared to DTX solution."	( Development of novel biotinylated chitosan-decorated docetaxel-loaded nanocochleates for breast cancer targeting. Ahiwale, R; Bothiraja, C; Mahadik, K; Pawar, A; Poudel, I, 2018)	0.48
" However, low aqueous solubility, poor stability and decreased bioavailability associated with native curcumin holds back its use in clinical settings."	( Evaluation of curcumin loaded chitosan/PEG blended PLGA nanoparticles for effective treatment of pancreatic cancer. Arya, G; Das, M; Sahoo, SK, 2018)	0.48
"The ocular bioavailability of lipophilic drugs, such as dexamethasone, depends on both drug water solubility and mucoadhesion/permeation."	( A water-soluble, mucoadhesive quaternary ammonium chitosan-methyl-β-cyclodextrin conjugate forming inclusion complexes with dexamethasone. Balzano, F; Burgalassi, S; Chetoni, P; Fabiano, A; Monti, D; Piras, AM; Tampucci, S; Terreni, E; Uccello-Barretta, G; Zambito, Y, 2018)	0.48
"The aim of this study was to investigate ketorolac (KT) systemic absolute bioavailability after sublingual (SL) administration in vivo to conscious rabbits."	( Sublingual spray drug delivery of ketorolac-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Al-Ghananeem, AM; Alsmadi, M; Baltzley, S; Malkawi, AA, 2018)	0.48
"05) enhanced systemic absorption with 97% absolute bioavailability as compared to 70% after SL administration of KT solution."	( Sublingual spray drug delivery of ketorolac-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Al-Ghananeem, AM; Alsmadi, M; Baltzley, S; Malkawi, AA, 2018)	0.48
" Formulation of KT as chitosan nanoparticles has increased its systemic bioavailability after SL spray administration."	( Sublingual spray drug delivery of ketorolac-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Al-Ghananeem, AM; Alsmadi, M; Baltzley, S; Malkawi, AA, 2018)	0.48
"Rapid clearance and low ocular bioavailability are drawbacks of conventional ophthalmic eye drops."	( In situ formation of injectable chitosan-gelatin hydrogels through double crosslinking for sustained intraocular drug delivery. Abe, T; Kaji, H; Nagai, N; Nishizawa, M; Saijo, S; Song, Y, 2018)	0.48
"In this study, sustained release superabsorbent copolymer particles have been prepared and analyzed to increase bioavailability of orally administered risedronate sodium."	( RELATIVE BIOAVAILABILITY OF RISEDRONATE SODIUM ADMINISTERED IN SUPERABSORBENT COPOLYMER PARTICLES VERSUS ORAL SOLUTION TO NORMAL HEALTHY RABBITS. Abbas, N; Bukhari, NI; Hussain, T; Karim, S; Shahzad, MK, 2016)	0.43
"To enhance brain bioavailability for intranasally administered Eugenol-encapsulated-chitosan-coated-PCL-Nanoparticles (CS-EUG-PCL-NPs)."	( Quantification and Brain Targeting of Eugenol-Loaded Surface Modified Nanoparticles Through Intranasal Route in the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia. Ahmad, FJ; Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Alam, MA, 2018)	0.48
"Intranasal administration of developed CS-coated-EUG-loaded-PCL-NPs enhanced the drug bioavailability in rat brain and thus preparation of Eugenol-NPs may help treat cerebral ischemia effectively."	( Quantification and Brain Targeting of Eugenol-Loaded Surface Modified Nanoparticles Through Intranasal Route in the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia. Ahmad, FJ; Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Alam, MA, 2018)	0.48
"Inhibiting component of therapy with (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is low bioavailability of fresh tea polyphenols that outcome from insecurity under stomach related circumstances, insufficient transcellular transport."	( Target challenging-cancer drug delivery to gastric cancer tissues with a fucose graft epigallocatechin-3-gallate-gold particles nanocomposite approach. Feng, A; He, Y; Li, X; Yuan, X; Zheng, W; Zhou, G, 2018)	0.48
" Some of these excipients increase intestinal permeability, and subsequently the absorption and bioavailability of the drug."	( The effects of three absorption-modifying critical excipients on the in vivo intestinal absorption of six model compounds in rats and dogs. Dahlgren, D; Johansson, P; Langguth, P; Lennernäs, H; Lundqvist, A; Roos, C; Sjöblom, M; Sjögren, E; Tannergren, C, 2018)	0.48
" Oral administration of albumin can improve patient compliance although limited oral bioavailability of proteins is still a major challenge."	( Development and in vivo evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles for the oral delivery of albumin. El-Gindy, GA; El-Sherif, T; Elsabahy, M; Hamad, MA; Ibrahim, EH; Nashaat, D, 2019)	0.51
" In this study, the bioavailability and osteogenic effects of chrysin, a natural flavonoid, were investigated."	( Sustained release of chrysin from chitosan-based scaffolds promotes mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteoblast differentiation. Balagangadharan, K; Chandran, SV; Menon, AH; Sanjay, V; Selvamurugan, N; Soundarya, SP, 2018)	0.48
"Crosslinked chitosan particles have been developed to improve the storage stability of bioactive proteins and to ensure adequate bioavailability by targeting release to the colon."	( Chitosan-based particles for protection of proteins during storage and oral administration. Liang, Y; Situ, W; Xiang, T, 2018)	0.48
"Irinotecan (IRN) (CPT-11) is a camptothecin derivative with low oral bioavailability due to active efflux by intestinal P-glycoprotein (p-gp) receptors."	( Improvement of oral efficacy of Irinotecan through biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles through in vitro and in vivo investigations. Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Alam, MA; Jalees Ahmad, F; Umar, S, 2018)	0.48
" Chitosan (CS)-coated-IRN-loaded-poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) (CS-IRN-PLGA-NPs)in order to enhance oral bioavailability of IRN."	( Improvement of oral efficacy of Irinotecan through biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles through in vitro and in vivo investigations. Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Alam, MA; Jalees Ahmad, F; Umar, S, 2018)	0.48
"03 fold in Wistar rat's plasma as well as brain higher oral bioavailability through IRN-CS-PLGA-NPs when compared with IRN-S."	( Improvement of oral efficacy of Irinotecan through biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles through in vitro and in vivo investigations. Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Alam, MA; Jalees Ahmad, F; Umar, S, 2018)	0.48
"02 folds and the relative bioavailability was 302."	( [Polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer assembled lipid nanoparticles for improving oral absorption of doxorubicin]. Gan, Y; Li, J; Shen, AJ; Xia, DN, 2016)	0.43
"75% treatment can be used to reduce mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in SPHIW and facilitates plant growth by improving the antioxidant system."	( Promoting the productivity and quality of brinjal aligned with heavy metals immobilization in a wastewater irrigated heavy metal polluted soil with biochar and chitosan. Fatima, M; Iqbal, M; Khan, SA; Ramzani, PMA; Turan, V, 2018)	0.48
" Minocycline hydrochloride (MH) has excellent oral bioavailability pharmacological properties."	( Preparation and evaluation of β-glucan hydrogel prepared by the radiation technique for drug carrier applications. An, SJ; Baik, J; Gwon, HJ; Jeong, JO; Jeong, SI; Khil, MS; Lim, YM; Park, JS, 2018)	0.48
"The main aim of the present work was to formulate and evaluate hydrogel-based drug delivery containing combination of neomycin sulphate and betamethasone sodium phosphate in order to provide prolonged release and also better bioavailability of drugs for the treatment of eye infections."	( Novel hydrogel-based ocular drug delivery system for the treatment of conjunctivitis. Deepthi, S; Jose, J, 2019)	0.51
" Sometime non-adherence and less bioavailability from current therapy develops multidrug resistance, as a result, high dose requirement and subsequent intolerable toxicity are seen."	( Interfacial Phenomenon Based Biocompatible Alginate-Chitosan Nanoparticles Containing Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide. Dwivedi, H; Kushwaha, K, 2018)	0.48
" Corneal penetration studies revealed steady sustained drug release (Ritger-Peppas); NLCs-gel increased ocular bioavailability by prolonging precorneal retention time and improving corneal permeation."	( Nanostructured lipid carriers-based thermosensitive eye drops for enhanced, sustained delivery of dexamethasone. Ban, J; Chen, Y; Deng, H; Du, Y; Hou, D; Huang, X; Lu, Z; Mo, Z; Shen, L; Wen, Y; Xie, Q; Zhang, S; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.48
" In vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were carried out using a rabbit model to study the ability of drug-loaded Ch/GP thermosensitive hydrogels to control the absorption rate and improve the bioavailability of BG."	( Thermogelling Platform for Baicalin Delivery for Versatile Biomedical Applications. Ahmed, IS; Haider, M; Hassan, MA; Shamma, R, 2018)	0.48
" Even, the phyto-constituent antibacterial drug Gingerol was selected to treat respiratory infection but it exhibits low bioavailability profile, less aqueous-solubility issue and most important is rapidly eliminated from the body."	( Phytosome complexed with chitosan for gingerol delivery in the treatment of respiratory infection: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Gangadharappa, HV; Mruthunjaya, K; Singh, RP, 2018)	0.48
" However, currently oral protein therapeutics show very low bioavailability mainly due to the existence of hostile gastrointestinal (GI) environments, including mucus layers and intestinal epithelial barriers."	( Uniform Core-Shell Nanoparticles with Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid Coating to Enhance Oral Delivery of Insulin. Chen, Y; He, Z; Leong, KW; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Mao, HQ; Sun, C; Tian, H; Yang, C; Zhao, P, 2018)	0.48
"Risedronate sodium is a bisphosphonate derivative having very low bioavailability when administered through the oral route."	( Improvement of bone microarchitecture in methylprednisolone induced rat model of osteoporosis by using thiolated chitosan-based risedronate mucoadhesive film. Anbu, J; Azamthulla, M; Banala, VT; Mukherjee, D; Ramachandra, SG; Srinivasan, B, 2018)	0.48
" However, bioavailability issues have restricted the development of EGCG for the treatment of psoriasis."	( Chitosan-based nanoformulated (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) modulates human keratinocyte-induced responses and alleviates imiquimod-induced murine psoriasiform dermatitis. Adame, S; Adhami, VM; Babatunde, AS; Bharali, DJ; Chamcheu, JC; Esnault, S; Longley, BJ; Massey, RJ; Mousa, SA; Mukhtar, H; Siddiqui, IA; Wood, GS, 2018)	0.48
" The in vivo study revealed significant enhancement in DTX bioavailability from CS-decorated PLGA NPs with more than 4-fold increase in AUC compared to DTX solution."	( Novel docetaxel chitosan-coated PLGA/PCL nanoparticles with magnified cytotoxicity and bioavailability. Alomrani, AH; Ashour, AE; Badran, MM; Harisa, GI; Kumar, A; Yassin, AE, 2018)	0.48
" Bioavailability of QCT is very low due to its poor aqueous solubility and instability."	( In vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy potential of Quercetin loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Baksi, R; Borse, SP; Nivsarkar, M; Rana, R; Sharma, V; Singh, DP, 2018)	0.48
" We have reported previously that lipid nanoparticles can significantly improve the oral bioavailability of amphotericin B (AmpB)."	( Mucoadhesive chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers for oral delivery of amphotericin B. Billa, N; Ling Tan, JS; Roberts, CJ, 2019)	0.51
" chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) for enhancing gastrointestinal stability of NPs thereby increasing the oral bioavailability of the drug."	( Amphotericin B Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles: Implication of Bile Salt Stabilization on Gastrointestinal Stability, Permeability and Oral Bioavailability. Jain, S; Kushwah, V; Reddy, CSK; Swami, R, 2018)	0.48
" Thus, a novel dosage form of PC needs to be designed to improve its stability and bioavailability for drug delivery."	( The Evaluation of Proanthocyanidins/Chitosan/Lecithin Microspheres as Sustained Drug Delivery System. Ding, DJ; Feng, ZQ; Gao, YY; Wang, YH; Yu, HL; Zhang, JJ; Zhang, WF, 2018)	0.48
" Rapid clearance and low ocular bioavailability are drawbacks of conventional ocular treatments."	( Chitosan-Gelatin Hydrogel Crosslinked With Oxidized Sucrose for the Ocular Delivery of Timolol Maleate. Alsharif, FM; El-Feky, GS; Elshaier, YAMM; Zayed, GM, 2018)	0.48
" The most common route of insulin therapy is the subcutaneous injection due to its low bioavailability and enzymatic degradation."	( Recent advances of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. Hu, Q; Luo, Y, 2018)	0.48
" The pharmacokinetics exhibited that oral absolute bioavailability of CUR loaded CMCS/TMC-LPs was about 38%, which was around 6 folds and 3 folds higher than CUR loaded LPs and CUR loaded TMC-LPs, respectively."	( Inducing sustained release and improving oral bioavailability of curcumin via chitosan derivatives-coated liposomes. Chen, XG; Liu, Y; Song, RX; Sun, MJ; Tian, MP; Wang, T, 2018)	0.48
"Selegiline, a well-known anti-Parkinson agent, is reported to be associated with poor oral bioavailability and safety."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasally administered selegiline nanoparticles with improved brain delivery in Parkinson's disease. Bajaj, A; Gaud, R; Sridhar, V; Wairkar, S, 2018)	0.48
" Silymarin is a potent hepatoprotective agent; however, it has low oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility and low membrane permeability."	( Chitosan-functionalized lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for oral delivery of silymarin and enhanced lipid-lowering effect in NAFLD. Fan, Q; Feng, N; Huang, P; Jiang, Z; Li, Z; Liang, J; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Wang, Z; Yan, F, 2018)	0.48
" The oral bioavailability of silymarin from CS-LPNs was 14."	( Chitosan-functionalized lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for oral delivery of silymarin and enhanced lipid-lowering effect in NAFLD. Fan, Q; Feng, N; Huang, P; Jiang, Z; Li, Z; Liang, J; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Wang, Z; Yan, F, 2018)	0.48
" However, its rapid elimination and poor bioavailability represent great challenges to pharmaceutical scientists."	( Novel chitosan-based solid-lipid nanoparticles to enhance the bio-residence of the miraculous phytochemical "Apocynin". Abu Hashim, II; Aman, RM; Meshali, MM, 2018)	0.48
"The present work demonstrated that the RH-LMWC conjugates exhibited sustained release properties with outstanding oral bioavailability enhancements compared to administration of RH itself."	( Low molecular weight chitosan-based conjugates for efficient Rhein oral delivery: synthesis, characterization, and pharmacokinetics. Luo, J; Luo, X; Mu, C; Sun, J; Wei, Y; Yao, W; Zheng, H, 2019)	0.51
" Increased solubility of the extracts when incorporated in the microcapsules was seen in simulated vaginal fluid, potentially increasing the bioavailability of bioactive compounds in the vaginal environment."	( Electrosprayed chitosan microcapsules as delivery vehicles for vaginal phytoformulations. Arias, M; Gómez-Mascaraque, LG; Isla, MI; López-Rubio, A; Moreno, MA; Ramos, LLP; Sayago, JE; Schmeda-Hirschmann, G; Zampini, IC, 2018)	0.48
"Despite the convenience of the oral route for drug administration, the existence of different physiological barriers associated with the intestinal tract greatly lowers the bioavailability of many active compounds."	( Influence of the surface properties of nanocapsules on their interaction with intestinal barriers. Alonso, MJ; Arroyo-Jiménez, MM; Lozano, MV; Santalices, I; Santander-Ortega, MJ; Torres, D, 2018)	0.48
"The present investigation was carried out to improve the galantamine bioavailability in brain by intranasal drug delivery through thiolated chitosan nanoparticles and compared to nasal and oral delivery of its solution using pharmacodynamic activity as well as biochemical estimation."	( Nose to Brain Delivery of Galantamine Loaded Nanoparticles: In-vivo Pharmacodynamic and Biochemical Study in Mice. Mishra, DN; Singh, SK, 2019)	0.51
"In this study, quercetin-chitosan conjugate (QT-CS) was synthesized for oral delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) to improve its oral bioavailability by increasing its water solubility, opening tight junction and bypassing the P-glycoprotein (P-gp)."	( Multifunctional quercetin conjugated chitosan nano-micelles with P-gp inhibition and permeation enhancement of anticancer drug. Chen, X; Feng, C; Fu, Y; Kong, M; Li, J; Li, Y; Mu, Y; Wang, Y; Wu, X; Yu, X; Zhang, K, 2019)	0.51
" However, its poor stability in the upper gastro-intestinal tract and low bioavailability compromised its benefits."	( A colon-specific delivery system for quercetin with enhanced cancer prevention based on co-axial electrospinning. Hu, TG; Li, L; Wen, P; Wu, H; Zong, MH, 2018)	0.48
"In order to research and enhance bioavailability of chlorogenic acid and rutin(CA-R) via the oral route, chitosan coated composite phospholipid liposomes (C-CPLs) were applied to study on preparation, permeability and pharmacokinetic of C-CA-R-CPLs."	( Chitosan coated chlorogenic acid and rutincomposite phospholipid liposomes: Preparation, characterizations, permeability and pharmacokinetic. He, C; Jiang, W; Li, J; Xing, J; Zeng, C; Zheng, R, 2018)	0.48
"The bioactive hydrophilic dihydrochalcone, aspalathin, has poor stability and bioavailability hampering its use in functional food ingredients with standardised aspalathin content."	( Electrospraying as a suitable method for nanoencapsulation of the hydrophilic bioactive dihydrochalcone, aspalathin. Aucamp, M; De Beer, D; Human, C; Joubert, E; Van Der Rijst, M, 2019)	0.51
"The study revealed that oral administration of rHuKGF-loaded CNPs in methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer-coated capsules is practically alternative to the IV administration since the absolute bioavailability of the orally administered rHuKGF-loaded CNPs, using the rabbit as animal model, was 69%."	( Rabbit as an Animal Model for Pharmacokinetics Studies of Enteric Capsule Contains Recombinant Human Keratinocyte Growth Factor Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles. Cheah, SC; Elumalai, M; Kumar, PV; Majeed, ABBA; Maki, MAA; Raghavan, B; Tatt, LM; Wei, YS, 2019)	0.51
"This study explored the feasibility of using smart nanocaged carrier technology for the delivering of multifunctional mPEG-chitosan stabilized silybin nanocrystals and to enhancing the long-term stability, dissolution velocity and bioavailability of the water insoluble drugs."	( Design, optimization and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of smart nanocaged carrier delivery of multifunctional PEG-chitosan stabilized silybin nanocrystals. Liu, Y; Wang, Y; Zhao, J, 2019)	0.51
" However, traditional chemotherapy drugs have low bioavailability and targeting ability, which reduce their antitumor effects."	( The antitumor effect of cisplatin-loaded thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel combined with radiotherapy on nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Fu, S; Huang, Q; Li, Y; Liu, W; Peng, H; Wu, M; Yue, H; Zhang, G; Zhang, J, 2019)	0.51
" However, no oral protein formulations are commercially available currently due to hostile gastrointestinal (GI) barriers resulting in insignificant oral bioavailability of macromolecular drugs."	( Scalable Manufacturing of Enteric Encapsulation Systems for Site-Specific Oral Insulin Delivery. Chen, Y; Le, Z; Leong, KW; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Mao, HQ; Sun, L; Tian, H, 2019)	0.51
" Pharmacokinetic results indicate that PTX-loaded CR PMs could significantly enhance the oral bioavailability of PTX."	( Preparation and evaluation of carboxymethyl chitosan-rhein polymeric micelles with synergistic antitumor effect for oral delivery of paclitaxel. Chu, K; Guo, Y; Han, L; Li, T; Ouyang, H; Qiu, L; Wang, X; Xu, W, 2019)	0.51
" However, low water solubility and bioavailability of DMC causes systemic elimination and prevents its clinical application."	( Demethoxycurcumin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticle Downregulates DNA Repair Pathway to Improve Cisplatin-Induced Apoptosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Chen, YY; Huang, WT; Hung, CC; Lan, SJ; Lin, HY; Lin, YJ; Liu, DM; Sheu, MJ; Tu, YC, 2018)	0.48
" However, oral protein therapeutics typically exhibit extremely poor bioavailability due to the harsh gastrointestinal (GI) environments and low permeability of protein across the intestinal barrier."	( Development of mutlifunctional nanoparticles self-assembled from trimethyl chitosan and fucoidan for enhanced oral delivery of insulin. Chen, CH; Ho, YC; Lin, CW; Mi, FL; Tsai, LC, 2019)	0.51
" In vivo, the oral absolute bioavailability of sCT in CS-sCT/PR-NPs was 12."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of salmon calcitonin through chitosan-modified, dual drug-loaded nanoparticles. Gao, JQ; Liu, L; Lou, Y; Lu, XY; Miao, J; Wu, JY; Yang, H, 2019)	0.51
" Further investigations into its capability to increase their bioavailability are warranted."	( Enzyme nanovehicles: Histaminase and catalase delivered in nanoparticulate chitosan. Adams, F; Belbekhouche, S; Bijja, UK; Choudhary, DA; Kumar, I; Leonida, M, 2019)	0.51
" PTX/OPPC micelles possessed improved intestinal epithelial permeability and oral bioavailability of PTX evaluated by in situ perfusion and pharmacokinetic studies."	( Self-assembled micelles based on N-octyl-N'-phthalyl-O-phosphoryl chitosan derivative as an effective oral carrier of paclitaxel. Hou, S; Ju, C; Qu, D; Qu, G; Tian, C; Xue, L; Zhang, C; Zhu, J, 2019)	0.51
" The objective was to prepare an oral Sustained Release/Controlled Release (SR/CR) Liquid Medicated Formulation (LMF) to enhance bioavailability and improve patient compliance."	( Preparation and Characterization of an Oral Norethindrone Sustained Release/Controlled Release Nanoparticles Formulation Based on Chitosan. Abu-Dahab, R; Al-Nimry, SS; Altaani, BM; Haddad, RH, 2019)	0.51
"A major challenge in ocular therapeutics is poor bioavailability of drug, 1% or even less of the instilled dose is absorbed and frequent administration of conventional products leads to poor adherence to therapy."	( Preparation and Evaluation of N-Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles of Flurbiprofen for Ocular Delivery. Jain, DD; Joshi, PN; Shinde, UA; Singh, K, 2019)	0.51
"In this study, amphipathic chitosan derivative (ACS) and cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) co-modified colon-specific nanoparticles (CS-CPP NPs) were prepared and evaluated to improve the oral bioavailability of protein and peptide drugs."	( Enhanced oral absorption of insulin using colon-specific nanoparticles co-modified with amphiphilic chitosan derivatives and cell-penetrating peptides. Guo, F; Liang, D; Ouyang, T; Peng, T; Xie, B; Yang, X; Zhang, X; Zhong, H, 2019)	0.51
" However, chitosan was recently shown to reduce the oral bioavailability of acyclovir in humans."	( The effect of chitosan on the bioaccessibility and intestinal permeability of acyclovir. Augustijns, P; García, MA; Heinen, C; Kubbinga, M; Langguth, P; Verwei, M; Wortelboer, HM, 2019)	0.51
"Daunorubicin hydrochloride (DAUN·HCl), due to low oral bioavailability poses the hindrance to be marketed as an oral formulation."	( Daunorubicin oral bioavailability enhancement by surface coated natural biodegradable macromolecule chitosan based polymeric nanoparticles. Ahmad, FJ; Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Alam, MA; Amir, M; Jafar, M; Pottoo, FH; Sarafroz, M; Umar, K, 2019)	0.51
" Chitosan (CS)-coated-DAUN-PLGA-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-Nanoparticles (NPs) with an aim to improve oral-DAUN bioavailability and to develop as well as validate UHPLC-MS/MS (ESI/Q-TOF) method for plasma quantification and pharmacokinetic analysis (PK) of DAUN."	( Daunorubicin oral bioavailability enhancement by surface coated natural biodegradable macromolecule chitosan based polymeric nanoparticles. Ahmad, FJ; Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Alam, MA; Amir, M; Jafar, M; Pottoo, FH; Sarafroz, M; Umar, K, 2019)	0.51
" Curcumin is an active ingredient in the turmeric plant, which has low oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility."	( Chitosan-based delivery systems for curcumin: A review of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects. Barreto, GE; Fereydouni, N; Johnston, TP; Nemati, S; Saheb, M; Sahebkar, A, 2019)	0.51
"To improve oral bioavailability of bioactive compounds, nano-scopic carrier systems with multiple layers has become the recent popular trend."	( Synthesize of alginate/chitosan bilayer nanocarrier by CCD-RSM guided co-axial electrospray: A novel and versatile approach. Ting, Y; Tsai, S, 2019)	0.51
"To improve sustained-release property, stability and bioavailability of anthocyanins (ACNs) in vitro, we fabricated the nanocomplexes with chitosan hydrochloride (CHC), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and β-Lactoglobulin (β-Lg)."	( Nanocomplexes composed of chitosan derivatives and β-Lactoglobulin as a carrier for anthocyanins: Preparation, stability and bioavailability in vitro. Chi, J; Gao, X; Ge, J; Liang, J; Sun, Y; Wang, S; Yue, P; Yue, X, 2019)	0.51
"Proteins and peptides are poorly absorbed via oral administration because of the gastrointestinal tract environment and lysosomal digestion after apical endocytosis."	( A Delivery System for Oral Administration of Proteins/Peptides Through Bile Acid Transport Channels. Bin, W; Li, X; Liao, S; Sun, C; Tu, B; Wang, W; Wu, S, 2019)	0.51

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The combined formulation and statistical optimization strategy provide a basis to develop other microparticulate systems and led to a dosage form that can be used for future in vivo investigations."	( Optimized formulation of magnetic chitosan microspheres containing the anticancer agent, oxantrazole. Gallo, JM; Hassan, EE; Parish, RC, 1992)	0.28
"5 drug-chitosan mixture might be an effective dosage form that is equivalent to the commercial tablet dosage forms."	( Pharmaceutical application of biomedical polymers. XXIX. Preliminary study on film dosage form prepared from chitosan for oral drug delivery. Hou, WM; Miyazaki, S; Takada, M; Takeichi, Y; Yamaguchi, H; Yasubuchi, H, 1990)	0.28
"A novel oral multiple-unit dosage form which overcame many of the problems commonly observed during the compression of microparticles into tablets was developed in this study."	( A novel approach to the oral delivery of micro- or nanoparticles. Bodmeier, R; Chen, HG; Paeratakul, O, 1989)	0.28
"The potential of chitosan granules as an oral sustained-release dosage form of indomethacin has been compared with conventional capsules in beagle dogs."	( Sustained release of indomethacin from chitosan granules in beagle dogs. Hou, WM; Miyazaki, S; Takada, M; Yamaguchi, H; Yokouchi, C, 1988)	0.27
" Film- and stick-type implantable dosage forms of chitosan containing uracil were prepared by the 'Extrusion-in-Air' method."	( Use of chitosan and hydroxypropylchitosan in drug formulations to effect sustained release. Abe, M; Machida, Y; Nagai, T; Sannan, T, 1986)	0.27
" Such chitosan/CMC-Na mixtures are a promising basis in the design of sustained release dosage forms of water-insoluble drugs."	( Sustained release tablets based on chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose sodium. Inouye, K; Machida, Y; Nagai, T, 1987)	0.27
" Thus the chitosan tablet with 10% NaAlg was expected to be a pH-independent sustained release dosage form."	( [Sustained-release effect of the direct compressed tablet based on chitosan and Na alginate]. Miyazaki, T; Okada, S; Yomota, C, 1994)	0.29
"Ampicillin was embedded in a chitosan matrix to develop an oral release dosage form."	( Chitosan matrix for oral sustained delivery of ampicillin. Chandy, T; Sharma, CP, 1993)	0.29
"A new sustained-release dosage form of nitrofurantoin (NF) as microcapsules has been prepared by a mild chitosan/calcium alginate microencapsulation process."	( Chitosan/calcium alginate microcapsules for intestinal delivery of nitrofurantoin. Chandy, T; Hari, PR; Sharma, CP, )	0.13
"The pharmacokinetics of morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) after both intravenous dosing and nasal administration were studied in sheep."	( Nasal administration of morphine-6-glucuronide in sheep--a pharmacokinetic study. Barrett, DA; Davis, SS; Farraj, NF; Fisher, AN; Illum, L; Pawula, M; Shaw, PN, 1996)	0.29
" Both the Eudragit RS-coated particles and the tablets manufactured by compressing the coated particles with Marine Chito were orally administered to dogs, and the plasma theophylline levels of the two dosage forms were compared to determine the drug release characteristics in the gastrointestinal tract."	( Tableting of coated particles. I. Small particle size chitosan as an agent protecting coating membrane from mechanical damage of compression force. Yamada, M; Yamahara, H; Yao, T; Yoshida, M, 1997)	0.3
"Chitosan has been investigated as an excipient in the pharmaceutical industry, to be used in direct tablet compression, as a tablet disintegrant, for the production of controlled release solid dosage forms or for the improvement of drug dissolution."	( Chitosan and its use as a pharmaceutical excipient. Illum, L, 1998)	0.3
"A sustained release dosage form which delivers melatonin (MT), a pineal hormone, is of clinical value because of the short half-life of MT, for those who have a disordered circadian rhythm."	( Preparation and characterization of melatonin-loaded stearyl alcohol microspheres. Choe, JS; Kim, CK; Lee, BJ, )	0.13
"05) DS:(EC + CS) solid dispersion was prepared and developed into a capsule dosage from, using lactose as diluent."	( Development of diclofenac sodium controlled release solid dispersion powders and capsules by freeze drying technique using ethylcellulose and chitosan as carriers. Dangprasirt, P; Pongwai, S, 1998)	0.3
" The protective effect of this dosage form for the incorporated model drug was evaluated in vitro."	( Development and in vitro evaluation of a drug delivery system based on chitosan-EDTA BBI conjugate. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Krauland, A; Valenta, C, 1998)	0.3
" The therapeutic effects of R68070 against ulcerative colitis were observed in both dosage forms in a dose dependent manner."	( Colon-specific delivery of R68070, a new thromboxane synthase inhibitor, using chitosan capsules: therapeutic effects against 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Fujita, T; Muranishi, S; Odoriba, T; Okabe, S; Suzuki, T; Tanaka, C; Terabe, A; Tozaki, H; Yamamoto, A, 1999)	0.3
" through formulation of the chitosan into a particulate dosage form."	( Chitosans as absorption enhancers of poorly absorbable drugs. 3: Influence of mucus on absorption enhancement. Artursson, P; Lennernäs, H; Ocklind, G; Schipper, NG; Stenberg, P; Vârum, KM, 1999)	0.3
" The cavities of 4 cases of giant cell tumor after curettage were filled with ADM-loaded chitosan drug delivery system with 4 times the dosage usually used for intravenous application."	( [A preliminary clinical observation of giant cell tumor of bone treated by adriamycin-loaded chitosan drug delivery system]. Chen, A; Hou, C; Zhang, Y, 1998)	0.3
"The use of natural polymers for design of dosage form has received considerable attention recently, especially from the safety point of view."	( Aging phenomena of chitosan and chitosan-diclofenac sodium system detected by low-frequency dielectric spectroscopy. Bak, GW; Bodek, KH, 1999)	0.3
" In addition, because of the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan and most of its derivatives, a presystemic metabolism of peptides on the way between the dosage form and the absorption membrane can be strongly reduced."	( Chitosan and its derivatives: potential excipients for peroral peptide delivery systems. Bernkop-Schnürch, A, 2000)	0.31
" These results in combination with the nontoxic character of TMC suggest that this polymer is a promising excipient in the development of solid dosage forms for the peroral delivery and intestinal absorption of octreotide."	( Intestinal absorption of octreotide: N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) ameliorates the permeability and absorption properties of the somatostatin analogue in vitro and in vivo. Junginger, HE; Marbach, P; Thanou, M; Verhoef, JC, 2000)	0.31
" Dose-response experiments were also performed with the polycationic (positively charged) polysaccharide chitosan covalently coupled to agarose."	( The polarity and magnitude of ambient charge influences three-dimensional neurite extension from DRGs. Bellamkonda, RV; Dillon, GP; Yu, X, 2000)	0.31
" Hepatitis was induced by the oral administration of 10% solution CCl4 in olive oil at a dosage of 3 ml/kg body weight every day during 7 days."	( [Effectiveness of dietary non-starch polysaccharides in experimental toxic hepatitis]. Khasina, EI; Khotimchenko, IuS; Kovalev, VV; Shestakova, SV; Shevtsova, OI, 2000)	0.31
" The pattern of deposition and clearance of the nasal dosage forms were evaluated using a radioactive tracer and the non-invasive technique of gamma scintigraphy."	( Clearance characteristics of chitosan based formulations in the sheep nasal cavity. Davis, SS; Hinchcliffe, M; Illum, L; Soane, RJ, 2001)	0.31
"The permeabilities of mixed films of pectin/chitosan/HPMC have been studied to assess their value in producing a dosage form with biphasic drug release characteristics."	( Biphasic drug release: the permeability of films containing pectin, chitosan and HPMC. Fell, JT; Ofori-Kwakye, K, 2001)	0.31
" Modeling studies using two different second order surface reaction models demonstrate that transient profiles obtained experimentally for a range of initial metal concentrations (C0) and adsorbent dosage are in good agreement with calculated curves of both models."	( Removal of copper from aqueous solution by chitosan in prawn shell: adsorption equilibrium and kinetics. Chu, KH, 2002)	0.31
" An alternative approach can be proposed as to design a pharmacotherapeutic agent delivery system, which will supply the suitable dosage of the agent for a certain time period to solve those problems."	( Design and evaluation of a mucoadhesive therapeutic agent delivery system for postoperative chemotherapy in superficial bladder cancer. Acar, A; Denkbaş, EB; Eroğlu, M; Irmak, S, 2002)	0.31
" The effects were most pronounced when pH was markedly acidic, suggesting that MCCh granules might be particularly useful in preparing stomach-specific slow-release dosage forms."	( In vitro evaluation of microcrystalline chitosan (MCCh) as gel-forming excipient in matrix granules. Heinänen, P; Marvola, M; Säkkinen, M; Seppälä, U, 2002)	0.31
" The results showed that microwave technology can be employed in the design of solid dosage forms for controlled-release application without the use of noxious chemical agents."	( Design of controlled-release solid dosage forms of alginate and chitosan using microwave. Chan, LW; Kho, SB; Sia Heng, PW; Wong, TW, 2002)	0.31
" With furosemide, the most marked difference between a conventional dosage form and granules containing 40% MCCh was a marked lag time (0."	( In vivo evaluation of matrix granules containing microcrystalline chitosan as a gel-forming excipient. Jürjenson, H; Linna, A; Marvola, M; Ojala, S; Säkkinen, M; Veski, P, 2003)	0.32
"The aim of the present work was to design a film dosage form for sustained delivery of ipriflavone into the periodontal pocket."	( Periodontal delivery of ipriflavone: new chitosan/PLGA film delivery system for a lipophilic drug. Conti, B; Genta, I; Modena, T; Pavanetto, F; Perugini, P, 2003)	0.32
"5 h after dosing with the GCP12 formulation and delivery was sustained for at least 5 h after dosing."	( Sustained buccal delivery of the hydrophobic drug denbufylline using physically cross-linked palmitoyl glycol chitosan hydrogels. Koosha, F; Martin, L; Uchegbu, IF; Wilson, CG, 2003)	0.32
" Although the mucoadhesive profiles for the TMC polymers were lower than the original chitosan, they still retained sufficient mucoadhesive properties for successful inclusion into mucoadhesive dosage forms."	( Evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of N-trimethyl chitosan chloride. Hamman, JH; Kotze, AF; Snyman, D, 2003)	0.32
" Thus, this formula may be considered a good candidate for vaginal mucoadhesive dosage forms."	( Chitosan and sodium alginate-based bioadhesive vaginal tablets. Al Gamal, S; El-Kamel, A; Naggar, V; Sokar, M, 2002)	0.31
" Enhancer dissolution properties combined with its direct compression feasibility and antiulcerogenic action make CS-L(w) an optimal carrier for developing fast-release oral solid dosage forms of naproxen."	( Development and characterization of naproxen-chitosan solid systems with improved drug dissolution properties. Chemtob, C; Maestrelli, F; Mennini, N; Mura, P; Zerrouk, N, 2003)	0.32
" POD activity of the ionically cell-wall-bound protein fraction increased in the presence of chitosan in a dose-response manner."	( Effect of chitosan on peroxidase activity and isoenzyme profile in hairy root cultures of Armoracia lapathifolia. Flocco, CG; Giulietti, M, 2003)	0.32
" Chitosan is used as an excipient in oral dosage form."	( Application of chitin and chitosan derivatives in the pharmaceutical field. Kato, Y; Machida, Y; Onishi, H, 2003)	0.32
"005) decrease in the plasma calcium level of the dosed animals in comparison to control tablets being based on unmodified chitosan."	( In vivo evaluation of an oral salmon calcitonin-delivery system based on a thiolated chitosan carrier matrix. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Guggi, D; Kast, CE, 2003)	0.32
"In this study, minitablet and granule formulations were developed as solid oral dosage forms for the delivery of peptide drugs with the absorption enhancer N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC)."	( N-trimethyl chitosan chloride as absorption enhancer in oral peptide drug delivery. Development and characterization of minitablet and granule formulations. Junginger, HE; Kotzé, AF; van der Merwe, SM; Verhoef, JC, 2004)	0.32
" Thus, the direct-compression properties and antiulcerogenic activity, combined with the demonstrated solubilizing power and analgesic effect enhancer ability towards the drug, make chitosan particularly suitable for developing a reduced-dose fast-release solid oral dosage form of naproxen."	( Comparison of the effect of chitosan and polyvinylpyrrolidone on dissolution properties and analgesic effect of naproxen. Chemtob, C; Maestrelli, F; Mennini, N; Mura, P; Zerrouk, N, 2004)	0.32
"Gelatin A microspheres (MS) of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) for intranasal systemic delivery were developed with the aim to avoid gastro-intestinal complications, to improve patient compliance, to use as an alternative therapy to conventional dosage forms, to achieve controlled blood level profiles, and to obtain improved therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of postoperative pain and migraine."	( Development and in vitro evaluations of gelatin A microspheres of ketorolac tromethamine for intranasal administration. Mishra, B; Sankar, C, 2003)	0.32
"The purpose of this study was the design and evaluation of a sustained release dosage form for the oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid."	( Development of a sustained release dosage form for alpha-lipoic acid. I. Design and in vitro evaluation. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Clausen, AE; Hanel, R; Schuhbauer, H, 2004)	0.32
"Within this study an oral sustained release dosage form of alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid) has been generated and evaluated in healthy volunteers."	( Development of a sustained release dosage form for alpha-lipoic acid. II. Evaluation in human volunteers. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Kratzel, M; Marschütz, M; Reich-Rohrwig, E; Schuhbauer, H, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacodynamic studies indicate that the dosing interval can be changed from daily oral administration to nasal administration once every 2 days without changing the dose."	( Nasal delivery of levonorgestrel for contraception: an experimental study in rats. Misra, A; Shahiwala, A, 2004)	0.32
"A simple and commercially viable method of preparation of chitosan microparticles (MPs) was adopted for the entrapment of clozapine, which can be easily scaled-up to controlled drug delivery dosage form."	( Controlled release of clozapine through chitosan microparticles prepared by a novel method. Agnihotri, SA; Aminabhavi, TM, 2004)	0.32
"This study evaluated and optimised the ninhydrin assay as a tool for measuring the in vitro release and dissolution of chitosan from solid dosage forms."	( Use of the ninhydrin assay to measure the release of chitosan from oral solid dosage forms. Illum, L; Leane, MM; Nankervis, R; Smith, A, 2004)	0.32
" The direct compression properties and antiulcerogenic activity together with the demonstrated dissolution and permeation enhancer abilities toward naproxen make chitosan glutamate an optimal carrier for developing fast-action oral solid dosage forms of this drug."	( Influence of chitosan and its glutamate and hydrochloride salts on naproxen dissolution rate and permeation across Caco-2 cells. Chemtob, C; Maestrelli, F; Mura, P; Zerrouk, N, 2004)	0.32
" The effect of parameters such as pH, ionic strength and optimum dosage of the coagulants were determined in the jar test experiments."	( Use of coagulants in treatment of olive oil wastewater model solutions by induced air flotation. Kasaeian, AB; Meyssami, B, 2005)	0.33
" In this study, an alternative approach was proposed and pharmaco-therapeutic agent delivery systems which will supply the suitable dosage of the agent for a certain time period were designed to solve those problems."	( Bioadhesive drug carriers for postoperative chemotherapy in bladder cancer. Denkbaş, EB; Eroğlu, M; Ozdemir, N; Oztürk, E, 2004)	0.32
" The floating properties of the dosage forms were reliant on type of the polymer and the medium-fasted state simulated gastric fluid (FaSSGF) or fed state simulated gastric fluid (FeSSGF)."	( The macromolecular polymers for the preparation of hydrodynamically balanced systems--methods of evaluation. Dorozyński, P; Jachowicz, R; Jasiński, A; Kulinowski, P; Kwieciński, S; Skórka, T; Szybiński, K, 2004)	0.32
"05), the dosage of CNP-VRMIL-2 is only one fifth of the VRMIL-2."	( [Effects of entrapment of murine interleukin-2 gene with chitosan nanoparticles on expression of mIL-2 gene and on regulation of immune response in mice]. Fu, M; Gao, R; Li, H; Liu, S; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Wu, K; Wu, M; Yang, Y, 2004)	0.32
" The hypoglycemic effect the insulin-liposomes double-coated by CH and CEC was superior to that of other insulin-liposomes, and the dosage of 50 mu x kg(-1) decreased by 45."	( [Studies on the insulin-liposomes double-coated by chitosan and chitosan-EDTA conjugates]. Cai, P; Lei, XM; Li, JY; Ping, QN; Song, YM; Wu, ZH, 2004)	0.32
" When CF and LM were orally administered to rats using chitosan capsules, the plasma concentration of CF was much higher than those in other dosage forms including solution and gelatin capsules."	( Improvement of absorption enhancing effects of n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltopyranoside by its colon-specific delivery using chitosan capsules. Artersson, P; Attia, M; Fetih, G; Fujita, T; Habib, F; Itoh, K; Lindberg, S; Okada, N; Yamamoto, A, 2005)	0.33
" Comparison of release rate-time plots of dissolution data of marketed product with the newly developed dosage form indicated the ability of the later to sustain more diclofenac sodium release."	( Evaluation of crosslinked chitosan hydrogel beads as a carrier for prolonged delivery of diclofenac sodium: in vitro and in vivo studies. Alsarra, IA, 2004)	0.32
" Sheep (n=6) were dosed intranasally according to a randomized crossover design."	( Effect of chitosan on the intranasal absorption of salmon calcitonin in sheep. Hinchcliffe, M; Jabbal-Gill, I; Smith, A, 2005)	0.33
"An original dosage form for nasal delivery based on the encapsulation of hydrophilic drug in chitosan-poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) (CH-PVM/MA) microparticles prepared by spray-drying technique was developed."	( Chitosan and poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) microparticles as nasal sustained delivery systems. Bigucci, F; Cerchiara, T; Chidichimo, G; Luppi, B; Zecchi, V, 2005)	0.33
"The growth inhibitory effects of polyglycolic acid/chitosan glue A on endometrial cells were found to be dose-response and time dependent."	( Polyglycolic acid/chitosan glue and apoptosis of endometriotic cells. Chao, HT; Fu, RH; Hsieh, HJ; Kao, SH; Wang, YC, 2005)	0.33
" A dose-response significant inhibition of the capillary-like formation was detected when increasing concentrations of tamoxifen, ilomastat, or echistatin were added for 1 week to the culture medium of the ERCT."	( In vitro evaluation of the angiostatic potential of drugs using an endothelialized tissue-engineered connective tissue. Auger, FA; Berthod, F; Germain, L; Tremblay, PL, 2005)	0.33
