xenon profile

Xenon is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless noble gas. It is found in trace amounts in the Earth's atmosphere. Xenon is not known to occur naturally in any compounds. However, it can be made to react with other elements under special conditions, such as high pressure and temperature, or in the presence of a catalyst. Xenon is used in a variety of applications, including lighting, lasers, and medical imaging. For example, xenon gas is used in flash lamps for photography, and it is also used in lasers for medical applications. Xenon is also used in nuclear reactors as a coolant. Xenon is studied because it is an interesting and unusual element. It is the only noble gas that can form stable chemical compounds. The study of xenon compounds has led to a better understanding of chemical bonding and the properties of noble gases. Xenon is also used in research on the origin and evolution of the universe.'

Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	23991
CHEMBL ID	1236802
CHEBI ID	49957
CHEBI ID	49956
MeSH ID	M0023058

Synonym
CHEMBL1236802
xenon
XE ,
7440-63-3
xenon (jan)
D01901
xenopure (tn)
einecs 231-172-7
un2591
un2036
[xe]
54xe
xenon atom
CHEBI:49957 ,
CHEBI:49956
xenon(0)
xenon, compressed [un2036] [nonflammable gas]
3h3u766w84 ,
xenon, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquids)
xenon, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquids) [un2591] [nonflammable gas]
xenon, compressed
unii-3h3u766w84
xenon [vandf]
xenon [who-dd]
xenon [mart.]
xenon [mi]
xenon [jan]
AKOS025310455
DTXSID5064700
mfcd00036280
20222-53-1
xenon, 99.99%, messer(r) cangas
xenon, >=99.995%
xenon dihydride
xenon 99+%
xenon hydride
DB13453
Q1106

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Xenon (Xe) is a valuable and scarce noble gas used in various applications, including lighting, electronics, and anesthetics, among many others. "	( Xenon Trapping in Metal-Supported Silica Nanocages. Boscoboinik, AM; Boscoboinik, JA; Darbari, Z; Dorneles de Mello, M; Head, AR; Hunt, A; Karagoz, B; Manzi, S; Pereyra, VD; Sharma, S; Stacchiola, DJ; Waluyo, I; Xu, Y; Zhou, C, 2021)	3.51
"Xenon is an inert gas with stable chemical properties which is used as an anesthetic. "	( The neuroprotective effect and possible therapeutic application of xenon in neurological diseases. Cheng, Y; Cui, Y; Sun, H; Wang, Q; Zhang, M, 2021)	2.3
"Xenon (Xe) is an inert, colorless and odorless heavy gas and has many biological functions. "	( Xenon attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain damage by inhibiting autophagy in neonatal rats. An, Z; Jiang, H; Li, T; Liu, Y; Qin, M; Sun, M; Wei, H, 2023)	3.8
"Xenon is an inhalation anesthetic with a favorable safety profile, and previous studies have demonstrated its neuroprotective efficacy. "	( Xenon exerts anti-seizure and neuroprotective effects in kainic acid-induced status epilepticus and neonatal hypoxia-induced seizure. Cui, Y; Gao, X; Liu, S; Pan, X; Sun, H; Wang, Q; Yu, J; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y; Zhu, W, 2019)	3.4
"Xenon is a competitive inhibitor of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors known to play a role in memory reconsolidation, a learning and memory process wherein memories temporarily enter a labile state after reactivation and may be modified."	( Combining Xenon Inhalation With Trauma Memory Reactivation to Reduce Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Case Report, Justification of Approach, and Review of the Literature. Bogin, V; Dobrovolsky, A; Meloni, EG, 2019)	1.64
"Xenon is a rare noble gas that was introduced into clinical practice more than 70 years ago. "	( Neuroprotective Properties of Xenon. Laitio, T; Maze, M, 2020)	2.29
"Xenon (Xe) is a noble gas that has been used for the last several decades as an anesthetic during surgery. "	( Beneficial effects of xenon inhalation on behavioral changes in a valproic acid-induced model of autism in rats. Bogin, VI; Dobrovolsky, AP; Dubynin, VA; Gedzun, VR; Ichim, TE; Ma, D; Malyshev, AV; Sukhanova, IA, 2019)	2.27
"Xenon (Xe) is a general anesthetic with neuroprotective effects."	( Impact of Xenon on CLIC4 and Bcl-2 Expression in Lipopolysaccharide and Hypoxia-Ischemia-Induced Periventricular White Matter Damage. Jiang, H; Jiang, J; Li, L; Peng, X; Shi, X; Xi, H; Yin, X; Zhang, L; Zhao, J, 2018)	1.6
"Xenon is an inert, highly polarizable noble gas with demonstrated safety and application in general anesthesia for over 50 years. "	( Xenon: An Emerging Neuroprotectant With Potential Application for Cardiac Arrest Care. Frishman, WH; Roostan, M, )	3.02
"Xenon is a rare, mostly inert, noble gas that has applications in a wide range of fields, including medicine. "	( Xenon detection in human blood: Analytical validation by accuracy profile and identification of critical storage parameters. Augsburger, M; Coburn, M; Frampas, C; Ney, J; Varlet, V, 2018)	3.37
"Xenon is a colorless and odorless noble gas, licensed for human use as an anesthetic gas as well as a radiological marker. "	( Xenon anesthesia and beyond: pros and cons. De Robertis, E; Jin, Z; Ma, D; Piazza, O; Scarpati, G, 2019)	3.4
"Xenon (Xe) is an anesthetic gas licensed for use in some countries. "	( Real-Time Measurement of Xenon Concentration in a Binary Gas Mixture Using a Modified Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Anesthesia Gas Flowmeter: A Technical Feasibility Study. Chakkarapani, E; Dingley, J; Hallewell, GD; Williams, DJ, 2019)	2.26
"Xenon is an inert gas promising for the preservation of biomaterials, which forms clathrate hydrates above 0°C."	( Hypothermic Preservation of Red Blood Cells in Different Conditions of Inert Gas Xenon: Hyperbaria and Clathrates. Gurevich, L; Makeev, O; Melekhin, V; Ponomarev, A; Rodin, VV, )	1.8
"Xenon (Xe) is a bioactive gas capable of reducing and stabilizing neurologic injury in stroke. "	( Characterization and Imaging of Lipid-Shelled Microbubbles for Ultrasound-Triggered Release of Xenon. Haworth, KJ; Holland, CK; Huang, S; Lafond, M; McPherson, DD; Moody, MR; Palaniappan, A; Peng, T; Shekhar, H, 2019)	2.18
"Xenon is a noble gas with neuroprotective properties that can improve short and long-term outcomes in young adult mice after controlled cortical impact. "	( Xenon improves long-term cognitive function, reduces neuronal loss and chronic neuroinflammation, and improves survival after traumatic brain injury in mice. Aldhoun, J; Campos-Pires, R; Dickinson, R; Edge, CJ; Franks, NP; Hirnet, T; Ong, BE; Radyushkin, K; Saville, J; Thal, SC; Valeo, F, 2019)	3.4
"Xenon (Xe) is a noble gas that has been developed for use in people as an inhalational anesthestic and a diagnostic imaging agent. "	( Xenon impairs reconsolidation of fear memories in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Gillis, TE; Kaufman, MJ; Manoukian, J; Meloni, EG, 2014)	3.29
"Xenon is a noble gas used as an anesthetic and recently as a doping agent."	( [Xenon: From rare gaz to doping product]. Gicquel, T; Le Daré, B; Morel, I; Tassel, C, 2016)	2.07
"Xenon-CT is a quantitive technique for estimating cerebral blood flow. "	( Xenon-CT study of regional cerebral blood flow around hematoma in patients with basal ganglia hemorrhage. Ding, HY; Dong, Q; Han, X; Lv, CZ, 2008)	3.23
"Xenon CT is a practical technique which may be performed at the bedside and may be used to assess cerebral blood flow response to a changing variable."	( Radiographic assessment of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: the physiological perspective. Carlson, AP; Yonas, H, 2009)	1.07
"Xenon (Xe) is an anesthetic with minimal side effects, now also showing promise as a neuroprotectant both in vitro and in vivo. "	( Closed-circuit xenon delivery using a standard anesthesia workstation. Dingley, J; Rawat, S, 2010)	2.16
"Xenon is a promising anesthetic agent in neurosurgery. "	( [Changes in brain bioelectrical activity during xenon anesthesia in neurosurgical patients]. Lubnin, AIu; Masherov, EL; Rylova, AV; Sazonova, OB, )	1.83
"Xenon is a general anesthetic with neuroprotective properties. "	( Identification of two mutations (F758W and F758Y) in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor glycine-binding site that selectively prevent competitive inhibition by xenon without affecting glycine binding. Armstrong, SP; Babla, R; Banks, PJ; Dickinson, R; Edge, CJ; Franks, NP; Geldart, CH; McKitrick, TJ; Simillis, C, 2012)	2.02
"Xenon seems to be an ideal anesthetic drug. "	( The shaker potassium channel is no target for xenon anesthesia in short-sleeping Drosophila melanogaster mutants. Bein, B; Böhm, R; Höcker, J; Roeder, T; Schaper, C, 2012)	2.08
"Xenon is a noble gas with sedative and analgesic properties."	( Use of xenon as a sedative for patients receiving critical care. Bedi, A; Dingley, J; Fee, JP; Murray, JM; Stevenson, MA, 2003)	1.5
"Xenon is an interesting anesthetic as it appears to lack negative inotropicy and vasodilatation, giving great advantages to both patients with limited cardiovascular reserve or those who require hemodynamic stability. "	( Xenon, a modern anaesthesia gas. Baumert, JH; Hecker, K; Horn, N; Rossaint, R, 2004)	3.21
"Xenon is an antagonist of the NMDA-receptor and reduces the neuronal injury mediated via these receptors."	( [Xenon - noble gas with organprotective properties]. Preckel, B; Schlack, W; Weber, N, 2004)	1.96
"Xenon is a narcotic gas that might be able to replace volatile anaesthetics or nitrous oxide due to its favourable pharmacological properties, such as providing haemodynamic stability. "	( Effects of xenon anaesthesia on intestinal oxygenation in acutely instrumented pigs. Hecker, K; Iber, T; Nöldge-Schomburg, GF; Otto, B; Roesner, JP; Rossaint, R; Spee, A; Vagts, DA, 2004)	2.16
"Xenon is an anesthetic with minimal hemodynamic side effects, making it an ideal agent for cardiocompromised patients. "	( The noble gas xenon induces pharmacological preconditioning in the rat heart in vivo via induction of PKC-epsilon and p38 MAPK. Müllenheim, J; Obal, D; Preckel, B; Schlack, W; Toma, O; Weber, NC; Wolter, JI, 2005)	2.13
"Xenon is an anaesthetic and possibly neuroprotective gas that is impossible to measure using conventional anaesthetic gas analysers. "	( Xenon measurement in breathing systems: a comparison of ultrasonic and thermal conductivity methods. Bretland, M; Dingley, J; King, R; Wilkes, A, 2005)	3.21
"Xenon is a nontoxic anesthetic gas that reduces neurotransmitter release and functionally antagonizes NMDA receptors."	( Xenon provides short-term neuroprotection in neonatal rats when administered after hypoxia-ischemia. Dingley, J; Porter, H; Thoresen, M; Tooley, J, 2006)	2.5
"Xenon is a noble gas with potent anesthetic and analgesic properties."	( Multicenter randomized comparison of xenon and isoflurane on left ventricular function in patients undergoing elective surgery. Baumert, J; Berendes, E; Franke, A; Gommers, D; Hammerle, A; Hofmann, T; Klein, J; Rossaint, R; Scholz, J; Schulte Esch, J; Tonner, PH; van Aken, H; Wappler, F, 2007)	1.33
"Xenon, known to be an N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist, may be advantageous."	( Emergence and early cognitive function in the elderly after xenon or desflurane anaesthesia: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Baumert, JH; Coburn, M; Fimm, B; Fries, M; Hein, M; Kunitz, O; Roertgen, D; Rossaint, R; Thiel, V, 2007)	1.3
"Xenon is a noble anesthetic gas with an excellent safety profile, showing great promise in vitro and in vivo as a neuroprotectant."	( Xenon and hypothermia combine additively, offering long-term functional and histopathologic neuroprotection after neonatal hypoxia/ischemia. Aquilina, K; Chakkarapani, E; Dingley, J; Hobbs, C; Thoresen, M; Tucker, A, 2008)	2.51
"Xenon is a more potent anesthetic than nitrous oxide, and give more profound analgesia. "	( Clinical experience with minimal flow xenon anesthesia. Dahm, S; Luttropp, HH; Persson, J; Thomasson, R; Werner, O, 1994)	2
"Xenon-CT is an established method for determining cerebral perfusion, while applications in other organs are rare. "	( [Xenon computerized tomography of kidney transplants]. Ewert, R; Lippert, J; Mutze, S; Reichmuth, B; Süss, C, 1994)	2.64
"Xenon is an inert gas with a practical anesthetic potency (1 MAC = 71%). "	( Priming of anesthesia circuit with xenon for closed circuit anesthesia. Goto, T; Morita, S; Saito, H; Saito, M, 1997)	2.02
"Xenon is an odorless gas with low blood-gas solubility coefficient and without occupational and environmental hazards. "	( Comparison of inhalation inductions with xenon and sevoflurane. Goto, T; Morita, S; Nakata, Y, 1997)	2.01
"Xenon is an anesthetic with very few side-effects, yet its targets at the cellular level are still unclear. "	( Xenon-induced inhibition of Ca2+-regulated transitions in the cell cycle of human endothelial cells. Kox, WJ; Petzelt, C; Schmehl, W; Taschenberger, G, 1999)	3.19
"Xenon (Xe) is an inert gas with anesthetic properties. "	( Xenon has greater inhibitory effects on spinal dorsal horn neurons than nitrous oxide in spinal cord transected cats. Adachi, T; Miyazaki, Y; Segawa, H; Shichino, T; Utsumi, J, 1999)	3.19
"Xenon is a noble gas with anesthetic properties currently under investigation for use in humans. "	( Xenon does not trigger malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine. Baeder, S; Baur, C; Calzia, E; Eichinger, HM; Froeba, G; Georgieff, M; Marx, T; Pazhur, J; Radermacher, P, 1999)	3.19
"1. Xenon (Xe) is an inert gas with the anesthetic property. "	( Nitrous oxide, but not xenon, affects the signaling in the neuronal growth cone. Fukura, H; Igarashi, M; Kitani, Y; Komiya, Y, 2000)	1.24
"Xenon is a naturally occurring, gaseous element that comprises 0.000008% of air, or 0.05 parts per million. "	( Xenon: anesthesia for the 21st century. Joyce, JA, 2000)	3.19
"Xenon is a new gaseous anesthetic that did not show any adverse cardiovascular effects in clinical and experimental studies."	( Xenon does not impair the responsiveness of cardiac muscle bundles to positive inotropic and chronotropic stimulation. Alkanoglu, O; Hanrath, P; Reyle-Hahn, MS; Rossaint, R; Schotten, U; Schroth, SC, 2002)	2.48
"Xenon is an inert gas of high atomic number (54), and is highly soluble in tissue, particularly in fat."	( Xenon inhalation as an adjunct to computerized tomography of the brain: preliminary study. Alexander, SC; Flemming, DC; Holden, JE; Kimmel, RI; Madsen, M; Sackett, JF; Winkler, SS, )	2.3
"The xenon CT method is an asset in the diagnosis of cerebral diseases since it provides information on functional changes in addition to the morphological findings."	( [Non-invasive measurement of cerebrovascular circulation using xenon(s) computerized tomography. A review]. Nabi Nemati, M, 1990)	1
"Xenon-CT is a useful adjunct to MR and conventional CT in the evaluation of cerebral ischemia in children and young adults."	( Xenon-CT cerebral blood flow evaluation of cerebral ischemia in children and young adults. Hasso, AN; Hinshaw, DB; Stringer, WA; Thompson, JR; Vu, LH, )	2.3

