Compounds > dexamethasone 21-phosphate
Page last updated: 2024-12-05

dexamethasone 21-phosphate

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Description

Dexamethasone 21-phosphate is a synthetic glucocorticoid that is a prodrug of dexamethasone. It is a potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent. Dexamethasone 21-phosphate is used to treat a variety of conditions, including inflammatory diseases, allergic reactions, and autoimmune disorders. It is also used to prevent organ rejection after transplantation. Dexamethasone 21-phosphate is typically administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is rapidly converted to dexamethasone in the body. Dexamethasone 21-phosphate is a valuable tool for treating a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. It is also used to prevent organ rejection after transplantation. However, it is important to note that dexamethasone 21-phosphate can have serious side effects, including Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis, and increased risk of infection. Therefore, it is important to use this medication only as directed by a physician.'

dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID9400
CHEMBL ID1201302
CHEBI ID68637
SCHEMBL ID135283
MeSH IDM0045158

Synonyms (46)

Synonym
(11beta,16alpha)-9-fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-16-methyl-3,20-dioxopregna-1,4-dien-21-yl dihydrogen phosphate
neodecadron
dexamethasone 21-orthophosphate
hexadrol phosphate
dexamethasone 21-(dihydrogen phosphate)
dexamethasone 21-phosphate
einecs 206-232-0
betnelan phosphate
dexamethasone-21-phosphate
oradexon phosphate
dexamethasone-21-dihydrogen-phosphate
dexamethasone phosphate
wymesone
pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 9-fluoro-11-beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16-alpha-methyl-, 21-(dihydrogen phosphate)
9-fluoro-11beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16alpha-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 21-(dihydrogen phosphate)
[2-[(8s,9r,10s,11s,13s,14s,16r,17r)-9-fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-10,13,16-trimethyl-3-oxo-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]-2-oxoethyl] dihydrogen phosphate
decadron-phosphate (tn)
312-93-6
D07802
3t5 ,
(11alpha,16alpha)-9-fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-16-methyl-3,20-dioxopregna-1,4-dien-21-yl dihydrogen phosphate
AKOS016007098
dexamethasone phosphoric acid
CHEMBL1201302
chebi:68637 ,
2bp70l44pr ,
unii-2bp70l44pr
egp-437
pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 9-fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-16-methyl-21-(phosphonooxy)-,(11.beta.,16.alpha.)-
al38905
dexamethasone phosphate [who-dd]
dexamethasone dihydrogen phosphate
dexamethasone phosphate [mart.]
dexamethasone phosphate [usp-rs]
9-fluoro-11.beta.,17,21-trihydroxy-16.alpha.-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 21-(dihydrogen phosphate)
dexamethasone phosphate [vandf]
al-38905
VQODGRNSFPNSQE-CXSFZGCWSA-N
SCHEMBL135283
DTXSID2047430
erydex
(11alpha,16beta)-9-fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-16-methyl-3,20-dioxopregna-1,4-dien-21-yl dihydrogen phosphate
Q27137065
2-((8s,9r,10s,11s,13s,14s,16r,17r)-9-fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-10,13,16-trimethyl-3-oxo-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)-2-oxoethyl dihydrogen phosphate
312-93-6 (acid)
egp437

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Thus, toxic effects can be caused by preservatives or inadequate osmolarity of the vehicles alone."( Experimental and clinical observations of the intraocular toxicity of commercial corticosteroid preparations.
Arena, JE; Chandler, D; Hida, T; Machemer, R, 1986)		0.27
" Corticosteroids and ibuprofen have been proven to slow down the impairment of the pulmonary function in CF patients but their use is limited by the frequency of adverse events."( A pilot trial on safety and efficacy of erythrocyte-mediated steroid treatment in CF patients.
Bella, S; Lucidi, V; Tozzi, AE; Turchetta, A, 2006)		0.33
" Unfortunately, its adverse effects, mainly hypersensitivity skin reactions and hepatotoxicity, have hampered the use of nevirapine."( RAT CYP3A and CYP2B1/2 were not associated with nevirapine-induced hepatotoxicity.
Abraham, AM; Barr, S; Walubo, A, 2006)		0.33
"The results of this investigation suggest that repeated transscleral iontophoresis with dexamethasone phosphate may be safe for use as a treatment for inflammatory ocular disorders that require prolonged and/or repeated corticosteroid therapy."( Evaluation of ocular and general safety following repeated dosing of dexamethasone phosphate delivered by transscleral iontophoresis in rabbits.
Burgos, M; Gee, R; Isom, WP; Patane, MA; Ruiz-Perez, B; Sanford, T; Schubert, W, 2013)		0.39
" There was 100% technical success of drug delivery and no procedural or drug-related adverse events."( Safety and feasibility of adjunctive dexamethasone infusion into the adventitia of the femoropopliteal artery following endovascular revascularization.
Alley, HF; Conte, MS; Gasper, WJ; Grenon, SM; Owens, CD; Walker, JP, 2014)		0.4
"Adventitial drug delivery via a microinfusion catheter is a safe and feasible alternative to intimal-based methods for adjunctive treatment in the femoropopliteal segment."( Safety and feasibility of adjunctive dexamethasone infusion into the adventitia of the femoropopliteal artery following endovascular revascularization.
Alley, HF; Conte, MS; Gasper, WJ; Grenon, SM; Owens, CD; Walker, JP, 2014)		0.4
" Repeat applications of DSP-Visulex are safe and well tolerated for weekly administrations over 4-12 weeks."( Ocular Drug Distribution and Safety of a Noninvasive Ocular Drug Delivery System of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate in Rabbit.
Brar, B; Higuchi, JW; Higuchi, WI; Papangkorn, K, 2018)		0.48