"To study the effect of the liposomes coated by chitosan and its derivatives as oral dosage form for peptide drugs on the gastrointestinal (GI) transit of drugs."	( [Effects of the liposomes coated by chitosan and its derivatives on the gastrointestinal transit of insulin]. Cai, P; Lei, XM; Li, JY; Ping, QN; Wu, ZH, 2005)	0.33
" Also, the increase of dye concentration led to the increase of chitosan dosage in order to get the same color removal."	( Effects of adsorption interferents on removal of Reactive Red 195 dye in wastewater by chitosan. Fang, ZH; Liu, WP; Liu, WQ; Wen, YZ, 2005)	0.33
" The effect of preconcentration time, dosage of CCTS, temperature, sample volume and co-existing elements have been investigated."	( [Preconcentration with crosslinked chitosan for determination of trace manganese in waters by flame atomic absorption spectrometry]. Chen, H; Luo, XC; Wu, YQ; Xie, JS; Xue, AF, 2005)	0.33
"Patients using ophthalmic drops are faced with frequent dosing schedules and difficult drop instillation."	( Characterization of pilocarpine-loaded chitosan/Carbopol nanoparticles. Kao, HJ; Lin, HR; Lo, YL; Yu, SP, 2006)	0.33
" Short term dosing studies in vitro were performed in the HT-29 colon carcinoma cell line that was incubated with Cx using the MTT test to assess IC50."	( Luminal delivery and dosing considerations of local celecoxib administration to colorectal cancer. Gati, I; Haupt, S; Kleinstern, J; Rubinstein, A; Zioni, T, 2006)	0.33
" The aim of our study was to investigate the aggregation pattern of collagen after addition of polysaccharides with positive or negative charge, the dose-response relationship, and the effect on reconstitution kinetics."	( A study of the influence of polysaccharides on collagen self-assembly: nanostructure and kinetics. Chen, CC; Hsu, FY; Liu, RL; Tsai, SW, 2006)	0.33
" Stability of optimized patches was performed in natural human saliva showed that both drug and dosage forms were stable in human saliva."	( Physicochemical characterization and evaluation of buccal adhesive patches containing propranolol hydrochloride. Patel, JK; Patel, MM; Patel, VM; Prajapati, BG, 2006)	0.33
" These inherent drawbacks of chitosan have been overcome by forming derivatives such as carboxylated, various conjugates, thiolated, and acylated chitosan, thus providing a platform for sustained release formulations at a controlled rate, prolonged residence time, improved patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency, enhanced bioavailability and a significant improvement in therapeutic efficacy."	( Advances and potential applications of chitosan derivatives as mucoadhesive biomaterials in modern drug delivery. Ahmad, FJ; Chopra, S; Iqbal, Z; Kaur, J; Mahdi, S; Talegaonkar, S, 2006)	0.33
" Enhanced dissolution combined with its direct compression feasibility and anti ulcerogenic action results in low molecular weight chitosan for developing fast release oral solid dosage forms of valdecoxib."	( Preparation, characterization and in vitro dissolution studies of solid systems of valdecoxib with chitosan. Mishra, DN; Vijaya Kumar, SG, 2006)	0.33
" Theophylline is a drug that reduces the inflammatory effects of allergic asthma but is difficult to administer at an appropriate dosage without causing adverse side effects."	( Thiolated chitosan nanoparticles enhance anti-inflammatory effects of intranasally delivered theophylline. Lee, DW; Lockey, RF; Mohapatra, SS; Shirley, SA, 2006)	0.33
" The high flow--limit of the gel originating from the tablets as well as its dynamic viscosity should ensure the durability of this dosage form on the vaginal mucosa."	( Studies on gynaecological hydrophilic lactic acid preparations, Part 7: use of chitosan as lactic acid carrier in intravaginal tablets (globuli vaginales). Małolepsza-Jarmołowska, K, 2006)	0.33
"5% chitosan G210) containing the drug were administered nasally to rats by inserting a dosing cannula 7mm into the nasal cavity after which the plasma and brain tissue levels were measured."	( Nasal administration of an angiotensin antagonist in the rat model: effect of bioadhesive formulations on the distribution of drugs to the systemic and central nervous systems. Charlton, ST; Davis, SS; Illum, L, 2007)	0.34
" We also evaluated the effectiveness and side effects of prednisolone using chitosan capsules compared with the conventional dosage form (gelatin capsules)."	( [Study on the colon specific delivery of prednisolone using chitosan capsules]. Yamamoto, A, 2007)	0.34
"Pectinate (PEC) beads are multiparticulate dosage forms which have been extensively investigated for oral drug delivery; however their mucoadhesive properties in various sections of GI tract have, not been yet reported."	( The impact of trimethyl chitosan on in vitro mucoadhesive properties of pectinate beads along different sections of gastrointestinal tract. Atyabi, F; Dorkoosh, F; Majzoob, S; Ponchel, G; Sayyah, M, 2007)	0.34
" Considering the limitations of delivering scopolamine orally or transdermally to patients who experience motion sickness, the sublingual route of administration using a spray delivery dosage form, is a potential alternative modality for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness."	( Scopolamine sublingual spray: an alternative route of delivery for the treatment of motion sickness. Al-Ghananeem, AM; Crooks, PA; Malkawi, AH, 2007)	0.34
" The effects of preconcentration time, dosage of CCTS, adsorption capacity of CCTS, sample volume, coexistent elements, and elution of Pd(II) were investigated."	( [Preconcentration of trace Pd (II) on crosslinked chitosan and determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry]. Deng, HB; Li, XQ; Lin, H; Qian, SH; Xiang, LJ; Xiao, M, 2007)	0.34
"To evaluate the pharmacological activity of insulin-loaded alginate/chitosan nanoparticles following oral dosage in diabetic rats."	( Alginate/chitosan nanoparticles are effective for oral insulin delivery. Ferreira, D; Neufeld, R; Ribeiro, A; Sampaio, P; Sarmento, B; Veiga, F, 2007)	0.34
" These results suggest that CCAM is a useful dosage form targeting the gastric mucosa or prolonging gastric residence time as a multiple-unit mucoadhesive system."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of mucoadhensiveness of chitosan/cellulose acetate multimicrospheres. Chen, XG; Zhang, WF; Zhou, HY, 2007)	0.34
" A high flow-limit of the gel that originates from the tablets as well as its dynamic viscosity should allow for the durable dosage form in the vagina."	( Studies on gynecological hydrophilic lactic acid preparations. Part 8: use of chitosan as lactic acid carrier in intravaginal tablets. Małolepsza-Jarmołowska, K, )	0.13
"Chitosan in topical preparations Within the framework of experimental work at the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology of Slovak Medical University, "insect" chitin obtained from the buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) was processed to produce dosage forms and compared with commercially available chitin, or chitosan, obtained from shrimps (Pandalus borealus)."	( [Chitosan in topical preparations]. Matusová, D; Truplová, E, 2007)	0.34
"The pharmacological activity of insulin-loaded dextran sulfate/chitosan nanoparticles was evaluated following oral dosage in diabetic rats."	( Oral bioavailability of insulin contained in polysaccharide nanoparticles. Ferreira, D; Neufeld, R; Ribeiro, A; Sarmento, B; Veiga, F, 2007)	0.34
" Although several polymers have been utilised in the development of specialised drug delivery systems, their scope in dosage form design can be enlarged through combining different polymers."	( Chitosan-polycarbophil complexes in swellable matrix systems for controlled drug release. Chen, W; Hamman, JH; Lu, Z, 2007)	0.34
" Their effects were compared with those of clinically available dosage forms, Beschitin W, Geben cream and U-PASTA."	( In vivo evaluation of Kumazasa extract and chitosan films containing the extract against deep skin ulcer model in rats. Hirose, K; Isowa, K; Kouzuma, K; Machida, Y; Onishi, H; Sasatsu, M; Takeshita, K, 2007)	0.34
" Abnormalities were observed at gut level only when PMB was dosed in a water solution."	( Toxicity and gut associated lymphoid tissue translocation of polymyxin B orally administered by alginate/chitosan microparticles in rats. Bondi, M; Coppi, A; Coppi, G; Iannuccelli, V; Rossi, T; Sergi, S, 2008)	0.35
" The data obtained in this study was compared with those of other studies in intratympanic drug delivery, and an appropriate initial dosage was extrapolated."	( In vitro permeability of round window membrane to transforming dexamethasone with delivery vehicles--a dosage estimation. Jiang, P; Jiang, W; Kong, WJ; Liu, Y; Sun, JJ, 2007)	0.34
" A higher initial dosage was estimated to achieve a stable therapeutic concentration in vivo."	( In vitro permeability of round window membrane to transforming dexamethasone with delivery vehicles--a dosage estimation. Jiang, P; Jiang, W; Kong, WJ; Liu, Y; Sun, JJ, 2007)	0.34
"Our goal is to develop a novel drug delivery system that can potentially improve clinical outcomes compared to current methods of dosing drugs such as dexamethasone or gentamicin."	( A novel controlled local drug delivery system for inner ear disease. Abuzeid, W; Jiang, H; Li, D; O'Malley, BW; Oe, T; Paulson, DP, 2008)	0.35
" The primary outcome was a dose-response assessment for total pain relief based upon visual analog scales."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of morphine-chitosan nasal solution in patients with moderate to severe pain following orthopedic surgery. Carr, DB; Ernst, C; Gawarecki, D; Hamilton, D; McNicol, E; Mermelstein, F; Reber, KR; Stoker, DG; Waltzman, LS; Wright, C, )	0.13
"5 mg and 15 mg dosage groups, respectively, and 130 minutes for IV morphine."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of morphine-chitosan nasal solution in patients with moderate to severe pain following orthopedic surgery. Carr, DB; Ernst, C; Gawarecki, D; Hamilton, D; McNicol, E; Mermelstein, F; Reber, KR; Stoker, DG; Waltzman, LS; Wright, C, )	0.13
"Disintegrants and fillers represent important excipients for immediate-release solid dosage forms in many pharmaceutical applications."	( A novel superdisintegrating agent made from physically modified chitosan with silicon dioxide. Al-Remawi, M; Badwan, A; Eftaiha, A; El-Barghouthi, M; Rashid, I, 2008)	0.35
" Effect of plasmid dosage on the transfection efficiency showed the highest transfection efficiency was obtained at 4microg/well for HEK 293 cells and 6microg/well for COS-7 cells."	( Arginine-chitosan/DNA self-assemble nanoparticles for gene delivery: In vitro characteristics and transfection efficiency. Chen, L; Chen, S; Gao, Y; Gu, W; Li, Y; Xu, Z, 2008)	0.35
" The poor bioavailability of acyclovir is attributed to short retention of its dosage form at the absorption sites (in upper gastrointestinal tract to duodenum and jejunum)."	( Mucoadhesive microspheres for gastroretentive delivery of acyclovir: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Dhaliwal, S; Jain, S; Singh, HP; Tiwary, AK, 2008)	0.35
" The study indicates that locust bean gum and chitosan in a weight ratio of 2:3 (F1) not only releases the drug unidirectionally from the dosage form, but also gives buccal tablets which are sufficiently mucoadhesive for clinical applications."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of locust bean gum and chitosan combination as a carrier for buccal drug delivery. Ramakrishnan, A; Vasanthakumar, S; Vijayaraghavan, C, 2008)	0.35
"A new hydrophilic tablet dosage system based on an ionic self-stabilization of a carboxylated (carboxymethyl high amylose starch, CM-HAS) and an amino (Chitosan) excipient was proposed for probiotic colon delivery."	( Carboxymethyl high amylose starch: Chitosan self-stabilized matrix for probiotic colon delivery. Calinescu, C; Mateescu, MA, 2008)	0.35
" It was found that CAS had more advantages such as higher flocculation efficiency, lesser dosage and wider pH flocculation range than CTS."	( [Flocculation of kaolin suspensions by chitosan grafted ternary polymerization flocculant]. Cheng, JH; Guo, YP; Hu, YY; Li, SQ, 2008)	0.35
" The colonic and plasma concentrations were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to evaluate colon-targeting action after oral administration of various dosage forms, and rebamipide with absorption enhancers in chitosan dosage forms."	( Permeabilities of rebamipide via rat intestinal membranes and its colon specific delivery using chitosan capsule as a carrier. Akira, Y; Duan, L; Huang, BB; Li, GF; Luo, JH; Nobuaki, K, 2008)	0.35
"Sustained release thermosensitive solution containing cytarabine-loaded liposome delivery system offers the possibility of reduced dosing frequency and sustained drug action."	( Chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogel containing liposomes for sustained delivery of cytarabine. Kulkarni, V; Mulik, R; Murthy, RS, 2009)	0.35
"Inspite of the various impediments in the bioavailability of orally delivered drugs, oral dosage forms, both solid and liquid, occupy a center stage in the therapeutic regimen of diseases."	( Phase transition system: novel oral in-situ gel. Nagarwal, RC; Pandit, JK, 2008)	0.35
" The introduction of chitosan coat or co-formulation of chitosan with cationic gelatin or electrolytes which provide solidified or partially crosslinked structures retain and/or enhance the positive charges of dosage form necessary to induce mucoadhesiveness."	( Chitosan and its use in design of insulin delivery system. Wong, TW, 2009)	0.35
"19% as the dosage adding of chitosan and sediment were (0."	( [Algal-flocculation removal by modified sediment of Taihu Lake in wind action]. Bai, XL; Fan, CX; Liu, GF; Yin, HB; Zhong, JC, 2009)	0.35
" In this study, a new dosage form, containing MET, was developed with the aim to realize vaginal mucoadhesive tablets by including bioadhesive polymers as chitosan (FG90C), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPK90) and polycarbophil (PCPAA1), blended in different ratios."	( FG90 chitosan as a new polymer for metronidazole mucoadhesive tablets for vaginal administration. Ambrogi, V; Pagano, C; Perioli, L; Rossi, C; Scuota, S, 2009)	0.35
"The different approaches for targeting orally administered drugs to the colon include coating with pH-dependent polymers, design of time-release dosage forms, and the utilization of carriers that are degraded exclusively by colonic bacteria."	( Chitosan-chondroitin sulfate based matrix tablets for colon specific delivery of indomethacin. Amrutkar, JR; Gattani, SG, 2009)	0.35
" Ex vivo experiments aimed at evaluating the capacity of heparin to prevent histamine release in rat mast cells indicated that the free or encapsulated drug exhibited the same dose-response behaviour."	( Chitosan-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles loaded with heparin for the treatment of asthma. Alonso, MJ; Brea, J; Loza, MI; Oyarzun-Ampuero, FA; Torres, D, 2009)	0.35
" Overall, this commercially available chitosan oligosaccharide exhibited promising potential; further studies are warranted to evaluate the optimal dosing regimen and chemical modifications to increase effectiveness."	( Investigation of chitosan for decorporation of 60Co in the rat. Creim, JA; Curry, TL; Levitskaia, TG; Luders, T; Morris, JE; Sinkov, SI; Thrall, KD; Woodstock, AD, 2009)	0.35
" Influences of temperature, pH and flocculant dosage on flocculation efficiency of CATCS were examined."	( Preparation and flocculation properties of cationic starch/chitosan crosslinking-copolymer. Li, D; Lu, F; Qiao, Z; Yin, Y; You, L, 2009)	0.35
" It was discovered that in short-term studies (0-8 h) the inhibitory activity is PCH dosage-independent, but for longer condensation times (>24 h) there is a clear increase in inhibition upon PCH dosage increase."	( Bioinspired control of colloidal silica in vitro by dual polymeric assemblies of zwitterionic phosphomethylated chitosan and polycations or polyanions. Demadis, KD; Ketsetzi, A; Pachis, K; Stathoulopoulou, A, 2009)	0.35
" Mucoadhesive and absorption enhancement properties of chitosan increase the in vivo residence time of the dosage form in the gastrointestinal tract and improve the bioavailability of various drugs."	( Targeted delivery of low molecular drugs using chitosan and its derivatives. Kim, K; Kwon, IC; Park, JH; Saravanakumar, G, 2010)	0.36
" By reducing the antibiotic dosage to 50%, the side effects produced by antibiotics can be minimized."	( Preparation, characterization and evaluation of a biopolymeric gold nanocomposite with antimicrobial activity. Chamundeeswari, M; Devi, MP; Jacob, JP; Kumar, MG; Mandal, AB; Sastry, TP; Sobhana, SS, 2010)	0.36
"2 ng/mL, respectively, at 12 and 8 h post-oral dosing of tablets coated with 40:60 or 50:50 ratio of CH/CS was observed in rats."	( Colon delivery of budesonide: evaluation of chitosan-chondroitin sulfate interpolymer complex. Jain, S; Kaur, G; Rana, V; Tiwary, AK, 2010)	0.36
" In two different clinically-relevant disease models, and using a clinically-adoptable dosing regimen, these Dz13-nanoparticles were shown to be efficacious against a bone tumour (osteosarcoma), for which no real cure exists currently."	( A nanoparticulate system that enhances the efficacy of the tumoricide Dz13 when administered proximal to the lesion site. Choong, PF; Dass, CR; Dunstan, DE; Friedhuber, AM; Tan, ML, 2010)	0.36
" Subjects were dosed under naltrexone blockade on four occasions with three nasal sprays (100 microg in 100 microl) and OTFC 200 microg."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of three nasal fentanyl formulations; pectin, chitosan and chitosan-poloxamer 188. Fisher, A; Knight, A; Smith, A; Watling, M, 2010)	0.36
" The MTT cytotoxicity dose-response studies revealed the placebo at/or below 1 mg/ml has no effect on MIA PaCa-2 or BxPC-3 cells."	( Chitosan and glyceryl monooleate nanostructures containing gemcitabine: potential delivery system for pancreatic cancer treatment. Dash, AK; Khurana, J; Nagvekar, AA; Trickler, WJ, 2010)	0.36
" The saturated magnetization (sigma(s)) of Mgamma-Fe(2)O(3)/CSCs can be expediently adjusted by changing additive dosage of gamma-Fe(2)O(3)."	( A novel magnetically separable gamma-Fe2O3/crosslinked chitosan adsorbent: preparation, characterization and adsorption application for removal of hazardous azo dye. Jiang, R; Li, W; Xiao, L; Zhu, HY, 2010)	0.36
" Furthermore, the in vivo efficacy was evaluated from anti-inflammatory effect using rats with carrageenan-induced edema, in which dosing was performed intragastrically at 50 mg LF eq."	( Preparation of chitosan/alginate/calcium complex microparticles loaded with lactoferrin and their efficacy on carrageenan-induced edema in rats. Koyama, K; Machida, Y; Onishi, H; Sakata, O, 2010)	0.36
"This study aimed to determine the optimal dosage range of NT-3 in the soluble form or loaded with chitosan carriers by using NT-3/chitosan carriers to support the survival and proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and induce them to differentiate into desired phenotypes."	( The effect of the dosage of NT-3/chitosan carriers on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. Duan, H; Li, X; Mo, L; Qiao, H; Yang, Z, 2010)	0.36
"Chitosan has been the subject of interest for its use as a polymeric drug carrier material in dosage form design due to its appealing properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and relatively low production cost from abundant natural sources."	( Chitosan based polyelectrolyte complexes as potential carrier materials in drug delivery systems. Hamman, JH, 2010)	0.36
"This review provides a discussion of the different nasal dosage forms based on chitosan hydrogels."	( Chitosan-based hydrogels for nasal drug delivery: from inserts to nanoparticles. Bigucci, F; Cerchiara, T; Luppi, B; Zecchi, V, 2010)	0.36
" Several important parameters influencing the adsorption of Pb(II) ions such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage and different initial concentration of Pb(II) ions were evaluated."	( Pb(II) biosorption using chitosan and chitosan derivatives beads: equilibrium, ion exchange and mechanism studies. Fatinathan, S; Ngah, WS, 2010)	0.36
" These results suggested the feasibility that thermosensitive gels could be used as an effective dosage form to enhance the nasal absorption of FXD HCl."	( Poloxamer/cyclodextrin/chitosan-based thermoreversible gel for intranasal delivery of fexofenadine hydrochloride. Balakrishnan, P; Cho, HJ; Chung, SJ; Hong, SS; Jang, TY; Kim, DD; Kim, KS; Park, EK; Shim, CK; Song, KW, 2011)	0.37
" Transgenic EGFP mice dosed with the aerosolised nanoparticle formulation showed significant EGFP gene silencing (68% reduction compared to mismatch group)."	( Pulmonary gene silencing in transgenic EGFP mice using aerosolised chitosan/siRNA nanoparticles. Becker, D; Besenbacher, F; Glud, SZ; Howard, KA; Karlas, A; Kjems, J; Merrison, J; Meyer, TF; Nielsen, EJ; Nielsen, JM; Prakash, H, 2010)	0.36
" After orally administration of PTX-loaded DHC micelles, the bioavailability was threefold compared with that of an orally dosed Taxol®."	( Enhanced oral absorption of paclitaxel in N-deoxycholic acid-N, O-hydroxyethyl chitosan micellar system. Dai, Y; Deng, Y; Huo, M; Li, H; Masoud, J; Shi, X; Zhou, J, 2010)	0.36
" The reduction capacity for Cr (VI) increases with increasing temperature and NZVI dosage but decreases with the increase in initial concentration of Cr (VI) and pH values."	( Entrapment of nanoscale zero-valent iron in chitosan beads for hexavalent chromium removal from wastewater. Liu, T; Sun, D; Tan, X; Zhao, L, 2010)	0.36
" The results show that dosage and rate of release of these radiosensitizers coated on gold fiducials for IGRT can be precisely tailored to achieve the desired release profile for radiation therapy of cancer."	( Radiosensitizer-eluting nanocoatings on gold fiducials for biological in-situ image-guided radio therapy (BIS-IGRT). Cormack, R; Gultepe, E; Jost, E; Levy, CO; Makrigiorgos, GM; Nagesha, DK; Sridhar, S; Stambaugh, CK; Tada, DB, 2010)	0.36
" These parameters can be judiciously used in predicting and modifying drug release from dosage forms."	( Cross-linked chitosan films: effect of cross-linking density on swelling parameters. Rana, V; Tiwary, AK, 2010)	0.36
" The preparation method of SH-NiMS is stable and reliable to use, which provide a new way to develop new dosage form."	( [Preparation of scopolamine hydrobromide nanoparticles-in-microsphere system]. Hu, JH; Li, FQ; Lü, WL; Zhu, QG, 2010)	0.36
"1-fold, respectively, for the 100-μg dosage level."	( Adjuvanted intranasal Norwalk virus-like particle vaccine elicits antibodies and antibody-secreting cells that express homing receptors for mucosal and peripheral lymphoid tissues. Bargatze, RF; Bernstein, DI; Chen, WH; El-Kamary, SS; Ferreira, J; Frey, SE; Mendelman, PM; Pasetti, MF; Richardson, C; Sublett, R; Sztein, MB; Tacket, CO; Treanor, JJ, 2010)	0.36
"5 h, which necessitates regular dosing with intervals that do not exceed 7 days."	( Erythropoietin encapsulation in chitosan nanoparticles and kinetics of drug release. Bokharaei, M; Freeman, DJ; Margaritis, A; Xenocostas, A, 2011)	0.37
" For this purpose, the effect of different parameters including pH, chitosan dosage and initial dye concentration on the dye removal efficiency was examined."	( Study on the removal of acid dyes using chitosan as a natural coagulant/coagulant aid. Alavi Moghaddam, MR; Arami, M; Zonoozi, MH, 2011)	0.37
" Increasing the number of dilutions and the nano-scale zero-valent iron dosage led to the increase of removal efficiency of pollutants."	( Treatment of distillery wastewater by the nano-scale zero-valent iron and the supported nano-scale zero-valent iron. Homhoul, P; Hunsom, M; Pengpanich, S, 2011)	0.37
"The effects of chitosan addition on treatment of palm oil mill effluent were investigated using two lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors: (1) with chitosan addition at the dosage of 2 mg chitosan per g volatile suspended solids on the first day of the operation (R1), (2) without chitosan addition (the control, R2)."	( Effect of chitosan on UASB treating POME during a transition from mesophilic to thermophilic conditions. Khemkhao, M; Nuntakumjorn, B; Phalakornkule, C; Techkarnjanaruk, S, 2011)	0.37
" It was also observed that The RAPA entrapment efficiency reached its highest at 20% of addition dosage of RAPA."	( High entrapment efficiency of chitosan/polylactic acid/tripolyphotspate nanosized microcapsules for rapamycin by an emulsion-evaporation approach. Deng, Y; Fu, J; He, N; Jin, S; Wang, D; Wang, H; Wang, T; Yang, W, 2010)	0.36
" To overcome the limitations of conventional dosage forms administered through vaginal route various novel approaches like the use of mucoadhesive or bioadhesive polymers, pH- or temperature-sensitive polymers, liposomes, nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, vaginal inserts, multiple emulsions and hydrogels have been designed which enable controlled and prolonged release of drugs."	( Exploring novel approaches to vaginal drug delivery. Ali, J; Dang, S; Gabrani, R; Gupta, S, 2011)	0.37
" The combined use of RAMEB, CS, and NaDHC could be exploited to develop effective oral dosage forms of oxaprozin, with increased drug solubility and permeability, and then improved bioavailability."	( Improvement of oxaprozin solubility and permeability by the combined use of cyclodextrin, chitosan, and bile components. Cirri, M; Maestrelli, F; Mennini, N; Mura, P; Zerrouk, N, 2011)	0.37
" In vivo, the oral bioavailability of PTX loaded in NOSC micelles (PTX-M) was 6-fold improved in comparison with that of an orally dosed Taxol(®)."	( The mechanism of enhancement on oral absorption of paclitaxel by N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan micelles. Jin, X; Ju, C; Li, N; Mo, R; Ping, Q; Sun, M; Zhang, C, 2011)	0.37
" Mucoadhesive and absorption enhancement properties of chitosan increase the in vivo residence time of the dosage form in the gastrointestinal tract and improve the bioavailability of various drugs."	( Chitosan mediated targeted drug delivery system: a review. Patel, JK; Patel, MP; Patel, RR, 2010)	0.36
"The present research explores the ability of a network of two biopolymers-chitosan (CS) and methylcellulose (MC)-to prolong the stay of a dosage form in the stomach, in the form of mucoadhesive microspheres, and to sustain the release of cinnarizine from the same."	( Functionalization of chitosan/methylcellulose interpenetrating polymer network microspheres for gastroretentive application using central composite design. Bhatia, M; Kumar, P, )	0.13
" Acute toxicity assay revealed that the mice grew well in 2 weeks with GC-PEI dosage from 50 to 300 μg."	( Hepatocyte-targeted gene transfection of galactosylated chitosan-graft low molecular polyethyleneimine/DNA complexes. Feng, D; Li, M; Tan, P; Wang, Y, 2011)	0.37
" These results suggest that BT loaded CS nanoparticles could help to reduce dosage frequency by sustained drug release in the treatment of glaucoma."	( Chitosan nanoparticles for controlled delivery of brimonidine tartrate to the ocular membrane. Shinde, UA; Singh, KH, 2011)	0.37
"Floating dosage forms of acetylsalicylic acid, used for its antithrombotic effect, were developed to prolong gastric residence time and increase bioavailability."	( Effect of formulation parameters on the drug release and floating properties of gastric floating two-layer tablets with acetylsalicylic acid. Hasçiçek, C; Ozdemir, N; Türkmen, B; Yüksel-Tilkan, G, 2011)	0.37
" The in vitro dissolution study showed pH dependent release profiles suggesting that the PCP NPs system have great potential for oral controlled drug delivery as an alternative to conventional dosage forms."	( Preparation and optimization of PMAA-chitosan-PEG nanoparticles for oral drug delivery. Boateng, JS; Douroumis, D; Pawar, H, 2012)	0.38
"This experiment was aimed to study whether Carboxymethyl chitosan has acute toxicity and effects on the blood parameters of rats, which were treated with high dosage carboxymethyl chitosan (1350 mg/kg) through a laparotomy."	( Acute toxicity of high dosage carboxymethyl chitosan and its effect on the blood parameters in rats. Fu, D; Han, B; Liu, W; Yang, Z, 2012)	0.38
" The dose-response of the QHREDGS peptide was assessed and it was found that CMs encapsulated in High-peptide gel (651 ± 8 nmol peptide ml-gel(-1)) showed improved morphology, viability and metabolic activity in comparison to the Low-peptide (100 ± 30 nmol peptide ml-gel(-1)) and Control (No Peptide) groups."	( A peptide-modified chitosan-collagen hydrogel for cardiac cell culture and delivery. Chiu, LL; Hyunh, K; Liang, Y; Momen, A; Radisic, M; Reis, LA, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this study was to develop a multiple-unit dosage system that released model drug into the colon, and also to evaluate the efficiency of the dosage form in human volunteers."	( The development and in vivo evaluation of a colon drug delivery system using human volunteers. Muselík, J; Štembírek, J; Vetchý, D; Zimová, L, 2012)	0.38
" The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of NOSC-modified DTX liposomes (NDLs) were evaluated compared with the conventional DTX liposomes (DLs) and commercial dosage form of DTX, Taxotere(®)."	( N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan-modified liposomes for delivery of docetaxel: preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics. Qu, G; Wu, X; Yin, L; Zhang, C, 2012)	0.38
" The values of percentage removal show that the adsorption capacity increases with time of contact and dosage of chitosan-TPP, but red dye adsorption is mainly influenced by pH level."	( Adsorption of allura red dye by cross-linked chitosan from shrimp waste. Correa-Murrieta, MA; López-Cervantes, J; Sánchez-Duarte, RG; Sánchez-Machado, DI, 2012)	0.38
" (3)H-cholesterol-laden macrophages were injected intraperitoneally into mice fed with various dosage of COS (250, 500, 1000 mg/kg mouse weight, respectively) or vehicle by gastric gavages."	( Chitosan oligosaccharides promote reverse cholesterol transport and expression of scavenger receptor BI and CYP7A1 in mice. Li, L; Luo, T; Qin, S; Song, G; Wang, X; Yu, Y; Zong, C, 2012)	0.38
"The conventional dosage form of Ketoconazole (KZ) shows poor absorption due to rapid gastric emptying."	( Chitosan based mucoadhesive nanoparticles of ketoconazole for bioavailability enhancement: formulation, optimization, in vitro and ex vivo evaluation. Joshi, G; Modi, J; Sawant, K, 2013)	0.39
"Different novel strategies have been undertaken for the development of various gastric floating dosage forms utilizing chitosan as a promising excipient."	( Chitosan-based gastroretentive floating drug delivery technology: an updated review. Kohli, K; Kumar, V; Pahwa, R; Saini, N, 2012)	0.38
" In addition, this hydrogel displayed low toxicity to nasal tissue and epithelial cells even by frequently intranasal dosing of hydrogel."	( Novel thermal-sensitive hydrogel enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by intranasal vaccine delivery. Chen, W; Hou, L; Ma, G; Su, Z; Wei, W; Wu, J; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Zhou, M, 2012)	0.38
" Generally, OTA removal achieved in all treatments was higher when the adsorbent dosage increased, but the impact on wine quality also was higher."	( Ochratoxin A removal from red wine by several oenological fining agents: bentonite, egg albumin, allergen-free adsorbents, chitin and chitosan. Elejalde, E; López De Armentia, I; Quintela, S; Villarán, MC, 2012)	0.38
" The PK-PD and pharmacokinetic simulation was carried out to estimate optimum dosing regimen for good efficacy."	( Mucoadhesive nanoparticles for prolonged ocular delivery of natamycin: In vitro and pharmacokinetics studies. Bhatta, RS; Chandasana, H; Chhonker, YS; Kumar, D; Mitra, K; Rathi, C; Shukla, PK, 2012)	0.38
"The clinical development of therapeutic peptides has been restricted to peptides for non-CNS diseases and parenteral dosage forms due to the poor permeation of peptides across the gastrointestinal mucosa and the blood-brain barrier."	( Delivery of peptides to the blood and brain after oral uptake of quaternary ammonium palmitoyl glycol chitosan nanoparticles. Ferrarelli, T; Garrett, NL; Lalatsa, A; Moger, J; Schätzlein, AG; Uchegbu, IF, 2012)	0.38
" The obtained results indicate that chitosan is a suitable polymer for developing a sustained-release dosage form of clotrimazole for local delivery."	( Preparation and in vitro evaluation of chitosan microgranules with clotrimazole. Szymańska, E; Winnicka, K, )	0.13
" Mucosal delivery via nasal and oral routes is evaluated with respect to chitosan type, dosage forms, co-adjuvanting with novel adjuvants and modulation of the immune system."	( Chitosan-based delivery systems for mucosal vaccines. Jabbal-Gill, I; Smith, A; Watts, P, 2012)	0.38
" Thus, the direct compression properties and reduced ulcerogenic activity, combined with the demonstrated solubilizing power and analgesic effect enhancer ability toward the drug, make naproxen sodium-chitosan spray-dried complexes particularly suitable for developing a reduced-dose, fast-release, solid oral dosage form of naproxen."	( Reduced ulcerogenic potential and antiarthritic effect of chitosan-naproxen sodium complexes. Bhise, KS; Bodhankar, SL; Ghosh, P; Kadam, SS; Paradkar, AR, 2012)	0.38
" In addition, utilization of biopolymeric material-based systems can play a key role in developing new topical dosage forms and their applications."	( Topical drug delivery using chitosan nano- and microparticles. Cevher, E; Sezer, AD, 2012)	0.38
" At a low Al dosage (2."	( Preparation and characterisation of new-polyaluminum chloride-chitosan composite coagulant. Amal, R; Chow, CW; Drikas, M; Liana, AE; Lim, M; Liu, S; Ng, M; Wang, D, 2012)	0.38
"0358 h(-1) with the increment of the dosage from 10 mg L(-1) to 80 mg L(-1)."	( Preparation of controlled nano-MgO and investigation of its bactericidal properties. An, Y; Dong, Q; Zhang, K; Zhang, L, 2012)	0.38
"To have advantages of reduced dosing frequency, improved bioavailability and effective delivery system of Cefuroxime Axetil, a Chitosan based intragastric sustained release microbead formulation of Cefuroxime Axetil was developed."	( Chitosan-based intragastric delivery of cefuroxime axetil: development and in-vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive approach. Nagar, M; Yadav, AV, 2012)	0.38
" The rate constant increased with increasing NZVI dosage but decreased with the increase in pH values."	( Removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewater by Fe0-nanoparticles-chitosan composite beads: characterization, kinetics and thermodynamics. Liu, TY; Wang, ZL; Zhao, L, 2012)	0.38
" These results could be useful for developing dosage forms for treating candidiasis, and should be further investigated in in vivo models."	( Activity of spray-dried microparticles containing pomegranate peel extract against Candida albicans. Endo, EH; Filho, BP; Nakamura, CV; Ueda-Nakamura, T, 2012)	0.38
"To determine the effect of chitosan, starch powder, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Avicel PH 101 powder, Avicel PH 102 granules as a function of different concentrations on the solubility, disintegration and hence dissolution of furosemide from immediate release tablet dosage forms."	( Impact of chitosan as a disintegrant on the bioavailability of furosemide tablets: in vitro evaluation and in vivo simulation of novel formulations. Fahmy, SA; Galeel, OW; Rasool, BK, 2012)	0.38
" The influences of concentration of chitosan-acetic acid solution, air flow, reaction time and the dosage of epichlorohydrin were investigated during synthesising."	( Chitosan resins synthesised by improved drop-sphere-forming method for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions. Li, B; Li, S; Wang, Y; Wu, Z; Zhu, R, 2012)	0.38
" However, rapid metabolism and shorter half-life of drug mandate higher dose and frequent dosing schedule which subsequently results into higher toxicity."	( Site specific/targeted delivery of gemcitabine through anisamide anchored chitosan/poly ethylene glycol nanoparticles: an improved understanding of lung cancer therapeutic intervention. Campbell, C; Dwivedi, P; Garg, NK; Tyagi, RK, 2012)	0.38
" These results suggested that the DOMC-FA micelles can prolong blood circulation time and modify the tissue distribution of PTX, and could provide a useful alternative dosage form for intravenous administration of PTX."	( Tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics evaluation of DOMC-FA micelles for intravenous delivery of PTX. Guo, H; Guo, S; Hao, L; Li, C; Wang, F; Zhang, D; Zhang, Q; Zheng, D, 2013)	0.39
" In pharmacokinetics study, water-soluble chitosan at dosage of 50mg/kg improved the bioavailability of FTA in weeping forsythia extract to the greatest extent, and was safe for gastrointestine from morphological observation."	( Improvement of intestinal absorption of forsythoside A in weeping forsythia extract by various absorption enhancers based on tight junctions. Cai, BC; Di, LQ; Ju, WZ; Liu, SJ; Qin, KM; Shan, JJ; Zhou, W, 2012)	0.38
" The cells were harvested via cost-effective chitosan flocculation with multiple dosing (3 times) applying established chitosan:cell ratio (1:300 w/w) and pH control (6."	( A strategy for urban outdoor production of high-concentration algal biomass for green biorefining. Chen, CL; Lim, CY; Wang, JY, 2013)	0.39
" The optimal chitosan dosage (approximately 10 mg per gram algal dry weight) is determined primarily by cell concentration rather than cell age, lipid content or composition of the medium."	( Chitosan flocculation to aid the harvesting of the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana. Baganz, F; Purton, S; Xu, Y, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of the work is to modify the solubility and bioavailability of Losartan potassium, by employing noneffervescent floating drug delivery (tablet dosage forms)."	( Formulation and evaluation of non-effervescent floating tablets of losartan potassium. Gangadharappa, HV; Getyala, A; Kumar, TM; Prasad, MS; Reddy, MP, 2013)	0.39
"The effects of culture medium pH, flocculant type (FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3, Alum, Ca(OH)2, chitosan, polyacrylamide), dosage and sedimental time on flocculation efficiency of harvesting Scenedesmus sp."	( Optimal conditions of different flocculation methods for harvesting Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in an open-pond system. Chen, L; Wang, C; Wang, W; Wei, J, 2013)	0.39
" The effects of type and dosage of flocculants and the pH of the culture were investigated on biomass recovery."	( Using nano-chitosan for harvesting microalga Nannochloropsis sp. Anvaripour, B; Badakhshan, A; Farid, MS; Shariati, A, 2013)	0.39
" Therefore, shellac coated chitosan-alginate beads could be considered a successful controlled release oral cefaclor dosage form."	( Development of coated beads for oral controlled delivery of cefaclor: In vitro evaluation. Fahmy, SA; Rasool, BK, 2013)	0.39
" With the increase of cationic content, the flocculants were demonstrated better flocculation performance and lower dosage requirement."	( Cationic content effects of biodegradable amphoteric chitosan-based flocculants on the flocculation properties. Chen, A; Chen, Y; Cheng, R; Gu, W; Huang, X; Jiang, Y; Lu, Y; Qian, X; Shang, Y; Yang, H; Yang, Z, 2012)	0.38
" There is a need for well characterized in vitro models to assess the bioadhesive properties of oral dosage forms for administration in the oral cavity."	( Development of an ex vivo retention model simulating bioadhesion in the oral cavity using human saliva and physiologically relevant irrigation media. Baldursdottir, S; Jacobsen, J; Madsen, KD; Pedersen, AM; Sander, C, 2013)	0.39
" Application of polymeric agents moderately decreased the stretch to rupture, however with increasing dosage the stretch was improved."	( Improving wet and dry strength properties of recycled old corrugated carton (OCC) pulp using various polymers. Abdulkhani, A; Ashori, A; Hamzeh, Y; Sabbaghi, S; Soltani, F, 2013)	0.39
" Adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of contact time, concentration of dye, adsorbent dosage and pH using reactive orange 16 as a model pollutant."	( Synthesis of porous chitosan-polyaniline/ZnO hybrid composite and application for removal of reactive orange 16 dye. Kannusamy, P; Sivalingam, T, 2013)	0.39
" Undesirable properties that limit its utilization as excipient in solid dosage forms include its hydration propensity that negatively affects tablet stability, strength and disintegration."	( Effect of moisture content, temperature and exposure time on the physical stability of chitosan powder and tablets. Kotzé, AF; Marais, AF; Steenekamp, JH; Viljoen, JM, 2014)	0.4
"Thermosensitive hydrogel containing drug-loaded liposomes delivery system offers the possibility of reduced dosing frequency and sustained drug action."	( A novel chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogel containing doxorubicin liposomes for topical cancer therapy. Gao, J; Liang, W; Shan, W; Wang, W; Zhang, P, 2013)	0.39
" The new insight into chitosan-alginate matrix tablets can help to broaden the application of this type of dosage forms."	( Drug release characteristics from chitosan-alginate matrix tablets based on the theory of self-assembled film. Li, L; Mao, S; Ni, R; Shao, Y; Wang, L; Zhang, T, 2013)	0.39
" Results from both in vitro, in situ as well as in vivo studies consistently indicated that Chito-oligosaccharide (COS) at dosage of 25 mg/kg could enhance intestinal permeabilities significantly as well as the in vivo bioavailabilities of both FTA and CHA than CMCs in Flos Lonicerae-Fructus Forsythiae herb couple preparations, and was safe for gastrointestine from morphological observation."	( Improvement of intestinal absorption of forsythoside A and chlorogenic acid by different carboxymethyl chitosan and chito-oligosaccharide, application to Flos Lonicerae-Fructus Forsythiae herb couple preparations. Cai, B; Di, L; Shan, J; Wang, H; Yin, A; Zhou, W; Zhu, X, 2013)	0.39
" Despite their sustainability enhancement capability, solid dosage form manufacturing of nanodrugs remains lacking from the sustainability perspective."	( A highly sustainable and versatile granulation method of nanodrugs via their electrostatic adsorption onto chitosan microparticles as the granulation substrates. Hadinoto, K; Yang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The optimum conditions for Cr(VI) adsorption onto CCTS were determined as a function of pH, CCTS dosage and contact time, while Cr(III) precipitation was investigated as a function of pH value."	( Chromium removal with cross-linked chitosan adsorption and base-precipitation combination. Jin, X; Li, X; Wang, F; Zhang, H; Zhou, H; Zhu, Y, 2013)	0.39
" CD nanocapsules were successfully employed for efficient targeting and killing of the intracellular pathogen at a dosage significantly lower than that of the free antibiotic."	( Chitosan-dextran sulphate nanocapsule drug delivery system as an effective therapeutic against intraphagosomal pathogen Salmonella. Ben Thomas, M; Chakravortty, D; Elango, M; Gnanadhas, DP; Raichur, AM, 2013)	0.39
" The effects of the solution pH, initial metal concentration, contact time, and dosage of the adsorbent on the adsorption process were examined."	( Selective adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solution using chitosan-MAA nanoparticles. Heidari, A; Heikkinen, H; Mehraban, Z; Younesi, H, 2013)	0.39
"This study aimed at improving the oral bioavailability of acyclovir (ACV) through incorporating it into gastroretentive dosage form based on floating hollow chitosan beads."	( Development of mucoadhesive floating hollow beads of acyclovir with gastroretentive properties. Al-Kassas, R; Chalabi, S; In Kim, JH; Langford, C; Painter, S; Seyfoddin, A; Svirskis, D, 2014)	0.4
" An inactivation of 4 log CFU/ml of all waterborne pathogens was noted for the quaternized chitosan as compared with chitosan over a short contact time (30 min) and low dosage (4."	( Development of a quaternized chitosan with enhanced antibacterial efficacy. Chibber, M; Ghosh, M; Khaira, GK; Kumariya, R, 2013)	0.39
" In pharmacokinetics study, COS at dosage of 25 mg/kg improved the bioavailability of phenolic acids in Flos Lonicerae extract to the greatest extent, and was safe for gastrointestine from morphological observation."	( Effect of chito-oligosaccharide on the oral absorptions of phenolic acids of Flos Lonicerae extract. Cai, B; Di, L; Shan, J; Tan, X; Yin, A; Zhou, W; Zou, J, 2014)	0.4
"Bioadhesive nasal dosage forms are an attractive method for overcoming rapid mucociliary clearance transport in the nose and for delivering the drug directly to brain."	( Formulation and evaluation of chitosan-chondroitin sulphate based nasal inserts for zolmitriptan. Kaur, G; Kaur, K, 2013)	0.39
" Adsorption studies were performed in a batch system, and the effects of various parameters, such as the pH value of the solution, adsorbent dosage and initial fluoride concentration, were evaluated."	( Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution by enhanced chitosan/bentonite composite. Huang, R; Liu, Q; Liu, Y; Yang, B, 2013)	0.39