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Xenon CT has an important role in acute stroke therapeutic intervention as a quantitative, reproducible, rapid, and safe modality, which can provide valuable physiologic data that can optimize patient triage and aid in management."	( Xenon CT cerebral blood flow in acute stroke. Gupta, R; Jovin, TG; Yonas, H, 2005)	2.49
"Xenon (MAC = 71%) has an extremely low blood:gas partition coefficient (0.14). "	( Emergence times from xenon anaesthesia are independent of the duration of anaesthesia. Goto, T; Ichinose, F; Morita, S; Nakata, Y; Saito, H; Uezono, S, 1997)	2.06
"As xenon has a higher density and viscosity than air, xenon inhalation may increase airway resistance."	( Xenon inhalation increases airway pressure in ventilated patients. Haubitz, B; Leuwer, M; Marx, G; Meyer, MC; Piepenbrock, S; Rueckoldt, H; Vangerow, B, 1999)	2.26
"Xenon, which has a lower thermal conductivity than argon, was employed for creating higher final temperatures of the cavitation bubbles."	( Hydrogen atom formation by ultrasound in D2O solutions of nitrone spin traps. Kondo, T; Riesz, P, 1989)	1
"Xenon has been shown to be protective against a range of neurological insults in animal models."	( Comparing the effect of xenon and sevoflurane anesthesia on postoperative neural injury biomarkers: a randomized controlled trial. Blennow, K; Evered, L; McGuigan, S; Scott, DA; Silbert, B; Zetterberg, H, )	1.16
"Xenon has already undergone early-stage clinical trials in the treatment of ischaemic brain injuries, with mixed results."	( Neuroprotection by the noble gases argon and xenon as treatments for acquired brain injury: a preclinical systematic review and meta-analysis. Ahmad, F; Dickinson, R; Liang, M, 2022)	1.7
"Xenon has repeatedly been demonstrated to have only minimal hemodynamic side effects when compared to other anesthetics. "	( Xenon as an adjuvant to sevoflurane anesthesia in children younger than 4 years of age, undergoing interventional or diagnostic cardiac catheterization: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Cools, B; Devroe, S; Gewillig, M; Meeusen, R; Poesen, K; Rex, S; Sanders, R, 2017)	3.34
"Xenon has features that make it an ideal general anesthetic agent; cost and scarcity mitigate xenon's widespread use in the operating room. "	( Methods for Defining the Neuroprotective Properties of Xenon. Caroccio, P; Maze, M; Robel, R, 2018)	2.17
"Xenon has been shown to have positive neurologic effects in various pre-clinical models. "	( Neurologic and cognitive outcomes associated with the clinical use of xenon: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Chan, CC; Gan, TJ; Law, LS; Lo, EA, 2018)	2.16
"Xenon (Xe) has favorable neuroprotective properties to modify stroke."	( Therapeutic time window and dose dependence of xenon delivered via echogenic liposomes for neuroprotection in stroke. Aronowski, J; Britton, GL; Cattano, D; Grotta, J; Huang, SL; Kim, H; McPherson, DD; Peng, T, 2013)	1.37
"The Xenon, a noble gas, has anesthetics properties, associated with remarkable hemodynamic stability as well as cardioprotective, neuroprotective proprieties. "	( [How xenon works: neuro and cardioprotection mechanisms]. Andrade, L; Lourenço, A; Morais, R; Tavares, J, )	1.2
"Xenon has minimal haemodynamic side effects when compared to volatile or intravenous anaesthetics. "	( Safety and feasibility of xenon as an adjuvant to sevoflurane anaesthesia in children undergoing interventional or diagnostic cardiac catheterization: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Boshoff, D; Devroe, S; Gewillig, M; Lemiere, J; Rex, S; Van de Velde, M, 2015)	2.16
"Xenon anesthesia has been studied for decades. "	( Xenon Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Gan, TJ; Law, LS; Lo, EA, 2016)	3.32
"Xenon has been shown to provide neuroprotection in multiple models of acute ischemic insults."	( Xenon Blocks Neuronal Injury Associated with Decompression. Abraini, JH; Blatteau, JE; David, HN; Demaistre, S; Lambrechts, K; Meckler, C; Risso, JJ; Vallée, N, 2015)	2.58
"Xenon has been shown to be safe in humans, and has useful pharmacokinetic properties such as rapid onset, fast wash out etc."	( The diverse biological properties of the chemically inert noble gases. Farjot, G; Katz, I; Thornton, A; Winkler, DA, 2016)	1.16
"Xenon has been used in clinical practice as a potent gaseous anaesthetic for decades, but the molecular mechanism of interactions with its integral membrane receptor targets remains poorly understood."	( Structural Basis for Xenon Inhibition in a Cationic Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channel. Colloc'h, N; Delarue, M; Fourati, Z; Prangé, T; Sauguet, L, 2016)	1.47
"Xenon-enhanced CT has been performed using a multiple-breath-hold technique during xenon washout."	( Evaluation of pulmonary function using single-breath-hold dual-energy computed tomography with xenon: Results of a preliminary study. Hirata, Y; Honda, N; Kikuchi, S; Kyoyama, H; Mikami, S; Moriyama, G; Otani, K; Saito, Y; Sakai, K; Uematsu, K; Watanabe, W; Yanagita, H, 2017)	1.4
"Xenon has been shown to reduce cellular injury after cerebral ischemia. "	( Effects of xenon on ischemic spinal cord injury in rabbits: a comparison with propofol. Furuya, H; Inoue, S; Kakimoto, M; Kawaguchi, M; Kurita, N; Yamamoto, Y, 2010)	2.19
"Xenon has been found to have organ-protective effects."	( Impact of xenon anaesthesia in isolated cardiopulmonary bypass on very early leucocyte and platelet activation and clearance: a randomized, controlled study. Casey, ND; Exley, AR; Falter, F; Saravanan, P; Valchanov, K, 2009)	1.48
"Xenon has only minimal hemodynamic side effects and induces pharmacologic preconditioning. "	( Myocardial blood flow during general anesthesia with xenon in humans: a positron emission tomography study. Baumert, JH; Coburn, M; Fries, M; Meyer, PT; Rex, S; Rossaint, R; Schaefer, W, 2011)	2.06
"Xenon has been proven to be neuroprotective in experimental brain injury. "	( Xenon neuroprotection in experimental stroke: interactions with hypothermia and intracerebral hemorrhage. Franks, NP; James, ML; Jung, JY; Lascola, CD; Lei, B; Maze, M; Pearlstein, RD; Sheng, H; Sheng, SP; Venkatraman, TN; Warner, DS, 2012)	3.26
"Xenon has many properties of the ideal anaesthetic and it has been proposed to replace classic volatile anaesthetics. "	( Effects of repeated exposures to xenon on rat adrenal cortex ultrastructure. Del Turco, M; Ferrari, E; Forfori, E; Giunta, F; Lazzeri, G; Natale, G; Paparelli, A; Pellegrini, A, 2002)	2.04
"Xenon has been shown to be neuroprotective in several models of in vitro and in vivo neuronal injury. "	( The neuroprotective effect of xenon administration during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Franks, NP; Grocott, HP; Homi, HM; Ma, D; Maze, M; Warner, DS; Yokoo, N, 2003)	2.05
"Xenon CT has an important role in acute stroke therapeutic intervention as a quantitative, reproducible, rapid, and safe modality, which can provide valuable physiologic data that can optimize patient triage and aid in management."	( Xenon CT cerebral blood flow in acute stroke. Gupta, R; Jovin, TG; Yonas, H, 2005)	2.49
"Xenon has only negligible effects on inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors, one of the putative molecular targets for most general anesthetics."	( Positron emission tomography study of regional cerebral metabolism during general anesthesia with xenon in humans. Baumert, JH; Boy, C; Büll, U; Meyer, PH; Rex, S; Rossaint, R; Schaefer, W; Setani, K, 2006)	1.27
"Xenon has many characteristics that make it very attractive as an anesthetic and therapeutic drug. "	( A cryogenic machine for selective recovery of xenon from breathing system waste gases. Dingley, J; Mason, RS, 2007)	2.04
"Xenon has many of the properties of an ideal anaesthetic."	( Inhalation anaesthesia: from diethyl ether to xenon. Bovill, JG, 2008)	1.33
"Xenon anesthesia has many favorable properties, such as pain modulation and organ protection. "	( The effective concentration 50 (EC50) for propofol with 70% xenon versus 70% nitrous oxide. Barakat, AR; Flaschar, J; Georgieff, M; Schraag, S; Schreiber, MN, 2008)	2.03
"Xenon has been proved to be safe and efficacious for general anaesthesia in numerous trials. "	( Incidence of postoperative nausea and emetic episodes after xenon anaesthesia compared with propofol-based anaesthesia. Apfel, CC; Coburn, M; Fries, M; Hein, M; Kunitz, O; Rossaint, R, 2008)	2.03
"Xenon has more destructive effects on the visual field and electroretinogram, but is more comfortable because retrobulbar anaesthesia is used and more convenient to the patient because fewer treatment sessions are needed."	( Xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation in the treatment of diabetic disc neovascularization. Part 1. Effect on disc vessels, visual fields, and visual acuity. Blach, RK; Gould, E; Hamilton, AM; Khoury, D; Townsend, C, 1981)	2.43
"Xenon gas has the capability of providing contrast enhancement in computed tomography (CT) by direct contact with certain organs and tissue. "	( Contact enhancement by xenon gas in computed tomography of the spinal cord and brain: preliminary observations. Coin, CG; Coin, JT, 1980)	2.01
"Xenon (MAC = 71%) has an extremely low blood:gas partition coefficient (0.14). "	( Emergence times from xenon anaesthesia are independent of the duration of anaesthesia. Goto, T; Ichinose, F; Morita, S; Nakata, Y; Saito, H; Uezono, S, 1997)	2.06
"As xenon has a higher density and viscosity than air, xenon inhalation may increase airway resistance."	( Xenon inhalation increases airway pressure in ventilated patients. Haubitz, B; Leuwer, M; Marx, G; Meyer, MC; Piepenbrock, S; Rueckoldt, H; Vangerow, B, 1999)	2.26
"Xenon has no measurable effect on GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents or on currents evoked by exogenous application of GABA, but it substantially inhibits total charge transfer (by approximately 60% at minimum alveolar concentration) through the excitatory postsynaptic current."	( Contrasting synaptic actions of the inhalational general anesthetics isoflurane and xenon. de Sousa, SL; Dickinson, R; Franks, NP; Lieb, WR, 2000)	1.25
"Xenon has many characteristics of an ideal anaesthetic agent. "	( Xenon does not induce contracture in human malignant hyperthermia muscle. Baur, CP; Froeba, G; Georgieff, M; Jurkat-Rott, K; Klingler, W; Lehmann-Horn, F; Marx, T; Schoch, E, 2000)	3.19
"Xenon has been studied sporadically within the discipline of anesthesia as a replacement for nitrous oxide."	( Xenon: anesthesia for the 21st century. Joyce, JA, 2000)	2.47
"Xenon therefore has to be delivered by closed-circuit anaesthesia."	( Xenon expenditure and nitrogen accumulation in closed-circuit anaesthesia. Marx, T; Reinelt, H; Schirmer, U; Schmidt, M, 2001)	2.47
"Xenon has recently been found to be an NMDA receptor antagonist."	( Xenon as neuroprotectant in acute stroke? Altschuler, EL, 2001)	2.47
"Xenon has minimal hemodynamic side effects, but no data are available on its direct myocardial effects in vivo. "	( The direct myocardial effects of xenon in the dog heart in vivo. Ebel, D; Frässdorf, J; Müllenheim, J; Preckel, B; Schlack, W; Thämer, V, 2002)	2.04
"Xenon has only minimal haemodynamic side-effects on normal myocardium and might be a preferable anaesthetic agent for patients with heart failure. "	( Xenon produces minimal haemodynamic effects in rabbits with chronically compromised left ventricular function. Heibel, T; Preckel, B; Rütten, H; Schlack, W, 2002)	3.2
"Xenon has been investigated as a contrast medium for conventional radiography, and in vitro as a contrast medium for computed tomography. "	( Xenon contrast enhancement in computed body tomography. Foley, WD; Haughton, VM; Schmidt, J; Wilson, CR, 1978)	3.14
"Xenon-125 has better physical characteristics and can be produced with a cyclotron by a 127I(p,3n)125Xe reaction; this reaction results in a maximum of 25 mCi/gm/cm2/muA-hr for 31-MeV protons."	( Production and characteristics of 125Xe: a new noble gas for in vivo studies. DeNardo, GL; Hines, HH; Jansholt, AL; Peek, NF, 1975)	0.98
"Xenon has many of the properties of the ideal anaesthetic agent and has been proposed as a suitable replacement for nitrous oxide in routine clinical anaesthesia. "	( Anaesthesia and the 'inert' gases with special reference to xenon. Downing, P; Kennedy, RR; Stokes, JW, 1992)	1.97
"Xenon, which has a lower thermal conductivity than argon, was employed for creating higher final temperatures of the cavitation bubbles."	( Hydrogen atom formation by ultrasound in D2O solutions of nitrone spin traps. Kondo, T; Riesz, P, 1989)	1