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Plasma levels of the ester and dexamethasone were measured and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."( Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone and its phosphate ester.
Barth, J; Derendorf, H; Möllmann, H; Rehder, J; Rohdewald, P, )		0.13
"Since multi-drug resistance 1 gene (MDR1) has a potential influence on Dexamethasone (Dex) bioavailability, we designed this study to investigate the correlation between MDR1 genotype and Dex pharmacokinetic after its delivery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."( The polymorphism of multi-drug resistance 1 gene (MDR1) does not influence the pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone loaded into autologous erythrocytes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Andriulli, A; Annese, V; Bossa, F; Dallapiccola, B; Damonte, G; Latiano, A; Magnani, M; Pierigé, F; Rossi, L; Serafini, S, )		0.13
" The concentrations of DSP and Dex were measured by HPLC, and were used to estimate in vivo distribution and pharmacokinetic parameters of Dex in the inner ear."( [In vivo distribution and pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone sodium phosphate thermosensitive in situ gel following intratympanic injection].
Chen, G; Hou, SX; Liu, J; Luan, JG; Zhang, Y, 2006)		0.33
" However, this sensitivity was not satisfactory for corticosterone during pharmacokinetic studies involving dexamethasone due to its strong adrenosuppressive effect."( Quantification of dexamethasone and corticosterone in rat biofluids and fetal tissue using highly sensitive analytical methods: assay validation and application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Jusko, WJ; Samtani, MN, 2007)		0.34
" The mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve and the mean elimination half-life were 133."( Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone after intravenous and intramuscular administration in pigs.
Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S; Meyer, E; Plessers, E; Watteyn, A; Wyns, H, 2013)		0.39
" Thus, we used this method to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of MFH and DSP in rabbit ocular tissues and plasma after single doses."( Simultaneous Determination of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride and Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate in Rabbit Ocular Tissues and Plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application for Pharmacokinetics Studies.
Qiao, H; Shao, Q; Yuan, Y; Zhao, X, 2022)		0.72

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Bioavailability of the acetate was greatest; that of the sodium phosphate was the lowest."( Effect of derivatization of the bioavailability of ophthalmic steroids. Development of an in vitro method of evaluation.
Flint, GR; Morton, DJ, 1984)		0.27
" The number of times DEX-P was administered was not a significant factor in the induction of either hepatic or intestinal CYP3A; however, administration of DEX-P multiple times markedly decreased the bioavailability of DEX-P by self-induction of CYP3A."( Time-dependent changes in hepatic and intestinal induction of cytochrome P450 3A after administration of dexamethasone to rats.
Honjo, T; Iwanaga, K; Kakemi, M; Miyazaki, M, 2013)		0.39
"21 h and a high absolute bioavailability of 131."( Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone after intravenous and intramuscular administration in pigs.
Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S; Meyer, E; Plessers, E; Watteyn, A; Wyns, H, 2013)		0.39
" The bioavailability of such ophthalmic drugs can be enhanced significantly using contact lenses incorporating drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs)."( Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) Contact Lenses Containing Chitosan Nanoparticles as an Ocular Delivery System for Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate.
Behl, G; Fitzhenry, L; Iqbal, J; McLoughlin, P; O'Reilly, NJ, 2016)		0.43
"To investigate the bioavailability of nebulised DSP and determine whether it induces airway inflammation or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suppression in healthy adult horses."( Bioavailability and tolerability of nebulised dexamethasone sodium phosphate in adult horses.
Berghaus, LJ; Davis, JL; Giguère, S; Hart, KA; Haspel, AD, 2018)		0.48
"Dexamethasone sodium phosphate administered via nebulisation had minimal systemic bioavailability and did not induce lower airway inflammation or HPA axis suppression in healthy horses."( Bioavailability and tolerability of nebulised dexamethasone sodium phosphate in adult horses.
Berghaus, LJ; Davis, JL; Giguère, S; Hart, KA; Haspel, AD, 2018)		0.48
" Topical corticosteroids are the first line treatment for suppressing CNV, but poor ocular bioavailability and rapid clearance of eye drops makes frequent administration necessary."( Controlled release of dexamethasone sodium phosphate with biodegradable nanoparticles for preventing experimental corneal neovascularization.
Chen, B; Ding, Z; Eberhart, CG; Ensign, LM; Hanes, J; Kulkarni, V; Lamb, NW; Meng, T; Oh, Y; Stark, WJ; Suarez, MJ; Tang, Y; Wang, B; Xia, S; Xu, Q, 2019)		0.51
" A recent study reported that nebulisation of injectable dexamethasone had low systemic bioavailability in healthy horses and could represent a cost-effective therapy for equine inflammatory lung diseases."( Nebulisation of dexamethasone sodium phosphate for the treatment of severe asthmatic horses.
Bessonnat, A; Lavoie, JP; Mainguy-Seers, S; Picotte, K, 2019)		0.51
"Oral Dex-P had lower bioavailability than Beta-P, giving a lower maximum maternal and fetal concentration."( Oral antenatal corticosteroids evaluated in fetal sheep.
Bridges, JP; Clarke, M; Fee, EL; Jobe, AH; Kannan, PS; Kemp, MW; Kumagai, Y; Newnham, JP; Saito, M; Schmidt, AF; Usuda, H, 2019)		0.51