"The paper deals with formulation of caffeine into dermal semisolid dosage forms - hydrogels."	( [Evaluation of liberation of caffeine from dermal semisolids drugs]. Herdová, P; Kodadová, A; Vitková, Z, 2013)	0.39
" The effect of enteric coated formulation variables such as content of talc (10%, 25% and 40%), plasticisers (TEC and DBS), dosage of plasticiser (10%, 20% and 30%) and coating weight (2%, 3% and 5%) were evaluated for drug release characteristics."	( The preparation of capsaicin-chitosan microspheres (CCMS) enteric coated tablets. Chen, J; Guo, J; Huang, GD; Su, ZQ; Tan, SR, 2013)	0.39
"1% (w/w) from the dosage form-gel and also the flow properties of gels."	( [Influence of quaternary ammonium salt on liberation of drug with antiseptic effect]. Cižmárik, J; Herdová, P; Oremusová, J; Tóthová, K; Vitková, Z, 2013)	0.39
"In this study, alendronate, the most commonly used biphosphonate for treating osteoporosis, was formulated as gastroretentive dosage form (GRDF) tablets to enhance its oral bioavailability."	( Development and characterization of a gastroretentive dosage form composed of chitosan and hydroxyethyl cellulose for alendronate. Chen, YC; Chiu, CC; Ho, HO; Sheu, MT, 2014)	0.4
" These matrix tablets might be helpful to minimize dosing frequency and reduction of various side effects during prolong period of treatment."	( In vitro aceclofenac release from IPN matrix tablets composed of chitosan-tamarind seed polysaccharide. Basu, SK; Jana, S; Sen, KK, 2014)	0.4
" Due to the fast self-cleaning action of the vagina, commercially available vaginal dosage forms with clotrimazole cannot assure prolonged contact time with mucosa, therefore the main objective of this study was to develop a dosage form for vaginal administration of clotrimazole using chitosan-a biodegradable and biocompatible derivative of chitin."	( Vaginal chitosan tablets with clotrimazole-design and evaluation of mucoadhesive properties using porcine vaginal mucosa, mucin and gelatine. Amelian, A; Cwalina, U; Szymańska, E; Winnicka, K, 2014)	0.4
" The release studies indicated that the prepared matrices could control the drug release until the dosage form reaches the colon and the addition HPMC E15 LV showed the desirable changes in the dissolution profile by its hydrophilic nature since the colon is known for its less fluid content."	( Effect of HPMC - E15 LV premium polymer on release profile and compression characteristics of chitosan/ pectin colon targeted mesalamine matrix tablets and in vitro study on effect of pH impact on the drug release profile. Lakshmanan, P; Newton, AM, 2014)	0.4
" One problem associated with the mucosal administration routes is the short residence time of the dosage form on the mucosal membranes."	( Design, development and characterization of buccal bioadhesive films of Doxepin for treatment of odontalgia. Castán, H; Clares, B; Morales, ME; Ruiz, MA, 2015)	0.42
" Batch equilibrium method was used for the optimization of various equilibrium parameters such as pH, contact time, dosage and initial Cr(VI) ion concentration."	( Facile synthesis of cross linked-chitosan-grafted-polyaniline composite and its Cr(VI) uptake studies. Karthik, R; Meenakshi, S, 2014)	0.4
" Further extensive pre/clinical studies are necessary prior to use transdermal GMD as a valuable alternative to peroral dosage forms with improved bioavailability, longer duration of action and more patient convenience."	( Optimization of self-nanoemulsifying systems for the enhancement of in vivo hypoglycemic efficacy of glimepiride transdermal patches. Abdel-Naim, AB; Afouna, MI; Ahmed, OA; Banjar, ZM; El-Say, KM; Khedr, A, 2014)	0.4
" Dosing the films on the interdigitated electrodes with methanol, ethanol, chloroform and toluene vapors increased the film resistance of CNT-CS but decreased the resistance of CNT-CS-PCL compared to that of the reported transducers."	( Chitosan and chitosan-co-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) grafted multiwalled carbon nanotube transducers for vapor sensing. Akhtar, S; Chatterjee, S; Ha, CS; Mishra, S; Rana, VK; Singh, RP, 2014)	0.4
" The percentage (%) removal and adsorption capacity of indium(III) were examined as a function of solution pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage and temperature."	( Adsorption of indium(III) ions from aqueous solution using chitosan-coated bentonite beads. Calagui, MJ; Futalan, CM; Kan, CC; Salvacion, JW; Senoro, DB; Wan, MW, 2014)	0.4
"An oral dosage form containing floating bioadhesive gastroretentive microspheres forms a stomach-specific drug delivery system for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori."	( Floating-bioadhesive gastroretentive Caesalpinia pulcherrima-based beads of amoxicillin trihydrate for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gide, PS; Thombre, NA, 2016)	0.43
"Microparticle tablets represent a promising dosage form for QUE delivery to the colon in the oral therapy of inflammatory-based disorders."	( Chitosan-xanthan gum microparticle-based oral tablet for colon-targeted and sustained delivery of quercetin. Caddeo, C; Díez-Sales, O; Fadda, AM; Manconi, M; Merino-Sanjuán, M; Nácher, A, 2014)	0.4
"To determine whether chitosan hydrogel nanoparticles loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) peptides (81-91 fragments) capable of targeting the ischemic myocardium enhance angiogenesis and promote therapeutic effects and whether radionuclide image-guided dosage control is feasible."	( Peptide-loaded nanoparticles and radionuclide imaging for individualized treatment of myocardial ischemia. Hwang, H; Jeong, HJ; Jeong, HS; Kwon, J; Lee, CM; Lee, TK; Lim, ST; Na, KS; Oh, PS; Sohn, MH, 2014)	0.4
" Chitosan radiolabeled with (99m)Tc was administered twice at reperfusion with a 1-hour interval to determine whether image-guided dosage control is feasible."	( Peptide-loaded nanoparticles and radionuclide imaging for individualized treatment of myocardial ischemia. Hwang, H; Jeong, HJ; Jeong, HS; Kwon, J; Lee, CM; Lee, TK; Lim, ST; Na, KS; Oh, PS; Sohn, MH, 2014)	0.4
" In vivo studies showed that chitosan microspheres are thought to have the potential to maintain levofloxacin concentration within target ranges for a long time, decreasing side effects caused by concentration fluctuation, ensuring the efficiency of treatment and improving patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency."	( Preparation oral levofloxacin colon-specific microspheres delivery: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cao, Q; Ding, Y; Feng, M; Jin, L, 2016)	0.43
"In targeted photodynamic therapy (tPDT), photosensitizers (PS) are targeted to disease tissue to reduce the dosage of PS and in addition to reduce the photo damage to the non-target tissue."	( Targeted in vivo photodynamic therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor-specific peptide linked nanoparticles. Irudayaraj, J; Manorama, SV; Narsireddy, A; Rao, NM; Vijayashree, K, 2014)	0.4
"The enhanced anticancer effects of combinatorial nanomedicine are advantageous in terms of reduction in the dosage of 5-FU, thereby improving the chemotherapeutic efficacy and patient compliance of colorectal cancer cases."	( Combinatorial anticancer effects of curcumin and 5-fluorouracil loaded thiolated chitosan nanoparticles towards colon cancer treatment. Anitha, A; Chennazhi, KP; Deepa, N; Jayakumar, R; Lakshmanan, VK, 2014)	0.4
" It is of great significance since these characteristics are closely related to the dose, dosage form, and effect of the drugs."	( Experimental and mathematical studies on the drug release properties of aspirin loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Chen, Y; Shi, Y; Wan, A; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Among several factors, time (B), Tween 80 (C), ISSD dosage (D) and silver(I) concentration (F) were found to be most significant."	( Sunlight mediated diesel degradation under saline conditions using ionic silver coated sand via nanoreduction: use of impregnated form of thiourea modified chitosan membranes for ex situ application. Das, D; Das, N, 2014)	0.4
"Mucoadhesive films containing curcumin-loaded nanoparticles were developed, aiming to prolong the residence time of the dosage form in the oral cavity and to increase drug absorption through the buccal mucosa."	( Mucoadhesive films containing chitosan-coated nanoparticles: a new strategy for buccal curcumin release. Borsali, R; Lemos-Senna, E; Mazzarino, L, 2014)	0.4
" Taken together, our evaluations show that PTX/TS-CS-PEG-FA micelle is a potential drug delivery system of PTX for the effective treatment of the tumor and systematic toxicity reduction, thus, the micellar formulation can provide a useful alternative dosage form for intravenous administration of PTX."	( In vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and anti-tumor effect of paclitaxel-loaded targeted chitosan-based polymeric micelle. Emami, J; Hasanzadeh, F; Lavasanifar, A; Minaiyan, M; Mostafavi, A; Rezazadeh, M; Rostami, M; Sadeghi, H, 2016)	0.43
" Among the same dosage groups, the inhibition rate in ABZ-CS-MPs group (from low to high dosage sub-group: 91."	( [Efficacy of albendazole chitosan microspheres against Echinococcus granulosus infection in mice]. Liang, W; Ma, X; Peng, XY; Sun, H; Wang, XC; Wu, XW; Zhang, SJ, 2014)	0.4
" However, to deliver a final dosage form, for example, soft gelatin capsules, the aqueous hardening bath must be removed, thus leading to manufacturing processes that are potentially harmful for the active."	( On prilling of hydrophilic microgels in lipid dispersions using mono-N-carboxymethyl chitosan for oral biologicals delivery. Bravo, R; De Kruif, JK; Fasler-Kan, E; Kuentz, M; Varum, F, 2014)	0.4
" The results revealed that appropriate SmimHSO4 dosage and reaction time were 5% and 2h respectively."	( Acidic ionic liquid catalyzed crosslinking of oxycellulose with chitosan for advanced biocomposites. Chen, L; Fan, M; Huang, L; Luo, X; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.4
" At a low dosage of rhBMP-2 (ca."	( Enhanced bone tissue regeneration by antibacterial and osteoinductive silica-HACC-zein composite scaffolds loaded with rhBMP-2. Cheng, X; Wang, P; Xia, Y; Xie, Y; Xu, S; Zhou, P, 2014)	0.4
" The effects of the dosage of chitosan on silver loading, Ag(I) release, and bactericidal activities of AgNP-impregnated silica were investigated, with results showing that, at high dosages of chitosan, Ag(I) released from AgNP-impregnated silica plays an important role in disinfection, while AgNP-mediated bactericidal action dominates at low dosages of chitosan."	( Optimizing the design and synthesis of supported silver nanoparticles for low cost water disinfection. He, D; Ikeda-Ohno, A; Kacopieros, M; Waite, TD, 2014)	0.4
" Our results suggested that the addition of CS/PLA-PIC NPs increases the survival, heart rate and hatching in time dependent manner at the dosage of 20μg/ml."	( Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio): potential activity of piceatannol encapsulated chitosan/poly (lactic acid) nanoparticles. Baskar, SK; Dhanapal, J; Ravindrran, MB, 2015)	0.42
" Then complexes were used to prepare inserts as vaginal dosage forms and their physical handling, morphology, water-uptake ability and drug release properties as well as antimicrobial activity toward Candida albicans and Escherichia coli were evaluated."	( Vaginal inserts based on chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose complexes for local delivery of chlorhexidine: preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity. Abruzzo, A; Bigucci, F; Cerchiara, T; Gallucci, MC; Luppi, B; Saladini, B; Vitali, B, 2015)	0.42
" The results suggest that mats have the potential to be mucoadhesive dosage forms to maintain oral hygiene by reducing the bacterial growth that causes the dental caries."	( Mucoadhesive electrospun chitosan-based nanofibre mats for dental caries prevention. Kaomongkolgit, R; Ngawhirunpat, T; Opanasopit, P; Rojanarata, T; Samprasit, W; Sukma, M, 2015)	0.42
" At maximum dosage and time (15 μM and 96 h), Sorafenib-loaded PLGA and HMC-coated liposomes killed 88."	( Comparison of sorafenib-loaded poly (lactic/glycolic) acid and DPPC liposome nanoparticles in the in vitro treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Arora, J; Boonkaew, B; Callaghan, C; Chava, S; Dash, S; He, J; John, VT; Lee, BR; Liu, J; Maddox, MM; Mandava, SH, 2015)	0.42
"85% of the filtrate turbidity was obtained with optimal dosage of chitosan and Sed CF802, respectively."	( Chitosan use in chemical conditioning for dewatering municipal-activated sludge. Lounici, H; Mameri, N; Zemmouri, H, 2015)	0.42
" The research will provide guidance on the low dosage of COS supplementation on weaning pigs."	( Effect of low dosage of chito-oligosaccharide supplementation on intestinal morphology, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and barrier function in weaned piglets. Deng, D; Hou, YQ; Hu, Q; Liu, CX; Nyachoti, CM; Wang, XC; Wu, X; Xiao, DF; Xiong, X; Yang, HS; Yin, YL, 2015)	0.42
" Despite their abilities to avoid swallowing difficulties, frequency of dosing stood as a barrier for these formulations."	( Nano-engineering chitosan particles to sustain the release of promethazine from orodispersables. Al-Kinani, A; Alany, RG; ElShaer, A; Elwerfalli, AM, 2015)	0.42
" Indeed, chitosan nanocomposites discharged their payload within 24h; whereas alginate nanocomposites released GSNO more slowly (10% of GSNO was still remaining in the dosage form after 24h)."	( Polymer nanocomposite particles of S-nitrosoglutathione: A suitable formulation for protection and sustained oral delivery. Fries, I; Gaucher, C; Hu, XM; Maincent, P; Sapin-Minet, A; Wu, W, 2015)	0.42
" Unsurprisingly, ACE/CS induced a similar apoptosis mechanism at a lower dosage (ACE polysaccharides = 13."	( Apoptosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Induced by Nanoencapsulated Polysaccharides Extracted from Antrodia Camphorata. Chang, JS; Chang, KL; Kong, ZL; Kuo, HP, 2015)	0.42
" The proposed approach, chito-pegylation, is effective for regulating the catalytic and pharmacokinetic properties of asparaginase, and is promising for the development of prolonged action dosage forms for other enzyme therapeutics."	( [PEG-chitosan branched copolymers to improve the biocatalytic properties of Erwinia carotovora recombinant L-asparaginase]. Kudryashova, EV; Sokolov, NN; Suhoverkov, KV, )	0.13
" As it had multiple functional groups from the raw materials, the amphoteric flocculant showed high color removal efficiency to anionic (acid blue 113, >95%), neutral (reactive black 5, >95%) and cationic dyes (methyl orange, >50%) in a wide range of flocculant dosage and pH windows."	( Preparation of lignosulfonate-acrylamide-chitosan ternary graft copolymer and its flocculation performance. He, K; Lou, T; Wang, X; Zhao, W, 2015)	0.42
" Dose-response incubations were conducted to determine their effect on rumen fermentation pattern and gas production, while their anti-protozoal activity was tested using (14) C-labelled bacteria."	( In vitro screening of natural feed additives from crustaceans, diatoms, seaweeds and plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Belanche, A; Newbold, CJ; Ramos-Morales, E, 2016)	0.43
"Attempts to formulate acyclovir to improve its bioavailability and reduce the frequency of dosing from the present q4h have not materialized."	( The Interesting Case of Acyclovir Delivered Using Chitosan in Humans: Is it a Drug Issue or Formulation Issue? Srinivas, NR, 2016)	0.43
" If one examines the pharmacokinetic disposition of acyclovir, it is clear that renal elimination is so rapid necessitating frequent dosing of acyclovir."	( The Interesting Case of Acyclovir Delivered Using Chitosan in Humans: Is it a Drug Issue or Formulation Issue? Srinivas, NR, 2016)	0.43
" Besides, the cytocompatibility analysis implies that when the dosage of OCS is less than 15%, introducing OCS into collagen might be favorable for the cell's adhesion, growth and proliferation."	( Feasibility study of the natural derived chitosan dialdehyde for chemical modification of collagen. Dan, N; Dan, W; Gong, J; Liu, X, 2016)	0.43
" Different factors impacting on the removal of AF using CS-nZVI showed that the reduction increased when dosage and temperature increased, but decreased when pH and initial concentration rose."	( Functional chitosan-stabilized nanoscale zero-valent iron used to remove acid fuchsine with the assistance of ultrasound. Chen, Z; Jin, X; Yu, B; Zhuang, Z, 2016)	0.43
" The higher dosage of DOX needed to kill the cancer cells will be released when the synthesized carriers are subject to the pH stimuli surrounding these cells."	( Synthesis of doxorubicin-PLGA loaded chitosan stabilized (Mn, Zn)Fe2O4 nanoparticles: Biological activity and pH-responsive drug release. Buatong, N; Maneeprakorn, W; Montha, W; Pon-On, W; Tang, IM, 2016)	0.43
" The influences of dosage of EDC/NHS and concentration of O-CMCS on the swelling properties of the hydrogels were investigated."	( Preparation and antibacterial properties of O-carboxymethyl chitosan/lincomycin hydrogels. Cai, W; Chen, X; He, G; Ke, W; Kong, Y; Yin, Y; Zheng, H, 2016)	0.43
"The chitosan has been used as the primary excipient in transdermal particulate dosage form design."	( Quantitative characterization of chitosan in the skin by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic imaging and ninhydrin assay: application in transdermal sciences. Nawaz, A; Wong, TW, 2016)	0.43
" When using optimized dosage of CFAL-Chitosan flocculant, the zeta potential of Microcystis aeruginosa (M."	( Flocculation of cyanobacterial cells using coal fly ash modified chitosan. Pan, G; Yuan, Y; Zhang, H, 2016)	0.43
" However, despite favourable physicochemical properties, oral administration of MTF-HCl is associated with impaired bioavailability (50-60%), lactic-acidosis and frequent dosing (500mg 2-3 times a day) in PCOS that ultimately influence the patient compliance."	( Intravaginal administration of metformin hydrochloride loaded cationic niosomes amalgamated with thermosensitive gel for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: In vitro and in vivo studies. Bajaj, L; Jain, UK; Katare, OP; Madan, J; Pandey, RS; Saini, N; Sodhi, RK, 2016)	0.43
"In conclusion, MTF-C-SUNs-Gel has paved the way for developing intravaginal dosage form of MTF-HCl for the treatment of PCOS."	( Intravaginal administration of metformin hydrochloride loaded cationic niosomes amalgamated with thermosensitive gel for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: In vitro and in vivo studies. Bajaj, L; Jain, UK; Katare, OP; Madan, J; Pandey, RS; Saini, N; Sodhi, RK, 2016)	0.43
" Slow biodegradation of chitosan permits controlled and sustained release of loaded moieties; reduces the dosing frequency and is useful for improving patient compliance in infectious drug therapy."	( Chitosan nanoparticles in drug therapy of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Biswas, R; Gopinath, D; Jayakumar, R; Rajitha, P; Sabitha, M, 2016)	0.43
", agitation time, pH, sorbent dosage and initial oil concentration for maximum sorption were optimized."	( Enhancement of oil recovery using zirconium-chitosan hybrid composite by adsorptive method. Elanchezhiyan, SS; Meenakshi, S; Sivasurian, N, 2016)	0.43
" The effects of independent parameters were tested and the results showed that the initial concentration of AMT, pH, and nanoparticles dosage were all significant factors."	( Performance of iron nano particles and bimetallic Ni/Fe nanoparticles in removal of amoxicillin trihydrate from synthetic wastewater. Daraei, H; Kamali, H; Rafiee, M; Yazdanbakhsh, AR, 2016)	0.43
" Based on the results of this study, no signs of toxicity in acute, subacute, and subchronic studies following oral administration of ACS c-SLNs were found indicating that the oral dosing regimens were safe at the levels tested for long-term administration to prevent the onset of pancreatic cancer."	( Preclinical systemic toxicity evaluation of chitosan-solid lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated aspirin and curcumin in combination with free sulforaphane in BALB/c mice. Chenreddy, S; Khamas, W; Prabhu, S; Thakkar, A; Thio, A; Wang, J, 2016)	0.43
" To maximize removal efficiency of composite material, effect of pH (4-12), time (0-80min), Fe3O4©-GO dosage (2-10mg), initial dye concentration (2-30μgmL̄ (1)) and temperature (303, 313, and 323K) were studied."	( Functionalization of magnetic chitosan with graphene oxide for removal of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solution. A K, MO; Ahmad, F; Gul, K; Norulaini, NAN; Sohni, S; Waqar, M, 2016)	0.43
" Mucoadhesive dosage forms thus offer significant potential to improve drug retention in the bladder."	( Adhesion of thiolated silica nanoparticles to urinary bladder mucosa: Effects of PEGylation, thiol content and particle size. Khutoryanskiy, VV; Mun, EA; Williams, AC, 2016)	0.43
" Also the accumulated loading dosage could be adjusted by the film thickness, and the sustained release of aspirin could ensure well anti-inflammatory effect."	( A novel porous aspirin-loaded (GO/CTS-HA)n nanocomposite films: Synthesis and multifunction for bone tissue engineering. Guo, H; He, J; Huang, F; Ji, M; Li, H; Li, S; Shen, Y; Wang, S; Xie, A, 2016)	0.43
" Surface modified NPs (MOX-PEG-WSC NPs) were prepared to provide controlled delivery and circulate in the bloodstream for an extended period of time, thus minimizing dosing frequency."	( Effect of PEG and water-soluble chitosan coating on moxifloxacin-loaded PLGA long-circulating nanoparticles. Devi, VK; Mustafa, S; Pai, RS, 2017)	0.46
" The conclusion drawn from these findings showed that although 30 mg/kg COS-supplemented diet had no effect on body weight or feed intake in mice, this dosage may compromise intestinal barrier function and permeability."	( Low Dosage of Chitosan Supplementation Improves Intestinal Permeability and Impairs Barrier Function in Mice. Guan, G; Li, G; Peng, H; Wang, H, 2016)	0.43
" Importantly, effective cisplatin dosage was dramatically reduced in the co-therapy regimen resulting in negligible toxic effects from the drug as confirmed by parameters such as body weight gain, biochemical markers of hepatic and renal function, and histopathology of liver/kidney/spleen tissues."	( Overcoming cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer with Mad2 silencing siRNA delivered systemically using EGFR-targeted chitosan nanoparticles. Amiji, MM; Bousbaa, H; Ferreira, D; Nascimento, AV; Sarmento, B; Singh, A, 2017)	0.46
" By varying the parameters, such as molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation of chitosan, pH, reaction and settling time, dosage and temperature, self-assembly can be further investigated."	( Investigation of Self-Assembly Processes for Chitosan-Based Coagulant-Flocculant Systems: A Mini-Review. Bhalkaran, S; Wilson, LD, 2016)	0.43
"3%, with optimum dosage and pH of 177."	( Growth of microalgae Botryococcus sp. in domestic wastewater and application of statistical analysis for the optimization of flocculation using alum and chitosan. Abdul Latiff, AA; Gani, P; Matias-Peralta, H; Mohamad Fuzi, SF; Mohamed Sunar, N, 2017)	0.46
" In addition, it was possible to modify the drug dosage within Lipogel by varying the duration of hyperthermia."	( A stimuli responsive liposome loaded hydrogel provides flexible on-demand release of therapeutic agents. Deckers, R; Duffy, GP; Hastings, CL; Hennink, WE; Herron, CC; Kelly, HM; Lopez Noriega, A; McDonnell, CO; O'Brien, FJ; O'Neill, HS; Ruiz-Hernández, E, 2017)	0.46
" This hydrogel platform demonstrates remarkable flexibility in terms of drug scheduling and sequencing, enabling the release of multiple agents and the ability to control drug dosing in a minimally invasive fashion."	( A stimuli responsive liposome loaded hydrogel provides flexible on-demand release of therapeutic agents. Deckers, R; Duffy, GP; Hastings, CL; Hennink, WE; Herron, CC; Kelly, HM; Lopez Noriega, A; McDonnell, CO; O'Brien, FJ; O'Neill, HS; Ruiz-Hernández, E, 2017)	0.46
" These results indicate that CS-NLC shows enhanced cellular uptake but increased cytotoxicity characteristics over NLC and therefore careful optimization of dosage and loading levels in CS-NLC is needed to allow cancer cell targeting, and for exploiting the potential of these systems in cancer therapy."	( Surface modification of nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC) by oleoyl-quaternized-chitosan as a mucoadhesive nanocarrier. Gonil, P; Iempridee, T; Pimtong, W; Ruktanonchai, UR; Sajomsang, W; Suktham, K; Surassmo, S; Yostawonkul, J, 2017)	0.46
"The oral route has notable advantages to administering dosage forms."	( Albendazole Microcrystal Formulations Based on Chitosan and Cellulose Derivatives: Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro Parasiticidal Activity in Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms. Codina, AV; Hinrichsen, LI; Lamas, MC; Leonardi, D; Priotti, J; Vasconi, MD, 2017)	0.46
" The effect of different adsorption parameters like agitation time, temperature, initial metal ion concentration and adsorbent dosage was studied and optimized."	( Fabrication and characterization of chitosan-crosslinked-poly(alginic acid) nanohydrogel for adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) metal ion from aqueous medium. Al-Muhtaseb, AH; Bala, M; Kalia, S; Khan, MR; Kumar, A; Naushad, M; Sharma, A; Sharma, G, 2017)	0.46
" More studies in a complex musculoskeletal wound and dosage studies are needed for continued development."	( Blended Chitosan Paste for Infection Prevention: Preliminary and Preclinical Evaluations. Beenken, KE; Berretta, JM; Courtney, HS; Haggard, WO; Jennings, JA; Smeltzer, MS, 2017)	0.46
"Nasal inserts are novel, solid, bioadhesive dosage forms administered via nasal route for prolonged systemic drug delivery."	( Formulation Development and Evaluation of Lyophilized Nasal Inserts for Migraine Treatment. Harshada, SD; Mundada, AS, 2017)	0.46
" Therefore, these nano-reservoir bioadhesive tablets provided a great potential dosage form design for the oral delivery of protein drugs."	( Nano-reservoir Bioadhesive Tablets Enhance Protein Drug Permeability Across the Small Intestine. Feng, M; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Yin, L, 2017)	0.46
" Chitosan cross-linked alginate provides improvement of swelling and mucoadhesive properties and might be used to design sustained release dosage forms."	( The Influence of Chitosan Cross-linking on the Properties of Alginate Microparticles with Metformin Hydrochloride-In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Kasacka, I; Lewandowska, A; Sosnowska, K; Szekalska, M; Winnicka, K; Zakrzeska, A, 2017)	0.46
"A thermosensitive ophthalmic hydrogel (TSOH) - fluid at 4°C (instillation temperature), semisolid at 35°C (eye temperature), which coupled the dosing accuracy and administration ease of eyedrops with the increased ocular bioavailability of a hydrogel - was prepared by gelling a chitosan hydrochloride (ChHCl) solution (27."	( Thermosensitive hydrogel based on chitosan and its derivatives containing medicated nanoparticles for transcorneal administration of 5-fluorouracil. Bizzarri, R; Fabiano, A; Zambito, Y, 2017)	0.46
" The in vitro growth inhibitory activity against MH134 cells showed almost the same dose-response profile as that of the native ADI."	( Construction and in vitro evaluation of enzyme nanoreactors based on carboxymethyl chitosan for arginine deprivation in cancer therapy. Chen, J; He, G; Huang, Z; Yan, Q; Yi, X; Yin, Y; Zeng, T; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y, 2017)	0.46
" The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential of two GCS-based dosage forms (aqueous solution or nanoparticle suspension) for oral administration of the P-gp substrate Rho-123."	( In vitro evaluation of glycol chitosan based formulations as oral delivery systems for efflux pump inhibition. Colabufo, NA; Giammona, G; Mandracchia, D; Perrone, MG; Trapani, A; Trapani, G; Tripodo, G, 2017)	0.46
" Unfortunately, the high dosage used poses side-effects relatively in comparison to other statins."	( Preparation and characterisation of atorvastatin and curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoformulations for oral delivery in atherosclerosis. J B, VK; Madhusudhan, B; Ramakrishna, S, 2017)	0.46
" Nanocomplexes (NCs) for the controlled delivery of the antithrombotic Enoxaparin (Enox) with dextran sulfate (DS) and chitosan (CS) were formulated, in an attempt to circumvent therapeutic and compliance challenges associated with the prolonged administration of the current dosage form."	( Polysaccharides-based nanocomplexes for the prolonged delivery of enoxaparin: In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. Awad, GAS; Geneidi, AS; Ibrahim, SS; Mortada, ND; Osman, R, 2017)	0.46
" In conclusion, DTME showed satisfactory bitter taste-masking property; this novel formulation was likely to provide more selectable dosage forms for ENRO."	( Double-coated enrofloxacin microparticles with chitosan and alginate: Preparation, characterization and taste-masking effect study. Deng, F; Fan, G; Fu, H; Lin, J; Liu, M; Peng, G; Shi, F; Shu, G; Yin, D; Yin, L; Yuan, Z; Zhao, L, 2017)	0.46
" Parameters affecting the adsorption of Pb(II) ions on CMNP, such as initial Pb(II) ion concentration, contact time, solution pH, adsorbent dosage and temperature were studied."	( Surface adsorption of poisonous Pb(II) ions from water using chitosan functionalised magnetic nanoparticles. Anbalagan, S; Christopher, FC; Kumar, PS; Pannerselvam, SR; Vaidyanathan, VK, 2017)	0.46
" First, the optimal DT dose for intradermal immunization was determined in a dose-response study, which revealed that low-dose intradermal immunization was more efficient than subcutaneous immunization and that the EC50 dose of DT upon intradermal immunization is 3-fold lower, as compared to subcutaneous immunization."	( Diphtheria toxoid and N-trimethyl chitosan layer-by-layer coated pH-sensitive microneedles induce potent immune responses upon dermal vaccination in mice. Bouwstra, J; Groeneveld, V; Jiskoot, W; Kersten, G; Oomens, C; Romeijn, S; Ruigrok, M; Schipper, P; Uleman, S; van der Maaden, K, 2017)	0.46
" Among the different mucoadhesive dosage forms, buccal films are particularly addressed for paediatric population since they are thin, adaptable to the mucosal surface and able to offer an exact and flexible dose."	( Bilayered buccal films as child-appropriate dosage form for systemic administration of propranolol. Abruzzo, A; Bigucci, F; Cerchiara, T; Dalena, F; Luppi, B; Nicoletta, FP, 2017)	0.46
"Despite the good clinical efficacy of interferon-alpha (IFNα) to treat some types of cancer and viral infections, this biological drug is underused given its severe adverse effects and high dosing parenteral regimens."	( Development of a Drug Delivery System Based on Chitosan Nanoparticles for Oral Administration of Interferon-α. Berini, CA; Biglione, MM; Cánepa, C; Imperiale, JC; Lewicki, M; Sosnik, A, 2017)	0.46
"Chitosan microspheres can address challenges associated with poor bioavailability or unsustained drug release when used as drug delivery systems thanks to their mucoadhesiveness, which allows the drug dosage to be retained in the gastrointestinal track for extended periods."	( Characterization and degradation study of chitosan-siloxane hybrid microspheres synthesized using a microfluidic approach. Cruz-Neves, S; Hayakawa, S; Miyazaki, T; Shirosaki, Y, 2017)	0.46
"Nowadays, the research of innovative drug delivery devices is focused on the design of multiple drug delivery systems, the prevention of drug side effects and the reduction of dosing intervals."	( Development and evaluation of thymol-chitosan hydrogels with antimicrobial-antioxidant activity for oral local delivery. Alvarez Echazú, MI; Alvarez, GS; Anesini, C; Desimone, MF; Olivetti, CE; Perez, CJ, 2017)	0.46
"Convenient multiple dosing makes oral administration an ideal route for delivery of therapeutic siRNA."	( Oral siRNA Delivery to Treat Colorectal Liver Metastases. Bae, WK; Cho, KJ; Cho, S; Kang, SH; Lee, SJ; Lee, YK; Park, IK; Revuri, V, 2017)	0.46
" Extensive research is required on overcoming the challenges regarding allergies and obtaining safer dosage limits."	( Citrus essential oils: Extraction, authentication and application in food preservation. Baral, E; Cho, MH; Koteswararao, R; Mahato, N; Sharma, K; Sinha, M, 2019)	0.51
" Moreover, the cell proliferation assay proved that the released KSL-W antibacterial dosage had no cytotoxicity to the growth of osteoblast MC3T3-E1."	( Fabrication of Antimicrobial Peptide-Loaded PLGA/Chitosan Composite Microspheres for Long-Acting Bacterial Resistance. Cui, F; Li, Y; Liu, H; Ma, G; Na, R; Sun, X; Wang, X; Zhao, L, 2017)	0.46
"008g of adsorbent dosage and 20min of agitation time were utilized in the kinetic and isotherm studies."	( Adsorption of malachite green from aqueous solution by using novel chitosan ionic liquid beads. Hamid, NSA; Mehamod, FS; Naseeruteen, F; Ngah, WSW; Suah, FBM, 2018)	0.48
"Reducing the dosage required for vaccination is highly desirable, particularly in cases of epidemic emergencies."	( Enhancing immunogenicity of antigens through sustained intradermal delivery using chitosan microneedles with a patch-dissolvable design. Chen, MC; Lai, KY; Lin, CW; Ling, MH, 2018)	0.48
" The later involved single and daily dosing experiments with intact and porated nails."	( Enhancement of tioconazole ungual delivery: Combining nanocapsule formulation and nail poration approaches. Beck, RCR; Chiu, WS; da Silva, CB; Delgado-Charro, MB; Flores, FC, 2018)	0.48
" The optimum DOX-loaded nanosystem was targeted to brain tissue via loading into various nasal dosage forms."	( Facile development of nanocomplex-in-nanoparticles for enhanced loading and selective delivery of doxorubicin to brain. El-Sherbiny, IM; Hefnawy, A; Khalil, IA, 2017)	0.46
" The nasal dosage forms, especially the insert, delivered the loaded DOX mostly to the brain tissue with targeting efficiency reaching 480%."	( Facile development of nanocomplex-in-nanoparticles for enhanced loading and selective delivery of doxorubicin to brain. El-Sherbiny, IM; Hefnawy, A; Khalil, IA, 2017)	0.46
" Batch experiments such as solution pH, dosage of adsorbents, contact time, concentration of the picric acid and temperature were achieved to study sorption process."	( Synthesis, characterization and study of sorption parameters of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan nanocomposite for the removal of picric acid from aqueous solutions. Khakpour, R; Tahermansouri, H, 2018)	0.48
" Formulations were assessed based on their hypoglycaemic capacities in diabetic rats as compared to conventional subcutaneous dosage forms."	( Low Molecular Weight Chitosan-Insulin Complexes Solubilized in a Mixture of Self-Assembled Labrosol and Plurol Oleaque and Their Glucose Reduction Activity in Rats. Abu Farsakh, H; Al Remawi, MM; Badwan, AA; Elsayed, AM; Khaled, AH; Qinna, NA, 2018)	0.48
" Sublingual placement of an accurate Pharmaceutical Dosage Form is an attractive alternative."	( Dual delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs from chitosan/diatomaceous earth composite membranes. Chen, J; López-Cebral, R; Oliveira, JM; Peng, G; Reis, RL; Reys, LL; Silva, SS; Silva, TH, 2018)	0.48
" Further, comparative analysis of CNP with Chitosan revealed that the very small dosage of CNP performed at par with recommended dose of Chitosan for downy mildew management."	( Chitosan nanoparticles having higher degree of acetylation induce resistance against pearl millet downy mildew through nitric oxide generation. Chen, JY; Dai, XF; Gupta, VK; Kalagatur, NK; Mocan, A; Mudili, V; Prasanth, KVH; Satyanarayana, NR; Satyavati, T; Siddaiah, CN; Singh, BP; Srivastava, RK, 2018)	0.48
" Liver function tests and residual dosage of PTX from each group were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay."	( Effects of Paclitaxel-conjugated N-Succinyl-Hydroxyethyl Chitosan Film for Proliferative Cholangitis in Rabbit Biliary Stricture Model. Liu, YX; Wang, T; Zhang, XW; Zou, H, 2018)	0.48
" However, the full potential of this drug has not been realised, in part due to low oral bioavailability and frequent dosing requirements."	( N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles and CSKSSDYQC peptide: N-trimethyl chitosan conjugates enhance the oral bioavailability of gemcitabine to treat breast cancer. Chen, G; Huang, Y; Lu, W; Svirskis, D; Wen, J; Ying, M, 2018)	0.48
" The effect of pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration was evaluated."	( Synthesis of calcon-imprinted magnetic chitosan nanoparticles as a novel adsorbent and its application in selective removal of calcon dye from aqueous solutions. Fat'hi, MR; Nasab, SJH, 2018)	0.48
" The aim of the present study was to design a mucoadhesive dosage form for buccal delivery of aripiprazole which could provide a rapid drug delivery to the systemic circulation."	( Aripiprazole Nanocrystal Impregnated Buccoadhesive Films for Schizophrenia. Al-Dhubiab, BE, 2017)	0.46
"First, we performed a dose-response assay to select the bioactive dose of SIM capable of inducing an odontoblastic phenotype in dental pulp cells (DPCs); after which we evaluated the synergistic effect of this dosage with the CHSC/DPC construct."	( Biological Analysis of Simvastatin-releasing Chitosan Scaffold as a Cell-free System for Pulp-dentin Regeneration. Anovazzi, G; Basso, FG; Bordini, EAF; de Souza Costa, CA; Hebling, J; Silva Leite, MLA; Soares, DG; Zuta, UO, 2018)	0.48
"In the course of application and modernization of buccal dosage forms, lyophilized sponges for transmucosal drug delivery symbolize one of the most attractive approaches."	( Exploiting polymer blending approach for fabrication of buccal chitosan-based composite sponges with augmented mucoadhesive characteristics. Abdallah, OY; Freag, MS; Saleh, WM, 2018)	0.48
" Aim of this study was to prepare chitosan-lipid hybrid delivery systems for indomethacin dosage through a novel continuous method based on microfluidic principles."	( Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles as enhanced indomethacin delivery systems. Barba, AA; Bertoncin, P; Bochicchio, S; Dalmoro, A; Lamberti, G; Moustafine, RI; Nasibullin, SF, 2018)	0.48
"Complex hydrogels formed with chitosan (CS) and ring-opened polyvinyl pyrrolidone (roPVP) as a swellable mucoadhesive gastroretentive drug dosage form (smGRDDF) were prepared and characterized."	( Complex Hydrogels Composed of Chitosan with Ring-opened Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone as a Gastroretentive Drug Dosage Form to Enhance the Bioavailability of Bisphosphonates. Chao, FC; Chen, YC; Ho, HO; Liu, DZ; Sheu, MT; Su, CY; Yu, YT, 2018)	0.48
"Sildenafil citrate (SIL), a type 5-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, demonstrates valuable results in the management of infertility in women; however, the absence of vaginal dosage form in addition to the associated oral adverse effects minimize its clinical performance."	( Novel in situ gelling vaginal sponges of sildenafil citrate-based cubosomes for uterine targeting. Abdel-Razik, AH; Aboud, HM; Ali, AA; Hassan, AH, 2018)	0.48
" Batch studies were conducted to analyze the effect of different parameters on AOII adsorption, such as Zr (IV) loading amount, pH, adsorbent dosage and temperature."	( Synthesis and characterization of Zr(IV) doped immobilized cross-linked chitosan/perlite composite for acid orange II adsorption. Demirçivi, P, 2018)	0.48
"Conventional dosage form like eye drops showed poor therapeutic response and also require frequent dosing."	( Novel hydrogel-based ocular drug delivery system for the treatment of conjunctivitis. Deepthi, S; Jose, J, 2019)	0.51
" Therefore, nanotechnology gained special attention as it has potential to improve patient compliance, bioavailability and reduction in dosing frequency."	( Interfacial Phenomenon Based Biocompatible Alginate-Chitosan Nanoparticles Containing Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide. Dwivedi, H; Kushwaha, K, 2018)	0.48
" Taguchi method attached grey relational analysis was applied to determine the optimal adsorption conditions, including pH, initial concentration of dye, temperature, adsorbent dosage and contact time, for achieving simultaneous maximization of removal percentage and adsorption capacity."	( Adsorption of reactive dyes onto chitosan/montmorillonite intercalated composite: multi-response optimization, kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic study. Cai, J; Cheng, H; Li, J; Ma, Q; Wang, H; Zhong, L, 2018)	0.48
"Oral delivery of protein drugs is an attractive route of administration due to its convenience for repeated dosing and good patient compliance."	( Uniform Core-Shell Nanoparticles with Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid Coating to Enhance Oral Delivery of Insulin. Chen, Y; He, Z; Leong, KW; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Mao, HQ; Sun, C; Tian, H; Yang, C; Zhao, P, 2018)	0.48
" The combination dosage form increased the blood glucose lowering extent of insulin and blood insulin level compared with nanoparticles or beads alone."	( Alginate-C18 Conjugate Nanoparticles Loaded in Tripolyphosphate-Cross-Linked Chitosan-Oleic Acid Conjugate-Coated Calcium Alginate Beads as Oral Insulin Carrier. Alfatama, M; Lim, LY; Wong, TW, 2018)	0.48
" These results suggested that this GEN-CS/INH/RMP NGPs inhalation powder would be a more useful dosage form than separate dose of INH or RMP for MTB."	( Genipin-crosslinked carboxymethyl chitosan nanogel for lung-targeted delivery of isoniazid and rifampin. Cai, X; Chen, T; Guo, L; Liao, W; Ma, D; Tan, W; Wang, W; Wu, T; Xiang, W; Yu, W; Zhang, J; Zhou, J, 2018)	0.48
"Adjuvant is a substance added to vaccine to improve the immunogenicity of antigens, and it can induce stronger immune responses and reduce the dosage and production cost of vaccine in populations responding poorly to vaccination."	( Polysaccharides as vaccine adjuvants. Guo, S; Sun, B; Wang, X; Yu, S; Zhao, D; Zhao, K, 2018)	0.48
" Despite their advantages as pharmaceutical formulations, one of the major challenges is achieving sustained drug release, which would diminish toxicity and dosage frequency."	( Chemical cross-linking: A feasible approach to prolong doxylamine/pyridoxine release from spray-dried chitosan microspheres. Gergov, G; Kassarova, M; Katsarov, P; Pilicheva, B; Uzunova, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Thus, a novel dosage form of PC needs to be designed to improve its stability and bioavailability for drug delivery."	( The Evaluation of Proanthocyanidins/Chitosan/Lecithin Microspheres as Sustained Drug Delivery System. Ding, DJ; Feng, ZQ; Gao, YY; Wang, YH; Yu, HL; Zhang, JJ; Zhang, WF, 2018)	0.48
" These observations were very encouraging, as this nanomedicine could lead to a reduction in the dosing frequency required to achieve the decorporation efficacy of unformulated 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) itself."	( ENCAPSULATED 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) IN CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES FOR DECORPORATION VIA INHALATION. Abergel, RJ; Chen, S; Ko, R; Lai, EPC; Li, C; Wyatt, H, 2018)	0.48
"Two chitosan-coated nanoparticles formulations of MMF had high EE and a desirable sustained drug release profile in the effort to design a once-daily dosage form for MMF."	( Development and in vitro characterization of chitosan-coated polymeric nanoparticles for oral delivery and sustained release of the immunosuppressant drug mycophenolate mofetil. Mansell, H; Mohammed, M; Shoker, A; Wasan, EK; Wasan, KM, 2019)	0.51
" The adsorption process via batch method was optimized, and the impacts of pH of feed, the dosage of adsorbent, and concentration of cadmium were analyzed."	( A novel natural chitosan/activated carbon/iron bio-nanocomposite: Sonochemical synthesis, characterization, and application for cadmium removal in batch and continuous adsorption process. Rad, SH; Rezvanpanah, E; Shahraki, ZH; Sharififard, H, 2018)	0.48
" The effects of the beads dosage (50, 100, 200, and 300 beads) and the incubation duration (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min) on the conjugation efficiency of SLPN onto the beads were comprehensively optimized."	( Chitosan Hydrogel Beads Functionalized with Thymol-Loaded Solid Lipid⁻Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles. Luo, Y; Wang, T, 2018)	0.48
" Subsequently, nanoparticles were spray-dried and tableted to provide a differentiated solid dosage form."	( Rethinking carbamazepine oral delivery using polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles. Ana, R; Falcão, A; Fortuna, A; Mendes, M; Pais, A; Sousa, J; Vitorino, C, 2019)	0.51
" The effect of some adsorption parameters such as pH, TSFCS dosage and initial concentration of solutions were evaluated."	( A novel thiosemicarbazide modified chitosan (TSFCS) for efficiency removal of Pb (II) and methyl red from aqueous solution. Binaeian, E; Emami, MRS; Mozaffari, M, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of the study was to prepare a dosage form which can provide local effect of cefazolin along with sustained delivery at the site of application."	( Formulation development and characterization of cefazolin nanoparticles-loaded cross-linked films of sodium alginate and pectin as wound dressings. Afzal, Z; Khan, A; Khan, GM; Khan, J; Shahzad, A; Umer, MF, 2019)	0.51