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"Xenon can produce general anesthesia. "	( At least three xenon binding sites in the glycine binding domain of the N-methyl D-aspartate receptor. Sanejouand, YH, 2022)	2.52
"Xenon lamp can produce a broad illumination spectrum, and exhibited better performance than light-emitting diode."	( Enhanced microalgal growth and lipid accumulation by addition of different nanoparticles under xenon lamp illumination. Dai, YQ; Kong, F; Liu, BF; Ma, J; Ren, HY; Ren, NQ; Xing, D; Zhao, L, 2020)	1.5
"Xenon was shown to cause less hemodynamic instability and reduce vasopressor needs during off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery when compared with conventionally used anesthetics. "	( Xenon as an Adjuvant to Propofol Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Al Tmimi, L; Coburn, M; Devroe, S; Dewinter, G; Meuris, B; Meyns, B; Poortmans, G; Rex, S; Van de Velde, M, 2017)	3.34
"Xenon hosts enable NMR/MRI experiments with switchable contrast and selectivity for cell-associated versus unbound cages."	( Cell tracking with caged xenon: using cryptophanes as MRI reporters upon cellular internalization. Döpfert, J; Freund, C; Jayapaul, J; Klippel, S; Kunth, M; Rossella, F; Schnurr, M; Schröder, L; Witte, C, 2014)	1.43
"Xenon can activate the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). "	( Simultaneous detection of xenon and krypton in equine plasma by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for doping control. Choi, TL; Kwok, WH; So, PK; Wan, TS; Yao, ZP, 2017)	2.2
"Xenon reduced the increase in intracellular calcium during high-frequency stimulation without affecting L-type calcium channels."	( Xenon attenuates hippocampal long-term potentiation by diminishing synaptic and extrasynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor currents. Eder, M; Haseneder, R; Kochs, E; Kratzer, S; Mattusch, C; Rammes, G, 2012)	2.54
"Xenon (Xe) may cause an increase in airway resistance due to its high density and viscosity. "	( Pulmonary resistance in dogs: a comparison of xenon with nitrous oxide. Imanaka, H; Mashimo, T; Ohara, A; Uchiyama, A; Yoshiya, I; Zhang, P, 1995)	1.99
"Xenon 70% did not cause an increase in baseline tension of any MH-susceptible muscle specimen in contrast to halothane and caffeine."	( Xenon does not induce contracture in human malignant hyperthermia muscle. Baur, CP; Froeba, G; Georgieff, M; Jurkat-Rott, K; Klingler, W; Lehmann-Horn, F; Marx, T; Schoch, E, 2000)	2.47
"Xenon may suppress the adverse neuronal effects of ketamine, and combined use of xenon and ketamine seems to be safe in respect to neuronal adverse effects."	( Xenon inhibits but N(2)O enhances ketamine-induced c-Fos expression in the rat posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices. Inada, T; Masuzawa, M; Miyamoto, E; Murao, K; Nagata, A; Nakao Si, S; Nishizawa, N; Shingu, K, 2001)	2.47
"Xenon may increase cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure (ICP). "	( The effects of 30% and 60% xenon inhalation on pial vessel diameter and intracranial pressure in rabbits. Fukuda, T; Miyabe, M; Mizutani, T; Nakayama, H; Ohshima, N; Toyooka, H; Yanagi, K, 2001)	2.05
"Xenon might increase cerebral blood flow; however, 0.7 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration xenon preserved both low intracranial pressure and CO(2) reactivity of the cerebral vessels in the normal rabbit."	( The effects of 30% and 60% xenon inhalation on pial vessel diameter and intracranial pressure in rabbits. Fukuda, T; Miyabe, M; Mizutani, T; Nakayama, H; Ohshima, N; Toyooka, H; Yanagi, K, 2001)	2.05
"Xenon, because of its favourable haemodynamic, neurohumoral and antinociceptive properties, deserves a more prominent place in anaesthetic practice than it has so far occupied."	( Haemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of xenon anaesthesia. A comparison with nitrous oxide. Boomsma, F; de Jong, FH; Dzoljic, M; Lachmann, B; Man in 't Veld, AJ; Rupreht, J, 1990)	1.27
"Xenon, which has a lower thermal conductivity than argon, was employed for creating higher final temperatures of the cavitation bubbles."	( Hydrogen atom formation by ultrasound in D2O solutions of nitrone spin traps. Kondo, T; Riesz, P, 1989)	1