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"05) between responses resulting from the 2 dosage rates."( Plasma endogenous ACTH concentrations and plasma cortisol responses to synthetic ACTH and dexamethasone sodium phosphate in healthy cats.
Feldman, EC; Smith, MC, 1987)		0.27
" A dose-response study, at the range of 2-40 mg/kg, showed that a significant decrease was noted at 6 mg/kg and it was maximal (45% inhibition) at 20 and 40 mg/kg."( Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in brain of rat by dexamethasone: lack of effect of dexamethasone phosphate ester and various hormonal steroids.
Abu-Amer, Y; Shohami, E; Weidenfeld, J, 1988)		0.27
" Although their initial dosage is subject to some controversy, corticosteroids (CS) provide currently the basis of therapy."( [Immediate treatment of bullous pemphigus with a corticosteroid-cyclophosphamide combination].
Klene, C; Maleville, J; Taïeb, A, 1986)		0.27
" Ninety-eight ferrets were used in these experiments, which were undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of steroids and/or a long-acting vasoconstrictor, to develop dose-response curves for dexamethasone sodium phosphate if it proved efficacious, and to evaluate the possible synergistic effects of combination therapy."( Use of steroids and a long-acting vasoconstrictor in the treatment of postintubation croup. A ferret model.
Pillsbury, HC; Postma, DS; Prazma, J; Sidman, J; Woods, CI, 1987)		0.27
" The results showed that in this low dosage dexamethasone did not worsen the course of the infection in a single case."( [Effect of corticosteroids in antimycotic therapy of Candida keratitis].
Behrens-Baumann, W; Küster, M, 1987)		0.27
" In this double-masked, crossover study of 17 subjects, the same eye of each subject was dosed with both steroids, instillation of the second steroid following a one-month washout period."( Ocular pressure response to fluorometholone acetate and dexamethasone sodium phosphate.
Rosenthal, AL; Smith, JP; Stewart, RH, 1984)		0.27
"The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two dosage regimens of dexamethasone on the serum cortisol levels of a group of patients undergoing major maxillofacial surgical procedures."( Dosage effects of pulsed steroid therapy on serum cortisol levels in oral and maxillofacial surgery patients.
Butler, RC; Finstuen, K; Vorono, AA, 1993)		0.29
" Mice in groups 2-5 were immunosuppressed with dexamethasone phosphate administered ad libitum in drinking water at a dosage level of 12 microg/ml."( Effects of pine bark extract administered to immunosuppressed adult mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum.
Healey, JM; Kim, HC, 2001)		0.31
" Despite the frequent dosing schedule, the dexamethasone concentration in the aqueous humor is far lower than after a subconjunctival injection with dexamethasone disodium phosphate."( Intraocular penetration and systemic absorption after topical application of dexamethasone disodium phosphate.
Cohen, AF; Lentjes, EG; Romijn, FP; Schoemaker, RC; van Meurs, JC; Weijtens, O, 2002)		0.31
" A safe, effective dosage of rh-BMP-2 in the cervical spine has yet to be determined."( Adverse swelling associated with use of rh-BMP-2 in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a case study.
Anand, N; Cooper, M; Lauryssen, C; Perri, B, )		0.13
" The specificity of the developed methods was investigated by analyzing laboratory prepared mixtures and the combined dosage form."( A comparative study of novel spectrophotometric methods based on isosbestic points; application on a pharmaceutical ternary mixture.
Hassan, NY; Lotfy, HM; Saleh, SS; Salem, H, 2014)		0.4
" When comparing all three groups, a statistically significant dose-response relationship was seen for present, average and worst pain intensity after 8 h and on the following morning."( Dexamethasone for pain after outpatient shoulder surgery: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Bjørnholdt, KT; Mønsted, PN; Nikolajsen, L; Søballe, K, 2014)		0.4
"Although our data supported a dose-response relationship, increasing the dexamethasone dose from 8 to 40 mg did not improve analgesia significantly after outpatient shoulder surgery."( Dexamethasone for pain after outpatient shoulder surgery: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Bjørnholdt, KT; Mønsted, PN; Nikolajsen, L; Søballe, K, 2014)		0.4
" However, steroids delivered in eye drops are rapidly cleared from the surface of the eye, so the required frequency of dosing for corneal graft rejection management can be as high as once every 2h."( Corticosteroid-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for prevention of corneal allograft rejection in rats.
Alwadani, S; Boylan, NJ; Eberhart, CG; Emmert, DG; Hanes, J; Heflin, T; Lamb, NW; Pan, Q; Stark, WJ; Tang, L; Xu, Q; Yang, JC, 2015)		0.42
"25 mg) during a 6-month PRN (pro re nata) dosing regimen."( Intravitreal combination of dexamethasone sodium phosphate and bevacizumab in the treatment of exudative AMD.
Deligiannis, I; Echiadis, G; Giannikakis, S; Kavalarakis, E; Papaefthymiou, I; Pervena, A; Vakalis, N, 2015)		0.42
"The aim of this study was to apply quality by design (QbD) for development of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) and tobramycin sulfate (TS)-loaded thermoresponsive ophthalmic in situ gel containing Poloxamer 407 and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) K4M for prolonging the pre-corneal residence time, ocular bioavability and decreases the frequency of administration of dosage form."( Formulation and development of ophthalmic in situ gel for the treatment ocular inflammation and infection using application of quality by design concept.
Baldaniya, L; Gandhi, T; Gohel, M; Metalia, V; Patel, N; Thakkar, V, 2016)		0.43
" In this study, the effects of two different long-term GC dosing regimens on lipid metabolism and behavior were investigated."( Timing of glucocorticoid administration determines severity of lipid metabolism and behavioral effects in rats.
Chen, Y; Fu, Z; Jiang, J; Kong, B; Li, H; Lu, P; Wu, T; Yang, L; Zhang, W; Zhao, B; Zhao, Z; Zhu, J, 2017)		0.46
" A comprehensive in-silico platform, which includes appropriate numerical tools for fitting, could contribute to iontophoretic drug-delivery devices design and correct dosage and drug clearance profiles as well as to perform much faster in-silico experiments to better determine parameters and performance criteria of iontophoretic drug delivery."( Computational and experimental model of transdermal iontophorethic drug delivery system.
Bijelic, G; Filipovic, N; Graells, BO; Rac, V; Saveljic, I, 2017)		0.46
" We report the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral dosing of ACS using a preterm sheep model."( Oral antenatal corticosteroids evaluated in fetal sheep.
Bridges, JP; Clarke, M; Fee, EL; Jobe, AH; Kannan, PS; Kemp, MW; Kumagai, Y; Newnham, JP; Saito, M; Schmidt, AF; Usuda, H, 2019)		0.51
"Using a sheep model, we demonstrate the use of pharmacokinetics to develop oral dosing strategies for ACS."( Oral antenatal corticosteroids evaluated in fetal sheep.
Bridges, JP; Clarke, M; Fee, EL; Jobe, AH; Kannan, PS; Kemp, MW; Kumagai, Y; Newnham, JP; Saito, M; Schmidt, AF; Usuda, H, 2019)		0.51
" First, we performed pharmacokinetic studies in non-pregnant monkeys to compare blood levels of the steroids using oral dosing with Beta-P, Dex-P and an effective maternal intramuscular dose of the beta-acetate component of the clinical treatment."( Oral dosing for antenatal corticosteroids in the Rhesus macaque.
Bridges, JP; Clarke, MW; Jobe, AH; Kannan, PS; Kemp, MW; Milad, M; Miller, LA; Schmidt, AF, 2019)		0.51
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
glucocorticoid receptor agonistAn agonist that selectively binds to and activates a glucocorticoid receptor.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (6)

ClassDescription
steroid phosphate
11beta-hydroxy steroidAny 11-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has beta- configuration.
17-hydroxy steroidA hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 17.
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroidA 3-oxo steroid conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
fluorinated steroidA steroid which is substituted with one or more fluorine atoms in any position.
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketoneAn alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing two organyl groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (455)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990125 (27.47)18.7374
1990's51 (11.21)18.2507
2000's98 (21.54)29.6817
2010's149 (32.75)24.3611
2020's32 (7.03)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 25.01