" The influence of parameters like molar ratios of CS to NDIO, initial pH of the solution, dosage of adsorbent, initial concentration of CV and contact time was investigated and evaluated by central composite design (CCD; 5 levels and 4 factors)."	( Decolorization of crystal violet from aqueous solutions by a novel adsorbent chitosan/nanodiopside using response surface methodology and artificial neural network-genetic algorithm. Habibollahi, S; Isfahani, TM; Nasab, SG; Semnani, A; Teimouri, A; Yazd, MJ, 2019)	0.51
" The labile structure and short circulation time of rHuKGF in-vivo are the main obstacles that reduce the oral bioactivity and dosage of such proteins at the target site."	( Rabbit as an Animal Model for Pharmacokinetics Studies of Enteric Capsule Contains Recombinant Human Keratinocyte Growth Factor Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles. Cheah, SC; Elumalai, M; Kumar, PV; Majeed, ABBA; Maki, MAA; Raghavan, B; Tatt, LM; Wei, YS, 2019)	0.51
" This is likely to offer an alternative dosage form for management of glaucoma with particular emphasis on improving poor patient compliance."	( Engineering and Development of Chitosan-Based Nanocoatings for Ocular Contact Lenses. Ahmad, Z; Al-Kinani, AA; Alany, RG; Arshad, MS; Chang, MW; Mehta, P; Singh, N; van der Merwe, SM, 2019)	0.51
" STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The doxorubicin-loaded glycol chitosan-suramin nanoparticle (GCS-SM/DOX) is novel in the following aspects: SM acts as not only a gelator for the first time in the preparation of the nanoparticle but also an active pharmaceutical agent in the dosage form."	( Repurposing suramin for the treatment of breast cancer lung metastasis with glycol chitosan-based nanoparticles. Cheng, B; Gao, F; Maissy, E; Xu, P, 2019)	0.51
" Additionally, this formulation did not produce substantial hemolytic and cytotoxic effects, indicating that films based on chitosan-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose could be a promising alternative dosage form for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis."	( Chitosan-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose tioconazole films: A promising alternative dosage form for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Alvarez, VA; Calvo, NL; Lamas, MC; Leonardi, D; Quiroga, AD; Svetaz, LA, 2019)	0.51
" The optimum adsorbent dosage was 2 g/L with high adsorption behaviour in a wide pH range of 7-11."	( Novel Aliquat-336 impregnated chitosan beads for the adsorptive removal of anionic azo dyes. Ayati, A; Ranjbari, S; Sillanpää, M; Tanhaei, B, 2019)	0.51
" The developed clay/polymer hybrids can act as potential candidates for the design of modified dosage forms of anionic drugs."	( Chitosan/beidellite nanocomposite as diclofenac carrier. Cheikh, D; García-Villén, F; Majdoub, H; Viseras, C; Zayani, MB, 2019)	0.51
" Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of pH, contact time, and initial concentration, as well as the adsorbent dosage and zero point charge for the sorbent to determine a suitable medium for the adsorption process."	( The Removal of Brilliant Green Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Nano Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan Composite as a Sorbent. Ahmed, I; Bader, D; Ragab, A, 2019)	0.51
" After multiple dosing of developed NPs in mouse models with lung metastasis of melanoma, the CS-PLGA/Phl NPs group exhibited significantly lower lung weight and number of metastasis foci than the PLGA/Phl NPs group (p < 0."	( Application of temporary agglomeration of chitosan-coated nanoparticles for the treatment of lung metastasis of melanoma. Cho, HJ; Koo, JS; Lee, SY; Yang, M, 2019)	0.51
" Traditional flocculation processes have the disadvantages of high chemical dosing and solid increase, thus affecting subsequent land application."	( Impact of molecular structure and charge property of chitosan based polymers on flocculation conditioning of advanced anaerobically digested sludge for dewaterability improvement. Li, D; Li, L; Wang, D; Wang, H; Wang, Q; Xu, Q; Zhang, W, 2019)	0.51
" toxicity, tolerance, need of frequent dosing and patient incompliance."	( Systematic optimization of cationic surface engineered mucoadhesive vesicles employing Design of Experiment (DoE): A preclinical investigation. Jain, A; Jain, SK; Katare, OP; Panda, PK; Saraf, S; Sharma, G; Tiwari, A; Verma, A, 2019)	0.51
" Thus, the developed nanobrimonidine has the potential to improve the efficacy, reduce dosage and frequency, and improve delivery to the anterior chamber of the eye."	( Effect of Ultra-Small Chitosan Nanoparticles Doped with Brimonidine on the Ultra-Structure of the Trabecular Meshwork of Glaucoma Patients. Barwal, I; Dada, T; Kumar, R; Yadav, SC, 2019)	0.51
"This study aimed to develop a porous chitosan-calcium-aluminate scaffold (CH-AlCa) in combination with a bioactive dosage of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25VD), to be used as a bioactive substrate capable to increase the odontogenic potential of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs)."	( Synergistic potential of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium-aluminate-chitosan scaffolds with dental pulp cells. Anovazzi, G; Bordini, EAF; Cassiano, FB; de Souza Costa, CA; Hebling, J; Leite, ML; Pacheco, LE; Pansani, TN; Silva, ISP; Soares, DG; Usberti, FR, 2020)	0.56
" Thereafter, the synergistic potential of CH-AlCa and 1 nM 1α,25VD, selected by a dose-response assay, for HDPCs seeded onto the materials was assessed."	( Synergistic potential of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium-aluminate-chitosan scaffolds with dental pulp cells. Anovazzi, G; Bordini, EAF; Cassiano, FB; de Souza Costa, CA; Hebling, J; Leite, ML; Pacheco, LE; Pansani, TN; Silva, ISP; Soares, DG; Usberti, FR, 2020)	0.56
"The goal was to synthesize novel preactivated chitosan conjugates and to design adhesive dosage forms comprising sialagogue pilocarpine."	( Buccal adhesive chitosan conjugate comprising pilocarpine for xerostomia. Laffleur, F; Röttges, S, 2019)	0.51
"The novelty of this promising polymeric carrier lies in the synthesis procedure leading to a pronounced mucoadhesive, mucoprotecting and controlled release encouraging dosage form in the management of xerostomia."	( Buccal adhesive chitosan conjugate comprising pilocarpine for xerostomia. Laffleur, F; Röttges, S, 2019)	0.51
"It was revealed that Ch-AgNPs induced dose-dependent toxicity, and the repeated dosing of rats with 50 mg/kg Ch-AgNPs induced severe toxicities."	( Toxicopathological and immunological studies on different concentrations of chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles in rats. Farroh, KY; Hassanen, EI; Khalaf, AA; Mohammed, ER; Tohamy, AF, 2019)	0.51
" Polymer pastes can be expected to combine the mucoadhesion mechanisms of dry and wet dosage forms but have not been studied extensively."	( Mucoadhesive Hybrid Polymer/Liposome Pastes Based on Modified Polysaccharides. Bianco-Peled, H; El-Naaj, IA; Ghantous, Y; Goldfeder, M; Prinz, H; Schroeder, A; Shainsky, J; Shtenberg, Y, 2019)	0.51
"Eye drops containing hydrophilic drugs are commonly used to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma patients, but compliance to the treatement is commonly reduced by frequent dosing and eventual systemic side effects."	( Chitosan/hydroxyethyl cellulose inserts for sustained-release of dorzolamide for glaucoma treatment: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Cardoso, VN; Castilho, RO; Cronemberger, S; Faraco, AAG; Fernandes, SOA; Ferreira, AJ; Foureaux, G; Franca, JR; Fuscaldi, LL; Nogueira, JC; Ribeiro, TG; Yoshida, MI, 2019)	0.51
" First, the anti-inflammatory potential of scaffolds on hMSCs stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated by dosing the levels of some interleukins and oxidative stress metabolites (IL-1β, IL-10 and nitrites) involved in immune response."	( Osteoinductive and anti-inflammatory properties of chitosan-based scaffolds for bone regeneration. Ambrosio, L; Demitri, C; Fasolino, I; Madaghiele, M; Raucci, MG; Sannino, A; Soriente, A, 2019)	0.51
"5 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 1 g/L and pH = 6."	( Adsorptive removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from aqueous solutions using magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotubes modified with chitosan biopolymer based on response surface methodology: Functionalization, kinetics, and isotherms studies. Dehghani, MH; Es'haghi, Z; Mesdaghinia, A; Mohammadi, AA; Yaghmaian, K, 2020)	0.56
" Because DT has a short half-life, high and frequent dosing is used in treatment."	( Treatment of oxidative stress-induced pain and inflammation with dexketoprofen trometamol loaded different molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles: Formulation, characterization and anti-inflammatory activity by using in vivo HET-CAM assay. Kıyan, HT; Öztürk, AA, 2020)	0.56
" The antibody dose-response curve further demonstrated that MN immunization achieved comparable levels of immune responses as compared to conventional subcutaneous injections in a more convenient and less invasive way."	( A fast-dissolving microneedle array loaded with chitosan nanoparticles to evoke systemic immune responses in mice. Deng, L; He, Y; Li, Z; Lin, Y; Zhang, ZR, 2020)	0.56
" This design could reduce the dosage of AgNPs while maintaining antibacterial activity possibly due to the favorable interactions between nanocomplex and bacteria."	( A Tanshinone IIA loaded hybrid nanocomposite with enhanced therapeutic effect for otitis media. Chen, G; Chen, X; Hu, H; Liang, Y; Wen, L; Yu, H; Zeng, P, 2020)	0.56
" Nanoparticles (NPs), which has recently drawn attention, can be used in order to reduce the toxicity and frequent dosing of drugs, tumor-specific delivery, and early diagnosis for malignancies."	( Chitosan is a potential inhibitor of ovarian cancer: Molecular aspects. Asemi, Z; Chaichian, S; Chamani, M; Maleki Dana, P; Moazzami, B, 2020)	0.56
"Oral controlled release formulations have been at the center of pharmaceutical research over several decades due to their distinct advantages compared to conventional dosage forms where the entire drug payload is released and absorbed rapidly following administration."	( Natural polysaccharides for controlled delivery of oral therapeutics: a recent update. Layek, B; Mandal, S, 2020)	0.56
"Recently, in the medical and pharmaceutical fields, biopolymers are extensively used for chemical and mechanical modifications of pharmaceutical dosage forms, which add novel properties, functions, and applications."	( Chitosan Anchored Nanoparticles in Current Drug Development Utilizing Computer-Aided Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Case Studies for Target Specific Cancer Treatment and Future Prospective. Nandi, S; Nayak, BS; Roy, H, 2020)	0.56
" The nanoparticles have gained significant attention of scientific groups for relevant cancer-targeting drugs and dosage form."	( Chitosan Anchored Nanoparticles in Current Drug Development Utilizing Computer-Aided Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Case Studies for Target Specific Cancer Treatment and Future Prospective. Nandi, S; Nayak, BS; Roy, H, 2020)	0.56
" This overcomes the dosage form designing problems of complexity in the biological mechanism and cell specificity."	( Chitosan Anchored Nanoparticles in Current Drug Development Utilizing Computer-Aided Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Case Studies for Target Specific Cancer Treatment and Future Prospective. Nandi, S; Nayak, BS; Roy, H, 2020)	0.56
" A novel platform for seeding cancer cells in 3D hydrogels is presented utilizing derivatives of chitosan and alginate that, critically, is amenable to high throughput screening: cell seeding in hydrogels, media changes, dosing of anticancer compounds, and cell viability assays are all automated using a standard and commercially available liquid handling robot."	( An Automatable Hydrogel Culture Platform for Evaluating Efficacy of Antibody-Based Therapeutics in Overcoming Chemoresistance. Clement Frey, F; Eberli, D; Kletzmayr, A; Millan, C; Zimmermann, M, 2020)	0.56
" Moreover, chitosan based film allowed to obtain the highest amount of permeated drug and could represent a novel child-appropriate dosage form able to combine the advantages of solid dosage form with the possibility to avoid the swallowing."	( Ondansetron buccal administration for paediatric use: A comparison between films and wafers. Abruzzo, A; Bigucci, F; Cerchiara, T; Dalena, F; Giordani, B; Luppi, B; Nicoletta, FP; Prata, C, 2020)	0.56
" Herein, we discuss the synthesis (heterogeneously and homogeneously) of HBC, favorable physiochemical properties of HBC, and HBC-centered biocomposites in a range of formulations or dosage forms such as sponges, gels, nanoparticles, nanofibers, and films."	( Hydroxybutyl Chitosan Centered Biocomposites for Potential Curative Applications: A Critical Review. Chen, X; Liu, Y; Pang, J; Sun, M; Wang, T, 2020)	0.56
" Finally, insulin in clinical formulation and dosage was blended with optimized thermosensitive hydrogel and the release procedure of insulin was studied with electrochemiluminescence technique."	( Synthesis and characterization of thermosensitive hydrogel based on quaternized chitosan for intranasal delivery of insulin. Bahmanpour, A; Ghaffari, M; Milan, PB; Mozafari, M; Moztarzadeh, F, 2021)	0.62
"The aim of this study was to formulate an easily-administered, safe and effective dosage form loaded with meclizine for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) through the buccal route."	( Nanotechnology based blended chitosan-pectin hybrid for safe and efficient consolidative antiemetic and neuro-protective effect of meclizine hydrochloride in chemotherapy induced emesis. Elmotasem, H; Salama, AAA; Salama, AH, 2020)	0.56
" The conventional eye drop dosage form is the widely used mode of treatment, but it has low corneal residence time."	( Formulation of Chitosan Polymeric Vesicles of Ciprofloxacin for Ocular Delivery: Box-Behnken Optimization, In Vitro Characterization, HET-CAM Irritation, and Antimicrobial Assessment. Afzal, M; Alenezi, SK; Alhakamy, NA; Alharbi, KS; Alotaibi, NH; Alruwaili, NK; Alshehri, S; Bukhari, SNA; Imam, SS, 2020)	0.56
" Spurred by topical advancement in polymer chemistry and drug delivery, hydrogels that release a drug in temporal, spatial and dosage controlled fashion have been trendy."	( Inflammation targeted chitosan-based hydrogel for controlled release of diclofenac sodium. Butt, MTZ; Butt, OM; Gull, N; Islam, A; Jabeen, S; Khan, A; Khan, RU; Khan, SM; Khan, SU; Shah, A, 2020)	0.56
" The resolution-IV of 24-1 reduced factorial design was selected to screen the possible and significant independent variables or factors in the dosage form design."	( Nandi, S; Nayak, BS; Roy, H, 2020)	0.56
" The effect of the pH, concentration of pollutants, and adsorbent dosage on the amount of adsorption was studied."	( Effective adsorptive removal of reactive dyes by magnetic chitosan nanoparticles: Kinetic, isothermal studies and response surface methodology. Amir Abadi Farahani, N; Barzanouni, H; Haghighat, GA; Jaafari, J; Mazloomi, S; Sharafi, K; Soleimani, P, 2020)	0.56
"Hydrogel formulations are considered to be promising dosage forms for clinical delivery of antibiotics but suffer from many limitations such as polymers selection and crosslinking methods."	( Design and investigation of salecan/chitosan hydrogel formulations with improved antibacterial performance and 3D cell culture function. Cheng, P; Fan, Z; Han, J; Wang, D; Wang, Z; Zhao, Y, 2020)	0.56
"Novel dosage form designs aiming at patient centric drug therapy are summarized here based on my carrier research in this field."	( [Particle Design Strategies for Developing Patient Centric Dosage Form Preparations]. Takeuchi, H, 2020)	0.56
" This study opens perspectives for using nanoformulations prepared with BENZ in aquaculture, allowing reduction of dosage as well as promoting more effective anesthesia and improved interaction with the mucoadhesive system of fish."	( Potential of mucoadhesive nanocapsules in drug release and toxicology in zebrafish. Barros, ALB; Belo, MAA; Borra, RC; Castro, TFD; Charlie-Silva, I; Corrêa Junior, JD; de Melo, NFS; de Menezes, GB; Eto, SF; Feitosa, NM; Fernandes, DC; Fraceto, LF; Fukushima, HCS; Gomes, JMM; Hoyos, DCM; Mattioli, CC; Pierezan, F; Silva, JO, 2020)	0.56
" Further field trials in this respect are needed to determine the dosage for their application in rice fields."	( Induction of defence response in Oryza sativa L. against Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn) by chitosan nanoparticles. Divya, K; Jisha, MS; Thampi, M; Varghese, S; Vijayan, S, 2020)	0.56
" This study focused on the effects of CHN dosage on the main properties of resultant nanocomposite film in terms of crystallinity, thermal stability, light transmittance, hydrophobicity, mechanical properties, and antibacterial activity."	( Nanocomposites derived from licorice residues cellulose nanofibril and chitosan nanofibril: Effects of chitosan nanofibril dosage on resultant properties. Fang, F; Hou, Q; Li, X; Liu, W; Wang, S; Wang, X, 2020)	0.56
" However, further in vivo studies are required to design a suitable dosage regimen and establish the fate of nanoparticles for safe and efficacious delivery of the drug."	( Development and Optimization of Inhalable Levofloxacin Nanoparticles for The Treatment of Tuberculosis. Chavda, J; Ghetiya, R; Shah, S; Soniwala, M, 2021)	0.62
"32 mg/g, when the pH of the extract solution (2), extraction time (35 min), extraction temperature (30°C), and adsorbent dosage (2 mg)."	( Deep eutectic solvents cross-linked molecularly imprinted chitosan microsphere for the micro-solid phase extraction of p-hydroxybenzoic acid from pear rind. Li, G; Row, KH, 2021)	0.62
" decreased social interaction time) for up to 72 h in an MK-801-induced pre-clinical rat model of schizophrenia at a low drug dosage (0."	( In situ-gelling starch nanoparticle (SNP)/O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) nanoparticle network hydrogels for the intranasal delivery of an antipsychotic peptide. Abu-Hijleh, F; Babar, A; Hoare, T; Leung, A; Li, X; Lofts, A; Majcher, MJ; Mishra, RK; Smeets, NMB, 2021)	0.62
" It plays a significant role in the design of novel dosage forms by attributing target specific drug delivery, controlled drug release, improved, patient friendly drug regimen and lower side effects."	( Chitosan Nanoparticles-Insight into Properties, Functionalization and Applications in Drug Delivery and Theranostics. Jhaveri, J; Khan, T; Momin, M; Omri, A; Raichura, Z, 2021)	0.62
"The development and evaluation of a controlled-release (CR) pharmaceutical solid dosage form comprising xanthan gum (XG), low molecular weight chitosan (LCS), and metoprolol succinate (MS) are reported."	( Elucidation of the Controlled-Release Behavior of Metoprolol Succinate from Directly Compressed Xanthan Gum/Chitosan Polymers: Computational and Experimental Studies. Antonijevic, MD; Badwan, AA; Chowdhry, BZ; Dadou, SM; El-Barghouthi, MI, 2020)	0.56
" Also, it was found that the dye can be higher adsorbed on the beads surface by increasing the sorbent dosage and pH of solution, while the optimum dosage and pH were obtained 3 mg/L and 11, respectively."	( Novel 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide impregnated chitosan hydrogel beads nanostructure as an efficient nanobio-adsorbent for cationic dye removal: Kinetic study. Alizadeh, M; Ayati, A; Karimi, F; Karimi-Maleh, H; Orooji, Y; Ranjbari, S; Rouhi, J; Salmanpour, S; Sen, F; Sillanpää, M; Tanhaei, B, 2021)	0.62
" The cells with the strongest dosage of COS (5."	( LncRNA ANRIL negatively regulated chitooligosaccharide-induced radiosensitivity in colon cancer cells by sponging miR-181a-5p. Hu, C; Shen, C; Sun, C; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" The effects of contact time (0-1,620 mins), pH (1-5), adsorbent dosage (0."	( Adsorption of reactive blue 49 onto cross-linked chitosan-based composites containing waste mussel shell and waste active sludge char. Acikgoz, C; Akin Sahbaz, D; Dandil, S, 2021)	0.62
" An electron donor (ED, glucose) or RM (AQDS solution) was dosed into an anaerobic reactor to determine the enhancing effect and appropriate concentration for the decolorization treatment."	( Simulating the synergy of electron donors and different redox mediators on the anaerobic decolorization of azo dyes: Can AQDS-chitosan globules replace the traditional redox mediators? Chen, X; Hu, B; Ismail, M; Wei, L; Zhou, W, 2021)	0.62
" Finally, in the third and fourth steps, different concentrations of chitosan (CN) and constant dosage of Melilotus officinalis (MO) extract were added to the solution."	( Step-by-step design of poly (ε-caprolactone) /chitosan/Melilotus officinalis extract electrospun nanofibers for wound dressing applications. Haddadi-Asl, V; Shahrousvand, M, 2021)	0.62
" To improve aqueous solubility and retain 6c at the lower gastrointestinal tract, thiolated chitosan-based nanoparticles (TCNPs) were prepared and further developed as tablet dosage form to retain anticancer potency in the excised goat colon."	( Discovery of boronic acid-based potent activators of tumor pyruvate kinase M2 and development of gastroretentive nanoformulation for oral dosing. Chauhan, N; Globisch, C; Jain, A; Jariyal, H; Maheshwari, R; Patel, S; Patle, R; Shard, A; Shinde, S; Srivastava, A; Tekade, RK, 2021)	0.62
" When tested as a topical treatment against murine cutaneous candidiasis, silver nanocomposites reduced the skin fungal burden in a dose-response behavior and favored tissue repair."	( Silver chitosan nanocomposites as a potential treatment for superficial candidiasis. Araújo Gonçalves, R; Artunduaga Bonilla, JJ; Cordeiro de Oliveira, DF; Guimarães, A; Honorato, L; Miranda, K; Nimrichter, L, 2021)	0.62
" Recent advances in nanotechnology may be pivotal to generating muco-adhesive nanosystems, which is desirable to prolong local retention, reduce dosing frequency and relieve mucosal irritation."	( Chitosan-centered nanosystems as sustained therapeutics for allergic rhinitis intervention: Inhibition of histamine-induced cascades. Chen, X; Fan, P; Liu, Y; Qin, D; Sun, M, 2021)	0.62
" While 3 D printing technology shows great promise in novel dosage form with tailoring dose size and drug release profile, 3 D printable protein delivery system has to face many difficult challenges."	( 3D-printed construct from hybrid suspension as spatially and temporally controlled protein delivery system. Luo, B; Wang, J; Xie, B; Xie, G; Zhu, Z, 2021)	0.62
"The effectiveness of tannic acid as antimicrobial and wound healing for burns have been shown for a century; however, uncontrolled target dosage may result in undesirable side-effects."	( Microfibrillated cellulose films containing chitosan and tannic acid for wound healing applications. Aliabadi, M; Chee, BS; Cortese, YJ; de Lima, GG; de Lima, TAM; Firouzabadi, MD; Magalhães, WLE; Matos, M; Nugent, MJD, 2021)	0.62
"Mucoadhesive buccal patch is a promising dosage form for a successful oral drug delivery, which provides unique advantages for various applications such as treatment of periodontal disease and postdental surgery disorders."	( Fabrication of multifunctional mucoadhesive buccal patch for drug delivery applications. Bahrami, SH; Bashari, A; Hemmatinejad, N; Rohani Shirvan, A, 2021)	0.62
" However, the inappropriate dosage of BAC may lead to high cytotoxicity."	( Biological Synergy and Antimicrobial Mechanism of Hydroxypropyltrimethyl Ammonium Chloride Chitosan with Benzalkonium Chloride. Gu, X; Qian, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Wei, L; Zhang, L, 2021)	0.62
" Hence, SLN 2 formulation containing DA and GCS may constitute interesting formulations for further studies and promising dosage form for non-invasive nose-to-brain neurotransmitter delivery."	( Dopamine-loaded lipid based nanocarriers for intranasal administration of the neurotransmitter: A comparative study. Antimisiaris, SG; Bonifacio, MA; Cometa, S; Conese, M; Dazzi, L; De Giglio, E; Di Gioia, S; Hossain, MN; Pellitteri, R; Trapani, A, 2021)	0.62
" Additionally, we observed a dose-response relationship between An content and cellular antioxidant activity, and simultaneous improvement of An bioavailability when the An were encapsulated in the complex."	( Effects of chitooligosaccharide-functionalized graphene oxide on stability, simulated digestion, and antioxidant activity of blueberry anthocyanins. Cui, H; Hai Liu, R; Jiang, Q; Li, B; Tian, J; Wang, Y; Xue, B; Zang, Z; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" This finding suggested its beneficial role to be used under the non-critical dosage monitoring."	( Eco-Friendly Coagulant versus Industrially Used Coagulants: Identification of Their Coagulation Performance, Mechanism and Optimization in Water Treatment Process. Abd Rashid, AI; Basiron, SA; Izni Yusoff, I; Kamsol, MA; Khairul Zaman, N; Rohani, R, 2021)	0.62
" The optimum experimental conditions, including adsorbent dosage (0."	( Application of chitosan-alginate bio composite for adsorption of malathion from wastewater: Characterization and response surface methodology. Mehrdad Sharif, AA; Sabbagh, N; Tahvildari, K, 2021)	0.62
" Cell viability was determined by MTT method and mean cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was calculated from the dose-response curve."	( Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of chitosan and hemostatic gelatin in oral cell culture. Acosta-Torres, LS; Garcia-Contreras, R; Narvaez-Flores, JJ; Vilar-Pineda, G, 2021)	0.62
" However, drug delivery issues like low oral bioavailability, high dosing frequency (3-5 tablets/day), gastrointestinal side-effects reduced the clinical use of PBD."	( Design and evaluation of thermo-responsive nasal in situ gelling system dispersed with piribedil loaded lecithin-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles for improved brain availability. Dalvi, AV; Ravi, PR; Uppuluri, CT, 2021)	0.62
"Topical eye drops still face challenges of low-drug treatment effects and frequent dosing in ophthalmic applications due to the low preocular retention rate and low transcorneal permeability."	( Mucoadhesive phenylboronic acid conjugated chitosan oligosaccharide-vitamin E copolymer for topical ocular delivery of voriconazole: Synthesis, in vitro/vivo evaluation, and mechanism. Feng, J; Han, J; Li, K; Li, Y; Sai, S; Sheng, Y; Sun, X; Tian, B; Zhang, J, 2022)	0.72
" The effects of pH, contact time, temperature, initial concentration of AR-18 and the AC-CS dosage on the adsorption efficiency were investigated."	( Chitosan/lemon residues activated carbon efficiently removal of acid red 18 from aqueous solutions: batch study, isotherm and kinetics. Liu, Y; Shen, W; Wei, J; Xu, Y, 2023)	0.91
" Therapeutic performance of intravaginal dosage forms largely depends on the properties of polymers and drugs."	( Current trends in chitosan based nanopharmaceuticals for topical vaginal therapies. Ghosh, G; Kar, B; Nayak, R; Rath, G, 2021)	0.62
" Oral dosing of cromoglycate remains challenging due to its high solubility but low permeability across epithelial membranes in the gastrointestinal tract: effective formulation strategies are clearly needed."	( Chitosan nanoparticles facilitate improved intestinal permeation and oral pharmacokinetics of the mast cell stabiliser cromoglycate. Joyce, P; Peressin, K; Prestidge, CA; Wignall, A; Williams, DB; Wright, L, 2022)	0.72
" Different dosage forms - including films - for vaginal administration of antiretroviral drugs have been developed for this purpose."	( Eudragit® L100/chitosan composite thin bilayer films for intravaginal pH-responsive release of Tenofovir. Cazorla-Luna, R; Martín-Illana, A; Notario-Pérez, F; Rubio, J; Ruiz-Caro, R; Tamayo, A; Veiga, MD, 2022)	0.72
"05), therefore, the dosage of 15 mg/kg was chosen for the subsequent experiment."	( Dietary chitooligosaccharide supplementation alleviates intestinal barrier damage, and oxidative and immunological stress in lipopolysaccharide-challenged laying hens. Chen, YP; Gu, YF; Jin, R; Wang, C; Wen, C; Zhou, YM, 2022)	0.72
"When dosed at sleep time, the prepared cross-linked beads may deliver montelukast sodium required to relieve early morning symptoms in asthmatic patients."	( Cross-linked Alginate Beads of Montelukast Sodium Coated with Eudragit for Chronotherapy: Statistical Optimization, Dave, V; Kumar, N; Ranjan, OP, 2022)	0.72
" Excretion of the radiolabeled TMC nanoparticles in urine and feces was monitored for 14 days after dosing to healthy rats, confirming that the polymer could be readily eliminated from the body."	( Size Exclusion of Radioactive Polymers (SERP) informs on the biodegradation of trimethyl chitosan and biodegradable polymer nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Bertrand, N; Boisselier, É; Chénard, V; Dikpati, A; Gaudreault, N; Grenier, P, 2022)	0.72
" Taking into account the better organoleptic properties compared to chitosan acetate, as well as higher pH values, which are close to the pH of wound exudate, and higher viscosities of the obtained solutions of salt forms of chitosan, it was possible to select a water-soluble form - chitosan ascorbate for further development of the composition of the dosage form."	( SCIENCE-BASED APPROACH TO THE EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF A BIODEGRADABLE CHITOSAN BASED CARRIER. Brkich, G; Filippova, O; Kargin, V; Pyatigorskaya, N; Sherina, T; Vladimirova, A; Zyryanov, O, 2022)	0.72
"Methotrexate (MTX), the first-line drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), can cause considerable toxicity, which limits effective dosage regimens."	( Methotrexate-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles exert anti-arthritic effect by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines in Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Akhtar, B; Akhtar, K; Arshad, MI; Javed, Y; Muhammad, F; Saleem, MU; Sharif, A, 2022)	0.72
" It suggests, however, that a possible explanation for the discrepancy between the experiments could be due to the use of various derivatives or the different dosage of these compounds."	( Comparison of the effect of PerClot® powder and a chitosan derivative on postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions in rat animal models. Amooee, A; Karimi, N; SafiDahaj, F, 2021)	0.62
" Interactions of positively charged polyplexes, and the unbound CS, with negatively charged blood components limit the applicable dosage of such polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and development of formulations with improved hemocompatibility and transfection efficiency is needed."	( Purification and Surface Modification of Chitosan-based Polyplexes Using Tangential Flow Filtration and Coating by Hyaluronic Acid. Alameh, MG; Lavertu, M; Soliman, OY; Tavakoli Naeini, A, 2022)	0.72
"Insulin nanoparticles (NPs) with high loading content have found diverse applications in different dosage forms."	( Production of high loading insulin nanoparticles suitable for oral delivery by spray drying and freeze drying techniques. Baldelli, A; Fathordoobady, F; Guo, Y; Kitts, D; Pratap-Singh, A; Singh, A, 2022)	0.72
" The results showed a 98% and 97% degradation efficiency for tartrazine dye and sunset yellow (SY) dye at optimized conditions of time (3 h), pH (5), dye concentration (30 ppm), catalyst dosage (0."	( Designing, characterization, and evaluation of chitosan-zinc selenide nanoparticles for visible-light-induced degradation of tartrazine and sunset yellow dyes. Ali, N; Bilal, M; Iqbal, HMN; Khan, A; Khan, H; Malik, S; Zhang, S, 2022)	0.72
" Finally, according to the orthogonal analysis of BCR results, HA dosage was the major factor affecting Pb and Zn immobilization by CMSH compared to soil pH and moisture content in this study."	( Development of chitosan-magnetic sawdust hydrochar for Pb and Zn immobilization process on various soil conditions. Dan, Y; Diao, Y; Liu, F; Sang, W; Wang, H; Wang, X; Zhou, L, 2022)	0.72
" In animal tests, compared with topical administration of minoxidil, the drug-free microneedle patches can more significantly promote hair regeneration within 7 days with lower dosing frequency."	( A Drug-Free, Hair Follicle Cycling Regulatable, Separable, Antibacterial Microneedle Patch for Hair Regeneration Therapy. Chen, X; Kong, M; Li, H; Qin, D; Qiu, K; Shi, Y; Yu, M; Zhang, W; Zhao, J, 2022)	0.72
" In addition, the mechanical and rheological properties of the hydrogels can be controlled by varying the dosage of graphene oxide."	( Shear-thinning and self-healing chitosan-graphene oxide hydrogel for hemostasis and wound healing. Feng, W; Wang, Z, 2022)	0.72
" In this study, it was newly revealed that biguanide-modified chitosan (Bi-Ch) possessed ideal mitochondria depression capacity, leading to the following decreased dosage needed to disrupt mitochondrial function to reverse tumor hypoxia and depress MDR-1 expression."	( Chitosan biguanide induced mitochondrial inhibition to amplify the efficacy of oxygen-sensitive tumor therapies. Deng, H; Liu, Y; Luo, W; Shen, J; Zheng, C; Zhou, Z, 2022)	0.72
" However, before implementation of this solution there is a need for increased knowledge on selection and dosing of conditioners."	( Towards globally relevant, small-footprint dewatering solutions: Optimal conditioner dose for highly variable blackwater from non-sewered sanitation. Andriessen, N; Dorea, CC; Hardeman, T; Shaw, K; Strande, L; Vogel, M, 2022)	0.72
" These results suggested that the N-2-HACC/CMCS NPs could be availed as a candidate for drug delivery carrier to achieve sustained and slow release, improve bioavailability, prolong residence time at the target site, and reduce the dosage of drug."	( Amoxicillin encapsulated in the N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan and N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial activity. Han, J; Jin, Z; Xu, S; Yin, TH; Zhao, K; Zhao, Z, 2022)	0.72
" Based on our findings, it could be concluded that the in situ hydrogel formulation using stimuli-responsive polymers could be a viable alternative to the conventional dosage form that can help to reduce the frequency of administration with ease of application to the site of infection, thus will provide better patient compliance."	( Stimuli-Responsive in situ Spray Gel of Miconazole Nitrate for Vaginal Candidiasis. Choudhury, H; Gorain, B; Hsin, YK; Meng, LW; Pandey, M; Thangarajoo, T, 2023)	0.91
" Next, the synergistic effect of dual flocculation between the cationic surfactants and chitosan on harvesting efficiency, time and flocculant dosage was investigated."	( A rapid, efficient and eco-friendly approach for simultaneous biomass harvesting and bioproducts extraction from microalgae: Dual flocculation between cationic surfactants and bio-polymer. Ahangar, AK; Rezania, S; Taghavijeloudar, M; Yaqoubnejad, P, 2023)	0.91
" l-arginine coated with chitosan nanoparticles was given to the rats in the l-arginine-supplemented group via gavage at a dosage of 500 mg/kg/day, five days a week, for six weeks."	( Swimming exercise and nano-l-arginine supplementation improve oxidative capacity and some autophagy-related genes in the soleus muscle of aging rats. Arabzadeh, E; Feizolahi, F; Mazaheri Tirani, Z; Rahimi, A; Zargani, M, 2023)	0.91
" Unfortunately, there is currently no foolproof method for determining the microbial consortium and providing a safe oral dosage for every patient."	( Amygdalin: A Review on Its Characteristics, Antioxidant Potential, Gastrointestinal Microbiota Intervention, Anticancer Therapeutic and Mechanisms, Toxicity, and Encapsulation. Abdellatif, AAH; Algheshairy, RM; Alhomaid, RM; Aljutaily, T; Almujaydil, MS; Almutairi, AS; Alshimali, SI; Barakat, H, 2022)	0.72
"The mucosal epithelium in the oral cavity, consisting of buccal and sublingual epithelium, has gained significant attention in the last decade as an alternative anatomical site for systemic drug delivery that could potentially minimize the challenges of solid oral dosage and parenteral delivery."	( Fabrication and analysis of chitosan oligosaccharide based mucoadhesive patch for oromucosal drug delivery. Chameettachal, S; Kumar, A; Pati, F; Sahu, RK, 2022)	0.72
" For chemoimmunotherapeutics studies, MIP nano-formulation was combined with standard dosage regimen of Paclitaxel."	( Tumor targeted delivery of mycobacterial adjuvant encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles showed potential anti-cancer activity and immune cell activation in tumor microenvironment. Bhaskar, S; Chakraborty, A; Roy, G; Swami, B, 2023)	0.91
"The development of a long-acting orally administered dosage form is a challenge."	( Hydrocaffeic acid-chitosan coating of gastric patch provides long-acting mucoadhesive delivery of model chemotherapeutic agent. Bandi, SP; Datta, D; Venuganti, VVK, 2023)	0.91
"Oromucosal films and wafers are user-friendly solid dosage forms offering easy and convenient administration, as well as rapid or controlled drug delivery."	( Water-soluble chitosan eases development of mucoadhesive buccal films and wafers for children. Gašperlin, M; Korelc, K; Larsen, BS; Tho, I, 2023)	0.91
" ALG have numerous applications in pharmaceutical technology that include micro- and nanoparticles, tablets, mucoadhesive dosage forms, wound dressings and films."	( Alginates Combined with Natural Polymers as Valuable Drug Delivery Platforms. Kruk, K; Winnicka, K, 2022)	0.72
" Bench-scale intermittently operated sand filters with 16 cm layers of sands of two different grain sizes representing slow and rapid sand filters were dosed daily over 57 days with microbially spiked surface water volumes corresponding to household use."	( Evaluation of Chitosans as Coagulants-Flocculants to Improve Sand Filtration for Drinking Water Treatment. Bailey, ES; Holmes, EB; Oza, HH; Sobsey, MD, 2023)	0.91
" The ZnO, PPL and cellulose work together, enabling the biocomposite to perform as a good food packaging material with only a 1% dosage of the three components in PVA."	( An Active Bio-Based Food Packaging Material of ZnO@Plant Polyphenols/Cellulose/Polyvinyl Alcohol: DESIGN, Characterization and Application. An, R; Guo, YR; Li, S; Ma, LW; Nie, JH; Pang, B; Song, D, 2023)	0.91
"Mucoadhesive buccal patches are dosage forms promising for successful drug delivery."	( Mucoadhesive chitosan-methylcellulose oral patches for the treatment of local mouth bacterial infections. Altomare, L; Bonetti, L; Bono, N; Candiani, G; Caprioglio, A, 2023)	0.91
" The effect of solution pH and composite dosage was carefully evaluated."	( Preparation and characterization of chitosan-curdlan composite magnetized by zinc ferrite for efficient adsorption of tetracycline antibiotics in water. Bateni, A; Behroozi, AH; Maleki, A; Rafiei, R; Sojoodi, N; Valizadeh, K, 2023)	0.91
"Current antiviral therapy research is focused on developing dosage forms that enable highly effective drug delivery, providing a selective effect in the organism, lower risk of adverse effects, a lower dose of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and minimal toxicity."	( Advances in Antiviral Delivery Systems and Chitosan-Based Polymeric and Nanoparticulate Antivirals and Antiviral Carriers. Mikuš, P; Mikušová, V; Žigrayová, D, 2023)	0.91
" The introduction of less dosage of REC (1."	( Chitosan-based composite hydrogel with a rigid-in-flexible network structure for pH-universal ultra-efficient removal of dye. Ding, K; Guo, F; He, Q; Liu, X; Lu, H; Ma, W; Wang, W; Wang, X, 2023)	0.91
" The study concluded that curcumin-loaded chitosan and STPP NPs formulated successfully by the Ionic gelation method, which increased curcumin absorption leading to a reduced dosing rate and improved patient compliance."	( Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory potential of curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Ahmad, K; Ansari, KA; Asif, HM; Ghaffar, S; Iqbal, A; Rana, S; Shaheen, G; Zafar, F; Zahid, R, 2023)	0.91
" Unfortunately, the long-term availability of DOXY in both oral and conventional topical dosage forms reduces its therapeutic effectiveness, which is closely linked to gastrointestinal side effects and acute pain during therapy, as well as uncontrolled DOXY release at the wound site."	( Development of chitosan-hyaluronic acid based hydrogel for local delivery of doxycycline hyclate in an Ardika, KAR; Kaharuddin, KM; Karimah, A; Marzaman, ANF; Musfirah, CA; Pakki, E; Parenden, MDK; Permana, AD, 2023)	0.91
" Based on the results, the CS nanoparticles have adequate potential to reduce the amount of needed PAC dosage for the treatment of water contaminated with anionic dyes."	( Efficiency of chitosan nanoparticle with polyaluminum chloride in dye removal from aqueous solutions: Optimization through response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). Ghasemi, M; Ghotbinia, F; Karyab, H; Nazeri, N, 2023)	0.91
" Nevertheless, the clinical utility of VIN is constrained by factors such as low oral bioavailability owing to the first-pass metabolism that often demands frequent dosing of 3-4 tablets/day."	( Development and optimization of in-situ gel containing chitosan nanoparticles for possible nose-to-brain delivery of vinpocetine. Hard, SAAA; Redhwan, MAM; Shivakumar, HN, 2023)	0.91
" Hence, the developed PNP formulation sticks out as a plausible substitute for the intravenous dosage forms of IRI which have been conventionally prevailing."	( Folic acid-chitosan functionalized polymeric nanocarriers to treat colon cancer. Bhaskar, KV; Bhaskaran, NA; Birangal, SR; Gourishetti, K; Hari, G; Jitta, SR; Kulkarni, OP; Kumar, L; Sharma, P; Verma, R, 2023)	0.91
" Novel intravaginal dosage forms focusing on improving patient acceptability and featuring improved biopharmaceutical properties could be interesting alternatives to available antifungal products."	( Chitosan-based sponges containing clotrimazole for the topical management of vulvovaginal candidiasis. das Neves, J; de Camargo, ER; Martins, F; Morgado, DL; Sarmento, B, 2023)	0.91
" Notably, the dosage of CS-Zeb NPs was reduced by a remarkable 70-fold when juxtaposed with Zeb administered in isolation."	( A drug-delivery depot for epigenetic modulation and enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Chen, L; Chen, Q; Chen, Z; Fan, J; Guo, D; Lai, J; Li, Q; Liang, J; Lin, J; Wei, J; Zhang, B; Zhang, Y, 2023)	0.91
"The aim of this work was to develop fast disintegrating dosage forms, including fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) and films (FDFs), for oral insulin delivery incorporating mucoadhesive thiolated chitosan (TCS)-based nanoparticles (NPs)."	( Fast disintegrating dosage forms of mucoadhesive-based nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery: Optimization to in vivo evaluation. Chamsai, B; Opanasopit, P; Samprasit, W, 2023)	0.91
" Current research revealed the successful development of intranasal QF-Nanoemulgel as a novel dosage form for the safe and effective delivery of QF in schizophrenia patients."	( A Nanoemulgel for Nose-to-Brain delivery of Quetiapine - QbD-Enabled formulation development & in-vitro characterization. Gadhave, D; Goyal, M; Gupta, V; Quadros, M; Ugale, AR, 2023)	0.91

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	80 (0.30)	18.7374
1990's	453 (1.68)	18.2507
2000's	4272 (15.82)	29.6817
2010's	14149 (52.39)	24.3611
2020's	8051 (29.81)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	232 (0.84%)	5.53%
Reviews	1,350 (4.88%)	6.00%
Case Studies	30 (0.11%)	4.05%
Observational	4 (0.01%)	0.25%
Other	26,032 (94.16%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effect of Using Nanochitosan Versus Calcium Hydroxide as Intracanal Medications on the Postoperative Pain and Apical Bone Healing [NCT03724266]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-10-31	Not yet recruiting
Assessment of Postoperative Pain and Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles Versus Sodium Hypochlorite as a Root Canal Irrigant in Infected Root Canal [NCT03719261]	Phase 2/Phase 3	24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-11-30	Not yet recruiting
The Use of Chitosan Succinamide (Chitogel CSK-4) Gel as Packing in Tympanoplasty Surgery [NCT04783233]		0 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-01-14	Withdrawn(stopped due to Physician left practice.)
Safety and Performance of an Intra-articular Injection of KiOmedine CM-Chitosan in Patients With Advanced Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: Single-blind Randomized Controlled Trial With a 12-month Follow-up Period. [NCT05214807]	Phase 4	104 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-01-26	Active, not recruiting
Chitosan Versus Glucosamine Phonophoresis in the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05420441]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-04-25	Active, not recruiting
Phase 1b/2 Study of Chitosan for Pharmacologic Manipulation of AGE (Advanced Glycation Endproducts) Levels in Prostate Cancer Patients [NCT03712371]	Phase 1/Phase 2	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-16	Terminated(stopped due to Interim study results were not favorable to continue with further enrollment.)