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"Xenon treatment improved kidney function and renal histology, and decreased the renal expression of neutrophil chemoattractants, thereby attenuating glomerular neutrophil infiltration."	( Xenon blunts NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome activation and improves acute onset of accelerated and severe lupus nephritis in mice. Chen, A; Chu, LJ; Hsu, WH; Hua, KF; Hwu, YK; Ka, SM; Liaw, WJ; Lin, TJ; Liu, FC; Ma, D; Weng, JC; Wu, CY; Yang, SM; Yang, SR; Zhao, H, 2020)	2.72
"Xenon treatment reduced lesion volume, reduced early locomotor deficits, and attenuated neuronal loss in clinically relevant cortical and subcortical areas. "	( Xenon treatment after severe traumatic brain injury improves locomotor outcome, reduces acute neuronal loss and enhances early beneficial neuroinflammation: a randomized, blinded, controlled animal study. Aldhoun, J; Campos-Pires, R; Dickinson, R; Edge, CJ; Franks, NP; Karimi, S; Onggradito, H; Ujvari, E; Valeo, F, 2020)	3.44
"Xenon-treated injured slices were not significantly different from uninjured sham slices at 24 h and 72 h."	( Xenon Protects against Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury in an In Vitro Model. Campos-Pires, R; Dickinson, R; Edge, CJ; Franks, NP; Harris, K; Koziakova, M; Macdonald, W; Mahoney, PF; Pau, A; Yonis, A, 2018)	2.64
"Xenon treatment significantly reduced secondary injury (P<0.05), improved short-term vestibulomotor function (P<0.01), and prevented development of very late-onset traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related memory deficits. "	( Xenon improves long-term cognitive function, reduces neuronal loss and chronic neuroinflammation, and improves survival after traumatic brain injury in mice. Aldhoun, J; Campos-Pires, R; Dickinson, R; Edge, CJ; Franks, NP; Hirnet, T; Ong, BE; Radyushkin, K; Saville, J; Thal, SC; Valeo, F, 2019)	3.4
"Xenon treatment after TBI results in very long-term improvements in clinically relevant outcomes and survival. "	( Xenon improves long-term cognitive function, reduces neuronal loss and chronic neuroinflammation, and improves survival after traumatic brain injury in mice. Aldhoun, J; Campos-Pires, R; Dickinson, R; Edge, CJ; Franks, NP; Hirnet, T; Ong, BE; Radyushkin, K; Saville, J; Thal, SC; Valeo, F, 2019)	3.4
"Xenon treatment prior to or after hypothermia-hypoxia challenge stabilized the HK-2 cellular structure, diminished cytoplasmic translocation of high-mobility group box (HMGB) 1 and suppressed NF-κB activation."	( Xenon treatment protects against cold ischemia associated delayed graft function and prolongs graft survival in rats. Chong, M; George, AJ; Huang, H; Ma, D; Maxwell, PH; Maze, M; Tralau-Stewart, C; Watts, HR; Zhao, H, 2013)	2.55
"Xenon treatment in combination with hypothermia is feasible and has favorable cardiac features in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest."	( Feasibility and cardiac safety of inhaled xenon in combination with therapeutic hypothermia following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Airaksinen, J; Arola, OJ; Grönlund, J; Laitio, RM; Laitio, TT; Maze, M; Olkkola, KT; Perttilä, J; Pietilä, M; Roine, RO; Saraste, A; Scheinin, H, 2013)	2.1
"Xenon treatment before or after hypothermia-hypoxia decreased cell apoptosis and cell inflammation after reoxygenation."	( Early treatment with xenon protects against the cold ischemia associated with chronic allograft nephropathy in rats. George, AJ; Liu, J; Luo, X; Ma, D; Tralau-Stewart, C; Zhao, H; Zhou, Z, 2014)	1.44
"Xenon treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced contusion volume when xenon was given 15 minutes after injury or when treatment was delayed 1 or 3 hours after injury."	( Xenon improves neurologic outcome and reduces secondary injury following trauma in an in vivo model of traumatic brain injury. Armstrong, SP; Campos-Pires, R; Dickinson, R; Engelhard, K; Franks, NP; Gruss, M; Hirnet, T; Luh, C; Radyushkin, K; Sebastiani, A; Thal, SC; Werner, C, 2015)	2.58
"Xenon treatment enhanced HIF-1α, which attenuated HMGB-1 translocation and NF-κB activation in A549 cells with oxidative and inflammatory stress."	( Xenon Treatment Protects against Remote Lung Injury after Kidney Transplantation in Rats. George, AJ; Huang, H; Lian, Q; Lloyd, DG; Ma, D; Ologunde, R; Vizcaychipi, MP; Watts, H; Zhao, H, 2015)	2.58
"Xenon treatment confers protection against distant lung injury triggered by renal graft IRI, which is likely through the activation of mTOR-HIF-1α pathway and suppression of the HMGB-1 translocation from nuclei to cytoplasm."	( Xenon Treatment Protects against Remote Lung Injury after Kidney Transplantation in Rats. George, AJ; Huang, H; Lian, Q; Lloyd, DG; Ma, D; Ologunde, R; Vizcaychipi, MP; Watts, H; Zhao, H, 2015)	3.3
"Xenon pretreatment preserved state 3 respiration of isolated mitochondria compared with the results obtained in the absence of the gas."	( Xenon preconditioning: the role of prosurvival signaling, mitochondrial permeability transition and bioenergetics in rats. Bienengraeber, M; Bosnjak, ZJ; Mio, Y; Pagel, PS; Richards, E; Shim, YH, 2009)	2.52
"Xenon pretreatment prevented nitrous oxide- and isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis (in vivo and in vitro) and cognitive deterioration (in vivo). "	( Xenon pretreatment attenuates anesthetic-induced apoptosis in the developing brain in comparison with nitrous oxide and hypoxia. Fidalgo, AR; Ma, D; Maze, M; Pac-Soo, C; Patel, SM; Shu, Y; Wan, Y, 2010)	3.25
"Xenon pretreatment prevented the memory deficit typically seen on day 1 (P = 0.04) but not on day 7 (P = 0.69) after surgery under isoflurane anesthesia, when compared with animals that underwent surgery without pretreatment."	( Xenon pretreatment may prevent early memory decline after isoflurane anesthesia and surgery in mice. Lloyd, DG; Ma, D; Maze, M; Palazzo, MG; Vizcaychipi, MP; Wan, Y, 2011)	2.53