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index25.01 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.35 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.68 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index28.85 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (25.01)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials88 (18.11%)5.53%
Reviews7 (1.44%)6.00%
Case Studies45 (9.26%)4.05%
Observational4 (0.82%)0.25%
Other342 (70.37%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (99)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Evaluation of Dexamethasone Phosphate Delivered by Ocular Iontophoresis for the Treatment of Dry Eye in the Controlled Adverse Environment (CAE) Model [NCT01129856]Phase 3198 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Evaluations of Effects of Intra-Erythrocyte Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate on Neurological Symptoms in Ataxia Teleangiectasia Patients [NCT01255358]Phase 222 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
Pediatric Postoperative Analgesia With Quadratus Lumborum Block And Dexamethasone As An Adjuvant In Two Routes With Bupivacaine. Prospective Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT04963816]3 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-16Completed
Role Of Dexamethasone In Induction Of Labor : A Randomized Clinical Trial . [NCT03603418]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-07-13Recruiting
Effect of Perineural Dexamethasone on the Duration of Popliteal Nerve Block for Anesthesia After Ankle Surgery [NCT03332316]Phase 484 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-02Completed
Effect of Dexamethasone on Postoperative Symptoms of Scleral Buckling Surgery Patients: a Randomized Control Trial [NCT01326585]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Withdrawn(stopped due to lack of funding)
[NCT00750633]Phase 3990 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
A Prospective Randomized Comparative Trial of Targeted Injection Via a Transforaminal Approach With Dexamethasone Versus an Epidural Catheter Via an Interlaminar Approach With Particulate Steroid for the Treatment of Cervical Radicular Pain [NCT03382821]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-15Completed
Impact of Perioperative Dexamethasone and Flurbiprofen Axetil on Delirium After Surgery for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A 2x2 Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03200600]Phase 4126 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-02Terminated(stopped due to Protocol violation occurred frequently during the postoperative period.)
Impact of Perioperative Dexamethasone and Flurbiprofen Axetil on Long-term Survival After Surgery for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A 2x2 Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03172988]Phase 4126 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-02Terminated(stopped due to Protocol violation occurred frequently during the postoperative period.)
A Randomized, Parallel Group, Double-masked, Active-controlled Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Visulex System for the Treatment of Non-infectious Anterior Uveitis [NCT02309385]Phase 1/Phase 244 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Effect of Antenatal Corticosteroids on Neonatal Morbidity. [NCT03446937]150 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-01Completed
Prophylactic Mirtazapine or Dexamethasone for Post-spinal Anesthesia Shivering in Patients Undergoing Gynecological Surgeries: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03675555]Phase 4300 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-01Completed
Prophylactic Paracetamol or Dexamethasone for Post-spinal Anesthesia Shivering in Patients Undergoing Non-obstetric Surgeries: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03679065]Phase 4300 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-01Completed
Effect of Submucosal Cryotherapy Compared to Steroidal and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Injection on Postoperative Endodontic Pain [NCT06090500]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-20Recruiting
An Evaluation of Moxidex Ophthalmic Solution for Treatment of Marginal Corneal Infiltrates [NCT00579020]Phase 2144 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Terminated(stopped due to Management decision)
Dexamethasone Blunts the Hypotensive Effect of Spinal Anesthesia in Geriatric Patients Undergoing Lower Limb Orthopedic Surgeries: a Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Study [NCT03664037]Phase 4110 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-01Completed
Evaluation of Dexamethasone Phosphate Delivered by Ocular Iontophoresis for Treatment of Dry Eye in the Controlled Adverse Environment Model [NCT00765804]Phase 289 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Quadratus Lumborum Block (QLB) With and Without Dexamethasone: the Effect on Postoperative Pain and Recovery After Laparoscopic Nephrectomy [NCT03339284]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-12-04Recruiting
Temsirolimus Alone or Paired With Dexamethasone Delivered to the Adventitia to eNhance Clinical Efficacy After Femoropopliteal Revascularization [NCT03942601]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-10-01Recruiting
Phase II Study of SOM230 LAR in Combination With Bortezomib and Dexamethasone in Patients With Refractory or Relapsed Multiple Myeloma [NCT01329289]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Clinical trial being transferred to Columbia University with the Investigator.)
Prevention of Cisplatin-Induced Hearing Loss by Intratympanic Dexamethasone Treatment. [NCT01372904]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
PHASE 2 STUDY OF DEXAMETHASONE 21-PHOSPHATE LOADED INTO AUTOLOGOUS ERYTHROCYTES IN STEROID-DEPENDENT ULCERATIVE COLITIS PATIENTS [NCT01171807]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2003-04-30Recruiting
Evaluation of Corticosteroid as Modulators of Humeral and Cellular Immune Response in Open Heart Surgery in Egyptian Population [NCT03876041]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-09-01Completed
Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of a Prophylactic Intraligamentary Injection of Dexamethasone and Piroxicam on Postoperative Pain in Teeth With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03745105]42 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-12-25Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Preoperative Steroids Injection on Pain and Oedema After Total Knee Arthroplasty . A Double -Blinded Randomized Controlled Study. [NCT04084912]Phase 386 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-01Not yet recruiting
Comparison of the Effects of Different Time of Intravenous Dexamethasone on Brachial Plexus Block: a Randomized Control Study [NCT04714112]Phase 4180 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-10Completed
A Prospective, Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Masked, Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy Study of Four Iontophoretic Doses of Dexamethasone Phosphate Ophthalmic Solution in Patients With Non-Infectious Anterior Segment Uveitis [NCT00694135]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
The Effectiveness of Cervical Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection for the Treatment of Cervical Radicular Pain: A Prospective Cohort Study. [NCT04544683]Phase 429 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-23Active, not recruiting
Analgesic Duration of Interscalene Block After Outpatient Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery With Intravenous Dexamethasone, Dexmedetomidine or Their Combination: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03270033]Phase 4198 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-18Completed
Multi-Center, Double-Masked, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2b Clinical Trial Designed to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Iontophoretic Dexamethasone Phosphate Ophthalmic Solution in Patients Having Undergone Cataract Surgery With Implantation o [NCT03180255]Phase 2101 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-26Completed