A Crossover Trial of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) on Post Prandial Glucose Control in Subjects With Normal Blood Glucose, Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Glucose Tolerance [NCT03650023]		37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-09	Completed
Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Lesion Sterilization and Tissue Repair in Non-vital Primary Molars Using Double Antibiotic Paste With Two Different Vehicles (Randomized Clinical Trial and In Vitro Study) [NCT05079802]	Phase 3	36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-12-01	Not yet recruiting
Study to Examine the Benefits of Fabric Made With Lyocell/Chitosan/Ceramide in the Treatment of Children With Mild to Moderate Eczema [NCT02224950]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to Withdrawn from IRB before approval)
Safety of Chitosan as Wine Fining Agent in Shrimp Allergic Patients [NCT02151279]		15 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Recruiting
Develop the Biologic-fibrotic Dressing on War Open Bleeding Wounds for Hemostasis. [NCT03907111]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-02	Completed
''Erythropoietin Gel as an Adjunct to Split-Thickness Apically Positioned Flap in Augmentation of Attached Gingiva'' (A Randomized Controlled Clinical Study) [NCT05683782]	Phase 4	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-10-01	Recruiting
Therapeutic Efficacy of Tricalcium Phosphate and Chitosan as Bone Regenerator Versus Autologous Graft in Surgery for Mandibular Fracture [NCT02081885]	Phase 3	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Effects of Lifestyle Changes and Chitosan on Gut Microbiota Modulation, Body Weight and Important Health Markers in Selected Population Groups: A Double-blind, Block-randomized, Placebo-controlled Study [NCT04551365]		148 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-15	Recruiting
Randomized Clinical Trial of Microbial Growth in the Suture Thread, After the Post-surgical Application of Different Antiseptic Gels in Mandibular Third Molars Extraction [NCT03188289]	Phase 4	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-20	Completed
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy and Postoperative Pain After Using Silver Nanoparticles and Chitosan Nanoparticles Against Enterococcus Faecalis and Candida Albicans Biofilm (An in Vitro - in Vivo Study) [NCT06172023]		78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-01-01	Completed
Treatment of Residual Pockets in Periodontal Patients Using an Oscillating Chitosan Device - A Randomized Parallel Arm Clinical Trial [NCT06127069]		36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-09-08	Completed
[NCT01015209]	Phase 1	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Completed
Use of Chitosan Powder in Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure to Reduce Postoperative Complications: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05661708]	Phase 4	130 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-15	Recruiting
Evaluation of Chitosan Scaffold and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Pulpotomy in Mature Permanent Molars With Irreversible Pulpitis [NCT04308863]	Phase 2	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-11-15	Completed
Efficacy of Ozone Gel, Doxycycline Saturated Chitosan Dressing Versus Alveogyl in Pain Alleviation and Healing of Alveolar Osteitis in Diabetic Patients Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05875506]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-05-01	Recruiting
Effect of Chitosan Phonophoresis On Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05212311]		54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-03-08	Completed
Treatment of Advanced Periodontitis Using an Oscillating Chitosan Device With or Without a Chitosan Gel - a Randomized Parallel Arm Clinical Trial [NCT05773911]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-03-23	Recruiting
Comparison of Oral Morphine Versus Nasal Ketamine Spray With Chitosan in Cancer Pain Outpatients [NCT02591017]	Phase 3	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Terminated(stopped due to insufficient enrollment)
Safety and Efficacy of Thermosensitive Hydroxybutyl Chitosan and 5-fluorouracil Assisted Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy in the Treatment of Chronic Dacryocystitis [NCT06175676]	Phase 1	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-12-03	Completed
Treatment of Nonneoplastic Epithelial Disorders of Skin and Mucosa of Vulva With High Intensity Focused Ultrasound [NCT02890277]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Sericin and Chitosan Cream for Preventing and Limiting the Progressive of Pressure Sore [NCT04559165]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-15	Recruiting
Using Of Chitosan in Alveolar Ridge Preservation: Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT06140277]	Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-18	Active, not recruiting
Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Multi Center Trial Comparing the Effectiveness of Antibacterial Therapeutic Clothing Based on Silver or Chitosan as Compared With Non-antibacterial Therapeutic Clothing in Patients With Moderate to Severe Atopic Dermatitis [NCT04297215]		165 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-03-17	Recruiting
The Anti-fungal Effect of Miconazol and Miconazol-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles in Diabetic Patients With Oral Candidiasis-Randomized Control Clinical Trial and Microbiological Analysis [NCT06072716]	Phase 1	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-01-10	Completed
Diode Laser and Photodynamic Therapy Versus Ciclopirox Hydroxypropyl Chitosan. Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial. [NCT05809297]	Phase 4	26 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-09-01	Not yet recruiting
A Multi-Center, Open Label Study to Evaluate Chitosan Chewing Gum in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01475760]		167 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
Safety Evaluation of a Film-forming Cream Containing Sericin and Chitosan for Pressure Sore Treatment in Healthy Volunteers [NCT04729556]		112 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-02-15	Completed
A 16 Week With 12 Week Active Treatment Multi-Center, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Study Evaluating the Efficacy of HEP-40 Chitosan in Managing Moderate Hypercholesterolemia [NCT00454831]	Phase 2	207 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-02-28	Completed
Assessment of Safety and Tolerability of Chitosan-N-acetylcysteine Eye Drops in Subjects While Wearing Contact Lenses and Before Insertion of Contact Lenses [NCT01747616]	Phase 1	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
A Pilot Study of Dietary Chitosan Chewing Gum in Dialysis Patients [NCT01770470]		15 participants (Actual)	Observational	2010-04-30	Completed
The Antimicrobial Activity and Clinical Performance of Chitosan-modified Glass Ionomer: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04365270]	Phase 3	65 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-15	Completed
Chitosan,Chitosan Nanoparticles,and Chlorhexidine Gluconate, as Intra Canal Medicaments in Primary Teeth: An In-vivo Study [NCT03588351]		45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-01	Active, not recruiting
Local Tolerability of Chitosan-N-acetylcysteine Eye Drops in Healthy Young Volunteers [NCT01278784]	Phase 1	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Completed
[NCT01753752]	Phase 2	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Completed
Clinical and Topographic Evaluation of the Remineralizing Potential of Biomimetic Scaffolds on Enamel White Spot Lesions (a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial and In-vitro Study) [NCT05584878]		63 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-01	Not yet recruiting
An Open Label, Multicentre, Randomized Phase IV Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of MaxioCel Compared With Aquacel Extra for the Management of Exuding Chronic Wounds [NCT05312762]		118 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-27	Recruiting
Modified Surface of PLGA Nanoparticles in Smart Hydrogel: A Randomized Clinical Trial to Establish an Advanced Strategy Against Antibiotic Resistant Infections in Endodontics [NCT05475444]		55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-01	Completed
Performance of Simvastatin Microsponges as a Local Treatment for Chronic Periodontitis - Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04836078]	Early Phase 1	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-02-10	Completed
[NCT02413086]		320 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Develop the First Aid Medical Supplies for Hemostasis and Bacteriostasis With Clinical Trial [NCT04884919]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-05-10	Recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of a a Biofunctional Textile in the Management of Atopic Dermatitis [NCT01597817]	Phase 2	78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
Evaluate Anti-adhesive Effect and Safety of a Mixed Solid of Poloxamer, Gelatin and Chitosan(Mediclore®) for Intraperitoneal Adhesion in Patient With Gynecological Surgery, a Multicenter Single-blinded, Randomized Study [NCT03007654]	Phase 3	192 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-12-31	Recruiting
Efficacy of the Combination of Isosorbide Dinitrate Spray and Chitosan in Diabetic Foot Ulcers [NCT02789033]	Phase 3	68 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-06-30	Completed
Evaluation of Use of Chitosan-Based Dressings to Facilitate Safe, Effective Debridement of Chronic Wounds in Operating Room and Inpatient Ward and Minimize Bacterial Re-Colonization of Wounds. [NCT01035944]		37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Terminated(stopped due to Unable to meet enrollment milestones)
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Axiostat Hemostatic Dressing Material Versus Conventional Method of Hemostasis and Healing of Extraction Wounds in Patients on Oral Anti-Platelet Drugs - A Comparative Study [NCT03108365]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-19	Completed
Chitosan Nerv Tube for Primary Repair of Traumatic Sensory Nerve Lesions of the Hand - a Clinical Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial [NCT02372669]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Recruiting
Clinical Efficacy of α-Mangostin Hydrogel Film With Chitosan Alginate Base for Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) Treatment [NCT06039774]	Phase 2	48 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-04	Recruiting
Trial of a Novel Chitosan Hemostatic Sealant in the Management of Complicated Epistaxis [NCT00863356]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Completed
A Multicentre, Randomized, Double-blinded, Parallel-controlled, Non-inferiority Clinical Study Of Safety and Efficacy Of Medical Chitosan for Knee Osteoarthritis Compared With Sodium Hyaluronate Injection [NCT02323451]	Phase 4	270 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Recruiting
Occult Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding (OGIB) in Colonic Diverticulitis Using Polyglucosamine: a Registry Study Following a Standard Management Protocol [NCT03464539]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-01	Completed
The Effect of Peri-implant Surgery and Chair-side Supportive Post Surgical Peri-implant Therapy [NCT03421717]		46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-01	Completed
Chitosan Scaffold for Sellar Floor Repair in Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery [NCT03280849]		1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Use of a Functional Chewing Gum in Reduction of Gingival Inflammation [NCT03237624]		34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-31	Completed
Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Use of the Laser-Assisted Immunotherapy (LIT) System in Advanced Breast Cancer [NCT03202446]	Phase 3	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-13	Terminated
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT00863356 (1) [back to overview]	Hemostasis Success
NCT02789033 (1) [back to overview]	Biopsies

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Epistaxis Group	20

Intervention	UI/dL (Mean)
	α-smooth muscle actin	Von Willebrand Factor	vascular endothelial growth factor-A	desmin
Active Comparator: Chitosan	2.46	2.38	2.23	2.3
Active Comparator: Isosorbide Dinitrate Spray	2.64	2.28	2.6	2.5
Combination: IDS and Chitosan	2.56	2.31	2.43	2.6
Placebo Comparator: Placebo	2.07	2.15	2.07	2.3

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	2.1	1	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.86	3	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene with chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 4.	7.03	1	0	trichlorobenzene
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	3.97	10	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.02	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	4.06	13	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.52	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	6.53	13	1	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.47	2	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	3.27	5	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	7.46	108	1	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	3.35	6	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	8.35	6	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	7.05	22	1	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.	2.85	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	6.83	7	3	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
curdlan D-hexose : A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.	4.91	9	0	hexose
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	6.92	20	1	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	2.52	2	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	4.9	10	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	7.77	3	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	3.93	11	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	3.46	7	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.6	8	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.46	2	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	4.46	19	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	9.46	6	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
butyraldehyde [no description available]	2.08	1	0	butanals	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	8.35	6	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	8.25	5	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	9.48	20	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	3.01	4	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	4.27	17	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	2.05	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	2.69	2	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	6.73	63	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	13.39	368	4	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chloroacetic acid chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.	7.97	4	0	chlorocarboxylic acid; haloacetic acid	alkylating agent; herbicide
choline [no description available]	3.7	9	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.	2.48	2	0	tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	9.18	82	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	5.45	57	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	6.3	34	1	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	7.82	3	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cuminaldehyde cuminaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4. It is a component of essential oils from Cumin and exhibits insecticidal activities.	2.25	1	0	benzaldehydes	insecticide; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
2-cresol 2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	2.03	1	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	8.06	63	1	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	7.82	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	7.43	75	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.	2.31	1	0	aryl phosphate	mouse metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.97	4	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	3.35	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	2.83	3	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	5.72	9	2	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.76	3	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	7.66	2	0	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
trimetaphosphoric acid trimetaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclotriphosphoric acid : The cyclic anhydride of triphosphoric acid.	3.21	1	0	cyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; inorganic heterocyclic compound; phosphorus oxoacid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.82	3	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.11	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	4.05	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	7.25	1	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	3.23	5	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanylalanine alanylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	7.17	1	0	dipeptide
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	15.45	523	4	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diethyl phosphate diethyl phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethyl hydrogen phosphate : A dialkyl phosphate having ethyl as the alkyl group.	7.01	1	0	dialkyl phosphate	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	5.35	17	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	6.01	31	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.	7.31	1	0	carboximidic acid; formamides; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	solvent
glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.	2.03	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	6.25	31	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	7.37	2	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	10.29	108	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	3.92	11	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	3.8	10	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	2.76	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.16	4	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	4.88	4	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	3.8	2	1	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.05	13	0
histamine [no description available]	6.29	10	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	8.54	62	1	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	3.37	6	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	3.81	10	0	imidazole
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	3.77	9	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	6.74	16	1	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	4.25	15	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	4.13	13	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	4.57	1	1	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal [no description available]	2.72	2	0	hydroxyaldehyde; pentose; polyol
lipoamide Lipozyme: lipase from Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on anion exchange resin	2.21	1	0	dithiolanes; monocarboxylic acid amide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	5.83	19	1	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
endolysin lysine-4,4,5,5-d4 : A deuterated compound that is lysne in which the methylene hydrogens at positions 4, 4, 5 and 5 have been replaced by deuterium.	3.21	4	0	alpha-amino acid; diamino acid; polar amino acid	Daphnia magna metabolite
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	7.07	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	3.05	4	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	7.31	51	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	6.39	32	1	inositol phosphate
melatonin [no description available]	5.71	27	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
naphthalene [no description available]	7.46	2	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	5.98	94	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	4.21	15	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	3.6	8	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	8.81	44	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	3.47	7	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.21	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.01	22	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.31	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	3.71	9	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	2.71	3	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	7.81	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.86	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	9.28	17	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	10.99	295	2	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	3.84	10	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	7.54	2	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2.58	2	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	7.66	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	5.92	30	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	7.49	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	3.93	12	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	4.58	23	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	4.69	8	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	3.1	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
porphobilinogen [no description available]	2.54	2	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	2.52	2	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
pqq cofactor PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.	2.1	1	0	orthoquinones; pyrroloquinoline cofactor; tricarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	6.25	10	1	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.06	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	3.17	5	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
putrescine [no description available]	7.79	3	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	2.63	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.8	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.31	1	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	2.57	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.88	3	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	7.77	3	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	2.25	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	7.59	2	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	3.2	5	0	selenium oxoacid
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	3.08	4	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	3.71	9	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	3.46	7	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	4.15	14	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	4.08	14	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	6.72	9	1	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	3.7	9	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	3.14	4	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	3.97	11	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	5.27	9	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethylamine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptamine [no description available]	3.14	1	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
tungstic(vi) acid tungstic(VI) acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	tungsten coordination entity
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	2.42	2	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	5.46	18	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	7.19	81	1	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	5.8	24	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.79	3	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	7.17	1	0	quinolone
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.79	3	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	2.53	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	7.57	2	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-didecanoylglycerol 1,2-didecanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	7.1	1	0	1,2-diglyceride; decanoate ester
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	8.91	103	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.41	1	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.49	2	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	8.38	6	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	2.31	1	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.02	1	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	7.08	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
phenytoin [no description available]	3.79	10	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
etofylline etofylline: etophyllin appeared once in PubMed: Wien Med Wochenschr. 1986 May 15;136(9):213-8 as a combination drug with theophylline (spelt without e, theophllin)	7.25	1	0	oxopurine
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	3.63	8	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.17	5	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	1.99	1	0	monoazo compound
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	7.65	43	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	7.49	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
albendazole [no description available]	4.36	18	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	3.44	7	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	4.05	13	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source	2.25	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	2.25	1	0
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	2.08	1	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	7.15	1	0	aromatic amine
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	2.52	2	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
ampyrone Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.	2.25	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazolone	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline [no description available]	6.29	46	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	7.73	3	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
anastrozole [no description available]	7.06	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	3.18	5	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	3.27	4	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.77	3	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	4.74	28	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	3.14	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.46	2	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	3.07	4	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	2.03	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	7.15	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.94	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	7.1	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen [no description available]	2.17	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	1.98	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
bentazone bentazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bentazone : A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.	7.6	1	0	benzothiadiazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.07	1	0	benzamides
benzethonium Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.	2.1	1	0	alkylbenzene
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.21	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2.63	2	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	4.61	1	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzyl isothiocyanate benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma	7.17	1	0	benzenes; isothiocyanate	antibacterial drug
berberine [no description available]	6.06	32	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	2.58	2	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
betaxolol [no description available]	7.52	2	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	7.11	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	3.5	7	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	3.32	6	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	2.63	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
butenafine butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.	7.31	1	0	naphthalenes; tertiary amine	antifungal drug; EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	2.06	1	0	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	4.55	22	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.58	23	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	7.9	85	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
pantogab pantogab: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym hopantenic acid refers to (R)-isomer; synonym pantogam refers to Ca salt (2:1), ((R)-isomer	2.11	1	0
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	2.11	1	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	7.63	2	0	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	7.1	1	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	3.78	10	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbazochrome carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename	2.17	1	0
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.08	1	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	7.41	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.	2.57	2	0	quinolone; secondary alcohol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	5.4	13	1	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.03	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	3.42	6	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	4.11	14	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	3.31	5	0
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	3.02	4	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	5.56	20	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetyl alcohol cetyl alcohol: has been used for eczema, skin irritations; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of sixteen carbon atoms.. hexadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.17	1	0	hexadecanol; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	algal metabolite; flavouring agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	2.78	3	0	pyridinium ion
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.49	2	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	7.31	1	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.88	11	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	7.05	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	3.29	6	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.03	4	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	3.85	10	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
ciclopirox [no description available]	7.47	2	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	7.72	3	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.59	2	0
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	5.99	90	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	2.17	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	7.41	1	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	4.21	3	1	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	5.59	15	1	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	7.08	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	7.25	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cystamine [no description available]	3.26	5	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate: structure	3.22	3	0	diester; methyl ester
damnacanthal damnacanthal: structure given in first source; isolated from the stem bark and roots of Morinda lucida; a selective inhibitor of p56(lck) tyrosine kinase activity	7.54	2	0	aldehyde; monohydroxyanthraquinone
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.97	4	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	2.9	3	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	3.9	11	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	2.31	1	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	3.86	10	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
denbufylline denbufylline: structure given in first source	7.01	1	0	oxopurine
dequalinium Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.	7.21	1	0	quinolinium ion	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	8.32	6	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
dibenzothiophene dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2.31	1	0	dibenzothiophenes; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	keratolytic drug
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	2.63	2	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	8.49	100	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.11	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	2.17	1	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	3.18	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	4.07	13	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	2.89	3	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	7.53	2	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	2.82	2	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	7.81	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
dimethyl pyrocarbonate [no description available]	3.18	1	0	organooxygen compound
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	3.02	4	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.74	3	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.54	2	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.47	2	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	7.66	2	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.91	3	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	3.24	5	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	2.06	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	7.59	2	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	9.24	3	1	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.	7.17	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	8.02	4	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
embelin embelin: from Embelia fruit (Myrsinaceae). embelin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.	2.69	2	0	dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	3.49	6	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	5.09	40	0
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.83	3	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	7.07	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	3.72	9	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	7.75	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	7.97	4	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	7.25	1	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	8.44	1	1	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	3.01	4	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	5.8	24	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	2.52	2	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.46	2	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	8.04	185	1	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	4.1	13	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	7.48	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	7.1	1	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	2.13	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furfurylamine [no description available]	2.31	1	0
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	6.16	11	3	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	2.31	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	2.11	1	0	benzoate ester
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	5.75	75	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2.06	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	2.75	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	7.78	3	0	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	7.47	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	9.47	297	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	8.03	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	3.33	5	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.49	2	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	6.65	61	0	methoxybenzenes
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	5.49	18	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	4.74	26	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	7.15	1	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexetidine Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)	8.39	1	1	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
beta-thujaplicin beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.	2.51	2	0	cyclic ketone; enol; monoterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiplasmodial drug; plant metabolite
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	4.01	13	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.2	5	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	2.9	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	6.81	54	1	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	6.74	29	2	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
idebenone [no description available]	7.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide [no description available]	2.52	2	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.55	2	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	5.21	46	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	7.13	1	0	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.59	2	0
ipriflavone ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.	7.01	1	0	aromatic ether; isoflavones	bone density conservation agent
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	5	2	1	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	4.66	24	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.58	8	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.81	3	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
juglone juglone: structure. juglone : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.	3.01	2	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	geroprotector; herbicide; reactive oxygen species generator
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	4.61	1	1	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	6.27	5	2	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	4.56	23	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	2.94	3	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	2.75	3	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	3.01	4	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2.48	2	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kojic acid [no description available]	3.26	5	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
2-phenylglycine 2-phenylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. alpha-phenylglycine : An amino acid with a structure in which a phenyl ring is bonded to the alpha-carbon of glycine.	2.07	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	human metabolite
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	7.07	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.59	2	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	4.12	14	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	8.01	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	3.56	7	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lithium hydroxide lithium hydroxide: used for tryptophan determinations in proteins & foods; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-OH	2.5	2	0	alkali metal hydroxide
lomustine [no description available]	2.52	2	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.76	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.43	2	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	7.54	2	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	3.64	8	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	7.58	2	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	3.53	7	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
edaravone [no description available]	7.83	3	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	7.66	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.17	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.	7.25	1	0	diarylmethane
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.05	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
memantine [no description available]	10.36	3	1	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	5.01	36	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	5.21	41	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	4.05	13	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	10.9	3	1	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	8.48	1	1	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.21	1	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	2.1	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	3.37	6	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	10.69	5	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	3.29	6	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	8.34	6	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	6.51	40	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.06	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	4.25	16	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.05	1	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	3.38	6	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	7.06	1	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	3.93	12	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	7.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.04	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
naftopidil [no description available]	7.31	1	0	piperazines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	7.81	3	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.41	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
netropsin Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.	2.25	1	0
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	7.17	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.21	1	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	7.41	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	4.17	16	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	3.37	6	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.07	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	3.98	11	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	7.06	1	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	4.98	35	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	2.5	2	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	3.58	8	0	carbazoles
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	2.21	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	7.06	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.69	2	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	2.54	2	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	4.51	20	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	7.46	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	7.98	4	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pamidronate [no description available]	2.41	2	0	phosphonoacetic acid
4-chlorophenol 4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.	7.77	3	0	monochlorophenol
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.85	3	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.52	2	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	7.89	3	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.25	1	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	4.83	7	1	oxopurine
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	7.53	2	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	2.49	2	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phloretin [no description available]	2.9	3	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	2.11	1	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	aromatic ketone
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	7.69	2	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipemidic acid Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.	2.94	4	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; pyridopyrimidine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine [no description available]	7.31	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	7.72	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenoxine pirenoxine: structure given in second source	2.84	3	0	organic molecular entity
piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.	7.31	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	9.7	6	1	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	8.02	4	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	2.54	2	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	8.14	4	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	2.08	1	0	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	7.49	2	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.03	1	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.05	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2.21	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.47	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	3.71	9	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	7.8	3	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	4.82	31	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	4.02	12	0
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	2.47	2	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	7.49	2	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	3.05	4	0	secondary carboxamide
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.48	2	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.79	3	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ronidazole Ronidazole: Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.. ronidazole : A carbamate ester that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl and (carbamoyloxy)methyl groups, respectively. An antiprotozoal agent, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; carbamate ester; imidazoles	antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
ropinirole [no description available]	3.39	6	0	indolones; tertiary amine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist
roxatidine acetate roxatidine acetate: structure given in first source	7.6	1	0	piperidines
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	1.99	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.	2.41	1	0	benzoate ester; benzoic acids; phenols; salicylates	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	4.8	1	1	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.11	1	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
simazine Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.15	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sodium fluoride [no description available]	11.46	20	2	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.49	2	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	3.81	9	0	pyridines
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	5.56	63	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	5.71	5	1	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	3	4	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	8.22	5	0
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	3.14	5	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	7.13	1	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	7.69	2	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	7.11	1	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.46	2	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	8.05	4	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tegafur [no description available]	7.73	3	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	4.03	12	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	2.08	1	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.82	3	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	3.17	5	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	7.51	2	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetrahydrozoline tetrahydrozoline: used as nasal decongestant; Visine is a form of eye drops; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	carboxamidine; imidazolines	nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	2.1	1	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	2.11	1	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	4.18	3	1	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.	7.89	3	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; thiophenes
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	4.21	3	1	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	7.17	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tosufloxacin tosufloxacin: quinolone anti-infective agent; structure given in first source. tosufloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tosufloxacin.. 7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively.	2.11	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; aminopyrrolidine; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound; quinolone antibiotic; tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	6.62	8	1	amino acid
triclosan [no description available]	6.91	19	1	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	3.37	6	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trifluoperazine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.55	2	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.06	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tyramine [no description available]	3.23	5	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
undecylenic acid undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.	2.15	1	0	undecenoic acid	antifungal drug; plant metabolite
urapidil [no description available]	2.25	1	0	piperazines
urethane [no description available]	3.52	7	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
usnic acid [no description available]	2.91	3	0	benzofurans
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.97	4	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	6.02	35	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	7.32	32	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	2.15	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	7.48	2	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	3.96	12	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	3	4	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	2.01	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	2.31	1	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
2-aminophenol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	5.95	23	1	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.22	5	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	2.83	3	0	corticosteroid hormone
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	2.13	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	7.25	1	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	7.47	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	3.24	5	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.42	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	2.21	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
adrenochrome Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.	2.17	1	0	indoles
camylofine camylofine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	7.71	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	3.78	10	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.63	2	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	7.49	2	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	8.27	5	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	4.14	13	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	11.36	10	1	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.04	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	3.92	11	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	3.02	4	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.51	7	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	4.15	15	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	3.22	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	4.84	30	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	3.64	8	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.61	8	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
dimazine dimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,1-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine substituted by two methyl groups at position 1.	2.6	1	0	hydrazines	carcinogenic agent; fuel; teratogenic agent
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	7.17	1	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	7	37	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	3.38	6	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	7.17	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	9.56	5	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2.41	1	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	4.39	19	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	7.85	3	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	2.13	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	3.67	8	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.32	6	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	7.62	72	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.05	4	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.06	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	3.81	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	7.14	105	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-aminoazobenzene p-Aminoazobenzene: Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.. 4-(phenylazo)aniline : Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.	2.13	1	0
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	2.17	1	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	3.87	10	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	4.28	17	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	3	4	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	3.24	5	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.91	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	7.17	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	5.89	83	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
4-toluenesulfonic acid 4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.07	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; toluenes
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	3.89	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	3.32	5	0	anilines; primary arylamine
calcium acetate calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.	2.07	1	0	calcium salt	chelator
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	7.03	1	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.41	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	6.83	76	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	2.78	3	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	4.61	24	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	9.13	14	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	2.97	4	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	2.94	3	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	2.13	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.93	4	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.13	5	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.73	3	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	3.51	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	3.31	6	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	8.01	4	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	7.21	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	4.61	24	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	5.15	44	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	3.14	5	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	3.18	5	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.51	2	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	7.49	2	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	3.5	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-thiomalic acid [no description available]	4.38	5	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	7.32	30	1	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	8.33	4	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alizarin [no description available]	3.77	9	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	7.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
cordycepin [no description available]	3.13	4	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	4.46	20	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	6.86	76	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	1.95	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	11.76	9	1	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	3.19	5	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.	2.48	2	0	iodomethanes; methyl halides	fumigant insecticide
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	2.84	3	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
ethyl chloride Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.	2.13	1	0	chloroethanes	antipruritic drug; inhalation anaesthetic; local anaesthetic
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.97	4	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	2.49	2	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	4.06	13	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
2-propylamine 2-propylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.52	2	0	alkylamines; primary aliphatic amine
acetyl chloride [no description available]	2.6	1	0	acyl chloride
nitromethane nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.	2.49	2	0	primary nitroalkane; volatile organic compound	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; explosive; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
trimethylchlorosilane trimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. chlorotrimethylsilane : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro and three methyl groups. Chlorotrimethylsilane is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.	2.07	1	0	silyl chloride	chromatographic reagent
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	7.52	2	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
hydroxymethanesulfonate, sodium salt formaldehyde bisulfite: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0	organosulfonic acid
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	3.33	6	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.49	2	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
pinacol pinacol : A glycol that is ethylene glycol in which all four methylene hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.	7.25	1	0	glycol
perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	2.41	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	4.04	12	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
bromthymol blue Bromthymol Blue: A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.. bromothymol blue : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl groups.	2.6	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; polyphenol; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
bromcresol green Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.	2.21	1	0	benzofurans
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	3.34	6	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	3.04	4	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
5,5-dimethylhydantoin 5,5-dimethylhydantoin: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	7.21	1	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
dimethyl sulfate dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2.03	1	0	alkyl sulfate	alkylating agent; immunosuppressive agent
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	3.03	4	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	7.53	2	0
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.25	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
tetraethoxysilane [no description available]	3.81	10	0
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	3.36	5	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	4.38	18	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
isobutyraldehyde isobutyraldehyde : A member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	7.11	1	0	2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde; propanals	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-butanol 2-butanol: RN given is for parent cpd without isomeric designation. butan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	secondary alcohol
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	7.45	2	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	4.88	30	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	10.4	128	2	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
methyl chloroformate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
methacrylamide [no description available]	4.66	24	0	acrylamides; primary carboxamide
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	5.18	5	2	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
tetrabromobisphenol a tetrabromobisphenol A: a brominated flame retardant. 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A : A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.	2.1	1	0	brominated flame retardant; bromobisphenol
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	5.99	23	1	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
alpha-pinene [no description available]	2.25	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	3.32	6	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	2.06	1	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	3.16	5	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	5.89	28	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
skatole [no description available]	2.31	1	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	3.94	11	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
lawsone lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.	3.23	4	0
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.32	5	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	2.03	1	0	anthraquinone
8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	7.17	1	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
phthalic anhydride phthalic anhydride : The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.	2.05	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride	allergen
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.53	2	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
1-naphthaleneacetic acid 1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.	2.46	2	0	naphthylacetic acid	synthetic auxin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	4.58	5	1	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	2.51	2	0	penicillanic acids
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	4.66	5	1
2,4,6-trichlorophenol [no description available]	7.55	2	0	trichlorophenol	carcinogenic agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	7	89	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-nitrophenol nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.	2.13	1	0	2-nitrophenols
picric acid picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.88	3	0	C-nitro compound	antiseptic drug; explosive; fixative
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.02	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	4.96	31	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	4.18	13	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.74	3	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
1-naphthylphenylamine N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine: RN given refers to 1-naphthylamine cpd; structure	2.11	1	0	naphthalenes
anthrone anthrone: used in colorimetric determination of sugar & animal starch in body fluids; structure. anthrone : A member of the class of anthracenes that is 9,10-dihydroanthracene carrying an oxo group at C-9.	2.05	1	0	anthracenone	radical scavenger
xanthone xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.	2.87	3	0	xanthones	insecticide
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.	2.49	2	0	aldono-1,5-lactone; gluconolactone	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	5.65	5	1	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.69	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	3.11	4	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	2.44	2	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	4.1	14	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	7.9	2	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	4.49	8	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	7.25	1	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
veratryl alcohol (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 of the phenyl group are substituted by methoxy groups.	2.44	2	0	benzyl alcohols; dimethoxybenzene; primary alcohol	fungal metabolite
veratric acid veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3.	2.76	2	0	benzoic acids	allergen; plant metabolite
creosol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
1-phenylpropanol 1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source	2.88	3	0	organic molecular entity
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	3.37	6	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
benzylparaben [no description available]	2.15	1	0	benzoate ester; benzyl ester
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	2.08	1	0	carbonyl compound
piperonylic acid piperonylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. piperonylic acid : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a carboxy group at position 5. It is a natural product isolated from several plant species. It is a selective mechanism-based inactivator of the trans-cinnamate 4-hydroxylase enzyme and exhibits antifungal and skin wound healing properties.	2.05	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; benzodioxoles; monocarboxylic acid	antifungal agent; EC 1.14.14.91 ( trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; vulnerary
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.	2.05	1	0	phenylenediamine	hydrogen donor
2-chlorophenol chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.	2.05	1	0	2-halophenol; monochlorophenol
dilactide dilactide: structure given in first source	3.66	8	0	dioxanes
methyl acrylate [no description available]	7.57	2	0	enoate ester
ethylene carbonate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	carbonate ester
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	1.98	1	0	phosphonic ester
lactobionic acid [no description available]	4.28	17	0	disaccharide	antioxidant
sulfosalicylic acid 5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.	7.41	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; benzoic acids; phenols	metabolite
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	8	4	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	3.72	9	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
benzenearsonic acid benzenearsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	arsonic acids; organoarsonic acid
4-tert-butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	alkylbenzene
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.52	2	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	7.11	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2.25	1	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	3.7	9	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	4.96	2	1	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.03	1	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
gamma-terpinene gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.	2.13	1	0	cyclohexadiene; monoterpene	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	2.13	1	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-nitroaniline [no description available]	7.21	1	0	nitroaniline	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine.	2.13	1	0	benzaldehydes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	chromogenic compound
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	2.49	2	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
2-diethylaminoethanol 2-diethylaminoethanol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 2-diethylaminoethanol : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.	3.17	5	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
benzyl bromide benzyl bromide: structure given in first source. benzyl bromide : A member of the class of benzyl bromides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with bromine.	2.15	1	0	benzyl bromides	lachrymator
ethylbenzene [no description available]	7.13	1	0	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.52	2	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.69	2	0	benzenes; nitrile
methylaniline methylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylaniline : A substituted aniline carrying one or more methyl groups at unspecified positions.	7.6	1	0	methylaniline; phenylalkylamine; secondary amine
n,2,6-trichloro-4-benzoquinone imine N,2,6-trichloro-4-benzoquinone imine: universal thin-layer chromatographic visualization reagent	2.21	1	0
4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate: used as a hardening agent incorporated in polyurethanes. diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate : A diisocyanate consisting of diphenylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions.	2.21	1	0	diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
normorphine hydrochloride 1,1',1'',1'''-(ethylenedinitrilo)tetra-2-propanol: an ingredient of anti-aging cosmetics; sensitive coating on piezoelectric crystal detectors of SO2; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	amino alcohol
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	7.46	2	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
2-(dibutylamino)ethanol 2-(dibutylamino)ethanol: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
boric acid [no description available]	3.94	11	0	boric acids	astringent
4-anisidine 4-anisidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-anisidine : A substituted aniline that is aniline in which the hydrogen para to the amino group has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is used as a reagent for the detection of oxidation products such as aldehydes and ketones in fats and oils.	2.54	2	0	methoxybenzenes; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	genotoxin; reagent
ethyl butyrate ethyl butyrate : A butyrate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of ethanol with the carboxy group of butyric acid.	2.21	1	0	butyrate ester	plant metabolite
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	7.13	24	1	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
citronellal citronellal: aldehyde of citronellol; found in citronella oil. citronellal : A monoterpenoid, the main component of citronella oil which gives it its distinctive lemon aroma.	2.55	2	0	aldehyde; monoterpenoid	antifungal agent; metabolite
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	2.06	1	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.	5.37	51	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound
glycidyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.	4.36	18	0	enoate ester; epoxide
acrolein [no description available]	4.8	26	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.02	1	0	alkylamine
acrylonitrile [no description available]	3.37	6	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
glyoxal [no description available]	5.48	19	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
tert-butylacrylamide tert-butylacrylamide: structure in first source	7.41	1	0
dimethyldioctadecylammonium dimethyldioctadecylammonium: a cationic lipid analog; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.89	3	0
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	3.61	8	0	alkane
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.69	2	0
vinyl acetate [no description available]	7.81	3	0	acetate ester
acetic anhydride acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.	3.47	7	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride	metabolite; reagent
succinic anhydride [no description available]	4.23	15	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; tetrahydrofurandione
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	4.05	13	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
propylene carbonate 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one: structure in first source	2.52	2	0
3-phenylenediamine 1,3-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine taht is benzene substituted at positions 1 and 3 with amino functions.	2.52	2	0	phenylenediamine
methyl malonate methyl malonate: do not confuse with methylmalonate, i.e., malonic acid substituted with a methyl group on C2; structure	2.15	1	0
cyanuric chloride cyanuric chloride : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine in which the triazine ring is substituted on each carbon by chlorine. Its main use is in the preparation of the triazine-class pesticides.	3.18	5	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; organochlorine compound	cross-linking reagent
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	3.86	10	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	3.01	4	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	7.57	2	0	aryl thiol
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available]	2.8	3	0
n-butylamine n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.02	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
dicyanmethane malononitrile : A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.15	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; dinitrile
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	7.09	70	1	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	3	4	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.15	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	6.95	20	1	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine : An ethylenediamine derivative in which each nitrogen carries two methyl substituents. It is widely employed both as a ligand for metal ions and as a catalyst in organic polymerisation.	2.25	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative	catalyst; chelator
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide [no description available]	3.63	8	0
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	4.61	1	1	fatty acid ester
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	8.06	4	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
pentanal pentanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.	2.01	1	0	saturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
1,4-butanediol butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).	7.54	2	0	butanediol; glycol	neurotoxin; prodrug; protic solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.78	3	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
diglycolic acid diglycolic acid: nephrotoxic metabolite in diethylene glycol poisoning inducing necrosis in human proximal tubule cells	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
squalane [no description available]	2.04	1	0
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.78	3	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
diethylenetriamine diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.46	2	0	polyazaalkane; triamine
octylamine octylamine: RN given refers to 1-octylamine. octan-1-amine : An 8-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	7.13	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	2.21	1	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
undecanoic acid undecanoic acid : A straight-chain, eleven-carbon saturated medium-chain fatty acid found in body fluids; the most fungitoxic of the C7:0 - C18:0 fatty acid series.. undecanoate : A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of undecanoic acid; used in tandem with testosterone cation in the treatment of male hypogonadism. Major species at pH 7.3.	2.08	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antifungal agent; human metabolite
dodecylmercaptan dodecylmercaptan: used in polymerization of neoprenes; structure	2.03	1	0
tetraethylenepentamine [no description available]	2.99	4	0	polyazaalkane	copper chelator
palmitoyl chloride [no description available]	2.02	1	0
stearyl alcohol octadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at C-1 of an unbranched saturated chain of 18 carbon atoms.. octadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of eighteen carbon atoms.	2.15	1	0	long-chain primary fatty alcohol; octadecanol	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
phosphon phosphon: RN given refers to chloride; structure	7.06	1	0
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.97	3	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	3.5	7	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
2,4-dinitroanisole 2,4-dinitroanisole : A member of the class of dinitroanisoles that is 2-nitroanisole in which the hydrogen para to the methoxy group is replaced by a second nitro group.	2.49	2	0	dinitroanisoles	explosive
isoquinoline [no description available]	7.13	1	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.06	1	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
veratraldehyde [no description available]	2.02	1	0	benzaldehydes; dimethoxybenzene	antifungal agent
dichlorprop dichlorprop: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid : An aromatic ether that is 2-hydroxypropanoic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted to its 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether.. dichlorprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dichlorprop. It is widely used as a herbicide for killing annual and broad leaf weeds. Only the R-enantiomer has herbicidal activity; the S-enantiomer is inactive.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid
2,4-dichlorophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	3.74	9	0	dichlorophenol
ethyl vanillin ethyl vanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is vanillin in which the methoxy group is replaced by an ethoxy group.	7.31	1	0	aromatic ether; benzaldehydes; phenols	antioxidant; flavouring agent
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	3.41	6	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	tertiary amine
4-sulfanilic acid 4-sulfanilic acid: minor descriptor (75-82); online search SULFANILIC ACIDS; Index Medicus search BENZENESULFONATES. 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid : An aminobenzenesulfonic acid that is aniline sulfonated at the para-position.	2.02	1	0	aminobenzenesulfonic acid	allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
sulfan blue sulfan blue: widely used to visualize lymph vessels for lymphography; structure	3.42	1	1	organic molecular entity
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.08	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	3.38	6	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	carbazoles
captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.	2.77	3	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
indolebutyric acid indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.	3.02	4	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	auxin; plant hormone; plant metabolite
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	1.96	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.11	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	8.71	9	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	2.41	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyldodecylbenzylammonium dimethyldodecylbenzylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzododecinium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of N-benzyl-N-methyldodecan-1-amine.	2.21	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	7.48	2	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	2.6	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
dodecyl sulfate dodecyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE	7.21	1	0	alkyl sulfate
benzyl acetate benzyl acetate : The acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.	2.63	2	0	acetate ester; benzyl ester	metabolite
diphenylcarbazide Diphenylcarbazide: Used as an indicator in titrating iron and for the colorimetric determination of chromium and the detection of cadmium, mercury, magnesium, aldehydes, and emetine.	7.21	1	0	phenylhydrazines
ethyl acrylate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	enoate ester
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	7.57	2	0	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
n-butyl acrylate butyl acrylate : An acrylate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol with the carboxy group of acrylic acid.	3.19	5	0	acrylate ester
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	8.43	7	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl acetoacetate ethyl acetoacetate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. ethyl acetoacetate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetoacetic acid with ethanol.	2.08	1	0	ethyl ester	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	7.98	4	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
iminodiacetic acid iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.	3.21	5	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glycine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	chelator
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.51	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
hexadecylamine [no description available]	7.13	1	0	alkylamine
tetraphenylborate Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.	2.1	1	0
monomethylarsonic acid monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	arsonic acids; one-carbon compound; organoarsonic acid
pregnenolone [no description available]	7.02	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
copper phthalocyanine copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.	3.56	2	0
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.15	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.1	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
aziridine [no description available]	2.52	2	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	8.87	82	1	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	7.46	2	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	3.54	7	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
fluoranthene fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.	7.21	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	3.73	9	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.78	3	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	2.25	1	0	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	5.03	2	1	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	3.22	5	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	5.02	36	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	3.01	4	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.17	5	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	9.09	74	3	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.37	6	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
diiodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.	1.98	1	0	diiodotyrosine; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	2.05	1	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	11.46	12	1	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	2.06	1	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
paraoxon [no description available]	8.04	4	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
dexamethasone 21-phosphate dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.	3.61	8	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.45	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.08	1	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
5-fluorouridine [no description available]	7.08	1	0	organofluorine compound; uridines	mutagen
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	3.8	1	1	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.13	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	7.87	3	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
perfluorobutane perfluorobutane: component of the echo contrast agent, BR14, which consists of perfluorobutane gas microbubbles. perflubutane : A fluorocarbon that is butane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. Microbubbles of preflubutane are used in the ultrasound contrast agent BR14.	2.13	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon; gas molecular entity	ultrasound contrast agent
perflexane perfluorohexane : A fluoroalkane that is hexane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	2.93	3	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; radioopaque medium
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	3.09	4	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.46	2	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	3.01	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
trifluoroacetic anhydride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
silicon carbide silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses	7.81	3	0	organosilicon compound
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	2.41	1	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
ethylene sulfide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organosulfur heterocyclic compound; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.	2.13	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound	blood substitute; radioopaque medium
fluorometholone Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.	2.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	7.48	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.6	1	0	alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfur-containing amino acid; thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antidote; antioxidant; hepatoprotective agent
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	3.4	5	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
dicyandiamido dicyandiamido: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a cyano group. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, explosives, oil well drilling muds, and dyestuffs.	3.09	4	0	guanidines; nitrile	curing agent; explosive; fertilizer; flame retardant; nitrification inhibitor
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	3.2	5	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.08	1	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	8.07	59	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.03	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
nuciferine nuciferine: CNS depressant; glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure	7.6	1	0
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	8.29	79	1
rhein [no description available]	3.11	4	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
berbamine [no description available]	7.11	1	0	phenylpropanoid
plumbagin plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.	7.73	3	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols	anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.81	3	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
reticulin Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.	2.41	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	plant metabolite
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	4.01	13	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
indole-3-carbaldehyde indole-3-carbaldehyde: metabolite of tryptophan; structure. indole-3-carbaldehyde : A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.	2.9	2	0	heteroarenecarbaldehyde; indole alkaloid; indoles	bacterial metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	4.03	11	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
methyl red methyl red: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methyl red : An azo dye consisting of benzoic acid substituted at position 2 by a 4-[(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl group.	7.21	1	0
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	3.36	6	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
2-norbornene norbornene : A bridged compound that is cyclohexane with a methylene bridge between carbons 1 and 4 and a double bond at position 2.	2.41	1	0
isomaltose [no description available]	2.01	1	0
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	4.81	28	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.88	3	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	3.04	3	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
phloretic acid phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.	2.17	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.79	28	0	epsilon-lactone
4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.04	1	0	4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative
oxetane oxetane: structure. oxetane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.	7.05	1	0	oxetanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	3.18	5	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.9	3	0	thiazolidine
arachidic acid icosanoic acid : A C20 striaght-chain saturated fatty acid which forms a minor constituent of peanut (L. arachis) and corn oils. Used as an organic thin film in the production of liquid crystals for a wide variety of technical applications.	8	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.4	6	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
abietic acid abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.	2.66	2	0	abietane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.9	2	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.76	3	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.86	10	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	3.5	7	0
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	diarylmethane
tryptophol tryptophol : An indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	indolyl alcohol	auxin; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	8.35	6	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.71	9	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	3.21	5	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	2.73	3	0	cellobiose	epitope
syringic acid syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.	7.21	1	0	benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
coumarin-3-carboxylic acid coumarin-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	7.6	1	0	coumarins
chrysoidine chrysoidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	7.13	1	0
dazomet dazomet: fumigant for poultry litter & eggs to control salmonella; structure. dazomet : A dithiocarbamic ester that is 1,3,5-thiadiazinane with a thione moiety at position 2 and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A fungicide, herbicide and nematicide, it is used prior to sowing or planting for the control of soil fungi, nematodes, bacteria and germinating weeds, and as fumigant for poultry litter and eggs to control Salmonella. It is a non-ozone-depleting alternative to methyl bromide.	2.66	2	0	dithiocarbamic ester; thiadiazinane	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; herbicide; nematicide
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	2.51	2	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
phenylacetylene phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS	2.08	1	0	benzenes
3,5-dibromotyrosine 3,5-dibromotyrosine: used to synthesize various secondary metabolites from marine sponges	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.07	1	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	3.17	5	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
1,2-ethanedithiol 1,2-ethanedithiol: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; RN in Chemline for cpd without locants for thiol groups: 26914-70-9	7.02	1	0
uranyl acetate uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0
3-aminobutyric acid 3-aminobutyric acid: GABA uptake inhibitor. 3-aminobutanoic acid : A beta-amino acid that is butyric acid which is substituted by an amino group at position 3.	2.55	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
maleimide [no description available]	8.38	6	0	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
muscone muscone: structure in first source	4.61	1	1
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	7.63	67	2	dialdehyde	biomarker
n-hexadecane n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.	2.41	2	0	long-chain alkane	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
magnesium carbonate magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.	2.13	1	0	carbonate salt; magnesium salt; one-carbon compound; organic magnesium salt	antacid; fertilizer
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	9.37	19	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	3.7	9	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
violacein [no description available]	2.15	1	0
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	4.22	15	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	4.11	5	0	phenoxazine
aminopenicillanic acid aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; penicillanic acids	allergen
trimellitic anhydride trimellitic anhydride: structure. trimellitic anhydride : A 2-benzofuran compound having oxo groups at the 1- and 3-positions and a carboxy substituent at the 5-position; the cyclic anhydride formed from the carboxy groups at the 1- and 2-positions of trimellitic acid.	7.21	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	allergen; epitope; hapten
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	7.8	3	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.77	3	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.17	1	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
3-nitrophenol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	3-nitrophenols