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"This first randomized controlled multicenter trial on the use of xenon as an inhalational anesthetic confirms, in a large group of patients, that xenon in oxygen provides effective and safe anesthesia, with the advantage of a more rapid recovery when compared with anesthesia using isoflurane-nitrous oxide."	( Multicenter randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of xenon and isoflurane in patients undergoing elective surgery. Del Turco, M; Erdmann, W; Giunta, F; Hammerle, AF; Nagele, P; Reyle-Hahn, M; Rossaint, R; Scherpereel, P; Scholz, J; Schulte Am Esch, J; Tenbrinck, R; Vallet, B, 2003)	0.8
"The authors aimed to test the hypothesis that xenon anesthesia limits adverse hypotensive effects of losartan during acute hemorrhage."	( Xenon/remifentanil anesthesia protects against adverse effects of losartan on hemodynamic challenges induced by anesthesia and acute blood loss. Boemke, W; Francis, RC; Klein, A; Philippi-Höhne, C; Pickerodt, PA; Reyle-Hahn, MS, 2010)	2.06
" We sought to better determine the safety profile of this lower concentration through a multicenter evaluation of adverse events reported by all centers currently performing xenon/CT studies in the US."	( Xenon-enhanced cerebral blood flow at 28% xenon provides uniquely safe access to quantitative, clinically useful cerebral blood flow information: a multicenter study. Brown, AM; Carlson, AP; Marks, MP; Marmarou, A; Robertson, C; Sinson, GP; Uchino, K; Yonas, H; Zager, E, 2011)	2.01
" Occurrence and severity of adverse events were recorded by the principal investigator at each site."	( Xenon-enhanced cerebral blood flow at 28% xenon provides uniquely safe access to quantitative, clinically useful cerebral blood flow information: a multicenter study. Brown, AM; Carlson, AP; Marks, MP; Marmarou, A; Robertson, C; Sinson, GP; Uchino, K; Yonas, H; Zager, E, 2011)	1.81
" There were 53 additional adverse events (2."	( Xenon-enhanced cerebral blood flow at 28% xenon provides uniquely safe access to quantitative, clinically useful cerebral blood flow information: a multicenter study. Brown, AM; Carlson, AP; Marks, MP; Marmarou, A; Robertson, C; Sinson, GP; Uchino, K; Yonas, H; Zager, E, 2011)	1.81
"Xe-CT CBF can be performed safely, with a very low risk of adverse events and, to date, no risk of permanent morbidity or sequelae."	( Xenon-enhanced cerebral blood flow at 28% xenon provides uniquely safe access to quantitative, clinically useful cerebral blood flow information: a multicenter study. Brown, AM; Carlson, AP; Marks, MP; Marmarou, A; Robertson, C; Sinson, GP; Uchino, K; Yonas, H; Zager, E, 2011)	1.81
" The primary outcome was the occurrence of adverse events (AEs)."	( Feasibility and safety of xenon compared with sevoflurane anaesthesia in coronary surgical patients: a randomized controlled pilot study. Autschbach, R; Coburn, M; Fahlenkamp, AV; Gozdowsky, SC; Rex, S; Rossaint, R; Schälte, G; Stoppe, C; Veeck, NC, 2013)	0.69
"Balanced xenon anaesthesia is feasible and safe compared with sevoflurane anaesthesia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery."	( Feasibility and safety of xenon compared with sevoflurane anaesthesia in coronary surgical patients: a randomized controlled pilot study. Autschbach, R; Coburn, M; Fahlenkamp, AV; Gozdowsky, SC; Rex, S; Rossaint, R; Schälte, G; Stoppe, C; Veeck, NC, 2013)	1.11
" The frequency of serious adverse events, including inhospital mortality, status epilepticus, and acute kidney injury, was similar in both groups and there were no unexpected serious adverse reactions to xenon during hospital stay."	( Feasibility and cardiac safety of inhaled xenon in combination with therapeutic hypothermia following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Airaksinen, J; Arola, OJ; Grönlund, J; Laitio, RM; Laitio, TT; Maze, M; Olkkola, KT; Perttilä, J; Pietilä, M; Roine, RO; Saraste, A; Scheinin, H, 2013)	0.84
"In a phase-II, mono-centre, prospective, single-blind, randomised, controlled study, we will test the hypothesis that the administration of 50% xenon as an adjuvant to general anaesthesia with sevoflurane in children undergoing elective cardiac catheterization is safe and feasible."	( Safety and feasibility of xenon as an adjuvant to sevoflurane anaesthesia in children undergoing interventional or diagnostic cardiac catheterization: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Boshoff, D; Devroe, S; Gewillig, M; Lemiere, J; Rex, S; Van de Velde, M, 2015)	0.92
"To compare the possible toxic effects of three light sources used in vitreoretinal endoillumination systems; halogen, xenon, and light-emitting diode (LED) on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell cultures, after two different exposure times."	( Evaluation of xenon, light-emitting diode (LED) and halogen light toxicity on cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Altinisik, M; Guler, EM; Kocyigit, A; Koytak, A; Ozdemir, H; Sezer, T, 2019)	1.08
"New generation lights, xenon, and LED, seem to be safe in terms of RPE cells."	( Evaluation of xenon, light-emitting diode (LED) and halogen light toxicity on cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Altinisik, M; Guler, EM; Kocyigit, A; Koytak, A; Ozdemir, H; Sezer, T, 2019)	1.19
" While it is difficult to verify the adverse effects of long duration anesthetic exposure in infants and children, the utilization of relevant non-clinical models (i."	( Protective Effects of Xenon on Propofol-Induced Neurotoxicity in Human Neural Stem Cell-Derived Models. Fogle, C; Hanig, JP; Liu, F; Liu, S; Patterson, TA; Slikker, W; Wang, C, 2020)	0.87

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" The peak concentration of hyperpolarized Xe was also calculated over a wide range of gas and tissue T1 values."	( The pharmacokinetics of hyperpolarized xenon: implications for cerebral MRI. Fox, PT; Gao, JH; Martin, CC; Nickerson, LD; Williams, RF; Xiong, J, )	0.4
"We compared mean transit time (MTT) and Tmax PWI-MRI with the corresponding Xe-CT CBF values in 25 coregistered regions of interest (ROIs) of multiple sizes and locations in nine subacute stroke patients."	( Perfusion MRI (Tmax and MTT) correlation with xenon CT cerebral blood flow in stroke patients. Albers, GW; Bammer, R; Lansberg, MG; Mlynash, M; Moseley, ME; Olivot, JM; Schwartz, N; Straka, M; Zaharchuk, G, 2009)	0.61
"Our results suggest that in subacute ischemic stroke patients, Tmax correlates better than absolute mean transit time (MTT) with xenon CT cerebral blood flow (Xe-CT CBF) and that both Tmax >4 seconds and MTT >10 seconds are strongly associated with Xe-CT CBF <20 mL/100 g/minute."	( Perfusion MRI (Tmax and MTT) correlation with xenon CT cerebral blood flow in stroke patients. Albers, GW; Bammer, R; Lansberg, MG; Mlynash, M; Moseley, ME; Olivot, JM; Schwartz, N; Straka, M; Zaharchuk, G, 2009)	0.82

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"The authors' previous study demonstrated that xenon (Xe) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in combination with sevoflurane can attenuate cardiovascular responses to skin incision."	( Anesthetic doses of sevoflurane to block cardiovascular responses to incision when administered with xenon or nitrous oxide. Goto, T; Ishiguro, Y; Morita, S; Nakata, Y; Niimi, Y; Terui, K, 1999)	0.78
" Therefore, the authors studied the impact of xenon on neurologic, cognitive, and histologic outcome after CPB combined with CAE in rats."	( Xenon impairs neurocognitive and histologic outcome after cardiopulmonary bypass combined with cerebral air embolism in rats. Blobner, M; Gordan, ML; Jungwirth, B; Kochs, EF; Mackensen, GB; Schmehl, W, 2006)	2.03
"The simultaneous detection of arsenic and sulfur in thioarsenicals was achieved using xenon-based collision-cell inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry (MS) in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography."	( Complementary molecular and elemental detection of speciated thioarsenicals using ESI-MS in combination with a xenon-based collision-cell ICP-MS with application to fortified NIST freeze-dried urine. Caruso, JA; Conklin, SD; Creed, JT; Creed, PA; Ellis, JL; Gallawa, CM; Kubachka, KM; Young, AR, 2008)	0.78
"Preclinical studies reveal the neuroprotective properties of xenon, especially when combined with hypothermia."	( Feasibility and cardiac safety of inhaled xenon in combination with therapeutic hypothermia following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Airaksinen, J; Arola, OJ; Grönlund, J; Laitio, RM; Laitio, TT; Maze, M; Olkkola, KT; Perttilä, J; Pietilä, M; Roine, RO; Saraste, A; Scheinin, H, 2013)	0.9
"Patients were randomly assigned to receive either mild therapeutic hypothermia treatment with target temperature of 33°C (mild therapeutic hypothermia group, n=18) alone or in combination with xenon by inhalation, to achieve a target concentration of at least 40% (Xenon+mild therapeutic hypothermia group, n=18) for 24 hours."	( Feasibility and cardiac safety of inhaled xenon in combination with therapeutic hypothermia following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Airaksinen, J; Arola, OJ; Grönlund, J; Laitio, RM; Laitio, TT; Maze, M; Olkkola, KT; Perttilä, J; Pietilä, M; Roine, RO; Saraste, A; Scheinin, H, 2013)	0.84
"Xenon treatment in combination with hypothermia is feasible and has favorable cardiac features in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest."	( Feasibility and cardiac safety of inhaled xenon in combination with therapeutic hypothermia following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Airaksinen, J; Arola, OJ; Grönlund, J; Laitio, RM; Laitio, TT; Maze, M; Olkkola, KT; Perttilä, J; Pietilä, M; Roine, RO; Saraste, A; Scheinin, H, 2013)	2.1
"The TOBY-Xe proof of concept randomised trial found no effect of xenon combined with hypothermia after birth asphyxia on the lactate to N-acetyl aspartate ratio (Lac/NAA) in the thalamus and fractional anisotropy (FA) in white matter tracts measured within 15 days of birth."	( Prospective qualification of early cerebral biomarkers in a randomised trial of treatment with xenon combined with moderate hypothermia after birth asphyxia. Azzopardi, D; Chew, AT; Deierl, A; Edwards, AD; Huertas, A; Robertson, NJ; Tusor, N, 2019)	0.97

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" This low absorption rate could result from diffusion limitation to absorption or countercurrent exchange."	( Quantitation of countercurrent exchange during passive absorption from the dog small intestine: evidence for marked species differences in the efficiency of exchange. Bond, JH; Levitt, DG; Levitt, MD, 1977)	0.26
" These data indicate that there are consistent differencies in resting MBF among specific muscle groups of sufficient magnitude (19%) to affect the rate of absorption and peak serum levels following intramuscular administration of drugs."	( Blood flow in muscle groups and drug absorption. Evans, EF; Fratkin, MJ; Proctor, JD; Velandia, J; Wasserman, AJ, 1975)	0.25
" The observed absorption rate of the unbound gases was from two to four times greater than would have been predicted had their entire uptake been accounted for by equilibration with F(co)."	( Use of inert gases and carbon monoxide to study the possible influence of countercurrent exchange on passive absorption from the small bowel. Bond, JH; Levitt, DG; Levitt, MD, 1974)	0.25
" However, xenon can only be delivered through inhalation, which causes non-specific distribution and low bioavailability of xenon, thus limiting its clinical application."	( Injury Site Specific Xenon Delivered by Platelet Membrane-Mimicking Hybrid Microbubbles to Protect Against Acute Kidney Injury via Inhibition of Cellular Senescence. Chen, C; Chen, S; Guan, Y; Hei, Z; Kang, J; Li, H; Miao, X; Wang, T; Xia, Z; Yang, J; Yao, W; Yin, T; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2023)	1.63