Single Dose Dexamethasone is as Effective as Two Doses in Mild to Moderate Pediatric Asthma Exacerbations in the Emergency Department [NCT02192827]Phase 3318 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
A Multicenter Phase II Trial of Bortezomib (Velcade), Melphalan, and Dexamethasone (V-MD) in Patients With Symptomatic AL-Amyloidosis or Light Chain Deposition Disease [NCT00520767]Phase 235 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
Comparison of Perioperative Intravenous vs Periarticular Dexamethasone vs no Steroid Supplementation in Terms of Post-operative Pain, Function, Nausea, Hospitalization Length, and Risk of Complications in Patients Undergoing Primary Total Knee Arthroplast [NCT04432012]Phase 4159 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-07-01Recruiting
A Multi-central Perspective Randomized Controlled Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Aprepitant in Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation [NCT02576327]Phase 4130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-10-31Active, not recruiting
Dexmedetomidine Versus Dexamethasone as Adjuvants to Bupivacaine for Ultrasound-guided Intermediate Cervical Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Thyroidectomy [NCT05793060]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-15Recruiting
Analysis of the Effect of Intravitreal Dexamethasone Injection on Diabetic Macular Edema After Cataract Surgery (IDDMECS) [NCT01030601]Phase 248 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Efficacy of Soluble Dexamethasone by Echo-guided Infiltration Through the Sacrococcygeal Hiatus in Refractory Sciatica: a Prospective Randomised Double-blind Study Versus Placebo [NCT05000658]Phase 3106 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-12-16Recruiting
A Prospective, Multi-Center, Single-Dose, Phase 1 Clinical Trial Designed to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Dexamethasone Phosphate Ophthalmic Solution Delivered Via the EyeGate® II Drug Delivery System in Patients Undergoing Vitrectomy for Macular Hole [NCT02644694]Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 Study Evaluating AVM0703 in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [NCT04366115]Phase 116 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-01Not yet recruiting
The Effects of Glucocorticoids on Mortality and Renal Function in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure [NCT00953303]Phase 2/Phase 3102 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
A Phase I/II Double-Blinded Randomized Prospective Study of Sterile Amniotic Fluid Filtrate Epidural Injection for the Treatment of Lumbosacral Radicular Pain Due to Spinal Stenosis: Improving Safety and Outcomes in the Treatment of Pain and Disability Re [NCT04537026]Phase 1/Phase 2112 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-16Recruiting
Effect of Laparoscopic-Guided Transversus Abdominus Plane (TAP) Block on Opioid Consumption Using Dual-Adjunct Therapy With Dexmedetomidine and Dexamethasone Versus Liposomal Bupivacaine (Exparel®) Following Minimally Invasive Colorectal Surgery: A Single [NCT05216055]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-04-19Withdrawn(stopped due to No Accrual. PI left Institution)
Perineural Dexamethasone Administered in Femural Nerve Block After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction [NCT02749162]Phase 390 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
Intravenous Continuous Infusion of Dexamethasone Plus Tramadol Combined With Standard Morphine Patient-Controlled Analgesia After Total Abdominal Hysterectomy [NCT00564603]Phase 4300 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
Iontophoresis Delivery of Dexamethasone Phosphate for Non-infectious, Non-necrotizing Anterior Scleritis, Phase 1 Dose-varying Study [NCT01059955]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Comparison Of The Effectiveness Of Submucosal Corticosteroid Injection And Elastic Therapeutic Bandage Applications On Pain, Swelling And Trismus After Surgical Removal Of Mandibular Third Molar Teeth [NCT04200885]Phase 452 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-02Completed
Evaluation the Effect of Diclofenac Drops vs Dexamethasone Drops in Trabeculectomy and Cataract Surgery [NCT00825864]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Pilot Study Evaluating Aprepitant (MK-869) for Prevention of Nausea & Vomiting Secondary to High Dose Cyclophosphamide Administered to Patients Underging Undergoing Peripheral Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Mobilization Prior to Autologous Transplantation [NCT00293384]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
Delivery of Dexamethasone to the Adventitia to eNhance Clinical Efficacy After Femoropopliteal Revascularization [NCT01983449]Phase 4285 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Comparison of the Efficacy of Different Steroids in the Treatment of Abnormal Scars (Keloids, Hypertrophic Scars) [NCT04593706]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-11-01Not yet recruiting
Phase II Study of Rituximab Given in Conjunction With Standard Chemotherapy in Primary Central Nervous System (CNS) Lymphoma [NCT00335140]Phase 226 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-23Terminated(stopped due to slow accrual)
Glucocorticoid Postauricular Injection Treatment for Sudden Hearing Loss: a Multi-center, Opened, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT02026479]300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-01-31Not yet recruiting
OPEN-LABEL, MULTI-CENTER, PHASE 1b/2a CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGNED TO EVALUATE THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF IONTOPHORETIC DEXAMETHASONE PHOSPHATE OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION IN PATIENTS HAVING UNDERGONE CATARACT SURGERY WITH IMPLANTATION OF A POSTERIOR CHAMBER INTRAOCUL [NCT02571556]Phase 1/Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
A Phase I Study of Venetoclax in Combination With Cytotoxic Chemotherapy, Including Calaspargase Pegol, for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults With High-Risk Hematologic Malignancies [NCT05292664]Phase 192 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-29Recruiting
Comparison of Local and Intra Venous Dexamethasone on Post Operative Pain and Recovery After Caeseream Section [NCT02784340]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
A Phase I/II Multicenter, Randomized, Open Label, Dose-Escalation Study To Determine The Maximum Tolerated Dose, Safety, And Efficacy Of CC-4047 Alone Or In Combination With Low-Dose Dexamethasone In Patients Wth Relapsed And Refractory Multiple Myeloma W [NCT00833833]Phase 1/Phase 2259 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
A Volunteer Study to Determine the Optimal Dose of IV Dexamethasone Required for Prolongation of Peripheral Nerve Block [NCT02864602]Phase 318 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-12Completed
The Effects and Dose Response of Dexamethasone on Intercostal Nerve Blocks With Bupivicaine in Post Thoracic Surgery Patients [NCT02936427]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-07-31Recruiting
A Phase 2, Open-label, Pharmacokinetic Study of a Single Intra-articular Administration of TLC599 in Subjects With Mild to Moderate Osteoarthritis of the Knee [NCT03754049]Phase 2102 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-01-21Recruiting
The Effectiveness of Combined U.S. Guided Erector Spinae and Pecto-intercostal Fascial Plane Blocks Versus U.S.Guided Thoracic Paravertebral Block in Controlling Perioperative Pain in Modified Radical Mastectomy, a Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04778267]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-12Completed