trimesic acid trimesic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that consists of benzene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5.	7.59	2	0	benzoic acids; tricarboxylic acid
tristearin tristearoylglycerol : A triglyceride that is glycerol in which all three hydroxy groups have been formally esterified with stearic acid.	2.54	2	0	triacylglycerol 54:0	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
tripalmitin tripalmitin: structure. tripalmitin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.54	2	0	triglyceride
glycylglycine [no description available]	7.53	2	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite
glycidol glycidol: structure given in first source	8.16	5	0	epoxide; primary alcohol
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	2.41	1	0	glycerophosphocholine
silver acetate silver acetate: RN refers to acetic acid, silver (1+) salt	2.31	1	0
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	5.01	10	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	5.1	37	0	bis(azo) compound
2-naphthol orange Acid Orange II: structure in first source	2.54	2	0
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.74	3	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	3.5	6	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
succinimide succinimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. succinimide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.13	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
3,5-dichlorophenol 3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.	2.6	1	0	dichlorophenol
iodobenzene iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.1	1	0
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	7.76	3	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	2.96	3	0	organic sulfide
octadecane octadecane: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecane : A straight-chain alkane carrying 18 carbon atoms.	2.03	1	0	long-chain alkane	bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite
galactitol [no description available]	7.13	1	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylglyoxylic acid phenylglyoxylic acid: styrene metabolite. phenylglyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is glyoxylic acid in which the aldehyde hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.05	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite
2-nitrobenzyl alcohol [no description available]	2.81	3	0
2-chloroquinoline [no description available]	2.06	1	0
methyl carbonate methyl carbonate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure. dimethyl carbonate : A carbonate ester that is carbonic acid in which both hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A flammable, colourless liquid (m.p. 2-4degreeC, b.p. 90degreeC) with a characterstic ester-like odour, it is used as a 'green' methylating agent and as a solvent.	3.23	5	0	carbonate ester	reagent; solvent
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	6.42	35	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
3,5-diaminobenzoic acid 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
4-carboxybenzaladehyde 4-formylbenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by a formyl group at position 4.	2.25	1	0	benzaldehydes; benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
isovanillin isovanillin: inhibits aldehyde oxidase. isovanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is 4-methoxybenzaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is an inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase.	2.41	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	animal metabolite; antidiarrhoeal drug; antifungal agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
methyl butyrate [no description available]	2.21	1	0	fatty acid ester
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	3.7	1	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
2,4-pentanediol 2,4-pentanediol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
n-tetradecane tetradecane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms.	2.03	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	6.72	16	1
brilliant green brilliant green: RN given refers to sulfate; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1378. brilliant green : An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.	2.69	2	0	organic hydrogensulfate salt	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; poison
2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid: hypocalcemic action; structure. pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid : A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.21	1	0	pyrrolecarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	2.86	3	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	3.55	7	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
agaric acid agaric acid: adenine nucleotide translocase antagonist	2.03	1	0
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	3.01	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.96	3	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
perfluoropentane perfluoropentane: inert expander of tissue spaces, liquid at room temperature, but gaseous at body temperatures; used in experimental eye surgery; structure. perfluoropentane : A fluorocarbon that is pentane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	7.58	2	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon	radioopaque medium; ultrasound contrast agent
tetramethoxysilane [no description available]	2.13	1	0
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.25	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride [no description available]	2.52	2	0	butenolide
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	2.74	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
calcium citrate Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.	7.6	1	0	organic calcium salt	flavouring agent; food additive; food preservative; nutraceutical
acryloyl chloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
calcium lactate [no description available]	2.6	1	0
2-hydroxyethyl acrylate [no description available]	7.13	1	0
1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate hexamethylene diisocyanate : A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.	2.98	4	0	diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
1-phenylazo-2-naphthol 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.41	1	0
potassium citrate Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.	2.07	1	0	potassium salt	diuretic
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	4.69	26	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
n-methylpyrrolidone 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.	2.7	3	0	lactam; N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones	polar aprotic solvent
amaranth dye Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	7.93	3	0
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	2.08	1	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
1-methylpyridinium 1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	methylpyridines
2-aminobenzimidazole 2-aminobenzimidazole: metabolite of benomyl; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-aminobenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group.	2.31	1	0	benzimidazoles	marine xenobiotic metabolite
1-acetonaphthone [no description available]	2.06	1	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	7.44	33	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol 2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.	2.46	2	0	dichlorobenzene; quinone imine
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	2.72	2	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	8.47	7	0
bucrylate Bucrylate: Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive also used to occlude blood vessels supplying neoplastic or other diseased tissue.	3.16	5	0
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	2.83	3	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
dimethoxon dimethoxon: pesticide	2.11	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
undecane undecane : A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.	2	1	0	alkane
pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-formylpyridine : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a formyl group.	2.82	2	0	pyridinecarbaldehyde
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	3.21	5	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
lauryl gallate [no description available]	7.82	2	0	gallate ester
4-aminothiophenol [no description available]	2.1	1	0
calcium peroxide [no description available]	3.01	3	0	calcium oxides
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	12.84	562	0
cadmium oxide cadmium oxide: causes severe lung damage; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	1	0
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	4.18	15	0	cadmium molecular entity
germanium oxide germanium oxide: has antimutagenic effects; RN given refers to cpd with MF GeO2	2.08	1	0
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	3.4	6	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.54	63	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	3.62	8	0	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	9.22	249	0	zinc molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	vanadium oxide
lead sulfide lead sulfide: surma refers to fine powder-like mascara, applied to conjunctival surfaces of eyes; originally contained antimony sulfide (derived from Urdu word for antimony); recently lead sulfide has been used due to scarcity of antimony; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-S; galena is the principal ore of lead sulfide. Black kohl stone and red-brown kohl stone are widely used in eye cosmetics in the Middle East, Asia and Africa	7.85	3	0
molybdenum disulfide [no description available]	3.9	10	0	sulfide salt
cupric sulfide copper(II) sulfide : A copper sulfide in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	3.59	7	0
monolaurin monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol	3.26	5	0	1-monoglyceride; dodecanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	3.64	2	0
beta-pinene beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.	2.82	2	0	pinene	plant metabolite
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	7.72	3	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium hydroxide Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.	2.61	2	0	inorganic hydroxy compound	food acidity regulator
sorbitan monostearate sorbitan monostearate: Stearic Acid was the HM (74-82), no longer an active MH	2.93	3	0
ferrous oxide [no description available]	2.11	1	0	iron oxide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	5.85	81	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	4.1	14	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	6.92	59	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	4.78	9	0
1,2-epoxyhexane [no description available]	4.61	1	1
selenomethionine [no description available]	7.17	1	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
selenocystine selenocystine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	7.21	1	0	diselenide; selenoamino acid
9,10-diphenylanthracene [no description available]	2.55	2	0	anthracenes	fluorochrome; photosensitizing agent
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.	3.4	6	0	diarylmethane
strontium carbonate [no description available]	7.44	2	0
diphenyldiselenide diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	7.05	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
pyrazon pyrazon: structure; do not confuse with phenazone which is a synonym to antipyrine. chloridazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 5, a chloro group at position 4 and a phenyl group at position 2.	2.41	1	0	benzenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; pyridazinone	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
clopyralid clopyralid : An organochlorine pesticide having a 3,6-dichlorinated picolinic acid structure.	7.07	1	0	organochlorine pesticide; pyridines	herbicide
stearylamine stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	3.61	8	0	primary aliphatic amine	film-forming compound
4-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	3.67	9	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	3.96	12	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
picloram Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.	2.49	2	0	aminopyridine; chloropyridine; organochlorine pesticide; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	herbicide; synthetic auxin
orange g orange G : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 7-hydroxy-8-[(E)-phenyldiazenyl]naphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid. It is often combined with other yellow dyes in alcoholic solution to stain erythrocytes in trichrome methods, and is used for demonstrating cells in the pancreas and pituitary.	3.07	3	0
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.13	1	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	3.01	4	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.52	2	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
3-butyn-2-ol 3-butyn-2-ol: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
decyltrimethylammonium decyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one decyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.6	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
1,6-diaminohexane 1,6-diaminohexane: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexane-1,6-diamine : A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.	2.11	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	2.21	1	0	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	7.84	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	4.57	1	1	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
n-isopropylacrylamide N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands	5.64	27	0
benzylguanidine [no description available]	7.25	1	0
molinate molinate : A member of the class of azepanes that is azepane in which the nitrogen is substituted by an (ethylsulfanyl)carbonyl group, -C(=O)SEt. A thiocarbamate herbicide not approved for use in the U.S. or European Union, it is used control grass weeds in rice paddies.	2.13	1	0	azepanes; monothiocarbamic ester	agrochemical; antispermatogenic agent; herbicide
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	7.84	3	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	4.81	29	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
nile blue Nile Blue: RN given refers to chloride; structure. nile blue A : An organic chloride salt having 5-amino-9-(diethylamino)benzo[a]phenoxazin-7-ium as the couterion. fluorescent dye which is also a potent photosensitiser for photodynamic therapy.	7.05	1	0
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.66	2	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
alpha-terpineol terpineol : A family of monoterpenols that have a p-menthane skeleton containing one double bond and bearing a single hydroxy substituent.	2.66	2	0	terpineol	plant metabolite
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	7.99	4	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzophenoneidum Benzophenoneidum: An aniline dye used as a disinfectant and an antiseptic agent. It is weakly fluorescing and binds specifically to certain proteins.. auramine O : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 4,4'-carbonimidoylbis(N,N-dimethylaniline) with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride. A fluorescent stain for demonstrating acid fast organisms in a method similar to the Ziehl Neelsen. It also can be used to make a fluorescent Schiff reagent.	2.41	1	0	hydrochloride	fluorochrome; histological dye
cme-carbodiimide [no description available]	2.11	1	0
gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane: used to immobilize carbonic anhydrase into mesoporous supports; structure in first source	4.68	8	0
victoria blue b victoria blue: no other info available 7/84. victoria blue B : An iminium salt composed of 4-{(4-anilinonaphthalen-1-yl)[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. It binds to nucleic acids and can be used in standardised staining techniques suitable for automated cell-pattern recognition.	2.6	1	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
ponceau 4r ponceau 4R: structure in first source	2.63	2	0
ethamsylate Ethamsylate: Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.	2.54	2	0	organosulfur compound; sulfonic acid derivative
1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one: a preservative in water-based solutions such as paints, cutting fluids, printing inks, cleaning agents, polyvinyl chloride gloves, etc.. benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one : An organic heterobicyclic compound based on a fused 1,2-thiazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the S atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.	2.31	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	disinfectant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sensitiser; xenobiotic
n,n-dimethylacrylamide [no description available]	2.31	1	0
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source	2.57	2	0
squaric acid [no description available]	7.31	1	0	alicyclic ketone; carbon oxoacid	metabolite
ici resin fs3798 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride glycidyl trimethylammonium: causes dermatitis on contact; structure given in first source; RN given refers to chloride	4.03	13	0
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	2.46	2	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	7.01	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	7.21	1	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
copper(ii) nitrate copper(II) nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having copper(2+) as the couterion.	2.1	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt
didodecyldimethylammonium didodecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.71	3	0
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	3.59	8	0	primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	7.47	148	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride: structure in first source	2.76	3	0
levanol fast cyanine 5rn Levanol Fast Cyanine 5RN: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.85	3	0
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	6.12	34	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	6.54	54	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	8.03	4	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
zinc carbonate [no description available]	2.48	2	0	organooxygen compound
azo rubin s azo rubin S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.31	1	0
phenoxyacetic acid phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant growth retardant
diloxanide furoate diloxanide furoate: structure. diloxanide furoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of furan-2-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2,2-dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylacetamide. It is a drug used for the treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis.	2.5	2	0	carboxylic ester; furans; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	antiamoebic agent; prodrug
streptomycin [no description available]	3.92	11	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	4.61	24	0	carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.	2.1	1	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
Brilliant Blue brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.43	7	0	organic molecular entity
l 451167 L 451167: structure given in first source	2.74	3	0
2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0
nitroxoline nitroxoline: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6475; RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroxoline : A monohydroxyquinoline in which the hydroxy group is positioned at C-8 with a nitro group trans to it at C-5.	2.25	1	0	C-nitro compound; monohydroxyquinoline	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; renal agent
calcium propionate [no description available]	7.15	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
biebrich scarlet Biebrich scarlet : An organic sodium salt having 2-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]-5-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]benzene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Used as a plasma stain in Masson's trichrome.	7.25	1	0	organic sodium salt	histological dye
green 5 D & C green 5: coloring agent in drugs and cosmetics	2.13	1	0
(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane [no description available]	2.1	1	0
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	2.04	1	0
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	8.01	4	0
vantocil polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.69	8	0
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	2.78	3	0	aromatic amine
trioctylmethylammonium trioctylmethylammonium: used in high performance liquid chromatography for the separation of tRNA; RN given refers to chloride. methyltrioctylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion with three octyl groups and one methyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.63	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane: a protease inhibitor. 1,2-epoxy-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)propane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a (4-nitrophenoxy)methyl group.	2.94	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; epoxide
brilliant crocein brilliant crocein: structure in first source. woodstain scarlet : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 7-hydroxy-8-{[4-(phenyldiazenyl)phenyl]diazenyl}naphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid. Occasionally used for the demonstration of muscle fibres in conjunction with, or as a replacement for, acid fuchsin.	2.47	2	0	organic sodium salt	histological dye
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	2.58	2	0	dioxolane
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	4.66	7	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
olsalazine olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.	7.6	1	0	azobenzenes; dicarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
4-(4-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid 4-(4-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
1-amino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-4-(phenylamino)-2-anthracenesulfonic acid 1-amino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-4-(phenylamino)-2-anthracenesulfonic acid: structure in first source	2.83	3	0
ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.	2.95	4	0	ammonium salt; inorganic molecular entity; inorganic nitrate salt	explosive; fertilizer; oxidising agent
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	4.38	19	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
olaflur Olaflur: cariostatic agent	2.59	2	0
sodium metasilicate sodium metasilicate: RN given refers to silicic acid, di-Na salt. sodium silicate : An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.	3.03	4	0	inorganic sodium salt
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	7.83	3	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	4.83	27	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	5.7	23	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	8.13	66	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	5.72	28	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	3.34	6	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	2.93	3	0	vanadium group element atom
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	7.54	2	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	8.21	72	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	6.41	59	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
plutonium Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.	2.44	2	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	3.23	5	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	7.52	2	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	3.83	10	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	9.35	4	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
scandium Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.	2.41	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	14.82	545	3	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	7.89	3	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	4.08	14	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.11	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
thorium Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.	3.24	5	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.	5.28	3	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	13.01	315	5	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	8.19	5	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
americium Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.	7.73	3	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	3.31	6	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	8.13	109	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	4.99	33	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	8.15	163	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
curium Curium: A radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cm, and atomic number 96. Thirteen curium isotopes have been produced with mass numbers ranging from 238-250. Its valence can be +3 or +4. It is intensely radioactive and decays by alpha-emission.	7.03	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	8.37	6	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	3.82	10	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	4.78	28	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	12.71	538	2	copper group element atom; elemental gold
hafnium Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.	7.41	1	0	titanium group element atom
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	8.48	1	1	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
holmium Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.	4.93	4	2	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	7.52	34	1	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	3.9	10	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	2.11	1	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.81	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	2.81	3	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	6.53	54	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	3.21	5	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.8	3	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.04	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.45	2	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	6.39	50	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	3.3	6	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	3.47	7	0	sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	3.83	3	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
stannic chloride [no description available]	7.15	1	0
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.17	1	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	5.41	54	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
zirconium oxychloride zirconium oxychloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zirconyl chloride : A zirconium coordination entity consisting of zirconium(IV) bound to oxygen via a double bond and to two chlorines.	2.17	1	0
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	9.22	16	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	3.23	5	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
sodium pyrophosphate sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.	2.01	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	chelator; food emulsifier; food thickening agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	7.02	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.11	1	0	diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate [no description available]	3.67	9	0
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	3.62	2	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	3.03	4	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	2.06	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	8.68	9	0	inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite [no description available]	2.25	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
magnesium phosphate (2:3) [no description available]	2.61	2	0	inorganic magnesium salt
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	4.6	25	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	4.14	16	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	12.24	302	1	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.46	2	0	iron coordination entity
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	3.22	5	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	8.57	8	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
tungstate [no description available]	2.49	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	9.38	18	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.25	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	4.63	25	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	2.54	2	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
zinc nitrate [no description available]	7.31	1	0
zinc phosphate zinc phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified Zn salt; see also record for ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT RN 7779-90-0; hopeite was non-print entry term to ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT 1982-91	2.17	1	0
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.5	2	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.77	9	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	4.83	9	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.72	10	0	nitrogen oxoacid
silver chloride [no description available]	9.23	6	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
silver iodide silver iodide: RN given refers to silver iodide [1:1]	7.13	1	0
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.71	3	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	5.41	21	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	3.28	6	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).	3.33	6	0	calcium phosphate
chlorosulfonic acid [no description available]	2.44	2	0
sulfur trioxide sulfur trioxide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0	sulfur oxide
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.78	3	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	7.15	14	1
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	2.49	2	0	epoxide
hexadimethrine bromide Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.	1.97	1	0
zirconium chloride zirconium tetrachloride : A zirconium coordination entity comprising four chlorine atoms bound to a central zirconium atom.	2.05	1	0	inorganic chloride; zirconium coordination entity	catalyst
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	7.23	16	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	3.16	5	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	7.04	23	1	aluminium sulfate
ferric phosphate ferric phosphate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(3+) phosphate : An inorganic phosphate having Fe(3+) as the counterion.	2.31	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic phosphate; iron molecular entity
chlorine dioxide chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant	8.89	3	0	chlorine dioxide
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	9.21	3	1	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	7.78	3	0	cadmium coordination entity
calcium nitrate calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.	2.13	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic nitrate salt	fertilizer
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.52	2	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2.74	3	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.05	4	0
rhamnose [no description available]	2.57	2	0	L-rhamnose
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.01	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
chloramine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	halide
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	3.5	7	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	3.86	9	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
tricalcium silicate tricalcium silicate: might be used as injectable bioactive cement	2.83	3	0
procion blue mx-r procion blue MX-R: used in affinity labeling of enzymes; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.06	4	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	9.72	139	1	titanium oxides	food colouring
sodium tungstate(vi) sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.	2.05	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	reagent
hydrocortisone-17-butyrate cortisol 17-butyrate : Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	butyrate ester; cortisol ester; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	dermatologic drug; drug allergen
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;	2.25	1	0	anthraquinone
indium nitrate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
sodium aluminum hydride [no description available]	2.63	2	0	inorganic sodium salt
salen disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron	7.31	1	0
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.81	3	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2.86	3	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	7.06	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	7.6	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol [no description available]	3.01	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
chlortoluron chlorotoluron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups while the other is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl group. A herbicide that is non-toxic to honeybees but moderately toxic to mammals, birds, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.	7.1	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	2.21	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	3.29	5	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	2.52	2	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.93	4	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	2.81	3	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	4.87	7	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
nickel sulfide nickel sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-S; see also nickel subsulfide: 12035-72-2	7.6	1	0
gold tetrachloride, acid gold tetrachloride, acid: used in root canal therapy; RN given refers to (SP-4-1)	3.36	6	0
fluorides [no description available]	14.1	61	2	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
benomyl [no description available]	2	1	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
reactive red 2 reactive red 2: inhibitor of ecto-nucleotidase and P(2y)-selective purinoceptor antagonist; structure in first source. procion red MX-5B : A 2,4-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine with a multi-substituted napthalen-1-ylamino substituent at the 6-position.	2.99	4	0
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	3.82	10	0	tin oxide
cresyl violet cresyl violet: RN given refers to chloride. cresyl violet : A cationic heterotetracyclic fluorescent dye derived from benzo[a]phenoxazine.	2.11	1	0
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	7.69	100	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
geosmin geosmin: earthy smelling cpd from sediment in Lake Biwa; structure. (-)-geosmin : The (-)-stereoisomer of geosmin, having 4S,4aS,8aR configuration.	7.03	1	0	geosmin
brilliant orange 3r brilliant orange 3R: RN given refers to di-Na salt; RN for parent cpd not avail 11/92; structure given in first source	3.65	8	0
reactive orange [no description available]	2.63	2	0
iodine [no description available]	9.14	14	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	3.33	6	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
metribuzin metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.	7.21	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.11	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	7.49	2	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	5.71	75	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	2.17	1	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
4-ethylphenol 4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.	2.17	1	0	phenols	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
4-anisaldehyde 4-anisaldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #696. p-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4.	2.41	1	0	benzaldehydes	bacterial metabolite; human urinary metabolite; insect repellent; plant metabolite
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.77	3	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium: a disinfectant	2.15	1	0
carbamide peroxide Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.	2.07	1	0	mixture	disinfectant; oxidising agent; reagent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	3.48	6	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	2.06	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.05	1	0	acetamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.23	5	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	3.65	9	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	2.08	1	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.81	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.	7.31	1	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
carticaine Carticaine: A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.	2.1	1	0	thiophenecarboxylic acid
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	4.02	13	0
aluminum oxide hydroxide aluminum oxide hydroxide: RN given refers to Al2O3.xH2O	2.87	3	0	aluminium hydroxides; aluminium oxides
alkenes [no description available]	3.22	5	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	7.87	3	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	6.61	45	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	2.72	3	0
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.38	6	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
allura red ac dye Allura Red AC Dye: new monoazo dye proposed as color additive in various food products; RN given refers to di-Na salt; structure	3.84	9	0
poly-n,n-dimethyl-n,n-diallylammonium chloride diallyldimethylammonium chloride: structure in first source	3	4	0
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	6.02	33	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	6.74	51	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	4.46	20	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
2-bromoethanesulfonic acid 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a methanogenic inhibitor	2.1	1	0
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	3.44	7	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
trimethylethylammonium trimethylethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethyltrimethylammonium : A quarternary ammonium cation having one ethyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	3.04	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion
oxovanadium iv oxovanadium IV: forms complexes with simple sugars	2.13	1	0	vanadium oxide
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	7.52	2	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
pirimiphos methyl pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	aminopyrimidine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	3.91	11	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	2.11	1	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-ipomeanol 4-ipomeanol: lung-toxic furanoterpenoid produced in moldy sweet potatoes in response to fungus infection; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.11	1	0	aromatic ketone
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	4.11	14	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	10.53	206	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	3.24	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	3.35	5	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
isoproturon isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	7.25	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
diflubenzuron Diflubenzuron: An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.. diflubenzuron : A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.	2.05	1	0	benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes	insect sterilant
enilconazole enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.	2.06	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
iprodione iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.	7.46	2	0	benzenes; dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; nematicide
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	7.59	2	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
lentinan [no description available]	2.89	3	0
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	3.88	11	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
climbazole 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one : A ketone that is butan-2-one substituted by a 4-chlorophenoxy and a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group at position 1 and 2 methyl groups at position 3.	8.53	1	1	aromatic ether; hemiaminal ether; imidazoles; ketone; monochlorobenzenes
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	2.75	3	0
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	3.05	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
n-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Duxon: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.13	1	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	3.99	13	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.05	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	2.02	1	0
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.03	4	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	7.55	2	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.75	3	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.53	2	0
heptacaine heptacaine: structure; RN given refers to the HCl salt	7.07	1	0
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	7.31	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
satranidazole satranidazole: anti-bacterial used to treat periodontitis; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	9.42	6	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.	2.07	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	2.15	1	0
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	2.49	2	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	2.47	2	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.99	4	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.08	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.13	1	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyromazine cyromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.6	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	mouse metabolite; triazine insecticide
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.17	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.61	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
1-octanesulfonic acid 1-octanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	organosulfonic acid	local anaesthetic
buserelin Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.	2.95	4	0	oligopeptide
triclabendazole [no description available]	7.17	1	0	aromatic ether
piroctone olamine piroctone olamine: 2(1H)-pyridinone, 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)- combined with 2-aminoethanol; used to treat pityriasis; structure given in first source. piroctone olamine : An organoammonium salt that is the ethanolamine salt of piroctone.	8.85	2	1
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.08	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
1-methylpiperazine 1-methylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0	N-methylpiperazine
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	3.55	7	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	5.04	32	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	7.11	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
imazapyr, (+-)-isomer imazapyr: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. imazapyr : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazapyr. An inhibitor of acetohydroxyacid synthase, it is used (generally as the isopropylamine salt, known as imazapyr-isopropylammonium) as a herbicide, particularly for the control of perennial grasses, broad-leaved weeds, woody plants, brambles, etc., on non-crop land. It is not approved for use within the European Union.. 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yl group, which in turn is substituted at positions 4, 4, and 5 by isopropyl, ethyl, and oxo groups, respectively.	2.13	1	0	imidazolines; imidazolone; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; pyridines
imazethapyr imazethapyr: do not confuse with imazapyr, which is the 5-desethyl analog of imazethapyr	2.66	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
clomazone clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.	7.13	1	0	isoxazolidinone; monochlorobenzenes	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	3.9	10	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	7.47	2	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
ractopamine ractopamine: veterinary growth stimulant. ractopamine : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible diastereoisomers of 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol. A beta-adrenergic agonist, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) as a feed additive for use in pigs and other livestock to promote protein deposition, resulting in leaner meat. The R,R diastereoisomer, butopamine, is responsible for most of the leanness-enhancing effects. While use of ractopamine has been banned in over 120 countries including throughout the EU, in the US it used in an estimated 80% of all beef, pork and turkey production.. 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl group.	2.21	1	0	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
difloxacin difloxacin: RN & structure given in first source. difloxacin : A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.	7.25	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.08	1	0	naphthoic acid
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.99	4	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	4.76	9	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
mk 458 MK 458: a sustained release formulation of a naphthoxazine compoud with selective D-2 dopamine receptor agonism. naxagolide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of naxagolide.	2.92	4	0	hydrochloride	anticonvulsant; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.04	3	0	tetralins
piroxantrone [no description available]	2.38	2	0
adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.	2.11	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid	dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.06	1	0	6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent
sparfloxacin [no description available]	7.13	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	7.21	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	2.03	1	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	3.32	5	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	7.48	34	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
temoporfin temoporfin: used as PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY	7.15	1	0
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	4.8	1	1	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	5.77	18	1	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	2.77	3	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.8	3	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	4.46	19	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.57	2	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	2.07	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	3.49	7	0	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	2.03	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	4.66	7	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	3.4	6	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitroaniline nitroaniline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for nitro moiety. nitroaniline : A substituted aniline that carries one or more nitro groups.	7.21	1	0
octyl gallate [no description available]	2.59	2	0	gallate ester	food antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
propyltrimethoxysilane [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ci 18055 acid violet 7: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
pyranine pyranine: structure	2.21	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.89	3	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing	2.07	1	0
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	2.15	1	0
tantalum oxide tantalum oxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; used for surgical implants	2.55	2	0
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline: strong mutagen found in broiled foods; structure given in first source. MeIQx : An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amine; imidazoquinoxaline	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; Maillard reaction product; mutagen
sudan iii sudan III: structure in first source. Sudan III : A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a 4-{[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.	2.21	1	0	azobenzenes; bis(azo) compound; naphthols	carcinogenic agent; fluorochrome; histological dye
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	3.13	5	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
perfluoropropionic acid perfluoropropionic acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
4-ethylguaiacol 4-ethylguaiacol: a constituent of wood creosote; suppresses intestinal smooth muscle contraction	2.17	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	3.04	4	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
ammonium peroxydisulfate ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.	2.66	2	0
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	3.34	6	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	4.81	9	0
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecylammonium 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecylammonium: RN given refers to chloride	2.15	1	0
halofuginone [no description available]	7.05	1	0	quinazolines
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.79	3	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	5.42	50	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	7.17	1	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tetramethylenedisulfotetramine tetramethylenedisulfotetramine: induces convulsions; inhibitor of GABA; structure	2.25	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	5.61	25	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	2.69	2	0
dihydrochalcone dihydrochalcone : A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is acetophenone in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.21	1	0	dihydrochalcones	plant metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.48	2	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
ursolic acid [no description available]	5.76	13	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
8-amino-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid 8-amino-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	3.01	4	0
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	6.57	45	1	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	4.56	6	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	6.27	9	1	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
allicin [no description available]	3.11	3	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	5.12	13	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	8.35	48	1	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	4.22	16	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
gallocatechol gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.	3.31	5	0	gallocatechin	antioxidant; metabolite; radical scavenger
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	2.1	1	0
4-nitrophenylgalactoside 4-nitrophenylgalactoside: RN refers to (beta-D)-isomer. 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactopyranoside having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.03	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative	affinity label
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	2.48	2	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.	3.37	6	0	phosphatidylglycerol
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	2.78	3	0
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside: enzyme substrate for beta-galactosidase. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside : An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-galactoside of 3-hydroxy-1H-indole in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which cleaved the glycosidic bond to give 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-indole, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.	2.45	2	0	beta-D-galactoside; D-aldohexose derivative; indolyl carbohydrate; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound	chromogenic compound
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	4.54	8	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	3	4	0	iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	3.01	4	0
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II): a fluorescent dye; structure in first source	3.19	5	0	ruthenium coordination entity	fluorochrome
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name	7.11	1	0
surfactin peptide surfactin peptide: antineoplastic product isolated from Bacillus sp.	2.07	1	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.44	2	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate: for detection of alkaline phosphatase; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse with AMPS cpd	3.12	4	0	organosulfonic acid
betamethasone sodium phosphate betamethasone sodium phosphate: phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975. betamethasone sodium phosphate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of betamethasone phosphate.	2.57	2	0	organic sodium salt; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
glucose-1-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate: RN given refers to (alpha-D-Glc)-isomer. alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate : A D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.	2.49	2	0	D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	4.64	5	1	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
tetraiodothyroacetic acid tetraiodothyroacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is thyroacetic acid carrying four iodo substituents at positions 3, 3', 5 and 5'.	2.17	1	0	2-halophenol; aromatic ether; iodophenol; monocarboxylic acid	apoptosis inducer; human metabolite; thyroid hormone
thymol blue thymol blue: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.6	1	0
ecabet ecabet: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	diterpenoid
milnacipran Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.	7.25	1	0	acetamides
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.01	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
azelnidipine azelnidipine: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	isopropyl ester
pazufloxacin [no description available]	7.03	1	0	quinolines
repaglinide [no description available]	3.05	4	0	piperidines
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	3.12	4	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sebacoyl chloride sebacoyl chloride: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
adipic dihydrazide [no description available]	2.66	2	0
bisphenol b [no description available]	2.11	1	0	bisphenol
boron nitride [no description available]	3.82	10	0	nitride
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	7.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hexaconazole 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	3.31	5	0	dichlorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	chelator
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	3.44	6	0
divinyl benzene [no description available]	2.1	1	0	styrenes
5-nitrosalicylaldehyde [no description available]	2.17	1	0
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	4.29	15	0	boronic acids
porphine porphine: structure given in first source	7.03	1	0
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	2.45	2	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.8	3	0	phenanthroline
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole [no description available]	4.31	5	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	7.38	30	1	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	3.21	4	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
perfluorobutane sulfonate perfluorobutanesulfonic acid: a surfactant; structure in first source. perfluorobutanesulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is butane-1-sulfonic acid in which all of the hydrogens of the butyl group have been replaced by fluorines.	2.6	1	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	surfactant
apaflurane [no description available]	2.76	3	0
lupulon lupulon: antibiotic from hops; structure. lupulone : A beta-bitter acid in which the acyl group is specified as 3-methylbutanoyl.. beta-bitter acid : An alicyclic ketone obtained by prenylation at positions 4, 6 and 6 of any 2-acylphloroglucinol. beta-bitter acids are well known for their contribution to the bitter taste of beer.	2.17	1	0	beta-bitter acid	angiogenesis inhibitor; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
orsellinic acid orsellinic acid: from the Sonoran desert endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum; structure in first source. o-orsellinic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a methyl group.	7.41	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite; metabolite
n-phenylphthalimide N-phenylphthalimide: structure given in first source	7.15	1	0
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	3.25	5	0	anthocyanidin chloride
2-aminobenzaldehyde 2-aminobenzaldehyde: structure	2.13	1	0
n,n-carbonyldiimidazole [no description available]	2.46	2	0
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	3.01	3	0	benzodioxoles
2-butynoic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	3.56	7	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	7.03	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	7.25	1	0	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.5	2	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
trithiocarbonic acid trithiocarbonic acid: RN & Nl from 9th CI; cpd not in Chemline 8/83	2.04	1	0	chalcocarbonic acid; one-carbon compound; thiocarbonyl compound
glycine amide glycine amide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.31	1	0	amino acid amide; glycine derivative
9-anthraldehyde [no description available]	7	1	0
2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde: from African medicinal plants: Mondia whitei (Apocynaceae), Rhus vulagaris (Anacardiaceae), Sclerocarya caffra (Anacardiaceae)	2.04	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
n,n-dimethyl-4-anisidine [no description available]	2.44	2	0
1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid [no description available]	2.21	1	0
6-aminouracil [no description available]	2.41	1	0	pyrimidone
2-methyl-2-oxazoline 2-methyl-2-oxazoline: structure in first source. 2-methyl-2-oxazoline : A 5-membered heterocyclic compound, which is substituted in the 2-position with a methyl group and which is often used as a monomer in polymerisation reactions.	2.5	2	0	oxazoline
2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde carrying hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	1.98	1	0
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	3.79	8	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
dapoxetine [no description available]	4.61	1	1	naphthalenes
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.04	1	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.24	15	0	tocol
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	5.95	6	1	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
buparvaquone buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
aceclofenac [no description available]	6.52	13	1	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acemannan acemannan: prepared from extract of the Aloe barbadensis plant	7.58	2	0
prednisolone phosphate prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.	1.99	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; glucocorticoid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; glucocorticoid receptor agonist; prodrug
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	2.13	1	0
zidovudine triphosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
procion reactive red 4 Procion Reactive Red 4: inhibits phosphotransferase activity of yeast hexokinase; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0
7-hydroxystaurosporine [no description available]	2.55	2	0
hesperetin [no description available]	3.06	4	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
magnolol [no description available]	2.76	2	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	3.01	4	0	biphenyls
nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.	7.04	1	0	methoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
viscosin viscosin: cyclic peptide lactone with alternating D and L amino acids; found in Pseudomonas viscosa; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.15	1	0
xylenol orange xylenol orange: carboxylate anion which exhibits characteristic visible spectrum when attached to a metal	2.1	1	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	3.23	5	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
titan yellow titan yellow: RN given refers to di-Na salt	7.25	1	0
reactive red 120 dye reactive red 120 dye: used in dye ligand chromatography; MF & structure unknown. Reactive red 120 : A bis(azo) compound that consists of a benzene core having two (4-amino-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino groups attached at positions 1 and 4 and which in turn have 5-hydroxy-6-[(2-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]-2,7-disulfonaphthalen-4-yl groups attached to their 4-amino functions.	2.87	3	0	azobenzenes; bis(azo) compound; chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine; naphthalenesulfonic acid	dye
nicosulfuron nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.	2.6	1	0	N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	2.6	1	0	carbapenems
gliclazide 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid: a gap junction inhibitor	2.82	2	0
glucosaminic acid glucosaminic acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid : Hexanoic acid with four hydroxy groups at C-3, C-4, C-5, C-6, and an amino group at C-2.	4.12	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gluconic acid derivative	bacterial metabolite
corilagin corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.	7.25	1	0	ellagitannin; gallate ester	antihypertensive agent; antioxidant; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sakuranetin sakuranetin: major rice phytoalexin; RN given for ((S)-(-))-isomer; structure in first source. sakuranetin : A flavonoid phytoalexin that is (S)-naringenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.01	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; flavonoid phytoalexin; monomethoxyflavanone	antimycobacterial drug; plant metabolite
glycyl-histidyl-lysine glycyl-histidyl-lysine: found in human plasma; promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells, lymphocytes & mycoplsma; maintains viability of hepatocytes, eosinophils and macrophages; inhibits growth of glial cells; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His-Lys : A tripeptide composed of glycine, L-histidine and L-lysine residues joined in sequence.	2.21	1	0	tripeptide	chelator; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; vulnerary
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	3.61	8	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	4.76	24	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.78	3	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
4,6-diacetylresorcinol 4,6-diacetylresorcinol: structure in first source	7.07	1	0
dicetylphosphate dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2.71	3	0	dialkyl phosphate
2-aminoethylmethacrylate aminoethyl methacrylate: cell-adhesive dextran hydrogel	2.69	2	0	enoate ester
benzophenone-3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxylic acid benzophenone-3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxylic acid: photoradicals of above cpd are active in reduction of methemoglobin	2.21	1	0
n-acetylhistidine N-acetylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetylhistidine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens of the alpha-amino group is substituted by an acetyl group.. N-acetyl-L-histidine : A histidine derivative that is L-histidine having an acetyl substituent on the alpha-nitrogen.	2.97	4	0	L-histidine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acetylhistidine	animal metabolite
1-hydroxybenzotriazole 1-hydroxybenzotriazole: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	benzotriazoles
c.i. direct red 80 Solophenyl red 3BL: structure in first source. Sirius red F3B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Sirius red F3B (acid form) with six equivalents of sodium hydroxide. A polyazo dye used principally in staining methods for collagen and amyloid.	2.1	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
nalidixate sodium tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine: coupling reagent for enzyme immobilization	2.78	3	0
2,5-furandicarboxylic acid furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid : A member of the class of furans carrying two carboxy substituents at positions 2 and 5.	7.31	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; furans	human urinary metabolite
2,2-di(4-methacryloxyphenyl)propane 2,2-di(4-methacryloxyphenyl)propane: used in polymers & copolymers of dental materials. bisphenol A dimethacrylate : A bisphenol that is bisphenol A condensed with two molecules of methacrylic acid.	2.08	1	0	bisphenol; enoate ester	metabolite
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	3.57	8	0	monocarboxylic acid
cobalt phthalocyanine [no description available]	7.1	1	0
5-aminofluorescein 5-aminofluorescein: used to determine progesterone in human serum or plasma. 5-aminofluorescein : A primary amino compound that is fluorescein carrying an amino substituent at C-5. Building block/intermediate for the synthesis of the fluorescent dye flourescein; also used to produce N-(fluorescein-5-yl)maleamic acid.	2.31	1	0	primary amino compound
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine tris(2-aminoethyl)amine: structure given in first source	7.04	1	0	tetramine
rivastigmine [no description available]	3.21	5	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.15 at 20 degreeC.	2.1	1	0	MES; organosulfonic acid; zwitterion
methacrylylcholine methacrylylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0
nitrazine yellow nitrazine yellow: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.08	1	0
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	4.13	14	0
carvacryl acetate carvacryl acetate: a derivative of carvacrol that reduces nociceptive and inflammatory response in mice; structure in first source	7.31	1	0	monoterpenoid
3,7-dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol Geranium: A plant genus of the family GERANIACEAE. Geranium is also used as a common name for PELARGONIUM.	2.82	2	0
4-methylmorpholine n-oxide N-methylmorpholine N-oxide : A morpholine N-oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of N-methylmorpholine.	2.07	1	0	morpholine N-oxide
bexarotene [no description available]	7.13	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
s20098 [no description available]	2.66	2	0	acetamides
2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid 2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.1	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	3.25	5	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
iridium oxide iridium oxide: RN given refers to Ir-O2	2.11	1	0
ruthenium dioxide ruthenium dioxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ru-O2	7.31	1	0
procion yellow [no description available]	2.05	1	0
lanthanum trifluoride lanthanum trifluoride: sputtered LaF3 film is used as a new MOS-type glucose sensor; RN given refers to cpd LaF3	2.11	1	0
biotinyl-n-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester biotinyl-N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester: reagent for identifying cell surface antigens; used to identify & isolate cuticular proteins of Brugia malayi	2.03	1	0
albendazole sulfoxide albendazole sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	7.55	2	0	sulfoxide
adriamycinol doxorubicinol : A member of the class of tetracenequinones that is the major metabolite of the anthracycline doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent effective against a broad range of malignant neoplasms. It is thought to exhibit cardiotoxic properties.	2.03	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; aromatic ether; deoxy hexoside; p-quinones; phenols; polyol; tetracenequinones	cardiotoxic agent; drug metabolite
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	3.34	6	0	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	4.09	14	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
zwittergent 3-12 zwittergent 3-12: zwitterionic detergent. lauryl sulfobetaine : An ammonium betaine in which the ammonium nitrogen is substituted by dodecyl, 3-sulfatopropyl and two methyl groups.	2.6	1	0	ammonium betaine	detergent
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.07	1	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
raptors imazamox: an experimental imidazolinone herbicide; structure in first source. 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-5-(methoxymethyl)nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which is substituted substituted at position 5 by a methoxymethyl group and at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group, that in turn is substituted by isopropyl, methyl, and oxo groups at positions 4, 4, and 5, respectively.. imazamox : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-imazamox. An inhibitor of acetohydroxyacid synthase, it is used (particularly as the corresponding ammonium salt, known as imazamox-ammonium) as a herbicide for the control of grass, broad-leaf weeds, and pond weed.	2.89	3	0	ether; imidazolines; imidazolone; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
difenoconazole difenoconazole : A member of the class of dioxolanes that is 1,3-dioxolane substituted at position 2 by 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups. A broad spectrum fungicide with novel broad-range activity used as a spray or seed treatment. It is moderately toxic to humans, mammals, birds and most aquatic organisms.	3.22	3	0	aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dioxolane; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
s-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate S-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate: induces system acquired resistance in wheat; structure in first source. acibenzolar-S-methyl : A benzothiadiazole that is the S-methyl thioester derivative of acibenzolar. A profungicide (by hydrolysis of the thioester group to give the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as a fungicide and plant activator on a variety of crops, including cotton, chili peppers, lettuce, onions, spinach, tobacco, and tomatoes.	2.49	2	0	benzothiadiazole; thioester	antifungal agrochemical; plant activator; profungicide
4-(hydroxyphenyl)acetamide 4-(hydroxyphenyl)acetamide: structure given in first source; an impurity found in the HPLC assay for atenolol; do not confuse with acetaminophen	2.17	1	0	acetamides
coenzyme a [no description available]	3.15	5	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
gentiopicroside gentiopicroside: a secoiridoid in Gentiana with rearrangement to two pyran rings	7.6	1	0	glycoside
mebeverine gamma-oryzanol: present in rice bran is associated with various physiological functions; RN given refers to gamma-oryzanol	3.25	5	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	6.41	11	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane 2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	7.61	41	1	iditol	fungal metabolite
3-acryloyloxypropionic acid 3-acryloyloxypropionic acid: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
c.i. direct red 23 C.I. Direct Red 23: azo dye; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
6-phosphogluconic acid gluconic acid-6-phosphate: structure. 6-phospho-D-gluconate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of 6-phospho-D-gluconic acid.. 6-phospho-D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid phosphate having the phosphate group at the 6-position. It is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.	2.17	1	0	gluconic acid phosphate	fundamental metabolite
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	9.36	18	0
goethite [no description available]	2.76	2	0
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile): free radical initiator in liposome systems	1.99	1	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	3.01	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrimethanil pyrimethanil: structure in first source. pyrimethanil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6. A fungicide used to control grey mould on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals as well as leaf scab on pome fruit. Also commonly employed to control Botrytis cinerea throughout the winemaking process in grapes, must, fermenting must and wine.	7.13	1	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
diflucortolone valerate diflucortolone valerate: Rn given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer	7.08	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
ac 263,222 imazapic: imidazolinone herbicide. imazapic : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazapic. It is a selective imidazolinone herbicide for pre- and post-emergent control of some annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds. It kills plants by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS).. 5-methyl-2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is 5-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yl group, which in turn is substituted at positions 4, 4, and 5 by isopropyl, methyl, and oxo groups, respectively.	2.13	1	0	imidazolines; imidazolone; methylpyridines; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
chlorfenapyr chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.	3.01	2	0	hemiaminal ether; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine acaricide; organofluorine insecticide; pyrroles	proacaricide; proinsecticide
tylophorine tylophorine: phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid	2.11	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
2,8-dihydroxyadenine 2,8-dihydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; component of urinary stores; structure. 2,8-dihydroxyadenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 8. It is a highly insoluble metabolite of adenine that causes radiolucent urolithiasis. It is produced by individuals who suffer from adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive error of purine metabolism.	2.02	1	0	6-aminopurines; diol; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; oxopurine	human urinary metabolite; mammalian metabolite; mouse metabolite; nephrotoxic agent
3-aminobenzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.75	3	0
4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl [no description available]	2.08	1	0
5-((2-aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid 5-((2-aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
lopinavir [no description available]	4.61	1	1	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
1-(4'-nitrophenyl)-2-aminopropane-1,3-diol 1-(4'-nitrophenyl)-2-aminopropane-1,3-diol: chloramphenicol minus dichloroacetamide side chain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.41	1	0
annatto annatto: coloring matter from seeds of Bixa orellana L., Bixaceae; contains bixin and pigments that give carotene reactions; induces hyperglycemia	2.88	3	0
n(alpha)-acetyllysine N(alpha)-acetyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. acetyl-L-lysine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-lysine.. N(2)-acetyl-L-lysine : An acetyl-L-lysine where the acetyl group is located at the N(2)-posiiton.	2.13	1	0	acetyl-L-lysine; amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	2.46	2	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
norcantharidin norcantharidin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpds without isomeric designation	4.05	13	0	furofuran
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	4.07	4	0
di-tert-butylperoxy-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane peroxide di-tert-butylperoxy-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane peroxide: widely used as a source of free radicals in the hardening of unsaturated polyester resins and the polymerization of styrene; structure in second source	2.02	1	0
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	7.17	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
dimyristoylphosphatidic acid dimyristoylphosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.48	2	0	phosphatidic acid
dodecyl glucoside dodecyl glucoside: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2.21	1	0
melamine formaldehyde [no description available]	2.47	2	0
lactamide lactamide: used in 2M solution as hyperosmotic agent on ciliary epithelium. lactamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lactic acid in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding carboxamide.	7.25	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; secondary alcohol
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	7.05	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	15.66	841	3	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
prolamins Prolamins: A group of seed storage proteins restricted to the POACEAE family. They are rich in GLUTAMINE and PROLINE.	2.6	1	0
nitrophenylgalactosides Nitrophenylgalactosides: Includes ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenylgalactosides.. 2-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside having a 2-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.03	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; C-nitro compound	chromogenic compound
quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	7.08	1	0
4-aminophenyl-beta-galactoside 4-aminophenyl-beta-galactoside: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2.31	1	0
10-hydroxycamptothecin [no description available]	3.47	7	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
1,3,4-oxadiazole 1,3,4-oxadiazole: structure in first source	7.31	1	0
4-methylhippuric acid 4-methylhippuric acid: urinary metabolite of p-xylene. p-methylhippuric acid : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as 4-methylbenzoyl.	2.31	1	0	N-acylglycine	metabolite
cellulose sulfate cellulose sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; vaginal gel being developed as both a contraceptive and blockage to STD somewhat like nonoxynol-9	3.99	12	0	ether; flavonoids
diosgenin [no description available]	7.6	1	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
coumarin 6 coumarin 6: structure in first source	3.96	12	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
arctiin arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	2.17	1	0	glycoside; lignan
meldola blue [no description available]	2.08	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	6.55	56	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.77	3	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	2.01	1	0
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	7.2	65	0	oligopeptide
eudragit rl [no description available]	2.05	1	0
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)	3.81	10	0	calcium salt; hydrate
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	3.31	1	0
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	7.86	3	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.47	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
cremophor el cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A	3.15	5	0
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	3.4	6	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
acrylodan [no description available]	2.05	1	0
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.57	2	0
eudragit rs Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules	5.47	23	0
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure	4.61	1	1	imidazo[2,1-i]purine	mutagen
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.41	1	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2	1	0
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.8	3	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	4.3	17	0
((18)O)water ((18)O)water : A form of water consisting of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen-18 atom.. oxygen-18 atom : The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 17.999160 and 0.205 atom percent natural abundance.	2.6	1	0	isotopically modified compound; water
valylvaline valylvaline: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Val-Val : A dipeptide formed from two L-valine residues.	2.25	1	0	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	4.61	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
eudragit-e Eudragit-E: a cationic polymer, used as a embolic material for arteriovenous malformations and as a taste masker	2.81	3	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available]	2.52	2	0
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets	2.74	3	0
beta-hydroxyvaleric acid 3-hydroxypentanoic acid : A short-chain fatty acid that is valeric acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.41	1	0	3-hydroxy fatty acid; ketone body; short-chain fatty acid
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	2.08	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	5.92	27	0	proanthocyanidin
pisatin pisatin: phytoalexin produced in plants after injection with fungi; RN given refers to (6aS-cis)-isomer; structure	7.69	3	0
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	3.21	5	0	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	2.07	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.52	2	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	2.82	2	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.05	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
dihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	3.01	1	0	capsaicinoid
triptolide [no description available]	7.21	1	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
asiaticoside [no description available]	3.25	5	0
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	3.52	7	0
parthenolide [no description available]	7.6	1	0	germacranolide
aristolochic acid ii aristolochic acid II: structure given in first source. aristolochic acid B : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions and by a nitro group at position 10.	2.46	2	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	3.64	2	0
tadalafil [no description available]	9.02	2	1	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
precirol precirol: octadecanoic acid esters; 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester mixed with 3-hydroxy-2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)propyl octadienoate & 2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)-1,3-propanediol; auxiliary in tableting; alpha glycerol palmitostearate	2.8	3	0
9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine [no description available]	2.52	2	0
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	2.57	2	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	3.01	3	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
selenomethylselenocysteine selenomethylselenocysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; selenocysteines	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	3.88	10	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
protoberberine protoberberine: a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline derivative that appears as an isoquinoline annelated (adjoined) with a naphthylene; the nitrogen is typically quarternary; nitidine is annelated differently; RN given refers to parent cpd	7.11	1	0
n-hydroxy-2-aminopyrene [no description available]	3.22	3	0
amarogentin amarogentin: secoiridoid glycoside. amarogentin : A secoiridoid glycoside that consists of (4aS,5R,6R)-5-ethenyl-6-hydroxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one having a 2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxybiphenyl-2-yl)carbonyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group attached at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.46	2	0	monosaccharide derivative; secoiridoid glycoside	EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; metabolite
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	7.6	1	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
chymosin Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.	2.49	2	0
l-lysine methyl ester methyl L-lysinate : The L-lysyl ester formed by conjugating L-lysine with methanol.	2.03	1	0	L-lysyl ester
basic blue 3 Basic Blue 3: structure in first source	7.04	1	0
asiatic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	angiogenesis modulating agent; metabolite
cynaropicrin cynaropicrin: structure given in first source; RN given for ((3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha,8beta,9aalpha,9bbeta)))-isomer	2.25	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
thiodigalactoside thiodigalactoside: RN given refers to beta-D-galactopyranoside (D-Gal)-isomer	2.05	1	0
astilbin astilbin: dihydroflavonol from Kohki tea processed from Engelhardtia chrysolepis (huang-qui); astilbin is the (2R-trans)-isomer; neoisoastilbin is the (2S-cis)-isomer and is Sweetening Agents; isoastilbin is the (2R-cis)-isomer; structure in first source;. astilbin : A flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.31	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; alpha-L-rhamnoside; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; tetrahydroxyflavanone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
allosamidin allosamidin: Anti-Asthmatic	2	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.82	10	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	7.17	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
valdecoxib [no description available]	7.44	2	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carboxypolymethylene carbomer: high molecular polyanionic substance	3.21	5	0
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	2.41	1	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
4-methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranoside 4-methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer	2.01	1	0
4-o-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-d-galactose 4-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose: carbohydrate part of receptor on human uroepithelial cells; RN given refers to (alpha-D,D)-isomer	2.05	1	0	O-acyl carbohydrate
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source	2.52	2	0
chitotriose chitotriose : An amino trisaccharide comprising of three 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose units joined by beta-(1->4) linkages.	8.3	6	0
hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate N-(4-azidobenzoyloxy)succinimide: structure in first source	2.63	2	0
sulforhodamine 101 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound	fluorochrome
chlorodimedone [no description available]	2.05	1	0
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide: carboxyl modifying agent	2.77	3	0
astragaloside a [no description available]	3.01	2	0
celastrol [no description available]	3.51	6	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
procyanidin b2 procyanidin B2 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine.	2.57	2	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite
quinapyramine quinapyramine: RN given refers to hydride; structure	7.17	1	0
niobium pentoxide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.79	3	0	carbene; methanediyl
phosphoramide phosphoramide: RN given refers to triamide. phosphoramide : A compound in which one or more of the OH groups of phosphoric acid have been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group. The term is commonly confined to the phosphoric triamides, P(=O)(NR2)3, since replacement of one or two OH groups produces phosphoramidic acids: P(=O)(OH)(NR2)2 , P(=O)(OH)2(NR2).	7.08	1	0
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	5.87	3	1	nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	2.99	4	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	6.26	17	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	5.58	4	1	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663 [no description available]	2.85	3	0	bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	2.08	1	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	6.37	10	1	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
4-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
kyotorphin kyotorphin: morphine-like dipeptide from bovine brain; RN given refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr)-isomer. Tyr-Arg : A dipeptide composed of L-tyrosine and L-arginine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.44	2	0	dipeptide
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: synthetic peptide from fibronectins; inhibits experimental metastasis of murine melanoma cells	3.19	5	0
polytrimethylene carbonate trimethylene carbonate: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
benzoylarginine ethyl ester benzoylarginine ethyl ester: used as substrate for trypsin; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0
octacalcium phosphate octacalcium phosphate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ca4-(H3PO4)3; see also record for synthos (beta-tricalcium phosphate) & calcium phosphate	3.38	6	0
hydroxycitric acid hydroxycitric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.1	1	0	carbonyl compound
n-acetylneuraminoyllactose 3'-sialyllactose: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate: used as a cross-linking agent to study ribosomal proteins, by making disulfide linkages; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.96	4	0	organonitrogen compound; oxoacid derivative
alanylglutamine alanylglutamine: RN refers to (L-Glu)-isomer; dipeptiven is for parenteral use. Ala-Gln : A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-glutamine residues.	2.17	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
gamma-glutamylcysteine L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.	2.08	1	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosyl-isoleucyl-glycyl-seryl-arginine tyrosyl-isoleucyl-glycyl-seryl-arginine: a synthetic laminin pentapeptide	2.71	3	0
glabridin [no description available]	7.63	2	0	hydroxyisoflavans	antiplasmodial drug
tetrahydrocurcumin tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.	7.98	3	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; polyphenol	metabolite
msh (11-13) MSH (11-13): RN refers to (all-L)-isomer	2.49	2	0	oligopeptide
4-methylumbelliferylcellobioside 4-methylumbelliferylcellobioside: substrate for cellobiohydrolase I	1.99	1	0	coumarins; glycoside
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: resembles the RGD peptides; supports receptor-mediated cell adhesion; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/90	2.71	3	0
methotrexate [no description available]	7.02	87	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol 1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol: irreversibly inactivates the dihydroalprenolol binding site; alprenolol analog; isopropylamino group of alprenolol replaced by 8-bromoacetylamino-1-amino-p-menthane moiety in the 1 position; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0
cyanidin cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.	7.41	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine [no description available]	7.01	1	0
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
foy 251 4-(4-guanidinobenzoyloxy)phenylacetic acid: RN given refers to monomethanesulfonate	2.11	1	0
glycyl- arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-prolyl-lysine [no description available]	2.31	1	0
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	7.41	1	0	biphenyls
dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid	5.01	4	2	amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide	cholinergic drug; provitamin
isoleucyl-lysyl-valyl-alanyl-valine isoleucyl-lysyl-valyl-alanyl-valine: amino acid sequence given in first source; corresponds to an active site on laminin	2.02	1	0
ilomastat CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor	2.02	1	0	hydroxamic acid; L-tryptophan derivative; N-acyl-amino acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
bismark brown Bismark Brown: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
n-hydroxysulfosuccinimide N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide: hydrophilic ligand for preparation of active esters	2.05	1	0
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	7.6	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
carbapenems [no description available]	2.21	1	0