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
")Key workd: Potency, anesthetic, MAC, AD50, AD95; Pharmacology, dose-response curves."	( MAC expanded: AD50 and AD95 values of common inhalation anesthetics in man. de Jong, RH; Eger, EI, 1975)	0.25
"8 times 10(-5M)) in our preparation while PGF2alpha was vasodilator at this high dosage only."	( The effects of prostaglandins PGE1, PGE2, PGF1a, and PGF2alpha on canine synovial perfusion. Buchanan, WW; Dick, WC; Grennan, DM; Mitchell, WS; Zeitlin, IJ, 1975)	0.25
" This dosage is similar to that used in xenon CT studies."	( EEG changes during five minutes of inhalation of a 33% xenon-O2 mixture. Gaab, MR; Holl, K; Kohmura, E; Nemati, N; Samii, M, 1987)	0.79
" This dosage is similar to that used clinically in Xenon-CT studies."	( Stable-xenon-CT: effects of xenon inhalation on EEG and cardio-respiratory parameters in the human. Gaab, MR; Holl, K; Kohmura, E; Nemati, N; Samii, M, 1987)	0.98
" Recommendations on the correct dosage of intrathecal fluorescein for diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid fistulae are proposed."	( Cerebrospinal fluid fistulae in a canine model. Massey, SO; Murphy, TP; Syms, CA; Syms, MJ, 1997)	0.3
"05) for HpD and separately for NPe6, a consistent dose-response relationship was not observed for either."	( Mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6) and hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) in photodynamic therapy administered to a human cholangiocarcinoma model. Wang, KK; Wong Kee Song, LM; Zinsmeister, AR, 1998)	0.3
" However, further studies will be needed to determine the optimal dosing and administration method, especially for acral and joint areas."	( Treatment of Vitiligo with 308-nm xenon-chloride excimer laser: therapeutic efficacy of different initial doses according to treatment areas. Choi, KH; Park, JH; Ro, YS, 2004)	0.6
" In each group, the dosage was gradually increased."	( Intranasal irradiation with the xenon chloride ultraviolet B laser improves allergic rhinitis. Bodai, L; Bor, Z; Csoma, Z; Dobozy, A; Ignacz, F; Kemeny, L; Szabo, G, 2004)	0.61
" Finally, it is demonstrated that the dose-response curve, which is employed in experiments for examining the binding affinity, is realized by the theory."	( Three-dimensional distribution function theory for the prediction of protein-ligand binding sites and affinities: application to the binding of noble gases to hen egg-white lysozyme in aqueous solution. Hiraoka, R; Hirata, F; Imai, T; Kovalenko, A; Seto, T, 2007)	0.34
" Surprisingly and in contrast with most drugs that are being developed as therapeutic agents, the dose-response neuroprotective effect of xenon has been poorly studied, although this effect could be of major critical importance for its clinical development as a neuroprotectant."	( Neuroprotective effects of xenon: a therapeutic window of opportunity in rats subjected to transient cerebral ischemia. Abraini, JH; Apiou, G; Chazalviel, L; David, HN; Haelewyn, B; Lecoq, M; Lemaire, M; Risso, JJ; Rouillon, C, 2008)	0.85
" To ensure an optimised dosage for the single patient, anaesthetic machines for xenon should be combined with EEG monitoring."	( Assessing the depth of hypnosis of xenon anaesthesia with the EEG. Kneif, T; Krauss, T; Schultz, A; Schultz, B; Stuttmann, R, 2010)	0.86
" Opioid dosage and ventilation parameters were standardized."	( Xenon anesthesia reduces TNFα and IL10 in bariatric patients. Abramo, A; Anselmino, M; Baldi, G; Di Salvo, C; Forfori, F; Giunta, F; Marini, E; Salvetti, G, 2012)	1.82
" Although numerous studies describe the effect of NMDA receptor antagonists on postoperative pain, clinical studies elucidating their intraoperative analgesic potency when applied in a low dosage are still largely missing."	( Intranasal application of xenon reduces opioid requirement and postoperative pain in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Adolph, O; Föhr, KJ; Georgieff, M; Grön, G; Holsträter, TF; Klingler, W; Köster, S; Uhl, ME; Walker, T, 2011)	0.67
"5 g/L of TiO2 produced tailing in the dose-response curves."	( Photocatalytic-based inactivation of E. coli by UV 282 nm XeBr Excilamp. Batoev, VB; Linden, KG; Matafonova, GG, 2013)	0.39
" The neuroprotectant dosage for optimal effect was evaluated 3 h after stroke onset."	( Therapeutic time window and dose dependence of xenon delivered via echogenic liposomes for neuroprotection in stroke. Aronowski, J; Britton, GL; Cattano, D; Grotta, J; Huang, SL; Kim, H; McPherson, DD; Peng, T, 2013)	0.65
"This study demonstrates the therapeutic efficacy of Xe-ELIP administered within 5 h after stroke onset with an optimal dosage range of 7-14 mg/kg for maximal neuroprotection."	( Therapeutic time window and dose dependence of xenon delivered via echogenic liposomes for neuroprotection in stroke. Aronowski, J; Britton, GL; Cattano, D; Grotta, J; Huang, SL; Kim, H; McPherson, DD; Peng, T, 2013)	0.65
" Group size or dosage might have been too small, and change of statistical analysis parameters in the post-hoc evaluation might have further contributed to a limitation of our results."	( Nausea and Vomiting following Balanced Xenon Anesthesia Compared to Sevoflurane: A Post-Hoc Explorative Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Apfel, CC; Biener, IA; Coburn, M; Cremer, J; Eisert, A; Fahlenkamp, AV; Leuchter, R; Peters, D; Rossaint, R; Stoppe, C, 2016)	0.7
" Xenon concentrations were calculated from a gas dose-response curve and normalized using the published xenon water-gas solubility coefficient."	( Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry measurement of xenon in gas-loaded liposomes for neuroprotective applications. Huang, SL; Hurling, JR; Klegerman, ME; McPherson, DD; Moody, MR; Peng, T, 2017)	1.62
" Dosage of each anesthetic agent was tailored to yield unresponsiveness (Ramsay score = 6)."	( The spectral exponent of the resting EEG indexes the presence of consciousness during unresponsiveness induced by propofol, xenon, and ketamine. Boly, M; Boveroux, P; Brichant, JF; Casarotto, S; Chieregato, A; Colombo, MA; Gosseries, O; Laureys, S; Massimini, M; Napolitani, M; Rex, S; Rosanova, M; Sarasso, S, 2019)	0.72
" Challenges include timing, dosing and administration route for each neuroprotectant."	( Novel interventions to reduce oxidative-stress related brain injury in neonatal asphyxia. Cheung, PY; Schmölzer, GM; Solevåg, AL, 2019)	0.51