Intravenous Erwinase for Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Allergy to E. Coli Asparaginase (IND 104224) [NCT00928200]Phase 11 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-13Terminated(stopped due to Study was terminated due to lack of accrual.)
Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of VIGADEXA Ophthalmic Gel Compared to VIGADEXA Ophthalmic Solution in Preventing Inflammation and Infection Following Cataract Surgery [NCT01515826]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Management decision)
High Dose Oral Steroids in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss [NCT03255473]Phase 24 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-30Completed
Intraluminal Ureteric Injection of High Concentration Alkalinised Long-acting Local Anaesthetic and STeroid Post urEteroscopy: A Prospective Double Blinded Randomised Controlled Trial (LASTE Trial) [NCT03296189]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-11-01Not yet recruiting
An Open Label, Phase 1/2 Study Evaluating Immunomodulatory AVM0703 in Patients With Lymphoid Malignancies (OPAL Study) [NCT04329728]Phase 1/Phase 2144 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-11-06Recruiting
Yale Steroid Enhanced Versus Exparel Nerveblock TKA Part 2 [NCT05736549]Phase 266 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-07Recruiting
Perineural Steroids for Saphenous Peripheral Nerve Blocks: An Equivalency Dosing Study. [NCT02462148]Phase 485 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
The Effects of Systemic Steroids on the Duration of a Psoas Compartment Block. [NCT02464176]Phase 4115 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Completed
A Phase I Study of Arsenic Trioxide and Ascorbic Acid (ATO/AA) in Combination With Low Dose Velcade-Thalidomide-Dexamethasone (VTD) in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (MM) [NCT00258245]Phase 15 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-05-31Completed
A Phase 1 Dose-Escalation and Exploratory Dose Expansion Study of KRT-232 (AMG 232) in Combination With Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone in Relapsed and/or Refractory Myeloma [NCT03031730]Phase 140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-06-14Recruiting
A Prospective, Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Masked, Positive-Controlled Phase 3 Clinical Trial Designed to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Iontophoretic Dexamethasone Phosphate Ophthalmic Solution Compared to Prednisolone Acetate Ophthalmic Suspen [NCT01505088]Phase 3193 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
A Prospective, Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Masked, Negative-Controlled Clinical Trial Designed to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of EGP-437 (Dexamethasone Phosphate Ophthalmic Solution) Delivered by EyeGate® II Iontophoresis to Placebo in Patients U [NCT01602068]Phase 245 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
A Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Double Blinded Study of Corticosteroid Treatment for the Reduction of Postoperative Pain Following Transoral Robotic Surgery [NCT01748942]76 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Tocilizumab, Dexamethasone, Olanzapine, Flow-targeted Versus Pressure-targeted Hemodynamic Management, and Low Tidal Volume Ventilation in Patients Undergoing On-pump Cardiac Surgery - a Multifactorial Design Randomized Trial [NCT05635227]1,200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-10Recruiting
Perioperative Tonsillectomy Protocol Development for Preoperative Acetaminophen and Intraoperative High Dose Dexamethasone: a Randomized Control Trial [NCT03323047]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-03-01Recruiting
Pharmacokinetics Study to Measure Plasma Concentrations of Dexamethasone Following EryDex (Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Encapsulated in Autologous Erythrocytes) Infusion in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01925859]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
A Korean Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Aprepitant for the Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in the First Cycle of Moderately Emetogenic Chemotherapies (MEC, Non-AC R [NCT01636947]Phase 4494 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-12Completed
Double Blind Prospective Study of IV Steroids Versus Steroids Included in Block for Orthopedic Lower Limb Surgery [NCT03855059]Early Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-05Completed
A Phase II Study of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) Plus Dexamethasone & Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate in the Treatment of Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [NCT01009931]Phase 21 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Study was terminated early due to lack of experimental medication (supply issues))
Pain With Trigger Finger Injection: A Comparison of Steroid Alone Versus Steroid/Lidocaine Mixture [NCT02421419]Phase 426 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Study closed; recruitment problems)
Effect of Continuous Paravertebral Nerve Block Combined With Dexamethasone Palpitate vs Combined With Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate on Chronic Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery [NCT05920967]902 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-11Recruiting
Effect of 24 mg Dexamethasone Preoperatively on Surgical Stress, Pain and Recovery in Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Hysterectomy [NCT04762381]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-01Recruiting
A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo- and Active-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of TLC599 in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Knee [NCT04123561]Phase 3506 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-11-26Completed
Dexamethasone Preoperative for Patients Undergoing Laparoscopy for Suspected Appendicitis [NCT02415335]Phase 2119 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
The Effects of Dexamethasone Administration on Jaundice Following Liver Resection: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02991339]Phase 2/Phase 376 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-30Completed
Iontophoresis With Dexamethasone in Combination With Physical Therapy for the Treatment of Pediatric Patients Diagnosed With Apophysitis of the Knee: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT03606980]Phase 246 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-05Completed
Role of Prophylactic Dexamethasone Administration Before Elective Cesarean Section at Term in Reducing the Incidence of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (A Randomized Controlled Trial) [NCT04816097]Phase 4950 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-01Not yet recruiting
Evaluation of Lacrimal Punctal Changes by Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography AS-OCT After Topical Combined Antibiotics and Steroids Treatment in Cases of Inflammatory Punctual Stenosis [NCT05028907]Phase 464 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-15Completed
Postoperative Steroids and Recovery After Spine Fusion [NCT04568837]Phase 4420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-01Not yet recruiting
Comparison of the Effects of Perineural Versus Systemic Dexamethasone on Low Dose Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block: A Randomized Control Trial [NCT02322242]Phase 4182 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
A Multi-Centre Randomised Study Comparing Tapering Low Dose Dexamethasone to Other Standard of Care Therapies for Taxane- Associated Pain Syndrome (TAPS) in Breast Cancer Patients (OTT 17-02 REaCT-TAPS) [NCT03348696]Phase 4124 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-28Completed
LIMBO-ATX: Lower-Limb Adventitial Infusion of DexaMethasone Via Bullfrog to Reduce Occurrence of Restenosis After Atherectomy (ATX)-Based Revascularization [NCT02479620]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-06-30Active, not recruiting