lac dye lac dye: possible food coloring agent which is completely nontoxic at low doses; lac dye is water soluble constituent of stick lac (commercial lac resin); lac resin is hardened secretion of insect Laccifer lacca (lac insect). 4-{[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl}phenyl-beta-lactoside : A glycoside comprising beta-lactose having a p-(p-dimethylaminophenylazo)phenyl group at the 1-position.. LAC dye : A four-component mixture of dyes obtained from the secretions of the insect species Laccifer lacca. The four components of LAC are laccaic acids A, B, C and D of which laccaic acid A is the most abundant.	7.31	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycoside; monoazo compound	dye
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	3.01	4	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
aspartame [no description available]	1.98	1	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
calcium borate calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7	4.61	1	1
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	8.02	4	0	D-xylose
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	2.41	1	0	quinomethane
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	8.02	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	4.08	13	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	3.88	9	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	8.53	60	1	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	7.34	28	1	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
n-methylglucosamine N-methylglucosamine: RN given refers to (D)-isomer	2.25	1	0
cysteinylcysteine cysteinylcysteine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. Cys-Cys : A dipeptide formed from two L-cysteine residues.	2.25	1	0	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
n-methacryloyl glycine N-methacryloyl glycine: the aqueous ethanolic solution used as dentin primer	2.08	1	0
n-(3,4,5-trichlorophenyl)succinimide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	4.46	19	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
centchroman Centchroman: A non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties.	2.96	4	0
ly 311727 LY 311727: a potent & selective inhibitor of human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2; structure given in first source	2	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	4.65	25	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	6.51	53	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
lactitol lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.	2.17	1	0	glycosyl alditol	cathartic; excipient; laxative
rhodioloside [no description available]	2.1	1	0	glycoside
dialuminum magnesium tetraoxide spinell: mineral that can be colored to match dentin	2.6	1	0
calcium aluminate [no description available]	2.86	3	0
gadolinium oxide gadolinium oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Gd2-O3	7.31	1	0
lead titanate zirconate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
reactive yellow 13 reactive yellow 13: ligand for affinity chromatography of alkaline phosphatase; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
resiquimod S 28463: structure given in first source	7.59	2	0	imidazoquinoline
cerium phosphate cerium phosphate: intermediate product in cerium-based technique for staining lysosomal enzymes	2.01	1	0
strontium phosphate strontium phosphate: RN given refers to Sr salt without specified ratio	2.53	2	0
sodium percarbonate sodium percarbonate: RN given refers to unspecified Na salt	7.6	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	4.42	19	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
silver phosphate silver phosphate: for chloride analysis in cystic fibrosis patch test	7.08	1	0
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	4.27	5	0
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	6.38	47	0	carbodiimide
dimethylsulfonioacetate dimethylthetin: synthetic analog of glycine betaine; structure in first source	3.52	6	0	sulfonium betaine
zirconium phosphate zirconium phosphate: reagent for carcinoembryonic antigen determination in plasma from patients having benign or malignant disease; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified ratio	9.3	5	0
pyropheophorbide a pyropheophorbide a: RN given refers to (3S-trans)-isomer	7.49	2	0
phenylarsonous acid phenylarsonous acid: RN given from Chem Abst Guide 1985; RN not in Chemline 11/85	2.05	1	0	arsonous acids
ampelopsin ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.9	2	0	dihydromyricetin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
methylselenic acid methylseleninic acid : An organoselenium compound that is seleninic acid in which the hydrogen attached to selenium is replaced by a methyl group.	2.06	1	0	one-carbon compound; organoselenium compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite
dithiothreitol tetraacetate dithiothreitol tetraacetate: RN refers to the (R,S)-isomer	2.05	1	0
momilactone a momilactone A: RN given for (3aR-(3aalpha,5aalpha,8beta,10abeta,10bbeta,10calpha))-isomer	2.01	1	0	diterpene lactone; pimarane diterpenoid
asenapine asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.	7.17	1	0	5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino)propane [no description available]	2.13	1	0
enniatin b enniatins: cyclohexadepsipeptides containing valine, isoleucine & valeric acid from Fusarian; form complexes with cations & cellular membranes; there are at least three different enniatins H, B & C; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PEPTIDES, CYCLIC (76-86); see also record for enniatin D, E, F. enniatin B : An enniatin obtained from formal cyclocondensation of three N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl]-N-methyl-L-valine units.	2.6	1	0	enniatin	antimicrobial agent
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	4.46	22	0
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	3.61	7	0
cupric hydroxide copper hydroxide: used as an antifungal agent	2.58	2	0	organic molecular entity
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	2.4	2	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
n(1)-methyl-2-lysergic acid diethylamide N(1)-methyl-2-lysergic acid diethylamide: RN given refers to (8beta)-isomer	2.15	1	0
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	9.2	4	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
n-acetylhomocysteine N-acetylhomocysteine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	7.1	1	0
diopside [no description available]	2.54	2	0
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	2.7	3	0
diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	3	4	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
anacardic acid anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.	7.31	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybenzoic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
vinylphosphonic acid [no description available]	7.1	1	0
boswellic acid boswellic acid: ursane type; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; active principle of salai guggal; see also record for salai guggal	2.72	2	0	triterpenoid
iron (3+) oxalate Sensodyne: a commercial dentifrice; contains 5% potassium nitrate, 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate base	2.1	1	0
isophorone diisocyanate [no description available]	2.89	3	0	diisocyanate
2-nitrophenyl octyl ether [no description available]	2.1	1	0
4-methylumbelliferyl-n,n-diacetylchitobioside [no description available]	2.01	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	7.33	29	1	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isofuranodiene isofuranodiene: structure	2.08	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	3.06	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium: structure given in first source. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is ethyl.	3.06	4	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	7.11	1	0
cadystin protein, s pombe cadystin protein, S pombe: small cadmium-binding peptides synthesized by Schizosaccharomyces pombe in response to cadmium; structure (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Gly; cadmium complex contains labile sulfur. phytochelatin 3 : A phytochelatin that is a heptapeptide consisting of 3 units of gamma-Glu-Cys, with a glycyl unit at the C-terminus.	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide; phytochelatin
galactosucrose galactosucrose: a non-digestible trisaccharide produced from lactose and sucrose by beta-fructofuranosidase	2.02	1	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	10.37	71	1
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	7.55	2	0	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
sb 216763 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	indoles; maleimides
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	3.73	8	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	4.08	14	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
dexketoprofen trometamol dexketoprofen trometamol: a water-soluble tromethamine salt of the racemic ketoprofen, rac(+-)-ketoprofen	7.61	2	0
nickel monoxide [no description available]	4	11	0
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	4.73	6	1	very long-chain fatty acid
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	2.55	2	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	4.13	13	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
n(alpha)-lauroylarginine ethyl ester N(alpha)-lauroylarginine ethyl ester: an antimicrobial surfactant; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	3.05	4	0
methyl 4-azidobenzimidate methyl 4-azidobenzimidate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
glucosamine 1-phosphate [no description available]	7.11	1	0	glucosamine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	2.6	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
1-palmitoyl-2-(12-((7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino)dodecanoyl)phosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-(12-((7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino)dodecanoyl)phosphatidylcholine: a fluorescent dye	2.11	1	0
3-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate 3-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate: structure given in first source; isomeric probe	2.6	1	0
6-(n-(4-aminobutyl)-n-ethyl)amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione 6-(N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethyl)amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione: forms a conjugate with progesterone; conjugate used for immunoassay of plasma progesterone	2.1	1	0	phthalazines
chlorite [no description available]	2.48	2	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fe(iii)-edta Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	7.44	2	0	iron coordination entity
n-acetylchitohexaose N-acetylchitohexaose: RN given from Toxlit 8/88	2.01	1	0
cadmium metallothionein cadmium-binding protein: metallothionein which serves in a metal-sequestering mechanism	1.96	1	0
lapatinib [no description available]	7.15	1	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine 2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	morpholines; purines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	adenosine A3 receptor antagonist; antineoplastic agent; Aurora kinase inhibitor; cell dedifferentiation agent
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	2.57	2	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
sorafenib [no description available]	3.9	10	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
colistimethate sodium [no description available]	7.41	1	0
lenalidomide [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	3.87	11	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	5.32	49	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
delrin delrin: linear polyoxymethylene type acetal resin made by polymerization of formaldehyde; RN refers to multi-polymer	3.35	1	0
cellulose triacetate cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration	7.52	2	0
pyrene-1-aldehyde pyrene-1-aldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with aldehyde group in position 1	2.11	1	0
epinastine dexamethasone acetate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer	2.08	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	2.84	3	0	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	2.13	1	0
2-chloro-1,4-dimethoxybenzene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	8.11	4	0
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.89	11	0
sodium bromide sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.	2.48	2	0	bromide salt; inorganic sodium salt
lupeol [no description available]	2.69	2	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
cyclovirobuxine d cyclovirobuxine D: active priciple of Buxus microphylla var. sinica; has anti-arrhythmic & arrhythmia-inducing actions	7.17	1	0
calendula Calendula: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain CAROTENOIDS, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE), flavonoids, mucilage, SAPONINS, and STEROLS. The plants are used both topically and internally. The common name of Marigold is also used for TAGETES.	3.33	4	0
solanine Solanine: A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.. solanine : A glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a trisccharide derivative of solanidine [(22beta)-solanid-5-en-3beta-ol].	2.21	1	0
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.61	2	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
noscapine Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.	7.11	1	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isobenzofuranone; organic heterobicyclic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antitussive; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
2-formylphenylboronic acid 2-formylphenylboronic acid: structure in first source	2.59	2	0
hafnia Hafnia: A genus of straight, gram-negative bacterial rods which are facultatively anaerobic and motile by peritrichous flagella. This genus is found in human and animal feces, soil, water, and dairy products. It is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)	2.6	1	0
wortmannin [no description available]	2.15	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.15	1	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.51	2	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid: metabolite of caffeic acid; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.	3.17	4	0	(dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite
phyllanthin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	lignan
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.25	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	7.53	2	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.5	2	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	4.61	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	9.39	5	0
germine germine: alkamine; present in many polyester alkaloids which occur in Veratrum & Zydadenus species; may be used medically as an antihypertensive agent; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search CEVANES (75-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.31	1	0
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	8.32	5	0
permanganate [no description available]	4.61	1	1	manganese oxoacid
carboplatin [no description available]	6.08	8	1
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.49	2	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
eurycomanone eurycomanone: from Eurycoma longifolia; structure in first source. eurycomanone : A quassinoid isolated from Eurycoma longifolia and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic and antimalarial activties.	2.59	2	0
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	2.58	2	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	3.34	6	0
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	8.98	11	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	8.74	46	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.	10.64	5	1
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	10.17	110	1	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.	2	1	0	D-galacturonic acid
elastin [no description available]	6.14	21	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	2.58	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.1	1	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
lichenin [no description available]	2.54	2	0
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	3.83	10	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	3.81	9	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	8.08	51	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.99	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
laminaran beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.	4.15	15	0
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	2.11	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
casein hydrolysate casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein	2.49	2	0
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	8.34	5	0	taxifolin	metabolite
isomaltulose 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose : A glycosylfructose that is D-fructofuranose attached to a alpha-D-glucopyranosyl unit at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage. It is found in honey and sugarcane.	2.01	1	0	glycosylfructose	animal metabolite; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	5.07	9	1	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
mannosamine mannosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. D-mannosamine : The D-enantiomer of mannosamine.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranose : A D-mannosamine in cyclic pyranose form.	2.78	3	0	D-mannosamine
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	2.6	1	0
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	2.15	1	0	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.69	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	6.07	9	0
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	6.38	29	0	cellotriose
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	3.01	4	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.03	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	7.98	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2.94	4	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	7.75	3	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	7	1	0	benzazocine
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.98	3	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
indican [no description available]	3.87	2	1	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	8.17	5	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
beta-hederin beta-hederin: derived from beta-amyrin; other hederigenin based saponins are available	2.11	1	0	triterpenoid
brucine brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94	3.01	4	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound
lenticin lenticin: found in extracts of lentils. hypaphorine : An amino acid betaine obtaine by exhaustive methylation of the alpha-amino group of L-tryptophan with concomitant deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.41	1	0	amino-acid betaine; indole alkaloid; L-tryptophan derivative	fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
genipin [no description available]	9.02	181	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	3.23	5	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
swertiamarin swertiamarin: seco-iridoid glucoside from Swertia japonica;	2.25	1	0	glycoside
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	3.82	10	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	7.17	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	3.51	7	0
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	2.45	2	0
geniposidic acid [no description available]	7.03	1	0	terpene glycoside
clindamycin phosphate [no description available]	2.53	2	0
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	7.76	2	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
loteprednol etabonate Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.	7.11	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; etabonate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid acid ester; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	8.36	204	0	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	4.12	14	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.31	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	3.5	7	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.99	4	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.9	2	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	6.98	21	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	7	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	3.58	8	0	cyclodextrin
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	3.23	5	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	7.72	2	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	5.61	60	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	5.33	12	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.81	3	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	6.44	49	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	4.22	15	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferric hydroxide ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9	2.31	1	0
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	6.87	44	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	18.06	251	3	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.72	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	7.07	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.02	1	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.52	2	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	4.01	11	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	3.21	5	0
keratan sulfate Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.	3.06	1	0
lycopene [no description available]	2.11	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	7.83	3	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	3.52	6	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cefoxitin Tn antigen: immediate precursor in biosynthesis of Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen; present in about 90% of human carcinoma tissue; proposed as universal carcinoma marker. O-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl)-L-serine : A non-proteinogenic L-amino acid that is N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine linked via an alpha glycosidic bond to the O at position 3 of L-serine.	2.31	1	0	L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	tumour antigen
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.52	2	0	aromatic amide
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.08	1	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime: structure in first source. 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin substituted at position 6 by a bromo group and in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.	7.6	1	0
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.49	2	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	3.36	6	0	oligopeptide
acid fuchsin acid fuchsin: RN refers to disodium salt. acid fuchsin : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-amino-5-[(4-amino-3-sulfophenyl)(4-imino-3-sulfocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-3-methylbenzene-1-sulfonic acid. It is used in the Van Gieson method in conjunction with picric acid to demonstrate collagen fibres red, and in Masson's trichrome to colour smooth muscle in contrast to collagen.	7.13	1	0
colfosceril palmitate colfosceril palmitate: used in the treatment of unilateral pulmonary interstitial emphysema; component of Exosurf. 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A phosphatidylcholine 32:0 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl). A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of pulmonary surfactants.	2.51	2	0	1-acyl-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 32:0	mouse metabolite; surfactant
texas red Texas red: hydrophilic Texas red; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound	fluorochrome
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	9.02	182	0
laminaran laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan	3.04	4	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.73	3	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.6	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	3.19	5	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	3.15	5	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	4.36	17	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
l 743,872 [no description available]	2.88	3	0
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	7.9	2	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
bay 41-4109 BAY 41-4109: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	4.55	22	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source	4.61	1	1
ammonium metavanadate [no description available]	7.6	1	0
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	2.25	1	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	4.16	15	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	3.18	5	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	3.14	5	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
ammonium carbonate ammonium carbonate: see also record for ammonium bicarbonate (mono-NH4 salt)	2.07	1	0
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.04	1	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
sodium dichloroacetate CPC 211: for intravenous use in patients with closed head injuries and stroke patients; no further information available 12/99	2.11	1	0
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine [no description available]	3.48	6	0	metallophthalocyanine; zinc tetrapyrrole	fluorochrome
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	8.09	4	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	6.54	32	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
11-mercaptoundecanoic acid [no description available]	8.04	4	0
dimethyloxalylglycine dimethyloxallyl glycine: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	glycine derivative; methyl ester; secondary carboxamide	EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
calix(4)arene calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source	2.77	3	0
tolfenamic acid tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.	7.08	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
methyl triclosan methyl triclosan: structure in first source	7.6	1	0
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.25	1	0	triterpenoid
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	2.6	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
camalexin camalexin : An indole phytoalexin that is indole substituted at position 3 by a 1,3-thiazol-2-yl group.	2.06	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; indole phytoalexin	metabolite
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	4.97	30	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	3.61	7	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
geraniol [no description available]	3.34	5	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	2.72	2	0	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	4.51	21	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.87	3	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	3.04	3	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.13	38	0	isomethyleugenol
piplartine piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source	8.33	5	0	cinnamamides; dicarboximide
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	5.41	15	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.59	2	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	3.44	6	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
retinol acetate retinol acetate: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	acetate ester
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	4.62	7	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	6.22	39	0	stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.05	1	0
xanthohumol xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus. xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; chalcones; polyphenol	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	3.68	8	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
ricinoleic acid ricinoleic acid: RN given refers to (R-(Z))-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8005. ricinoleic acid : A (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid in which the 12-hydroxy group has R-configuration..	7.21	1	0	(9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid
citraconic acid citraconic acid: was MH 1975-92 (see under MALEATES 1975-90); METHYLMALEIC ACID was see CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; use MALEATES to search CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; SO refers to (E)-isomer. citraconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.	7.1	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.96	4	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	4.46	4	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	9.01	3	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.25	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	3.31	6	0	diphosphate ion
amygdalin [no description available]	8.82	2	0
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.25	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
prednisolone hemisuccinate prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.	2.47	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; hemisuccinate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	3.42	7	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.41	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
prothionamide Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.	7.17	1	0	pyridines
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	3.7	9	0
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	3.37	6	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.54	2	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2-mercaptonicotinic acid 2-mercaptonicotinic acid: structure given in first source	3.04	4	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	7.07	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	4.9	30	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
2-mercaptobenzimidazole 2-mercaptobenzimidazole: purine synthesis antimetabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	7.1	1	0
ethyl ferulate ethyl ferulate: structure in first source	7.1	1	0
urocanic acid Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.	3.87	11	0	urocanic acid	human metabolite
6-mercaptopicolinic acid [no description available]	2.25	1	0
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	2.13	1	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.03	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
tetrahydropalmatine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	12.38	404	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	7.51	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.57	2	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	5.47	13	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
levocetirizine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	diarylmethane
terbinafine [no description available]	4.8	9	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	4.44	17	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	2.63	2	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	7.87	3	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	3.76	9	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	4.87	31	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
safranine t safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.	2.9	3	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	3.46	7	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	4.38	19	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
potassium oxonate potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice	2.21	1	0	organic molecular entity
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.59	2	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	3.9	11	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
sodium decylsulfonate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
thiocarbohydrazide [no description available]	3.03	4	0	thiocarbonyl compound
ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure	4.62	24	0
tungsten carbide tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF	7.05	1	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.25	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.15	1	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.54	2	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2.05	1	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	4.58	23	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.03	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
tetraoctylammonium bromide tetraoctylammonium bromide: a phase transfer reagent	2.07	1	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source	8.51	7	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is butyl.	8.03	4	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source	2.76	3	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	3.31	6	0
1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride: use as an ionic liquid solution. 3-methyl-1-octylimidazolium chloride : An organic chloride salt in which the cationic component is 3-methyl-1-octylimidazolium.	2.08	1	0	organic chloride salt
1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: is a nonaqueous ionic liquid	2.08	1	0
4-vinylphenyl boronic acid 4-vinylphenyl boronic acid: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
nadp [no description available]	7.78	3	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	8.61	106	1
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	2.41	1	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2h-tetrazolium 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium: structure given in first source	2.49	2	0
rubeanic acid rubeanic acid: indicator for copper, cobalt, & nickel; structure	2	1	0
stattic [no description available]	7.41	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; C-nitro compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; radiosensitizing agent; STAT3 inhibitor
kartogenin kartogenin: promotes chondrocyte differentiation; structure in first source	3.25	5	0
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	2.48	2	0	macrolide
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	4.04	3	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	2.79	3	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	3.47	7	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	7.93	72	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	3.61	8	0	alkali metal atom
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	2.02	1	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.6	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	4.61	1	1	nitrogen oxide
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	4.94	11	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
nizatidine Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.	2	1	0
monooctanoin monooctanoin: dissolution agent for retained cholesterol bile duct stones; RN in Chemline for octanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol, MF unknown: 11140-04-8; RN for octanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1-monooctanoin): 502-54-5; RN in 9th CI Form Index for (+-)-1-monooctanoin: 19670-49-6. rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-octanoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-octanoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monooctanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has octanoyl as the acyl group.	2.21	1	0	1-monoglyceride; octanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	8.84	2	1	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
4-azidobenzoic acid [no description available]	2.95	4	0
nitenpyram nitenpyram: a nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source. (E)-nitenpyram : A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.. nitenpyram : A C-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine where one of the nitrogens bears ethyl and (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl while the other nitrogen carries a methyl group.	2.41	1	0	chloropyridyl insecticide; nitenpyram
5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione: structure in first source	7.25	1	0
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.05	1	0
propidium monoazide propidium monoazide: a membrane impermeant dye that can cross-link DNA	2.21	1	0
suberoylbisphosphonic acid suberoylbisphosphonic acid: structure given in first source; inhibits hydroxyapatite formation, dissolution in vitro, and the calcification of bioprosthetic tissue implanted subdermally in rats	1.99	1	0
cystine [no description available]	7.21	1	0
n,n'-4-xylylenebis(pyridinium) [no description available]	2.07	1	0
rasagiline [no description available]	8.11	4	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	3.07	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
chitotetrose chitotetrose: isolated from acid hydrolysates of chitin	3.03	4	0
pelargonidin-3-glucoside pelargonidin-3-glucoside: structure given in first source; RN given for chloride salt; RN for parent cpd not available 1/93. pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside chloride : A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside as the cationic counterpart.	2.96	3	0	anthocyanin chlorides
2,3,4-tri-o-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate 2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer	2.6	1	0
1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)phosphatidylcholine 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)phosphatidylcholine: constituent of lipid tubules	2.1	1	0
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
copper(ii)-iminodiacetate copper(II)-iminodiacetate: catalyzes hydrolysis of alpha-amino acid esters	2.06	1	0
nitinol nitinol: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Ti; do not confuse with titanium nickelide; other nitinols (nitinol SE and nitinol 55) are Co-Ni-Ti alloys	3.08	4	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	3.17	5	0
dipyrromethene dipyrromethene: structure in first source. dipyrrin : A dipyrrin that consists of pyrrole bearing a pyrrol-2-ylidenemethyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.63	2	0	dipyrrins
phosphonic acid phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.	7.41	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	4.38	18	0
bacillomycin d bacillomycin D: from strain of Bacillus subtilis; contains lipid moiety which is mixture of 3-amino-12-methyltridecanoic acid (40%) & 3-amino-12-methyltetradecanoic acid (60%) & peptide moiety: L-Asp(1), L-Glu(1), L-Pro(1), D-Ser(1), L-Thr(1) & D-Tyr(1); two moieties joined by threonyl beta-aminoacid linkage; see also bacillomycin L & bacillomycin S	7.31	1	0
ru 42173 RU 42173: structure given in first source	2.41	1	0	benzazepine
riamilovir [no description available]	2.17	1	0
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	2.02	1	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	5.96	95	0
4-mercaptobenzeneacetic acid 4-mercaptobenzeneacetic acid: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
led209 LED209: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	5.37	52	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
sto 609 STO 609: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	naphthoic acid
crocin crocin: a free radical scavenger	3.52	6	0
galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.	7.58	2	0	oligosaccharide
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	3.14	5	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	2.17	1	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
flavan-3-ol flavan-3-ol: structure in first source	7.15	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
metanil yellow metanil yellow: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. metanil yellow : An organic sodium salt having 3-[(4-anilinophenyl)diazenyl]benzene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Used in one variant of Masson's trichrome to stain collagen yellow in contrast to the red muscle, but is not in common used.	2.48	2	0	organic sodium salt	histological dye
alizarin red s Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.	2.06	1	0	organic sodium salt; organosulfonate salt	histological dye
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.54	8	0
furcellaran furcellaran: alginate rich in iodine	2.76	2	0
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins	2.78	3	0
minoxidil sulfate ester minoxidil sulfate ester: metabolite of minoxidil; structure given in first source	2.49	2	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	3.9	11	0
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	8.97	12	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	5.76	30	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	9.77	8	0	long-chain fatty acid
4-mercaptophenylboronic acid 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid: structure in first source	7.05	1	0
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	3.94	12	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.55	2	0
imd 0354 N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide: a cardioprotective agent that inhibits IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta); structure in first source	2.21	1	0	benzamides
palladium oxide palladium oxide: RN given refers to PdO	2.25	1	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.73	27	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
dimethyl maleate dimethyl maleate: structure. dimethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with methanol. It is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2.48	2	0	diester; maleate ester; methyl ester
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	7.99	4	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	7.73	99	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	3.85	11	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	5.08	15	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formononetin [no description available]	7.21	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
sterigmatocystin [no description available]	7.05	1	0	sterigmatocystins	metabolite
vitexin [no description available]	7.41	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
acacetin 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	6.25	15	2	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	3.3	5	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone 7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone: isolated from Astragali radix; structure in first source. calycosin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.	2.21	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antioxidant; metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	4.65	25	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
maleamic acid maleamic acid: structure. maleamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide of maleamic acid.	7.02	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid monoamide	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.52	2	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
quercitrin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.41	2	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	5.94	27	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	6.99	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.	2.08	1	0	all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.73	3	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
daphnetin [no description available]	7.6	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
rosin rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.	2.69	2	0
alprostadil [no description available]	2	1	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	2.42	2	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	5.87	6	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells	2.07	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antipruritic drug; bone density conservation agent; geroprotector; histamine antagonist; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	4.84	28	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	3.3	5	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	2.11	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	8.2	5	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.79	3	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	3.9	11	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	6.99	50	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	3.7	9	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	7.66	2	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
trovafloxacin glucoraphenin : A glucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose attached to a 1-(methylsulfinyl)-5-[(sulfooxy)imino]pent-1-en-5-yl group at the anomeric sulfur.	2.21	1	0
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	4.24	16	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
butein [no description available]	2.25	1	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; radiosensitizing agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	4.47	18	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
capsanthin [no description available]	7.1	1	0	carotenone	plant metabolite
fucoxanthin fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.	2.83	3	0
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	4.43	17	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
norbixin norbixin: an annatto compound; RN given refers to all-trans-norbixin (beta-norbixin); 9-cis-norbixin is alpha-norbixin	2.02	1	0	diterpenoid
azadirachtin azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).	2.59	2	0	acetate ester; azadirachtin; cyclic hemiketal; enoate ester; epoxide; methyl ester; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent
nsc 106399 cucurbitacin E: RN refers to (9beta,10alpha,16alpha,23E)-isomer; structure given in first source. cucurbitacin E : A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 1, 5 and 23.	2.15	1	0	cucurbitacin; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
strigol strigol: a strigolactone from roots of various PLANTS; it stimulates seed germination of parasitic STRIGA and OROBANCHE; structure in first source. strigol : A strigolactone in which the tricyclic lactone moiety bears a hydroxy substitutuent at the position para to the gem-dimethyl group.	7.31	1	0	indenofuran; secondary alcohol; strigolactone
esculin [no description available]	2.9	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	2.49	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.82	2	0	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	4.92	7	1	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	2.98	3	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
baicalein [no description available]	6.61	13	1	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	4.76	7	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
diosmin [no description available]	2.72	2	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
hispidulin hispidulin : A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.	7.17	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	3.44	6	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	3.42	6	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.66	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.88	3	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	3.5	6	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
quercetagetin quercetagetin: structure given in first source; inhibits aldose reductase in rat lens. quercetagetin : A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.69	2	0	flavonols; hexahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.31	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.74	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
epsilon-viniferin epsilon-viniferin: stilbene dimer; isolated from the Oriental medicinal plant Vitis coignetiae; structure given in first source. (-)-trans-epsilon-viniferin : A stilbenoid that is the (-)-trans-stereoisomer of epsilon-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.	2.06	1	0	1-benzofurans; polyphenol; stilbenoid	metabolite
echinacoside echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity	2.13	1	0	oligosaccharide
forsythiaside forsythiaside: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source; from the unripe fruit of Forsythia suspensa (qinglianquiao)	2.48	2	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	7.6	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
plantamajoside plantamajoside: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source	7.41	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	4.11	13	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
shogaol shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	enone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
psoralidin psoralidin : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 9 and a prenyl group at position 2 respectively.	7.13	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	estrogen receptor agonist; plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	4.05	13	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	3.85	10	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
miocamycin Miocamycin: A macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections.	2.46	2	0
rokitamycin rokitamycin: structure in first source	2.46	2	0	organic molecular entity
fondaparinux Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.	2.05	1	0	amino sugar; oligosaccharide sulfate; pentasaccharide derivative	anticoagulant
2-decenoic acid 2-decenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. decenoic acid : Any C10 monounsaturated fatty acid having a double bond in the carbon backbone.. trans-2-decenoic acid : A 2-decenoic acid having its double bond in the trans configuration. It is an intermediate metabolite in the fatty acid synthesis.. 2-decenoic acid : A decenoic acid having its double bond in position 2.	7.31	1	0	2-decenoic acid	human metabolite
persin persin: isolated from the leaves of avocado (Persea americana); structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	2.21	1	0	long-chain fatty alcohol
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	4.09	14	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	4.61	1	1
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.15	1	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
methyl linoleate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester	plant metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	3.73	9	0	hydrochloride
3-amino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure	2.41	2	0	pyridoindole
oleyl alcohol oleyl alcohol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.1	1	0	fatty alcohol 18:1; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; nonionic surfactant
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	2.11	1	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	3.22	5	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	3.35	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	2.31	1	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	8.06	21	2	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	7.31	1	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.48	2	0	cyclodextrin
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	4.61	1	1	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	5.96	9	3	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
oregon green 488 carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.1	1	0	xanthene dye	epitope; fluorochrome
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	7.8	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	2.49	2	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	3.58	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	2.15	1	0	organic molecular entity
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	3.38	6	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	3.48	2	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
magnesium trisilicate magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.02	12	0
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	2.44	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.46	2	0	phenylalanine derivative
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	2	1	0
sulprostone sulprostone: structure	2.99	1	0	prostanoid
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.51	2	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.11	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	7.25	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
syringin syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.41	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dimethoxybenzene; monosaccharide derivative; primary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
glycitein glycitein : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.	2.15	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone	fungal metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
andrographolide [no description available]	3.25	5	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
icariin [no description available]	3.77	9	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
bosutinib 4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	7.6	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; N-methylpiperazine; nitrile; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
su 11248 [no description available]	3.31	5	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	8.92	148	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	4.38	4	1	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	4.62	7	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	3.35	6	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.98	4	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
oleylamine oleylamine: promotes fusion of mouse A(9) fibroblasts; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	2.21	1	0
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2.08	1	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	5.98	28	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	4.81	28	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	3.77	9	0	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	9.49	60	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	7.76	3	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	8.82	2	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	1.99	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.07	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	2.86	3	0	boron group element atom
ridogrel [no description available]	2	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.11	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	5.63	21	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
glyceryl behenate 1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.	2.25	1	0	1-monoglyceride; fatty acid ester	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
monocrotophos Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.48	2	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid amide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
plastoquinone [no description available]	2.06	1	0	plastoquinone
puerarin [no description available]	3.17	5	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
bedaquiline bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.	7.17	1	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; quinolines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antitubercular agent; ATP synthase inhibitor
artocarpin lectin artocarpin lectin: a mannose-specific lectin; from the seeds of Artocarpus integrifolia; a homotetramic protein distinct from jacalin, another jackfruit lectin; MW 65 kDa; devoid of covalently-attached carbohydrates; consists of 4 isolectins with pI 5 - 6.5; do not confuse with artocarpin flavone. artocarpin : A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2', and 4', a methoxy group at position 7, a prenyl group at position 3 and a (1E)-3-methylbut-1-enyl group at position 6. Isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus and Artocarpus integrifolia, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.03	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	7.17	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	3.42	7	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	4.08	13	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	7.21	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
acetyl acetonate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
seleninic acid [no description available]	2.25	1	0	selenium oxoacid
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	5.26	46	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	7.65	40	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	10.95	58	3	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	4.19	14	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	2.6	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	6.13	25	1
lavandulol lavandulol: defensive pheromone of the red-lined carrion beetle and additive in perfumes; structure in first source. lavandulol : A monoterpenoid alcohol that is hepta-1-5-diene which is substituted at positions 2 and 6 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group. It is commonly found in lavender oil.	2.07	1	0	lavandulol
demethoxycurcumin demethoxycurcumin: corresponds to curcumin with one methoxy group replaced by hydrogen; isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma longa. demethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior.	3.21	5	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
1,5-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)formazan 1,5-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)formazan: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
phytochlorin phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source	4.45	19	0
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	7.61	2	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	2.05	1	0
troxerutin troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides	7.6	1	0
fibroblast growth factor (1-10) fibroblast growth factor (1-10): Tyr(10) labeled with 125I	2.02	1	0
seryl-isoleucyl-lysyl-valyl-alanyl-valinamide seryl-isoleucyl-lysyl-valyl-alanyl-valinamide: laminin-derived SIKVAV-containing peptide can promote angiogenesis & tumor growth	2.17	1	0
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	2.06	1	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
bafilomycin a [no description available]	2.13	1	0
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	3.79	10	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	4.87	31	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	7.89	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
peptide pva peptide PVA: encoded by an RNA that is complementary to arginine vasopressin mRNA	2.15	1	0
3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.49	2	0
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	3.61	7	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	2.48	2	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	3.48	7	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
bisabolol bisabolol: monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with strong bacteriocidal effects, especilly against M. Tuberc.; isolated from seed plant Populus tacamacaha; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric desigation	7.15	1	0
propineb propineb: structure. propineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the propylene 1,2-bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. A fungicide, it is used to control a wide range of fungal diseases, including downy mildew, brown rot, black rot, red fire, leaf spot, and blight in crops such as grapes, tomatoes, potatoes, berries, citrus, rice and tea.	2.02	1	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
barium titanate(iv) barium titanate(IV): RN given refers to parent cpd	2.96	3	0
c.i. fluorescent brightening agent 28 4,4'-bis({4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid : An organosulfonic acid comprising stilbene having 4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino groups at the 4 and 4'-positions and sulfo groups at the 2- and 2'-positions.	2.71	3	0
3,5-di-tert-butylchalcone 4'-carboxylic acid 3,5-di-tert-butylchalcone 4'-carboxylic acid: inducer of differentiation; induces suppression of c-mos expression in teratocarcinoma cell; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0
coomassie brilliant blue [no description available]	2.47	2	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.11	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.08	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	9.79	78	3	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
phosphorus pentoxide phosphorus pentoxide: drying agent for bacterial cultural extracts analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography; structure. diphosphonate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphonic acid.	2.49	2	0
selenocysteine Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.	7.21	1	0
dimethyl hydrogen phosphite dimethyl hydrogen phosphite: intermediate in production of insecticides or herbicides	2.1	1	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	4.41	19	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
boron oxide boron oxide: RN given refers to B2O3	2.11	1	0	boron oxide
trimethoxysilane [no description available]	3.23	4	0
triethoxysilane [no description available]	2.78	3	0
bismuth oxychloride bismuth oxychloride: active against rotaviruses and enteric viruses	7.63	2	0
fosetyl-al fosetyl-Al : An aluminium salt composed of ethyl phosphonate anions and aluminium cations in a 3:1 ratio. A fungicide for various horticultural crops used to control a range of diseases including Phytophthora, Pythium and Plasmopara.	2.08	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	4.56	5	1
gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid) gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid): used as MRI contrast agent	2.11	1	0
clinoptilolite clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF	3.53	7	0
aminopropylsilane [no description available]	7.31	1	0
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	2.05	1	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
beidellite beidellite: consists of Al2O3.3SiO2.4H2O; structure	7.21	1	0
pyrachlostrobin pyraclostrobin : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.	2.66	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; carbanilate fungicide; methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester 5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester: structure in first source	3.42	1	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
sulphoraphene sulphoraphene: from radish; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	2.15	1	0	polyterpene
cilastatin [no description available]	7.13	1	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.31	1	0
9-cis-retinal 9-cis-retinal : A retinal in which the double bond at position 9 has cis configuration, whilst the remaining acyclic double bonds have trans configuration.	2.17	1	0	retinal
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.43	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
involucrin involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor	2.9	1	0
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	3.8	10	0
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.61	2	0	phosphatidylethanolamine
(2e,4e,6e,10e)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid (2E,4E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid: an acyclic retinoid that suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidine)quinolinium, tetraiodide 1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN refers to the tetraiodide compound	2.15	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
plastochromanol 8 plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol	2.11	1	0
thiazole orange thiazole orange: structure given in first source. thiazole orange : A cyanine dye comprising the thiazole orange cation [1-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl]quinolinium] with the p-tosylate counterion.	7.07	1	0	cyanine dye	fluorochrome
4-coumaroyl-coenzyme a 4-coumaroyl-coenzyme A: structure given in first source. trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA : A 4-coumaroyl-CoA in which the double bond of the coumaroyl group has trans-geochemistry.. 4-coumaroyl-CoA : The S-(4-coumaroyl) derivative of coenzyme A.	2.07	1	0	4-coumaroyl-CoA
everolimus [no description available]	7.17	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	7.13	1	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
mulberroside a mulberroside A: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	glycoside; stilbenoid
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	7.11	1	0
3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine 3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine: lipophilic axon tracer; RN given for iodide salt	2.05	1	0
axitinib [no description available]	4.61	1	1	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	2.85	3	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.	2.25	1	0	galactosylceramide sulfate; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
prothioconazole prothioconazole: a fungicide. prothioconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prothioconazole. A fungicide for use both as a seed treatment and foliar spray to treat a variety of diseases in cereals.. 2-[2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl]-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione substituted at position 2 by a 2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl group.	2.31	1	0	cyclopropanes; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; thiocarbonyl compound; triazoles
valyl-alanyl-prolyl-glycine valyl-alanyl-prolyl-glycine: an elastin tetrapeptide; serves as a quantitative measure for human elastins; RN refers to all-L isomer	2.21	1	0
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	2.41	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.	2.52	2	0	carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; prodrug
beta-escin [no description available]	4.49	20	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.5	2	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
shellac shellac: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.31	1	0
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	4.25	17	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.52	2	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
androstane androstane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	7.17	1	0	steroid fundamental parent
corrole corrole: structure in first source. corrole : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is the octadehydro drivative of corrin.	7.6	1	0
carboxyl radical [no description available]	2.44	2	0	carbon oxide; organic radical anion	xenobiotic metabolite
adenosine 5'-phosphorothioate adenosine 5'-phosphorothioate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0
naphthol green b naphthol green B : An organic sodium salt composed of iron(3+), sodium and 5-(oxidoimino)-6-oxo-5,6-dihydronaphthalene-2-sulfonate ions in a 1:1:3 ratio. Used to stain collagen and animal tissue.	7.13	1	0
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	2.76	3	0
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer	2.04	1	0
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	7.25	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.59	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.79	3	0	borneol
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.8	3	0	ammonium ion derivative
bufalin bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.	3.08	4	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid	animal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; cardiotonic drug
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	3.5	7	0	penicillanic acids
cholanic acid cholanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomer designation. cholanic acid : A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.. colanic acid : A polyanionic heteropolysaccharide containing a repeat unit with D-glucose, L-fucose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid sugars that are non-stoichiometrically decorated with O-acetyl and pyruvate side-chains	3.57	8	0	cholanic acids
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	10.01	59	7	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	3.31	6	0
basic yellow 28 basic yellow 28: a textile dye compound	2.05	1	0
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	2.9	3	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
oxamyl oxamyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.25	1	0
vacuolin-1 vacuolin-1: inhibits Ca2-dependent lysosomal exocytosis	2.15	1	0
ferrihydrite ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O	2.25	1	0
disilver oxide [no description available]	2.96	3	0
desvenlafaxine succinate Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.15	1	0
n-phenacylthiazolium bromide N-phenacylthiazolium bromide: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
bicyclol bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.	2.15	1	0
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	2.41	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
nikkomycin [no description available]	2	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.25	1	0	oligopeptide
efavirenz, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: Inhibitor of reverse transcriptases or of RNA-directed DNA polymerases.	2.15	1	0
tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.	2.55	2	0	alkylbenzene
ketoprofen lysine ketoprofen lysine: lysine salt of ketoprofen; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.25	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ginsenoside m1 ginsenoside M1: structure in first source. ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	3.44	6	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
gambogic acid gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer	3.76	9	0	pyranoxanthones	metabolite
paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	2.6	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; fatty acid ester; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine
cabazitaxel cabazitaxel: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. cabazitaxel : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.	7.76	2	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-stabilising agent
kla peptide KLA peptide: a synthetic amphipathic peptide that disrupts mitochondrial membranes when internalized; has antineoplastic activity	2.11	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	5.62	66	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	4.15	2	1	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	7.63	2	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	6.58	5	1	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
arginine thiazolidinecarboxylate arginine thiazolidinecarboxylate: prophylactic against galactosamine hepatotoxicity; thiazolidinecarboxylate salt of arginine	2.6	1	0
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	7.5	2	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
tert-butyldimethylsilane [no description available]	2.44	2	0
thiocolchicoside thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure	7.11	1	0	glycoside
ginsenoside rg3 ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.82	3	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	5.89	6	1	fatty acid ester
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	4.57	1	1	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	3.08	4	0	diterpenoid
zeolites [no description available]	7.78	62	0
pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source	4.61	1	1	organochlorine compound
isoleucyl-prolyl-proline [no description available]	2.41	1	0	oligopeptide
tetramethylrhodamine tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure	2.05	1	0	xanthene dye
medigoxin spirotetramat: for the control of a broad spectrum of sucking insects; structure in first source. spirotetramat : An azaspiro compound that is methoxycyclohexane which is fused at position 4 to the 5-position of a 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one that is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by 2,5-dimethylphenyl and (ethoxycarbonyl)oxy groups, respectively (the cis isomer). It is a proinsecticide (via hydrolysis of the ethyl carbonate group to give the corresponding 4-hydroxypyrrol-2-one, "spirotetramat-enol") and is used for the control of a wide range of sucking insects on fruit and potato crops.	2.25	1	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	9.94	33	0
n,o-dimethacryloylhydroxylamine N,O-dimethacryloylhydroxylamine: was obtained in the form of slabs by bulk radical polymerization	2.06	1	0
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	2.05	1	0
4-hydroxy-n-desmethyltamoxifen 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen: metabolite of tamoxifen in human bile	2.49	2	0	stilbenoid
delta-viniferin delta-viniferin: resveratrol dehydrodimer, an isomer of epsilon-viniferin; isolated from grapevine leaves; structure in first source. (2S,3S)-trans-delta-viniferin : A stilbenoid that is the (2S,3S)-trans-stereoisomer of delta-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.	2.06	1	0	1-benzofurans; polyphenol; stilbenoid
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	2.41	1	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
tribulus Tribulus: A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.	7.6	1	0
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I	3.45	7	0
besifloxacin [no description available]	7.17	1	0	quinolines
fluorapatite fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.	2.53	2	0
anoplin anoplin: an antimicrobial peptide from the venom of the solitary wasp Anoplius samariensis; peptide sequence in first source	2.11	1	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	3.01	3	0
3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid [no description available]	2.5	2	0
luotonin a luotonin A: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	quinazolines
ngr peptide [no description available]	2.17	1	0
rubropunctatin rubropunctatin: an antineoplastic pigment isolated from Monascus; structure in first source	7.6	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.31	1	0
4,5-diaminofluorescein 4,5-diaminofluorescein: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cypate Cypate: a fluorescent dye; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	7.72	2	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	3.95	12	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
2,5-anhydromannose 2,5-anhydromannose: RN given refers to (D)-isomer	2.11	1	0
regorafenib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; hepatotoxic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	triterpenoid
trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate: an analog of cord factor	2.17	1	0	fatty acid derivative; O-acyl carbohydrate
1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source	2.81	3	0
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	7.78	3	0
cardanol cardanol: from pink pepper; phenol with hydrocarbon side chain which can vary in length & unsaturation	2.82	2	0	phenols
chlorantranilipole chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.	2.82	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; organobromine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyrazoles; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
buprenorphine, naloxone drug combination Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation that combines buprenorphine, an OPIOID ANALGESICS with naloxone, a NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS to reduce the potential for NARCOTIC DEPENDENCE in the treatment of pain. It may also be used for OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY.	3.35	1	0
aspalathin aspalathin: structure in first source. aspalathin : A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is the 2-C-beta-D-glucopyranide of phloroglucinol and which is substituted at position 4 by a 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoyl group. A metabolite of red bush, Aspalathus linearis (and present in the herbal tea made from the leaves), aspalathin exhibits significant hypoglycemic activity.	2.21	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; catechols; dihydrochalcones; polyketide; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	5.86	11	2	nystatins
mycoepoxydiene mycoepoxydiene: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
np 031112 tideglusib: an NSAID and neuroprotective agent. tideglusib : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a naphthalen-1-yl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) and has neuroprotective effects. Currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.	2.41	1	0	benzenes; naphthalenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
mitoquinone mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity	2.06	1	0
tedizolid phosphate tedizolid phosphate: a prodrug of DA-7157; structure in first source. tedizolid phosphate : A phosphate monoester resulting from the formal condensation of equimolar amounts of phosphoric acid with the hydroxy group of tedizolid . It is a prodrug of tedizolid, used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.	7.41	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone; phosphate monoester; pyridines; tetrazoles	antimicrobial agent; prodrug; protein synthesis inhibitor
emamectin benzoate emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).	2.6	1	0	emamectins
hu 308 HU 308: a specific agonist for CB(2), a peripheral cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. HU-308 : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 2, a 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl group at position 4, and two methyl groups at position 6 (the 1S,4S,5S stereoisomer). A highly selective and effective cannabinoid type-2 agonist and the enantiomer of HU-433.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; bridged compound; carbobicyclic compound; primary allylic alcohol; synthetic cannabinoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; CB2 receptor agonist
apremilast [no description available]	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2.72	2	0
prolyl-proline Pro-Pro : A dipeptide formed from two L-proline residues.	2.15	1	0	dipeptide	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	7.15	1	0	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide: structure in first source	2.58	2	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	5.28	18	0
guluronic acid [no description available]	7.13	1	0	carbohydrate acid derivative
2-(n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose: fluorescent probe for glucose uptake activity in E coli; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
empagliflozin [no description available]	3.68	2	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
palmitoylcarnitine Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).	2.01	1	0	O-palmitoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	2.1	1	0
diflucortolone Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.	7.08	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.02	1	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	3.52	7	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	8.15	76	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	4.96	34	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	3.17	5	0
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	2.6	1	0	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
th 302 TH 302: an hypoxia-activated prodrug of bromo-isophosphoramide mustard; an antineoplastic agent	2.31	1	0
thiosuccinic acid thiosuccinic acid: inhibits fibrinolysin	2.15	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	2.87	3	0
rifamycins [no description available]	2.15	1	0
ethidium homodimer ethidium homodimer: structure	2.11	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.69	2	0
ginsenoside rb3 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antidepressant; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; plant metabolite
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	4.1	14	0
erythrosine Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	8	4	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	7.05	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.76	2	0
bleomycetin bleomycetin: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.53	2	0
calcium ascorbate calcium ascorbate: various prepartions exist for drugs listed under this heading	2.05	1	0
maltoheptaose maltoheptaose: consists of seven glucose residues in a linear 1,4-alpha-linkage; substrate for determining alpha-amylase in serum; RN given refers to (D-glucopyranose)-isomer. maltoheptaose : A maltoheptaose heptasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.. alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp : A maltoheptaose heptasaccharide consisting of six alpha-D-glucose residues and a D-glucose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.47	2	0	maltoheptaose heptasaccharide
nodularin nodularin: cyclic pentapeptide toxin from NODULARIA SPUMIGENA	7.25	1	0	ether
norisoboldine norisoboldine: from Croton lechleri, a source of the wound healing latex sangre de grado; structure in first source	7.13	1	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	2.01	1	0
cyclo[18]carbon cyclo[18]carbon : An allotrope of carbon with molecular formula C18 existing as a ring of eighteen carbon atoms, connected by alternating triple and single bonds.	2.21	1	0	carbocyclic compound; elemental carbon
jaw [no description available]	7.31	1	0	indolecarboxamide
adriamycin aglycone adriamycin aglycone: RN given refers to (8S-cis)-isomer	2.03	1	0
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	3.27	5	0
zinc silicate zinc silicate: RN given refers to Zn[1:2] salt	7.25	1	0
sodium acetate sodium diacetate: *acetates	2.1	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	4.03	13	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	4.48	21	0
calcitonin [no description available]	5.51	24	0
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	3.64	1	1
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	3.47	5	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.49	2	0	polypeptide
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).	3.91	6	0	tannin
oenothein b oenothein B: from Oenothera erythrosepala Bordas; exhibits strong antitumor activity against MM2 ascites tumors & inhibits the growth of Meth-A solid-type tumors in mice; 5 alpha reductase testosterone inhibitor	2.15	1	0
dermaseptin s dermaseptin: 34 amino acid residues given in first source; antimicrobial peptide of amphibian skin	2.1	1	0
iturelix iturelix: a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist	2.07	1	0
(4-24)-ply(a) peptide-Gly-Leu-amide: 21-amino acid peptide from skin secretion of Xenopus laevis; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.69	2	0
humanin humanin: suppresses neuronal cell death induced by the Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein; suppresses neuronal cell death induced by three different types of FAD genes and amyloid beta; amino acid sequence in first source	2.21	1	0
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	7.11	1	0
cobrotoxin Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins: Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.	2.08	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	5.28	3	1	peptide hormone
thymosin beta(4) thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity	2.77	3	0
echistatin echistatin: 49 amino acid residues given in first source; from the venom of the viper Echis	2.02	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	8.07	75	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	4.53	22	0
liraglutide [no description available]	7.69	2	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	3.47	7	0
r18 peptide R18 peptide: a 20-mer peptide, derived from a phage library, that binds 14-3-3 tau protein; amino acid sequence in first source	2.13	1	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	3.93	2	1
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	2.21	1	0
parasin i [no description available]	7.6	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	17.01	670	4	glycoside
sodium borate borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.	3.22	5	0
ceftiofur ceftiofur: structure in first source	3.97	2	1
perovskite calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.	7.59	2	0
sodium titanate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.48	2	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	5.3	50	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
barium ferrite [no description available]	2.08	1	0
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	2.05	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	5	33	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	1.99	1	0	organotin acaricide
nsc 23766 NSC 23766 trihydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of NSC 23766 with 3 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride. An inhibitor of the signalling G-protein known as RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1).. Rac1 inhibitor : Any inhibitor of Rac1.	2.11	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.6.5.2 (small monomeric GTPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2.78	3	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	5.09	12	0
cilastatin, imipenem drug combination Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: Combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent.	2.13	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.17	1	0
sodium cyanoborohydride sodium cyanoborohydride: reagent for preparing biologically active nitroxides	2.45	2	0
tetronic 701 tetronic 701: series of surface-active block polymers with added hydrophilic (polyoxyethylene) and hydrophobic (polyoxypropylene) side chains to ethylene-diamine; used as a drug carrier	2.1	1	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.44	2	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
theaflavin-3,3'-digallate theaflavin-3,3'-digallate: structure in first source	7.41	1	0
19-iodocholesterol 19-Iodocholesterol: 19-Iodocholest-5-en-3 beta-ol. A cholesterol derivative usually substituted with radioactive iodine in the 19 position. The compound is an adrenal cortex scanning agent used in the assessment of patients suspected of having Cushing's syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma and adrenal remnants following total adrenalectomy.	2.72	3	0
invert sugar invert sugar: mixture of approx 50% dextrose & 50% levulose obtained by acid hydrolysis of cane sugar	7.25	1	0
ph 797804 PH 797804: an NSAID; structure in first source. PH 797804 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-{3-bromo-4-[(2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-6-methyl-2-oxopyridin-1-yl}-4-methylbenzoic acid with the amino group of methylamine.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; pyridone	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
chitohexaose [no description available]	3.34	6	0
choline methacrylate choline methacrylate: choline methacrylate = trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chloride salt	2.46	2	0
sodium stearyl fumarate sodium stearyl fumarate: an excipient	2.05	1	0
osteum [no description available]	2.48	2	0	organic molecular entity
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	4.1	13	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.	2.07	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent
sodium tetradecyl sulfate [no description available]	9.43	4	1
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	7.48	2	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	3.5	7	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination [no description available]	2.55	2	0
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	2.07	1	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
methyl orange methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds	5.5	55	0
docusate sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	3.15	5	0
sodium hypophosphite sodium hypophosphite: RN given refers to phosphinic acid, Na salt; structure	2.48	2	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	5.21	3	1	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
saprisartan potassium saprisartan potassium: structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	3.7	8	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	2.97	4	0
cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt	2.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	4.44	20	0
cudc 101 7-(4-(3-ethynylphenylamino)-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yloxy)-N-hydroxyheptanamide: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
snx 2112 SNX 2112: an orally available small molecule Hsp90 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
antofloxacin antofloxacin: antibiotic; 8-amino derivative of levofloxacin; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
canagliflozin canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.	7.41	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; organofluorine compound; thiophenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	2.25	1	0	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	4.86	32	0	glycoside
arabinogalactan [no description available]	2.01	1	0
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	3.28	5	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	4.22	16	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.86	3	0	BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	8.1	4	0	fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	2.43	2	0
trelstar Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.	2.06	1	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	7.1	1	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
nonaarginine [no description available]	7.08	1	0
systemin systemin: amino acid sequence given in first source; a mobile 18 amino acid polypeptide, induces proteinase inhibitor synthesis; from Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)	7	1	0
osteogenic growth peptide osteogenic growth peptide: circulating stimulator of osteoblastic activity; identical to the C-terminus of histone H4; see also osteogenin; amino acid sequence of 14 amino acids given in first source	2.15	1	0
aniline blue aniline blue: fluorochrom widely used by botanists	7.13	1	0
silicotungstic acid silicotungstic acid: RN given refers to parent compound; structure	7.6	1	0
mannans [no description available]	9.37	103	0
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	2.6	1	0	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
urushiol [no description available]	7.6	1	0
emepronium bromide alunite: a hydrated sulphate of aluminium and potassium; a mineral in jarosite group not soluble in water in its original form	2.13	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	7.37	30	1
elafin Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.	2.21	1	0
feruloyl-coa feruloyl-CoA(4-) : An acyl-CoA(4-) that is the tetraanion of feruloyl-CoA arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups.. trans-feruloyl-CoA(4-) : An acyl-CoA(4-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of 3-trans-feruloyl-CoA. Major structure at pH 7.3.	2.07	1	0	feruloyl-CoA(4-)
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	8	19	2
resolvin d1 resolvin D1: an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator; structure in first source. resolvin D1 : A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).	2.89	3	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; triol	anti-inflammatory agent
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	2.77	3	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	7.91	33	1
hamamelitannin hamamelitannin: cytotoxic from witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana); structure in first source	2.48	2	0	gallate ester
punicalagin punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	tannin
ningnanmycin ningnanmycin: isolated from Strepcomces noursei	7.41	1	0
apatinib apatinib: reverses multidrug resistance by inhibiting the efflux function of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters; structure in first source	7.15	1	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	3.78	8	0
tilmicosin tilmicosin: semi-synthetic antibiotic. tilmicosin : A macrolide antibiotic with formula C46H80N2O13. It is used for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease associated with Mannheimia haemolytica.	2.41	1	0
tylosin [no description available]	2.41	1	0
fosinopril Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.	2.41	1	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	3.3	4	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor	4.61	1	1	benzoxazole
globotriose alpha-D-Galp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Galp-(1->4)-beta-D-Glcp : A trisaccharide consisting of two alpha-D-galactose residues and a beta-D-glucose at the reducing end in a linear sequence and joined by (1->4) linkages.	7.07	1	0	trisaccharide
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	4.13	14	0
abemaciclib [no description available]	7.41	1	0
kalata b1 kalata B1: a 29-residue cyclotide which has a cystine knot structure and beta-sheet; causes uterine contraction; the principal active component from Oldenlandia affinis; amino acid sequence given in first source	3.15	1	0
dinaciclib [no description available]	7.25	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
glpg0634 [no description available]	4.57	1	1
acid blue 158 Acid Blue 158: structure in first source	7.41	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	7.96	103	2
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.	2.08	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
oligomycin a [no description available]	2.06	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; diketone; oligomycin; pentol	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; nematicide