Class	Description
monoatomic xenon
noble gas atom
p-block element atom	Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	2517 (58.70)	18.7374
1990's	308 (7.18)	18.2507
2000's	723 (16.86)	29.6817
2010's	589 (13.74)	24.3611
2020's	151 (3.52)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	199 (4.24%)	5.53%
Reviews	259 (5.52%)	6.00%
Case Studies	104 (2.21%)	4.05%
Observational	5 (0.11%)	0.25%
Other	4,129 (87.93%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (80)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Comparison of Technegas® and Xenon 133 Planar Lung Imaging in Subjects Referred for Ventilation Scintigraphy [NCT03054870]	Phase 3	226 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-01	Terminated(stopped due to Trial met primary efficacy endpoint target. No additional subjects necessary.)
Lung Structure-Function In SurVivors of Mild and SEvere COVID-19 Infection: 129Xe MRI and CT For Rapid Evaluations and NExt-wave Healthcare Planning [NCT04584671]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-01-01	Active, not recruiting
Neurological Outcome After 24 Months of Age Following Treatment With Xenon Combined With Moderate Hypothermia After Perinatal Asphyxia [NCT03968861]		69 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-08-31	Completed
Pulsed UV Xenon Disinfection to Prevent Resistant Healthcare Associated Infection [NCT03349268]		25,732 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-07	Completed
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: From Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease to Early Onset Adult Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [NCT02723513]		3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-04-01	Completed
Xenon Inhalation Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder [NCT03748446]	Early Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-12-05	Recruiting
Imaging and Understanding Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS) in Lung Transplantation With Hyperpolarized 129Xenon MR Lung Imaging [NCT03603899]	Phase 1/Phase 2	45 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-09	Recruiting
Efficacy Of Near Infrared Incisionless Fluorescent Cholangiography (NIFC) During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy [NCT02702843]		1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-04-30	Completed
Characterizing the Long-Term Cardiopulmonary Effects of COVID-19 With Hyperpolarized Xenon and Cardiac MRI [NCT04828135]	Phase 2	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-05-26	Completed
Influence of Xenon Anaesthesia on Transpulmonary Pressure and Tidal Volume Distribution [NCT02682758]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Xenon Inhalation for Treatment of Patients With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder [NCT03635827]	Phase 2/Phase 3	190 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-06-30	Not yet recruiting
Image and Model Based Analysis of Lung Disease [NCT03764163]	Early Phase 1	341 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1997-09-30	Completed
A RANDOMIZED PLACEBO-CONTROLLED CROSSOVER TRIAL OF LOW-DOSE XENON FOR THE TREATMENT OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER [NCT02098148]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to Withdrawn. Unable to set up appropriate infrastructure to support study.)
Evaluation of Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI as Compared to 133Xe Scintigraphy for the Assessment of Pulmonary Function in Patients Being Evaluated for Possible Lung Resection Surgery [NCT03417687]	Phase 3	38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-17	Completed
XePOHCAS - Xenon by Inhalation for Post Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Syndrome [NCT03176186]	Phase 3	1,436 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-12-20	Recruiting
Developing Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI Biomarkers for Evaluation of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [NCT05339386]		22 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-08-29	Recruiting
Lung Structure-Function In SurVivors of Mild and SEvere COVID-19 Infection: 129Xe MRI For Rapid Evaluation and NExt-wave Healthcare Planning [NCT05014516]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-08-05	Recruiting
Xenon-inhalation: Elimination of Xenon and Its Effect on Erythropoetin Levels in Blood of Healthy Volunteers [NCT02129400]	Phase 3	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-05-31	Terminated(stopped due to The analysis of the blood samples was much expensive than calculated. The recruitment had to be stopped after 36 study participants.)
Xenon-enhanced Ventilation CT-guided Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer Treatment: Functional Protection of the Lung and Prevention of Radiation Pneumonitis [NCT05134558]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-02-04	Recruiting
Comparison of 129Xe MRI With 19F MRI in CF Lung Disease [NCT03482960]	Early Phase 1	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-29	Completed
Using Xenon MRI to Evaluate the Efficacy of Therapies for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT04071769]	Phase 2	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-03	Recruiting
Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 MR Imaging of the Lung:E-cigarette Sub-study [NCT04662658]	Phase 1/Phase 2	24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-11-05	Recruiting
Non-contrast Lung Perfusion Mapping Applied for New Insights in Cystic Fibrosis [NCT04467957]	Phase 4	26 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-11-15	Active, not recruiting
Hyperpolarized 129Xe Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluation of Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction in Lung Transplant Recipients [NCT05550662]	Phase 2	15 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-01	Not yet recruiting
Evaluation of Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI as Compared to 133Xe Scintigraphy for the Assessment of Pulmonary Function in Patients Being Evaluated for Possible Lung Transplant Surgery [NCT03418090]	Phase 3	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-17	Completed
Xenon and Therapeutical Hypothermia After Successful Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation [NCT01262729]	Phase 2	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to Feasibility and Recruitment problems)
Using MRI to Visualize Regional Therapy Response in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT02478268]	Phase 1	64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Completed
Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Pulmonary Vascular Disease Using Inhaled 129Xe Magnetic Resonance Imaging [NCT03078192]	Phase 2	62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-03	Completed
Sympathetic Neural Outflow During Xenon Anesthesia in Humans [NCT01043419]	Phase 1	8 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
Neuroprotective Effects of Hypothermia Combined With Inhaled Xenon Following Perinatal Asphyxia [NCT00934700]		92 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Completed
Development of a Mass-spectometry Based Method for Detecting Xenon Application in Humans [NCT02105077]		8 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-03-31	Completed
Validation of MRI as a Sensitive Tool to Longitudinally Monitor CF Lung Disease Progression and Response to CFTR Modulator Therapy in Young Children With CF [NCT02848560]		38 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2016-03-31	Active, not recruiting
Regional Lung Imaging and Modelling to Quantify Anatomy, Ventilation and Perfusion Using Hyperpolarized Xenon Gas MR and Thoracic CT Imaging [NCT02112929]	Phase 1	17 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Completed
Assessing Response to Inhaled Prostacyclin With Hyperpolarized Xe MRI [NCT03367312]	Phase 2	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-29	Completed
Longitudinal MR Imaging of Pulmonary Function in Patients Receiving Thoracic Radiation Treatment [NCT02478255]	Phase 2	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-21	Completed
Use of Hyperpolarized 129 Xe MR Lung Imaging in Children and Adults [NCT02272049]	Phase 1/Phase 2	300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Recruiting
Hyperpolarized 129-Xenon MRI in Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Disease [NCT05914506]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-09-01	Not yet recruiting
Functional and Structural Assessment of Endobronchial Valve Recipients Using Dynamic Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 MRI [NCT05433961]	Phase 1	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-09-01	Not yet recruiting
Functional Lung Avoidance Radiation Therapy Using Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 MRI [NCT05302817]	Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-17	Recruiting
XENON ILD: 129Xe MRI to Evaluate aNtifibrotic respOnse and progressioN in ILD [NCT05241275]	Phase 2	75 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-07-19	Recruiting
Cerebral and Spinal Protection of Xenon Post-conditioning in Patients Undergoing Aortic Dissection Repair [NCT02774096]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Active, not recruiting
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE LUNG IMAGING USING INHALED HYPERPOLARISED 129Xe [NCT02976935]		53 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-02-28	Completed
A Study to Determine Regional Lung Function in Patients With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Undergoing Radiotherapy Using Hyperpolarized Xenon Gas MR Imaging [NCT02151604]	Phase 2	22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-23	Completed
Longitudinal Study of Xenon-129 MRI Imaging of Effects of Cannabis Smoking on Lung Structure and Function [NCT03909477]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-06-01	Recruiting
Phase 2 Study of Effect of Xenon, in Combination With Therapeutic Hypothermia, on the Brain and on Neurological Outcome Following Brain Ischemia in Cardiac Arrest Patients [NCT00879892]	Phase 2	110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-05-31	Completed
Hyperpolarised 129Xe MRI for Non-invasive Assessment of Ventilation, Perfusion and the Alveolar Membrane - a Physiological Study in Healthy Volunteers & Cystic Fibrosis Patients [NCT02912637]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2016-10-31	Suspended(stopped due to Technical and administrative problems)
Novel Pulmonary Imaging of Lung Structure and Function in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic E-cigarette Smokers [NCT04616313]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-12-31	Not yet recruiting
New Strategies for Pulmonary Assessment in Spinal and Chest Wall Deformity [NCT04977830]		5 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-12-31	Recruiting
Hyperpolarized Noble Gas MRI Detection of Radiation-Induced Lung Injury [NCT03632369]		0 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-12-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to No participants were enrolled and no data was collected for the study)
A Study Evaluating Hyperpolarized 129 Xenon Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Subjects With Chronic Lung Disease [NCT02723500]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Recruiting
A Test of Neural Inertia in Humans With Xenon [NCT02768727]	Phase 2	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-04-30	Completed
Regional Phenotyping of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease and Non-CF Bronchiectasis [NCT04793867]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-02-08	Recruiting
Xenon-129 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Healthy Subjects: Hardware and Software Development and Reproducibility [NCT02484885]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Recruiting
Xe129 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lung: A New Technology to Assess Treatment for COPD [NCT02826343]	Early Phase 1	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-01	Completed
Protection of Xenon Against Postoperative Oxygen Impairment in Adults Undergoing Stanford Type-A Acute Aortic Dissection Surgery [NCT02468531]		160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Recruiting
Hyper Polarized Xenon-129 MRI vs Xenon-133 Scintigraphy [NCT03331302]	Phase 1/Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-09-01	Recruiting
Hyperpolarized 129Xe MR Imaging of the Lung Function in Healthy Volunteers and Subjects With Pulmonary Disease [NCT01280994]	Phase 2	445 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Recruiting
Assessment of New Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Pulse Sequences for Imaging Hyperpolarised Xenon in Lung, Heart and Brain in Volunteers [NCT02736422]	Phase 1	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI to Identify Structural Determinants of Low Lung Function and Respiratory Symptoms in Young Adults From the Lung Health Cohort [NCT05766384]		260 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Pilot Study of Hyperpolarized Xenon Functional Lung Imaging in COPD Patients Undergoing Targeted Lung Denervation [NCT05816616]		10 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-09-01	Not yet recruiting
Hyperpolarized 129 Xenon MRI in a Pediatric Population With Lung Transplant [NCT04941573]	Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-07-01	Recruiting
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Xenon Inhalation for Treatment of Patients With Panic Disorder [NCT04432155]	Phase 2/Phase 3	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-06-30	Not yet recruiting
[NCT00000160]	Phase 3	0 participants	Interventional	1972-01-31	Completed
Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Healthy Volunteers and Participants With Alzheimer's Disease [NCT02638519]	Early Phase 1	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-06-27	Recruiting
Effect of Xenon on Brain Injury, Neurological Outcome and Survival in Patients After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage [NCT04696523]	Phase 2	160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-01	Not yet recruiting
Xenon and Cooling Therapy in Babies at High Risk of Brain Injury Following Poor Condition at Birth: A Randomised Pilot Outcomes Study (COOLXENON3 Study) [NCT02071394]	Phase 2	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Completed
Evaluation of Explanted Lungs by MRI and Biological Assays [NCT06012500]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-04-14	Recruiting
Phase 1 Study: Detection of Brown Adipose Tissue in Normal Volunteers Using a 3 Tesla (3T) Magnetic Resonance Imaging System and Hyperpolarized (HP) Xenon Gas [NCT02220426]	Phase 1	32 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-09-01	Recruiting
A Comparison of Technegas® Ventilation-Perfusion SPECT and Xenon Ventilation-Perfusion Planar Imaging in Subjects Being Evaluated for Pulmonary Embolism [NCT01458639]	Phase 3	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Terminated(stopped due to Decision to change trial design.)
An International Phase III Randomised Trial Comparing the Propofol Consumption During General Anaesthesia With Xenon in Inspiratory Concentrations of 50% and 70% and Total I.V. Anaesthesia Alone in ASA III Patients With Increased Risk of Perioperative Car [NCT00919126]	Phase 3	102 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Terminated(stopped due to Enrollment rate)
Single-Session Bronchial Thermoplasty for Severe Asthmatics Guided by HXe MRI [NCT01832363]	Phase 2/Phase 3	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
Quantifying Collateral Perfusion in Cerebrovascular Disease-Moyamoya Disease and Stroke Patients [NCT01419275]		126 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Completed
Development of Hardware and Software for Pulmonary Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Inhaled Tracer Gases [NCT04726618]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-03-01	Recruiting
Use of Hyperpolarized 129Xe MR Lung Imaging in Adults for Calibration [NCT02316379]	Phase 1/Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Recruiting
Characterizing Mmp12 In Sputum And Its Relationship To Emphysema And Inflammatory Endotypes [NCT04761393]		45 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-11-29	Recruiting
Development of Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 Lung Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Comparative Pilot Study of Healthy Volunteers and Participants With Pulmonary Disease [NCT02740868]	Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-08-31	Recruiting
The Effect of Airway Clearance Therapy on Hyperpolarized 129Xenon MRI Compared With Lung Clearance Index and Spirometry in Cystic Fibrosis [NCT03593434]		20 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-07-30	Completed
Neuroprotective Effects of Xenon Treatment in Patients With Cerebral Infarction: Randomized Single-blinded Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT05335109]	Phase 3	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-01	Not yet recruiting
Hyperpolarized 129Xe Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Early Detection of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS) and Other Late Onset Non-infectious Pulmonary Complications (LONIPCs) Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation [NCT04029636]		45 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-08-31	Not yet recruiting
Xenon and Cooling Therapy in Babies at High Risk of Brain Injury Following Poor Condition at Birth: A Randomised Pilot Study [NCT01545271]	Phase 1/Phase 2	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00919126 (13) [back to overview]	Serum Chemistry - AST (GOT) (IU/L)
NCT00919126 (13) [back to overview]	Serum Chemistry - ALT (GPT) (IU/L)
NCT00919126 (13) [back to overview]	Haematology - Platelets (Giga/L)
NCT00919126 (13) [back to overview]	Haematology - Leucocytes (Giga/L)
NCT00919126 (13) [back to overview]	Haematology - Erythrocytes (Tera/L)
NCT00919126 (13) [back to overview]	Stay in the Recovery Room
NCT00919126 (13) [back to overview]	Stay in the Operating Room
NCT00919126 (13) [back to overview]	Dose of Propofol (mg) Administered During Maintenance Adjusted to Patient Body Surface Area (BSA in m²) and Maintenance Duration (Min)
NCT00919126 (13) [back to overview]	Awakening Time
NCT00919126 (13) [back to overview]	Anaesthesia Recovery Time
NCT00919126 (13) [back to overview]	Serum Chemistry - Creatinine (Mcmol/L)
NCT00919126 (13) [back to overview]	Serum Chemistry - Gamma GT (IU/L)
NCT00919126 (13) [back to overview]	Serum Chemistry - Urea (mmol/L)
NCT00934700 (2) [back to overview]	Cerebral Fractional Anisotropy Measured by Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging
NCT00934700 (2) [back to overview]	Lactate (Lac) / N Acetyl Aspartate (NAA) Ratio on Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
NCT01419275 (1) [back to overview]	Percentage of Regions With Collateral Versus Antegrade Blood Flow (Sensitivity) Correctly Identified Using MRI With Xenon Contrast Agent (Specificity)
NCT01458639 (1) [back to overview]	Safety of Technegas in Patients With Possible PE
NCT02151604 (3) [back to overview]	Correlation Between Change in Ventilation/ ADC Maps Using Hyperpolarized Xe-129 MR Imaging and Change in Lung Function From Baseline to Follow-up (During Treatment)
NCT02151604 (3) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With a Change in Ventilation and ADC Maps Using Hyperpolarized Xe-129 MR Imaging From Baseline to 3 Months Post Radiotherapy Completion
NCT02151604 (3) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With a Change From Baseline in Ventilation Map Using Hyperpolarized Xe-129 MR Imaging
NCT02478255 (4) [back to overview]	RBC (Red Blood Cell) to Barrier Ratio Following RT
NCT02478255 (4) [back to overview]	Change in Gas Exchange Defect Percentage (EDP) Following RT (Radiation Treatment)
NCT02478255 (4) [back to overview]	Change in High Barrier Uptake Percentage (HBUP) Following RT
NCT02478255 (4) [back to overview]	Change in Pulmonary Function, as Measured by Ventilation Defect Percentage (VDP)
NCT03054870 (4) [back to overview]	Percent Agreement Measuring Inter-observer Agreement
NCT03054870 (4) [back to overview]	Kappa Statistics Between Pairs of Blinded Readers by Lung Region
NCT03054870 (4) [back to overview]	Blinded Readers Percent Agreement (PA) for Matching Image Views
NCT03054870 (4) [back to overview]	Blinded Readers Percent Agreement (PA) for All Image Views
NCT03078192 (1) [back to overview]	Participants Determined to be True Positives for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
NCT03349268 (1) [back to overview]	Number of Environmentally-implicated Healthcare-Associated Infections (eiHAIs) Associated With the Additional Use of a PX-UV Disinfection Compared to Standard Terminal Cleaning
NCT03367312 (1) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Abnormal RBC Percentage
NCT03417687 (8) [back to overview]	Predicted Percentage of Remaining Pulmonary Function
NCT03417687 (8) [back to overview]	Measured Percentage of Total Ventilation Contributed by the Upper Right Lung Zone.
NCT03417687 (8) [back to overview]	Measured Percentage of Total Ventilation Contributed by the Upper Left Lung Zone.
NCT03417687 (8) [back to overview]	Measured Percentage of Total Ventilation Contributed by the Middle Right Lung Zone.
NCT03417687 (8) [back to overview]	Measured Percentage of Total Ventilation Contributed by the Middle Left Lung Zone.
NCT03417687 (8) [back to overview]	Measured Percentage of Total Ventilation Contributed by the Lower Right Lung Zone.
NCT03417687 (8) [back to overview]	Measured Percentage of Total Ventilation Contributed by the Lower Left Lung Zone.
NCT03417687 (8) [back to overview]	Predicted Versus Measured FEV1