A Prospective, Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Masked, Positive Controlled, Phase 3 Clinical Trial Designed to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Iontophoretic Dexamethasone Phosphate Ophthalmic Solution Compared to Prednisolone Acetate Ophthalmic Suspe [NCT02517619]Phase 3251 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-16Completed
A Pilot Study of Decitabine and Vorinostat With Chemotherapy for Relapsed ALL [NCT01483690]Phase 1/Phase 223 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Terminated(stopped due to Toxicity)
Open-label, Multli-center, Phase 1b/2a Clinical Trial Designed to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Iontophoretic Dexamethasone Phosphate Ophthalmic Solution in Patients With Macular Edema [NCT02485249]Phase 1/Phase 225 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Slow enrollment)
LIMBO-PTA: Lower-Limb Adventitial Infusion of DexaMethasone Via Bullfrog to Reduce Occurrence of Restenosis After Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty Revascularization [NCT02479555]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-01-31Recruiting
Particulate vs. Nonparticulate Epidural Steroid Injections for the Treatment of Symptomatic Unilateral Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis: a Prospective Double-blinded Randomized Study [NCT03245671]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Unable to address regulatory concerns.)
Yale Steroid Enhanced Versus Exparel Nerveblock TKA Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Study [NCT05279092]Phase 2250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-08Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00293384 (4) [back to overview]Delayed Vomiting Controlled
NCT00293384 (4) [back to overview]Overall Nausea Controlled
NCT00293384 (4) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With Controlled Acute Vomiting
NCT00293384 (4) [back to overview]Toxicity Grade 3, 4, or 5
NCT00335140 (1) [back to overview]Complete Response Rate - Locally Reviewed
NCT00520767 (3) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT00520767 (3) [back to overview]Time to Treatment Failure (TTF)
NCT00520767 (3) [back to overview]Complete Hematologic Response
NCT00833833 (10) [back to overview]Phase 2: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Progression-free Survival (PFS) as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off
NCT00833833 (10) [back to overview]Phase 2: Percentage of Participants With Progression-Free Survival (PFS) Events as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off
NCT00833833 (10) [back to overview]Phase 2: Time to Response as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off
NCT00833833 (10) [back to overview]Phase 1: Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) While on Both Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off
NCT00833833 (10) [back to overview]Phase 1: Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) While on Single-Agent Pomalidomide as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off
NCT00833833 (10) [back to overview]Phase 2: Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off
NCT00833833 (10) [back to overview]Phase 2: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Duration of Response as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off
NCT00833833 (10) [back to overview]Phase 1: Participants With Dose-Limiting Toxicities (DLT) in Cycle 1
NCT00833833 (10) [back to overview]Phase 2: Summary of Best Myeloma Response As Assessed by Independent Response Adjudication Committee (IRAC) Using European Group for Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant (EBMT) Criteria as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off
NCT00833833 (10) [back to overview]Phase 2: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Overall Survival as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off
NCT00928200 (1) [back to overview]Occurrence of a Dose-Limiting Toxicity
NCT01483690 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Experienced a Dose Limiting Toxicity (DLT).
NCT01483690 (2) [back to overview]Disease Response Rate After Treatment.
NCT01602068 (1) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With AC Cell Count of Zero on Day 7
NCT01636947 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With One or More Clinical Adverse Event
NCT01636947 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With No Vomiting and No Significant Nausea - Overall Stage
NCT01636947 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With No Impact on Daily Life - Overall Stage
NCT01636947 (8) [back to overview]Number of Emetic Events - Overall Stage
NCT01636947 (8) [back to overview]The Percentage of Participants With No Vomiting - Overall Stage
NCT01636947 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With No Use of a Rescue Therapy - Overall, Acute, and Delayed Stages
NCT01636947 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Complete Response - Overall, Acute, and Delayed Stages
NCT01636947 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With No Vomiting - Acute and Delayed Stages
NCT01748942 (7) [back to overview]UM-QOL Eating
NCT01748942 (7) [back to overview]Pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Score Measured at 10-point Scale
NCT01748942 (7) [back to overview]PSS Normalcy of Diet
NCT01748942 (7) [back to overview]Opioid Use
NCT01748942 (7) [back to overview]Length of Hospital Stay (Number of Days Between the Date of Surgery and Date of Discharge)
NCT01748942 (7) [back to overview]Eating Assessment Tool (EAT)-10 Scores
NCT01748942 (7) [back to overview]Days With Feeding Tube
NCT02192827 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants Returning to Care Following Discharge From the Emergency Department
NCT02192827 (3) [back to overview]Reported Number of Days Until Symptom Resolution
NCT02192827 (3) [back to overview]Reported Side Effects Experienced by Participants
NCT02322242 (10) [back to overview]Duration of Motor Block
NCT02322242 (10) [back to overview]Duration of Sensory Block
NCT02322242 (10) [back to overview]Infection
NCT02322242 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Postoperative Nausea and/or Vomiting
NCT02322242 (10) [back to overview]Opioid Consumption
NCT02322242 (10) [back to overview]Post-operative Oxygen Saturation on Room Air
NCT02322242 (10) [back to overview]Postoperative Serum Blood Glucose
NCT02322242 (10) [back to overview]Time to First Opioid Consumption
NCT02322242 (10) [back to overview]Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS 0-10)
NCT02322242 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Nerve Damage From Interscalene Block
NCT02421419 (4) [back to overview]Degree of Triggering
NCT02421419 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Effects
NCT02421419 (4) [back to overview]Presence of Triggering
NCT02421419 (4) [back to overview]VAS
NCT02462148 (6) [back to overview]Verbal Pain Scores
NCT02462148 (6) [back to overview]Time to First Opioid Analgesic Request
NCT02462148 (6) [back to overview]Rate of Post Operative Nausea and Vomiting
NCT02462148 (6) [back to overview]Post Operative Opioid Use and Consumption
NCT02462148 (6) [back to overview]Duration of Sensory Nerve Block
NCT02462148 (6) [back to overview]Neurologic Complications
NCT02464176 (4) [back to overview]Duration of Sensory Blockade
NCT02464176 (4) [back to overview]Total Opioid Consumption
NCT02464176 (4) [back to overview]Verbal Numeric Pain Score Comparisons
NCT02464176 (4) [back to overview]Time to First Analgesic Request
NCT03382821 (4) [back to overview]The Percentage of Participants With Reduction of 50% or More of Neck and Arm Pain NRS Score
NCT03382821 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting >6.8 Reduction on the Medication Quantification Scale III
NCT03382821 (4) [back to overview]Neck Disability Index-5
NCT03382821 (4) [back to overview]"The Percentage of Participants Reporting Patient Global Impression of Change Score of 6-7 (Indicating Much Improved and Very Much Improved)"
NCT03855059 (1) [back to overview]Analgesia Duration