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.51	2	0
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	10.46	4	1
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.31	6	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	5.06	7	0
tuftsin Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.	7.07	1	0	peptide
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	8.68	119	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	5.43	54	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	4.75	6	1
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	3.17	5	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	4.63	23	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.59	8	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	8.62	8	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	4.12	13	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	2.31	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	4.94	33	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid [no description available]	3.29	6	0	fatty acid ester
tigecycline [no description available]	2.85	3	0
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	2.78	3	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dolutegravir [no description available]	2.76	2	0	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
nickel nitrilotriacetic acid [no description available]	2.1	1	0
whitlockite whitlockite: structure; used to coat metal implants	7.15	1	0
betalains Betalains: Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.	2.76	3	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	5.32	49	0
quil a Quil A: produces antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus	3.37	6	0
microcystin microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.	2.8	3	0	peptide
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	2.11	1	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	2.1	1	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	5.21	41	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	8.11	111	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	7.41	101	1
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	2.06	1	0
chromated copper arsenate chromated copper arsenate: wood preservative; serves as substrate for trimethylarsine biosynthesis; RN given refers to (Cu(+2)[2:3] salt)	2.02	1	0
staphyloxanthin staphyloxanthin: Staph aureus pigment; glucose esterified with both a triterpenoid carotenoid carboxylic acid & a C15 fatty acid. staphyloxanthin : A xanthophyll that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6 have been acylated by an all-trans-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22-decaenoyl group and a 12-methyltetradecanoyl group, respectively. Staphyloxanthin is responsible for the characteristic yellow-golden colour which gives the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus its name.	7.59	2	0	apo carotenoid triterpenoid; D-aldohexose derivative; fatty acid ester; triol; xanthophyll	antioxidant; biological pigment; metabolite; virulence factor
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	2.15	1	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.04	1	0	ketal
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	7.25	1	0
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.1	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
pyrethrins [no description available]	3.54	7	0
cefuroxime axetil [no description available]	2.86	3	0
ledipasvir ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	2.76	2	0	azaspiro compound; benzimidazole; bridged compound; carbamate ester; carboxamide; fluorenes; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
tobermorite tobermorite: used in phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater	7.1	1	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	2.13	1	0
n-acetylchitosan N-acetylchitosan: polyhydrate of chitin	8.78	11	0
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	8.07	3	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	6.05	18	0
smectite smecta: used therapeutically in chronic gastritis. montmorillonite : An aluminosilicate mineral consisting of aluminosilicate layers approximately 1 nm thick which are surface-substituted with metal cations and stacked in ca. 10 mum-sized multilayer stacks. Its approximate formula is R(+)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2.nH2O where R(+) includes one or more of the cations Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+).	2.17	1	0
laponite laponite: a synthesized hectorite; chemical formula in first source	3.92	10	0
greigite greigite: component of magnetosomes (membrane-bound magnetic crystals) in bacteria that causes them to be oriented in magnetic fields; used as biomarkers. greigite : An iron sulfide mineral with formula Fe3S4.	2.15	1	0	iron(2+) sulfides; iron(3+) sulfides; sulfide mineral	catalyst
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	8.14	5	0
glutaminase [no description available]	2.49	2	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	3.56	7	0
ganoderic acid ganoderic acid: from the fruiting body of Ganoderma; structure in first source	7.6	1	0
alcohol oxidase [no description available]	2.11	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	7.64	69	0
nattokinase nattokinase: isolated from the Japanese soybean cheese Natto; MW: 20,000; pI=8.6	7.69	2	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.06	1	0
2-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate 2-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate: structure given in first source; isomeric probe	2.01	1	0
monazite monazite: mineral (rare earth phosphate) found in heavy dark brown sand along coastal tracts of India	3.01	2	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	3.88	10	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
tetraphenylporphine tetraphenylporphyrin: structure in first source	2.48	2	0
nitroguanidine nitroguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroguanidine : An N-nitro compound that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a nitro group. It can exist in distinct tautomeric forms, as 1-nitroguanidine (a nitroimine) or 2-nitroguanidine (a nitroamine); in both solid and in solution, the nitroimine form predominates.	2.17	1	0	nitroguanidine; one-carbon compound
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	6.7	26	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	5.37	11	1	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.05	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
ascophyllum Ascophyllum: A BROWN ALGAE closely related to FUCUS. It is found attached to rocks and boulders on the middle shore, primarily in the North Atlantic basin.	2.88	3	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	4.17	14	0
carbopol 941 Carbopol 981: high molecular mucoadhesive polymer substance	3	4	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	7.49	2	0
feldspar feldspar: structure	7.1	1	0
lipofectamine Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent	4.16	15	0
diospyros Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.	2.54	2	0
oridonin [no description available]	7.76	3	0
gibberellins [no description available]	3.34	6	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	7.17	1	0
tetramycin [no description available]	2.76	2	0
daptomycin [no description available]	3.48	7	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	4.18	15	0
humulin s Insulin, Regular, Human: Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.. insulin (human) : An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.	2.61	2	0
s 8932 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
as 1411 AGRO 100: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation; base sequence in first source	3.38	5	0
nickel ferrite nickel ferrite : A mixed metal oxide with formula Fe2NiO4.	3.27	5	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	5.75	25	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	3.96	11	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.46	2	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	2.11	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	6.45	29	0
delta hemolysin protein, staphylococcus aureus delta hemolysin protein, Staphylococcus aureus: membrane-damaging peptide of 26 residues from Staph aureus	2.03	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	1.96	1	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	5.27	3	1
neohesperidin [no description available]	2.69	2	0
alpha-solanine [no description available]	2.21	1	0
reactive blue 15 reactive blue 15: no further info available 3/2002	2.03	1	0
n-phthaloylchitosan [no description available]	2.95	4	0
n-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosan N-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosan: structure in first source	3.95	12	0
tremolite tremolite: see also actinolite; structure	2.31	1	0
carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin [no description available]	3.51	7	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	10.86	178	1
technetium tc-99m tetrofosmin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	3.52	7	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	11.28	227	2
chromomycins Chromomycins: A complex of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics from Streptomyces griseus. The major component, CHROMOMYCIN A3, is used as a fluorescent stain of DNA where it attaches and inhibits RNA synthesis. It is also used as an antineoplastic agent, especially for solid tumors.. chromomycin : A family of antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces griseus.	2.25	1	0
scleroglucan [no description available]	7.49	2	0	oligosaccharide
nedaplatin nedaplatin: structure given in first source	7.31	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	9.8	118	0
a 40926 A 40926: from Actinomadura; active against gram-positive bacteria & Neisseria gonorrhoeae	2.25	1	0
perlite Perlite: siliceous volcanic rock composed of silicon dioxide & aluminum oxide	3.19	5	0
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	7.04	1	0
bixin bixin: structure. bixin : A carotenoic acid that is the 6'-monomethyl ester of 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioic acid.	2.02	1	0
tetra(4-n-methylpyridyl)porphine tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine: structure in first source	2.52	2	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	7.46	35	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2.51	2	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.8	3	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	7.83	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.8	1	1	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	3.46	6	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	7.05	1	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.17	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2.05	1	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	8.47	224	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	4.88	9	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	7.76	44	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	3.69	9	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	8.87	10	0	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	2.76	3	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.99	4	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	7.1	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.	2.31	1	0	2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols	antiviral drug
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.22	5	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
xanthopterin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
diazeniumdiolate diazeniumdiolate: a class of nitric oxide (NO) donors; structure in first source. 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two ethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	7.5	2	0
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	2.17	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	3.14	4	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	7.41	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
amido black Amido Black: A dye used to stain proteins in electrophoretic techniques. It is used interchangeably with its acid form.. Amido Black 10B (acid form) : A bis(azo) compound that is naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3, 4, 5, and 6 are replaced by (p-nitrophenyl)azo, amino, hydroxy, and phenylazo groups, respectively. A biological stain, it can be used interchangeably with its disodium salt, Amido Black 10B.	3.06	4	0
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	3.14	5	0
azure c Azure C: RN given refers to chloride. azure C : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(methylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion.	2.02	1	0
nintedanib nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.	7.6	1	0
acid blue 29 acid blue 29: structure in first source	7.52	2	0
5,10,15,20-tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin: structure in first source; tumor localizer; do not confuse with THPP	2.1	1	0
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid [no description available]	2.55	2	0	cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	immunomodulator; signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.41	1	0	guanosines	biomarker
2-naphthol orange 2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2	3.67	9	0
amido black Naphthol Blue Black: commercially available industrial azo dye; structure in first source. Amido Black 10B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Amido Black 10B (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide.	2.13	1	0
alizarine yellow g alizarine yellow G: binds bovine serum albumin; RN given refers to Na salt; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
remazol black b Remazol black B: RN given refers to the tetrasodium salt. remazole black-GR : A bis(azo) compound with two aryldiazenyl moieties placed at positions 2 and 7 of a multi-substituted naphthalene.	3.89	11	0
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	2.63	2	0
fast red s [no description available]	3.04	3	0
calcon calcon: RN given refers to Na salt	7.17	1	0
eriochrome black t [no description available]	3.1	4	0
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	4.13	4	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
carthamine carthamine: composed of two chalcones; from Carthamus tinctorius; the conjugated bonds cause a red color; derived from precarthamin by a decarboxylase; do not confuse with carthamidin	2.08	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
rhodojaponin iii rhodojaponin III: from Rhododendron Molle G. Don; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2beta,3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/91	7.41	1	0	diterpene
dehydroluciferin dehydroluciferin: synthesized from luciferin in a reaction catalyzed by firefly luciferase. dehydroluciferin : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acids that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a 6-hydroxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl group.	2.15	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; biaryl; phenols	animal metabolite; luciferin
betaxanthin betaxanthin: structure in first source	7.55	2	0
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.85	3	0
alizarin yellow r alizarin yellow R: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
solochrome cyanine r solochrome cyanine R: structure	2.15	1	0
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	3.24	5	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	3.07	5	0
eye [no description available]	14.28	59	1
fructooligosaccharide [no description available]	4.18	4	0	oligosaccharide
zinc(ii) phthalocyanine trisulfonic acid zinc(II) phthalocyanine trisulfonic acid: agent for photodynamic therapy	3.01	2	0
quillaja saponins Quillaja Saponins: Natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. They vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose.	3.5	7	0
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	4.07	13	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	7.38	30	1
succinoglycan succinoglycan: extracellular heteropolysaccharides from Rhizobium meliloti; polymer of octasacharide subunits, one pyruvate, one acetyl & one succinyl group per subunit	2.9	2	0
mordenite [no description available]	7.25	1	0
chitooctaose [no description available]	2.58	2	0
thienorphine thienorphine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	4.33	18	0
nisin z nisin Z: amino acid sequence given in first source; differs from nisin in a single amino acid	7.31	1	0
chlorotoxin [no description available]	2.76	3	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.93	4	0
vermiculite [no description available]	3.03	4	0
formocresol formocresol: preferred agent for performing pulpotomies in primary teeth	2.17	1	0
2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
aluminum phthalocyanine disulfonate [no description available]	2.41	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.41	2	0
n-succinyl-chitosan [no description available]	6.96	52	0
temporin temporin: isolated from frogs Rana temporaria & R. clamitans; has many isoforms; amino acid sequence in first source	2.6	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	8.6	8	0
pkh 26 PKH 26: no further information available 8/91	2.53	2	0
porphyran porphyran: agarose highly substituted by 6-O-sulfation of L-galactose units & 6-O-methylation of D-galactose units; from Porphyra umbicicalis & Bangia fuscopurpurea	3.61	2	0
aluminum magnesium silicate aluminum magnesium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified composition	3.33	6	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.39	6	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	4.07	12	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	15.95	244	20
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	15.95	244	20
Breast Cancer [description not available]	13.83	290	11
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	13.83	290	11
Pericementitis [description not available]	9.51	34	4
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	6.55	16	1
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	9.51	34	4
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	11.04	90	2
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	15.2	227	1
Black Fever [description not available]	4.08	13	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	4.08	13	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	5.66	27	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	5.66	27	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	20.72	661	88
Bone Tuberculosis [description not available]	7.96	3	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	8.68	76	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	8.68	76	0
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	5.31	3	1
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	4.84	2	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	9.04	26	3
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	7.13	11	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	9.04	26	3
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	7.13	11	1
Poisoning, Fluoride [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Fluoride Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.	2.41	1	0
Ache [description not available]	8.22	25	4
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	11.3	119	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	8.22	25	4
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	8.17	4	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	8.17	4	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	3.67	8	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	3.67	8	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	10.41	79	12
Periimplantitis [description not available]	7.53	9	5
Peri-Implantitis An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.	7.53	9	5
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	4.13	11	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	4.13	11	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	10.46	50	12
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	15.46	50	12
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.23	5	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	3.23	5	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	7.06	29	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	8.2	53	1
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	12.06	29	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	9.67	96	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	8.05	80	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	9.67	96	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	15.13	467	5
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	15.13	467	5
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	6.75	8	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	7.09	16	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	7.09	16	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	13.29	77	20
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	6.75	8	1
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	11.79	40	9
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	11.79	40	9
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	11.58	133	6
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	11.62	164	5
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	11.58	133	6
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	11.62	164	5
Infections, Parvoviridae [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	8.18	16	7
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	10.21	18	10
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	5.95	13	0
Bleeding [description not available]	14.91	156	7
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	14.91	156	7
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	4.42	19	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	4.42	19	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	5.93	37	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	5.93	37	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	2.8	3	0
Anasarca [description not available]	8.6	18	2
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	13.6	18	2
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	7.37	23	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	6.66	70	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	7.37	23	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	6.66	70	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	9.33	23	4
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	9.33	23	4
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	6.49	14	3
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	4.86	28	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	3.88	10	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	4.58	21	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.86	28	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	3.88	10	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	4.58	21	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	6.38	7	2
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	2.41	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	9.23	54	3
Atherogenesis [description not available]	9.04	21	4
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	4.1	14	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	4.1	14	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	9.04	21	4
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	6.5	38	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	6.5	38	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	7.74	39	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.74	39	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	7.23	18	2
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	7.23	18	2
Blood Clot [description not available]	8.33	36	2
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	13.33	36	2
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	5.63	25	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	5.63	25	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	7.29	47	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.29	47	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	10.09	165	1
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	10.09	165	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	7.37	35	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	7.37	35	1
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	12.51	52	9
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	7.07	16	2
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	7.07	16	2
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	7.07	27	1
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	3.12	4	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	10.7	48	5
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	10.7	48	5
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	4.46	16	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	5.78	6	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	10.78	6	1
Tooth Erosion Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)	6.81	20	3
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	8.64	8	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	5.65	28	0
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	5.52	5	1
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	3.91	10	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	9.81	29	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	6.08	102	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	4.11	13	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.81	29	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	11.08	102	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	9.11	13	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	8.83	39	2
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	8.83	39	2
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	8.15	46	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	8.15	46	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	10.28	95	10
Parodontosis [description not available]	6.08	26	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	6.08	26	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	7.01	16	1
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	7.01	16	1
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	8.04	4	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	11.95	92	3
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	11.95	92	3
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.44	7	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	10.17	27	8
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	15.17	27	8
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	5.25	10	1
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	5.08	31	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	5.08	31	0
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	5.41	4	1
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	5.41	4	1
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	4.9	2	1
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	4.9	2	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	7.54	8	4
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	7.42	95	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	7.42	95	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	4.83	4	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	5.47	21	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	5.47	21	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	9.07	17	2
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	9.07	17	2
Ciliophora Infections Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.	3.93	2	1
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, Viral [description not available]	4.85	6	1
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	6.14	15	2
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	6.14	15	2
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	5.23	10	1
Atheroma [description not available]	5.45	4	1
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	2.98	4	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	7.79	57	1
Food Poisoning [description not available]	5.4	12	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	7.79	57	1
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.77	3	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.77	3	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	2.31	1	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	10.16	8	1
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	3.11	3	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	8.07	3	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	6.16	11	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	6.79	53	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	7.03	50	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	8.31	6	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	4.65	24	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	4.65	24	0
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	3.5	7	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	4.31	17	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	4.31	17	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	12.16	118	8
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	7.52	14	2
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	8.3	43	1
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	8.3	43	1
Glenoid Labral Tears [description not available]	4.64	8	0
Rotator Cuff Injuries Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.	4.64	8	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	9.02	195	1
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	9.02	195	1
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	5.23	17	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	3.11	3	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	3.11	3	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	9.12	20	3
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	9.12	20	3
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	2.63	2	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	2.54	2	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	10.71	12	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	5.71	12	0
Acne [description not available]	3.41	6	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	8.41	6	0
Endoleak Postoperative hemorrhage from an endovascular AORTIC ANEURYSM repaired with endoluminal placement of stent grafts (BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION). It is associated with pressurization, expansion, and eventual rupture of the aneurysm.	4.27	3	1
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	5.2	40	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	5.2	40	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	3.57	6	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	2.93	3	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.9	3	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	4.09	12	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	4.09	12	0
Smear Layer Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.	3.52	7	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	3	4	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	3	4	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	10.52	18	9
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	10.52	18	9
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	11.78	49	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	6.78	49	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	3.73	9	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	3.73	9	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	3.16	4	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	3.16	4	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	3.08	4	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	3.77	3	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	4.4	14	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	4.4	14	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	10	27	6
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	10	27	6
Anoxemia [description not available]	6.58	16	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	6.58	16	1
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	6.34	33	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	6.34	33	0
Avian Flu [description not available]	3.23	5	0
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	3.23	5	0
Circoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the CIRCOVIRIDAE.	3.08	4	0
Grippe [description not available]	3.4	6	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	3.4	6	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	4.65	9	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	7.83	3	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	3.05	4	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.05	4	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	7.37	36	1
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	8.8	1	1
Chloasma [description not available]	3.16	3	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	8.16	3	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	4.75	6	1
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	4.75	6	1
Corneal Perforation A puncture or hole through the CORNEAL STROMA resulting from various diseases or trauma.	2.54	2	0
DDPAC [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	2.41	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	15.12	37	3
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	8.01	7	4
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	10.12	37	3
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	8.01	7	4
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	3.71	9	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	4.67	25	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	11.28	54	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	11.28	54	2
Chronic Illness [description not available]	9.54	27	2
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	9.54	27	2
Prediabetes [description not available]	10.92	4	2
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	5.92	4	2
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	6.2	6	1
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	6.2	6	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	11.37	48	4
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	11.37	48	4
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	3.37	5	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	5.11	37	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	8.11	4	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	5.11	37	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	4.62	9	0
Itching [description not available]	4.16	3	1
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	6.18	15	2
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	4.16	3	1
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	8.33	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	4.43	17	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	6.29	11	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	6.29	11	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	4.43	17	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	3.21	5	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	8.21	5	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	7.69	2	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	6.79	28	2
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	2.69	2	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	2.41	1	0
Alveolalgia [description not available]	7.59	11	10
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	5.53	24	0
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage [description not available]	4.3	6	0
Postpartum Hemorrhage Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).	4.3	6	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	14.37	86	23
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	8.59	7	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	7.96	23	1
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	12.96	23	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	7.53	19	1
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	7.9	2	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	7.41	1	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	5.16	3	1
Dental Wear [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Abrasion, Dental [description not available]	6.31	12	3
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	5.8	12	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	10.8	12	0
Enterocele An intestinal HERNIA.	3.01	3	0
Hernia Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.	3.01	3	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2.73	3	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	12.65	217	1
C gattii Infection [description not available]	3.57	7	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	3.57	7	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	3.03	4	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	4.66	9	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	4.66	9	0
Infections, Reoviridae [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	3.9	2	1
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	2.41	1	0
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	2.83	3	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	2.41	1	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	2.96	3	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	7.96	3	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	3.08	4	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	5.19	3	1
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	5.19	3	1
Bacteremia, Hemorrhagic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	4.16	13	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	4.16	13	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.33	1	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	3.48	2	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	3.5	7	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.5	7	0
Stomatitis, Denture Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.	5.27	5	2
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	7.9	2	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.41	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	4.48	19	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	7.86	3	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	4.48	19	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	9.19	18	4
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	9.19	18	4
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	7.66	29	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	7.66	29	1
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	7.82	2	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	3.9	2	1
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	3.9	2	1
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	3.83	3	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.83	3	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	11.43	13	1
Non-communicable Chronic Diseases [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.82	2	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	3.57	8	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	3.57	8	0
Wet Macular Degeneration A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.	2.41	1	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	3.13	4	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	3.07	4	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.07	4	0
Infections, Rhabdoviridae [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	5.56	15	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	11.87	23	11
Acute Yellow Atrophy [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	7.41	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	5.61	13	1
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	5.61	13	1
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	2.81	3	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	14.51	13	5
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	7.18	30	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	7.18	30	1
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	8.5	27	2
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	8.5	27	2
Aphthae [description not available]	5.6	4	1
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	5.6	4	1
Oxaluria, Primary [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Hyperoxaluria, Primary A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.	2.41	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	6.89	23	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	6.89	23	1
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	2.59	2	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	4.43	7	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	11.61	20	16
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	11.61	20	16
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.41	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	3.17	4	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	5.92	36	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.92	36	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	15.28	36	29
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	15.28	36	29
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	4.91	7	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	10.74	29	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	5.74	29	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	4.21	9	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	4.21	9	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	10.62	21	9
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	4.96	12	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	4.96	12	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	15.96	68	50
Anal Fistula [description not available]	3.52	4	0
Cystine Diathesis [description not available]	3.52	4	0
Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.	3.52	4	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	12.62	53	2
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	12.62	53	2
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	4.24	6	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	4.24	6	0
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	3.16	4	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	11.75	21	3
Brucella Infection [description not available]	9.94	11	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	4.94	11	0
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	7.63	2	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	3.04	3	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.63	2	0
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.	2.41	1	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	9.88	11	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	4.88	11	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	2.99	4	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	5.48	23	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	3.62	8	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	3.62	8	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	7.61	49	1
Dermatoses [description not available]	6.56	16	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	6.56	16	1
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	8.95	19	4
Intra-Articular Fractures Fractures of the articular surface of a bone.	2.76	2	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	8.95	19	4
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	5.21	5	2
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	5.21	5	2
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	7.6	1	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	4.28	5	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	4.28	5	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	3.21	4	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	3.71	8	0
Acquired Meningomyelocele [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	5.79	19	1
Pus [description not available]	4.96	4	2
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	2.6	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	6.56	16	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	6.56	16	0
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	2.82	2	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.6	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	7.59	2	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	4.73	10	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	3.19	5	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	4.73	10	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Macular Holes [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	2.81	3	0
Retinal Perforations Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.	2.6	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	2.53	2	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	4.11	2	1
Fallopian Tube Diseases Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.	4.11	2	1
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	4.11	2	1
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.9	2	0
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	2.6	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	7.88	3	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.88	3	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	6.31	6	1
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	2.6	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	3.31	5	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.6	1	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	2.6	1	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	6.31	6	1
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	2.63	2	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	4.02	12	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	4.02	12	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	4.42	4	1
Sinus Infections [description not available]	4.58	5	1
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	9.42	4	1
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	4.58	5	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	9.59	19	6
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	9.59	19	6
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	4.13	5	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	4.13	5	0
Anastomotic Leak Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.	2.6	1	0
Verruca [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	2.6	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	2.6	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	3.23	5	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	3.23	5	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	3.74	9	0
Hemorrhage, Oral [description not available]	6.14	6	2
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	2.89	3	0
Esophagotracheal Fistula [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	2.91	3	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	2.91	3	0
Intra-Abdominal Infections [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Intraabdominal Infections Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.	2.6	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	4.26	6	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	4.26	6	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	4.16	15	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	3.23	4	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	3.23	4	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.83	3	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	4.03	14	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	4.03	14	0
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	3.81	10	0
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	3.81	10	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	3.41	4	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	10.01	5	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	5.01	5	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	3.59	8	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	7.45	25	1
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	7.45	25	1
Lacerations Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.	3.04	4	0
Abdominal Hernia [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	4.2	3	1
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	2.21	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	6.3	32	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	5.66	6	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	3.89	4	0
Choked Disk [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	2.21	1	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	5.14	3	1
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	8.04	7	4
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	9.18	9	4
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	8.04	7	4
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	9.18	9	4
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	2.21	1	0
Epiphora [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Lacrimal Duct Obstruction Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)	3.23	1	0
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.	3.23	1	0
Urogenital Prolapse [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Pelvic Organ Prolapse Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.	2.63	2	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	3.38	6	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	3.38	6	0
Dry Macular Degeneration [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Geographic Atrophy A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.	2.21	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	7.21	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	5.38	4	1
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	7.79	3	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.79	3	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	10.38	4	1
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	4.38	6	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	4.38	6	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	2.66	2	0
Greater Tuberosity Fractures [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	3.42	6	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	2.63	2	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	5.61	8	2
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	5.61	8	2
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	2.25	1	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	3.86	10	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	7.25	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	8.86	10	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	10.11	3	1
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	5.11	3	1
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	3.82	10	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.61	2	0
Metastase [description not available]	14.71	36	4
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	9.71	36	4
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	7.25	1	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	3.43	6	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.25	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	7.02	26	1
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	2.25	1	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	3.17	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	6.66	11	1
Stunted Growth [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	2.25	1	0
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	2.25	1	0
Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Sporotrichosis The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with SPOROTHRIX.	2.25	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	2.89	3	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	9.3	3	1
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	2.25	1	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	7.41	1	0
Surgical Incision [description not available]	3.99	11	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Foot Ulcer Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.	2.25	1	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	3.86	2	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	5.33	4	1
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	5.33	4	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	5.4	4	1
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	5.4	4	1
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.53	2	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	16.84	169	30
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	3.16	5	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	2.66	2	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	3.61	8	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	4.92	7	1
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	4.92	7	1
Hyperthermia An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.	7.25	1	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	4.54	22	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	4.54	22	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	8.19	5	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	2.25	1	0
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	3.7	3	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	7.92	8	2
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	8.38	21	2
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	4.39	1	1
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	4.39	1	1
Astrocytosis [description not available]	5.33	2	1
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	5.46	5	1
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	4.39	1	1
Dent Disease X-linked recessive NEPHROLITHIASIS characterized by HYPERCALCIURIA; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; and PROTEINURIA. It is associated with mutations in the voltage-gated chloride channel, CLC-5 (Dent Disease I). Another group of mutations associated with this disease is in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-5-phosphatase gene.	4.39	1	1
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	7.92	8	2
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	8.38	21	2
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	4.39	1	1
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	5.46	5	1
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	4.39	1	1
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.43	1	1
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Ductal Carcinoma [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	4.85	2	1
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	7.74	7	4
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	4.43	1	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	4.86	2	1
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	4.43	1	1
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	5.59	5	1
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Amaurosis [description not available]	4.86	2	1
Cutis Elastica [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	5.15	3	1
Exanthem [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	8.73	16	4
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	5.32	4	1
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	9.24	11	5
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	6.07	10	1
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	5.06	3	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	5.3	4	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	6.86	8	1
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	4.83	2	1
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	4.87	2	1
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	5.17	3	1
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	4.43	1	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	4.43	1	1
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	4.86	2	1
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	4.43	1	1
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.	4.43	1	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	5.15	3	1
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	4.43	1	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	8.73	16	4
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	5.32	4	1
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	4.43	1	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	9.24	11	5
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	4.43	1	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	6.07	10	1
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	10.18	13	9
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	4.43	1	1
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.43	1	1
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	4.43	1	1
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	5.3	4	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	6.86	8	1
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	10.68	6	1
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	4.43	1	1
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	4.83	2	1
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	5.17	3	1
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	4.43	1	1
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	4.43	1	1
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	4.43	1	1
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	4.87	2	1
Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.	4.43	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	4.85	2	1
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	9.86	2	1
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	5.59	5	1
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	4.43	1	1
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.25	1	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	2.25	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	3.6	8	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	3.6	8	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	4.2	16	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	3.01	4	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	2.25	1	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	2.25	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	2.96	3	0
Emesis [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	2.53	2	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	7.25	1	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	7.51	8	6
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	7.51	8	6
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.	2.25	1	0
Femoracetabular Impingement A pathological mechanical process that can lead to hip failure. It is caused by abnormalities of the ACETABULUM and/or FEMUR combined with rigorous hip motion, leading to repetitive collisions that damage the soft tissue structures.	2.9	3	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	2.72	2	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	4.83	3	2
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	4.83	3	2
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	4.59	24	0
Bone Stress Reaction [description not available]	3.2	4	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	3.61	8	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	3.61	8	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	7.25	1	0
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	3.17	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	3.64	1	1
Feline Infectious Peritonitis Common coronavirus infection of cats caused by the feline infectious peritonitis virus (CORONAVIRUS, FELINE). The disease is characterized by a long incubation period, fever, depression, loss of appetite, wasting, and progressive abdominal enlargement. Infection of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage appears to be essential in FIP pathogenesis.	2.25	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	2.25	1	0
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Diphtheria A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.	4.13	3	1
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	5.76	3	2
Lock Jaw [description not available]	4.07	2	1
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	7.77	3	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	2.55	2	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	7.25	1	0
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	2.25	1	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	3.69	3	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	7.25	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.25	1	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	8.02	13	1
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	8.02	13	1
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	2.25	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	7.59	2	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	4.05	13	0
Autolysis, Dental Pulp [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Periapical Periodontitis Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.	2.59	2	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	4.93	7	1
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	4.93	7	1
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.73	3	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	3.17	1	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	3.17	1	0
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	3.09	4	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	3.24	5	0
Infection [description not available]	4.26	6	0
Fractures, Compound [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	4.26	6	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	2.31	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	4.76	10	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	4.76	10	0
Rida [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.23	1	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
RED-S [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.25	1	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	2.25	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	7.25	1	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	2.25	1	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	2.69	2	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	3.58	7	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	3.58	7	0
Caries, Cervical [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.54	2	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	7.25	1	0
Dental Diseases [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	3.78	3	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	3.78	3	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	3.55	2	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	3.55	2	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	2.63	2	0
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	7.72	2	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	3.23	1	0
Ciliopathies Genetic disorders caused by defects in genes related to the primary CILIUM; BASAL BODY; or CENTROSOME. Primary features may include obesity, SKELETAL DYSPLASIA; POLYDACTYLY and malformations that primarily involve the liver, eye or kidneys.	3.23	1	0
Aspergilloses, Bronchopulmonary [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Pulmonary Aspergillosis Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.31	1	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	6.51	16	1
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	7.52	2	0
Dentin Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	3.6	8	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	6.02	9	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	7.31	1	0
Hyperphosphatemia A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.	18.97	33	28
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	2.31	1	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	7.72	2	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	2.31	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	4.15	2	1
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	4.15	2	1
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	3.6	8	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	3.6	8	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	3.01	3	0
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Hepatitis E Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.	2.61	2	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	7.31	1	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	3.08	4	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	3.08	4	0
Growth Plate Fractures [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Atrophic Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina due to thinning of the vaginal wall and decreased lubrication associated with reduced estrogen levels at MENOPAUSE.	7.61	2	0
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.	2.72	2	0
Genital Tract Infections [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	3.23	1	0
Impotence [description not available]	4.04	2	1
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	4.04	2	1
Viral Diseases [description not available]	3.95	2	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	3.95	2	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	3.04	4	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	7.31	1	0
Root Resorption Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.31	1	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Bacterial Conjunctivitides [description not available]	3.11	4	0
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.	3.11	4	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.45	2	0
Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)	3.02	4	0
Ornithosis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Psittacosis Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.	2.31	1	0
Cold Sore [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Herpes Labialis Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	2.31	1	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	2.31	1	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	3.76	3	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	3.24	5	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	2.58	2	0
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.31	1	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	2.59	2	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	7.31	1	0
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	2.31	1	0
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	5.09	3	1
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	5.09	3	1
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.15	1	0
Foot Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.	2.15	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	3.1	4	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	3.51	7	0
Radius Fractures Fractures of the RADIUS.	3.02	4	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Birnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BIRNAVIRIDAE.	2.52	2	0
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	4.45	1	1
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	4.45	1	1
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	2.15	1	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	2.15	1	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	2.15	1	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	2.55	2	0
Asialia [description not available]	4.35	7	0
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	9.35	7	0
Anthracosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by accumulation of inhaled CARBON or coal dust. The disease can progress from asymptomatic anthracosis to massive lung fibrosis. This lung lesion usually occurs in coal MINERS, but can be seen in urban dwellers and tobacco smokers.	2.15	1	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	2.48	2	0
Attrition, Dental [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	4.52	5	1
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	2.17	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.49	2	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	3.06	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	3.97	4	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	3.97	4	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	3.92	4	0
ACL Injuries [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.5	2	0
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	9.45	1	1
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.15	1	0
Aura [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	7.78	3	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	4.54	5	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	2.17	1	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	2.83	3	0
Leukoma [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	2.52	2	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	2.17	1	0
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.15	1	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	2.15	1	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.5	2	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	2.57	2	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome A worldwide emerging disease of weaned piglets first recognized in swine herds in western Canada in 1997. This syndrome is characterized by progressive weight loss, rapid (tachypnea) and difficult (dyspnea) breathing, and yellowing of skin. PMWS is caused by PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS infection, specifically type 2 or PCV-2.	2.17	1	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	7.58	2	0
Crush Fractures [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	2.17	1	0
Teratogenesis The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.	2.55	2	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	3.66	3	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.17	1	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	2.17	1	0
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.17	1	0
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.17	1	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.52	2	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	2.52	2	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	2.5	2	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	2.5	2	0
LCIS, Lobular Carcinoma In Situ [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Breast Carcinoma In Situ A condition in which abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct, lobule, or nipple to other tissues of the breast. There are 3 types of breast carcinoma in situ: DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU; LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU; and PAGET DISEASE OF THE NIPPLE.	2.17	1	0
Candidemia A form of invasive candidiasis where species of CANDIDA are present in the blood.	2.17	1	0
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	2.21	1	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	7.17	1	0
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.	2.17	1	0
Co-infection [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	2.77	3	0
Ocular Hypotension Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).	2.17	1	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	7.49	2	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	7.17	1	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.55	2	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	7.51	2	0
Acquired Facial Neuropathy [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	4.38	4	1
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Crystal Arthritis [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Chondrocalcinosis Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.	3.09	1	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	7.17	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.17	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Ocular Infections [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.54	2	0
Eye Infections Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.	2.21	1	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	2.17	1	0
Piscirickettsiaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family PISCIRICKETTSIACEAE, causing septicemic disease of salmonid fish (SALMONIDAE). Piscirickettsia-like bacteria are also associated with disease syndromes in non-salmonid fish.	2.17	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	3.69	3	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.17	1	0
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	3.47	7	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	2.17	1	0
Blue-Eared Pig Disease [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Hypergammaglobulinemia An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.	3.09	1	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	3.09	1	0
Hand Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the hand.	4.48	1	1
Osteochondritis Dissecans A type of osteochondritis in which articular cartilage and associated bone becomes partially or totally detached to form joint loose bodies. Affects mainly the knee, ankle, and elbow joints.	2.21	1	0
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	7.17	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	2.17	1	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.58	2	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	2.52	2	0
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.17	1	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	2.21	1	0
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	3.05	4	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	2.53	2	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	3.05	4	0
Segond Fracture [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Humeral Fractures Fractures of the HUMERUS.	2.17	1	0
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	3.38	2	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.21	1	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	2.17	1	0
Injuries, Mandibular [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	7.17	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.17	1	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	2.21	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	5.15	6	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	5.15	6	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.61	2	0
Abscess, Periapical [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Occupational Injuries Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.	2.21	1	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	2.21	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.21	1	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	2.21	1	0
Legionellosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEGIONELLA.	2.21	1	0
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	3.9	4	0
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	2.21	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.21	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.57	2	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	7.83	3	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	7.21	1	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.21	1	0
Compression Fractures [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Food Poisoning, Salmonella [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Salmonella Food Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.	3.01	4	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	2.54	2	0
Furcation Defects Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. It may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption.	7.48	2	0
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
DNA Virus Infections Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.	4.15	3	1
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	7.21	1	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	2.21	1	0
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	2.52	2	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	2.21	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	5.52	8	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	5.52	8	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	2.21	1	0
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	7.21	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	2.54	2	0
Yellow Fever An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.	2.21	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	2.21	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	7.21	1	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.21	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	3.59	1	1
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.8	3	0
Dupuytren's Contracture [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Dupuytren Contracture A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.	2.21	1	0
Sprains [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	2.21	1	0
Capsule Opacification Clouding or loss of transparency of the posterior lens capsule, usually following CATARACT extraction.	7.08	1	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	3	1	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	3	1	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.08	1	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Cartilage Fractures [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	2.49	2	0
Nail Abnormalities [description not available]	3	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	3.14	5	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.08	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	4.14	3	1
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	4.14	3	1
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	2.08	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	2.08	1	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	2.47	2	0
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	2.49	2	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	2.49	2	0
Allergy, Peanut [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Peanut Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.	2.08	1	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	3.64	9	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.48	2	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	3.91	4	0
Hemangiopericytoma A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)	2.08	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.5	2	0
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Athlete's Foot [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Tinea Pedis Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.	3.47	1	1
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	3.58	8	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	2.08	1	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	2.77	3	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	2.08	1	0
Neoplasms, Nerve Sheath [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.	2.08	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	4.13	3	1
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	7.08	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders, Inherited Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of inherited abnormalities in blood coagulation.	3.48	1	1
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	10.09	3	1
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	10.09	3	1
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.48	2	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	2.48	2	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	4.54	5	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	4.54	5	1
Intraocular Lymphoma A form of malignant cancer which occurs within the eyeball.	7.1	1	0
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)	2.76	3	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	4.03	5	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	9.03	5	0
Tracheal Stenosis A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.	2.1	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	7.48	2	0
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	5.06	3	1
Odontalgia [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Toothache Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.	3.86	2	1
Christmas Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hemophilia B A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)	7.1	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.67	3	0
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	2.1	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	2.1	1	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	3.88	2	1
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	3.88	2	1
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.46	2	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	2.1	1	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	2.79	3	0
Bacteroidaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.	3.16	5	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	5.45	5	1
Alactasia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Lactose Intolerance The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.	2.1	1	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	2.1	1	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	2.1	1	0
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	2.1	1	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	2.1	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	3.01	1	0
Vascular Malformations A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.	8.43	2	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	8.17	5	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	3.17	5	0
Actinic Keratosis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Keratosis, Actinic White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.	2.11	1	0
Nail Fungus [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	2.11	1	0
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	2.76	3	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.49	2	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2.52	2	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.52	2	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	2.1	1	0
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	2.11	1	0
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	7.11	1	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	2.75	3	0
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	2.11	1	0
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.	2.11	1	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.52	2	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	7.52	2	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	2.11	1	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	2.11	1	0
Tetraploid [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	7.78	3	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	3.5	1	1
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	3.5	1	1
Genital Herpes [description not available]	7.11	1	0
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	2.11	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	7.98	4	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	3.04	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	2.11	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2.13	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	2.95	4	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	2.13	1	0
Spina Bifida Aperta [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Shellfish Allergy [description not available]	4.99	4	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	2.13	1	0
Alogia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.	2.13	1	0
Cervix Erosion [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.13	1	0
Implant Capsular Contracture The shrinkage of the foreign body encapsulation scar tissue that forms around artificial implants imbedded in body tissues.	7.49	2	0
Calculus, Dental [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Infections, RNA Virus [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Malassezia furfur Infection [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Tinea Versicolor A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).	3.53	1	1
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	2.13	1	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	2.13	1	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	2.13	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	2.48	2	0
Fusobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family Fusobacteriaceae, in the order Fusobacterales, phylum FUSOBACTERIA.	2.13	1	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	3.51	1	1
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	7.15	1	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	2.15	1	0
Epulides [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	2.13	1	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	2.15	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	2.49	2	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	2.44	2	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	3.14	5	0
Botulism, Infantile [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Botulism A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)	7.13	1	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	2.13	1	0
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	2.15	1	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Ozena [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Bordetella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.	2.04	1	0
Rhinitis, Atrophic A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).	2.43	2	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	3.89	4	0
Genital Warts [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Condylomata Acuminata Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.	2.04	1	0
Carcinosarcoma A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	7.04	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	2.04	1	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	7.04	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	7.05	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	2.05	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	2.05	1	0
Malignant Fibrohistiocytic Tumors [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous The most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. It is a neoplasm with a fibrohistiocytic appearance found chiefly in later adult life, with peak incidence in the 7th decade.	2.05	1	0
Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM.	2.05	1	0
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	2.96	1	0
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	2.05	1	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	2.46	2	0
Atrophy of Gingiva [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.05	1	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	2.05	1	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.05	1	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.45	2	0
Bernard Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	7.45	2	0
Hemarthrosis Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.	2.05	1	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	2.06	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	3.8	11	0
Infections, Lentivirus [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	2.06	1	0
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.72	3	0
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	4.77	2	1
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	4.36	1	1
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.76	3	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	2.06	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	2.06	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	2.47	2	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	2.47	2	0
Gingival Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.	2.06	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	2.06	1	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	5.81	4	2
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	2.05	1	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	7.06	1	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	2.07	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	3.86	4	0
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.	2.06	1	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	2.06	1	0
Great Pox [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	2.77	3	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.39	2	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	3.39	2	0
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Leukomalacia, Periventricular Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)	2.07	1	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	2.07	1	0
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	2.07	1	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	2.07	1	0
Synostosis A union between adjacent bones or parts of a single bone formed by osseous material, such as ossified connecting cartilage or fibrous tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.08	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Aneurysm, Iliac [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	2.07	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.07	1	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	7.07	1	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	2.07	1	0
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	2.99	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.48	2	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	2.07	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	3.35	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	2.07	1	0
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	2.08	1	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	2.11	1	0
Fractures, Comminuted A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed into a number of pieces.	2.07	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	7.07	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	2.08	1	0
Bradykinesia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	2.46	2	0
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	2.08	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.08	1	0
Stomatitis, Vesicular [description not available]	2.08	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	3.81	2	1
Bertielliasis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	2.02	1	0
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	2.02	1	0
Pleuropneumonia, Contagious A pleuropneumonia of cattle and goats caused by species of MYCOPLASMA.	2.02	1	0
Finger Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.	2.02	1	0
Periostitis Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	8.41	1	1
Maxillary Diseases Diseases involving the MAXILLA.	3.41	1	1
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	7.02	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	2.02	1	0
Dental Pulp Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Dental Pulp Diseases Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.	2.03	1	0
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	2.03	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.03	1	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	2.03	1	0
Flatus [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	2.03	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	2.03	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.03	1	0
Paratyphoid Fever A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.	2.03	1	0
DNA Degradation, Necrotic The random catabolism of DNA accompanying the irreversible damage to tissue which leads to the pathological death of one or more cells.	2.03	1	0
Vaginal Discharge A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract.	2.03	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	2.41	2	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	2.03	1	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Ventral Hernia [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Hernia, Ventral A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.	2.94	1	0
Air Sickness [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Motion Sickness Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.	2.03	1	0
Fasciitis, Necrotizing A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.	2.03	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	2.03	1	0
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	3.42	1	1
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	2.04	1	0
Classical Swine Fever An acute, highly contagious disease affecting swine of all ages and caused by the CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS. It has a sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality.	2.05	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	2.39	2	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Avulsed Tooth [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	1.98	1	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	1.98	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	1.99	1	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	1.99	1	0
Hyperoxaluria Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.	1.99	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	1.99	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	1.99	1	0
Femoral Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.	1.99	1	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	2	1	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	2	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	7	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2	1	0
Ankylosis Fixation and immobility of a joint.	2	1	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	2	1	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	7.01	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	2	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	1.98	1	0
Kidney Papillary Necrosis A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.	1.98	1	0
Dental Deposit [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	1.98	1	0

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chitosan

Cross-References

Synonyms (5)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (27,005)

Study Types

Clinical Trials (60)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Hemostasis Success

Biopsies

Related Drugs (2,839)

Related Conditions (1,498)