Serum Chemistry - AST (GOT) (IU/L)

AST (GOT) (IU/L) obtained from blood samples collected at baseline and in Morning following surgery. (NCT00919126)
Timeframe: 1 Postoperative Day

Intervention	IU/L (Mean)
	Before Anaesthesia	Morning Following Surgery
Group A	28.641	44.723
Group B	31.926	139.163
Group C	30.544	62.348

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Combination of Hypothermia and Xenon	0.40
Hypothermia and Standard Intensive Care	0.40

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Serious adverse events	Other (not including serious) adverse events
Overall Study	0	1

Intervention	Pearson's Coorelation Coefficient (Number)
	Alveolar volume (VA)	Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide(TLCO)	Residual volume (RV)	Functional residual capacity (FRC)	Inspiratory capacity(IC)
129 Xenon MR Imaging Group	0.60	0.70	-0.85	-0.95	-0.88

Intervention	percentage of lung regions (Number)
	Reader Pair 03, 04	Reader Pair 03, 05	Reader Pair 04, 05
Technegas PA All Views	71.6	80.8	73.4
Technegas PA Matched Views	72.7	81.2	73.9
Xe-133 PA	82.8	80.4	79.6

Intervention	Index of inter-reader agreement (Number)
	Left Lung Apical: Pair 03, 04	Left Lung Apical: Pair 03, 05	Left Lung Apical: Pair 04, 05	Left Lung Mid: Pair 03, 04	Left Lung Mid: Pair 03, 05	Left Lung Mid: Pair 04, 05	Left Lung Basal: Pair 03, 04	Left Lung Basal: Pair 03, 05	Left Lung Basal: Pair 04, 05	Right Lung Apical: Pair 03, 04	Right Lung Apical: Pair 03, 05	Right Lung Apical: Pair 04, 05	Right Lung Mid: 03, 04	Right Lung Mid: 03, 05	Right Lung Mid: 04, 05	Right Lung Basal: 03, 04	Right Lung Basal: 03, 05	Right Lung Basal: 04, 05
Technegas Kappa All Views	0.503	0.589	0.467	0.509	0.571	0.421	0.452	0.510	0.461	0.495	0.596	0.559	0.464	0.682	0.515	0.427	0.533	0.509
Technegas Kappa Matched Views	0.529	0.558	0.481	0.474	0.560	0.434	0.466	0.553	0.424	0.484	0.621	0.593	0.518	0.663	0.530	0.448	0.530	0.496
Xe-133 Kappa	0.479	0.500	0.538	0.551	0.538	0.527	0.530	0.517	0.469	0.665	0.589	0.581	0.583	0.478	0.511	0.486	0.479	0.519

Intervention	percentage of lung regions (Number)
Blinded Reader 03	76.2
Blinded Reader 04	70.7
Blinded Reader 05	80.1

Intervention	percentage of lung regions (Number)
Blinded Reader 03	75.7
Blinded Reader 04	69.1
Blinded Reader 05	79.6

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	By Right Heart Cath72529399					By Right Heart Cath72529400	By Xenon MRI scan72529400	By Xenon MRI scan72529399
	Pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension	No pulmonary hypertension	Isolated post-capillary pulmonary hypertension	Combined pre- and post-capillary pulmonary hyperte	Pulmonary hypertension (not pre or post)
Training Set - PVD, Isolated Left Heart Disease, Lung Disease	10
Test Set - Pulmonary Vascular Disease	15
Test Set - Pulmonary Vascular Disease	5
Test Set - Pulmonary Vascular Disease	3
Test Set - Pulmonary Vascular Disease	2
Test Set - Pulmonary Vascular Disease	7
Test Set - Pulmonary Vascular Disease	18
Test Set - Pulmonary Vascular Disease	8
Training Set - PVD, Isolated Left Heart Disease, Lung Disease	0
Test Set - Pulmonary Vascular Disease	0
Test Set - Pulmonary Vascular Disease	6

Intervention	eiHAIs (Number)
Patients Only on Pulsed Xenon Ultraviolet Light (PX-UV) Device Emitting Germicidal UV Units	303
Patients Cared for on Only Sham Device - Non Emitting Germicidal UV Units	298

Intervention	percentage of regions (Number)
	Sensitivity	Specificity
Moyamoya	81.7	88.9

xenon

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (38)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (3)

Research

Studies (4,288)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 96.09

Study Types

Clinical Trials (80)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Serum Chemistry - AST (GOT) (IU/L)

Serum Chemistry - ALT (GPT) (IU/L)

Haematology - Platelets (Giga/L)

Haematology - Leucocytes (Giga/L)

Haematology - Erythrocytes (Tera/L)

Stay in the Recovery Room

Stay in the Operating Room

Dose of Propofol (mg) Administered During Maintenance Adjusted to Patient Body Surface Area (BSA in m²) and Maintenance Duration (Min)

Awakening Time

Anaesthesia Recovery Time

Serum Chemistry - Creatinine (Mcmol/L)

Serum Chemistry - Gamma GT (IU/L)

Serum Chemistry - Urea (mmol/L)

Cerebral Fractional Anisotropy Measured by Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Lactate (Lac) / N Acetyl Aspartate (NAA) Ratio on Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Percentage of Regions With Collateral Versus Antegrade Blood Flow (Sensitivity) Correctly Identified Using MRI With Xenon Contrast Agent (Specificity)

Safety of Technegas in Patients With Possible PE

Correlation Between Change in Ventilation/ ADC Maps Using Hyperpolarized Xe-129 MR Imaging and Change in Lung Function From Baseline to Follow-up (During Treatment)

Number of Participants With a Change in Ventilation and ADC Maps Using Hyperpolarized Xe-129 MR Imaging From Baseline to 3 Months Post Radiotherapy Completion

Number of Participants With a Change From Baseline in Ventilation Map Using Hyperpolarized Xe-129 MR Imaging

RBC (Red Blood Cell) to Barrier Ratio Following RT

Change in Gas Exchange Defect Percentage (EDP) Following RT (Radiation Treatment)

Change in High Barrier Uptake Percentage (HBUP) Following RT

Change in Pulmonary Function, as Measured by Ventilation Defect Percentage (VDP)

Percent Agreement Measuring Inter-observer Agreement

Kappa Statistics Between Pairs of Blinded Readers by Lung Region

Blinded Readers Percent Agreement (PA) for Matching Image Views

Blinded Readers Percent Agreement (PA) for All Image Views

Participants Determined to be True Positives for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Number of Environmentally-implicated Healthcare-Associated Infections (eiHAIs) Associated With the Additional Use of a PX-UV Disinfection Compared to Standard Terminal Cleaning

Percent Change in Abnormal RBC Percentage

Predicted Percentage of Remaining Pulmonary Function

Measured Percentage of Total Ventilation Contributed by the Upper Right Lung Zone.

Measured Percentage of Total Ventilation Contributed by the Upper Left Lung Zone.

Measured Percentage of Total Ventilation Contributed by the Middle Right Lung Zone.

Measured Percentage of Total Ventilation Contributed by the Middle Left Lung Zone.

Measured Percentage of Total Ventilation Contributed by the Lower Right Lung Zone.

Measured Percentage of Total Ventilation Contributed by the Lower Left Lung Zone.

Predicted Versus Measured FEV1

Related Drugs (606)

Related Conditions (1,142)