Delayed Vomiting Controlled

(NCT00293384)
Timeframe: at 25-120 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Aprepitant, Dexamethasone, Cytoxan & Kytril22

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Overall Nausea Controlled

(NCT00293384)
Timeframe: at 0-120 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Aprepitant, Dexamethasone, Cytoxan & Kytril31

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Proportion of Participants With Controlled Acute Vomiting

No episodes of vomiting and no rescue medication during first 24 hours after cyclophosphamide administration. (NCT00293384)
Timeframe: at 0-24 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Aprepitant, Dexamethasone, Cytoxan & Kytril20

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Toxicity Grade 3, 4, or 5

(NCT00293384)
Timeframe: at 0-120 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Aprepitant, Dexamethasone, Cytoxan & Kytril2

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Complete Response Rate - Locally Reviewed

"Assessed by the ECOG-ACRIN data manager based upon local review of images and data sent by the local sites.~Treatment response was determined by calculating the sum of the maximal cross section in 2 separate axes using enhancing lesion(s) on CT or MRI imaging. The same imaging modality was to be used throughout assessment. Complete response was defined as the disappearance of all contrast enhancing tumor size on CT or MRI, patient was off all glucocorticoids, and resolution of all meningeal and vitreous involvement if present. Response must have lasted at least 4 weeks." (NCT00335140)
Timeframe: For the primary endpoint, complete response will be based on disease status at three weeks post the end of therapy (week 17).

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Rituximab + Standard Chemotherapy64

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Overall Survival

time from day of registration until day of death. (NCT00520767)
Timeframe: time from day of registration until 72 months.

Interventionmonth (Median)
Melphalan, Dexamethasone, Bortezomib,31.1

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Time to Treatment Failure (TTF)

Time from start of treatment until date of documented disease progression, removal from protocol due to toxicity, or death from any cause. (NCT00520767)
Timeframe: start of treatment until 72 months

Interventionmonth (Median)
Melphalan, Dexamethasone, Bortezomib,18.1

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Complete Hematologic Response

(NCT00520767)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Melphalan, Dexamethasone, Bortezomib,16

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Phase 2: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Progression-free Survival (PFS) as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off

"Progression free survival (PFS) is the time from randomization to the first documentation of disease progression or death from any cause during study, whichever occurs earlier. Disease progression was assessed by the Independent Response Adjudication Committee (IRAC).~For the primary PFS analysis, participants who withdrew for any reason or received another antimyeloma therapy (except adding dexamethasone to the Phase 2: Pomalidomide arm) without documented PD (as determined by the IRAC review) were censored on the date of their last adequate response assessment, prior to receiving any other anti-myeloma therapy. Subjects who were still active at the time of the data cut-off date without PD (as determined by the IRAC) were censored on the date of their last adequate response assessment.~Data collection is ongoing and future data results will be included as available." (NCT00833833)
Timeframe: up to 67 weeks

Interventionweeks (Median)
Phase 2: Pomalidomide + Dexamethasone16.6
Phase 2: Pomalidomide10.7

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Phase 2: Percentage of Participants With Progression-Free Survival (PFS) Events as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off

"Percentage of participants with the progression-free survival events: disease progression and death. Disease progression was assessed by the Independent Response Adjudication Committee (IRAC).~Data collection is ongoing and future data results will be included as available." (NCT00833833)
Timeframe: up to 67 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Phase 2: Pomalidomide + Dexamethasone76.1
Phase 2: Pomalidomide75.0

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Phase 2: Time to Response as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off

"Time to myeloma response is defined as the time from randomization to the time the response criteria for complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) are first met.~Response was assessed by the Independent Response Adjudication Committee (IRAC) using European Group for Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant (EBMT) criteria as described previously.~Data collection is ongoing and future data results will be included as available." (NCT00833833)
Timeframe: up to 70 weeks

Interventionweeks (Median)
Phase 2: Pomalidomide + Dexamethasone8.1
Phase 2: Pomalidomide8.9

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Phase 1: Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) While on Both Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off

"TEAEs that occurred during Phase 1 after dexamethasone was added to pomalidomide treatment.~Relation to study drug was assessed by the Investigator as either suspected or not suspected. Counts represent the suspected relationship. Severity was assessed using National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 (NCI CTCAE v3.0): 1= Mild 2= Moderate 3= Severe 4= Life-threatening and 5= Death related to AE. Serious AEs (SAEs) are those that resulted in death, were life-threatening, required or prolonged inpatient hospitalization, resulted in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, congenital anomaly, or resulted in an important medical event that may have jeopardized the patient or required medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed above.~Data collection is ongoing and future data results will be included as available." (NCT00833833)
Timeframe: Up to week 126

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
1 or more (1+) AE1+ AE related to pomalidomide1+ AE related to dexamethasone1+ severity grade 3-4 AE1+ severity grade 3-4 AE related to pomalidomide1+ severity grade 3-4 AE related to dexamethasone1+ serious AE (SAE)1+ SAE related to pomalidomide1+ SAE related to dexamethasone1+ AE leading to discontinuation of pomalidomide1+ AE -- discontinuation of dexamethasone1+AE -dose reduction/interruption of pomalidomide1+ AE-dose reduction/interruption of dexamethasone1+related AE-reduction/interruption of pomalidomid1+related AE-reduction/interruption of dexamethaso
Phase 1: 2 mg Pomalidomide100.0100.0100.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Phase 1: 3 mg Pomalidomide100.075.075.075.075.075.075.025.050.025.025.050.075.025.075.0
Phase 1: 4 mg Pomalidomide90.080.070.070.020.020.040.020.010.020.020.040.060.020.020.0
Phase 1: 5 mg Pomalidomide100.0100.085.757.142.90.028.60.00.00.00.071.471.457.142.9

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Phase 1: Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) While on Single-Agent Pomalidomide as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off

"Relation to study drug was assessed by the Investigator as either suspected or not suspected. Counts represent the suspected relationship. Severity was assessed using National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 (NCI CTCAE v3.0): 1= Mild 2= Moderate 3= Severe 4= Life-threatening and 5= Death related to AE. Serious AEs (SAEs) are those that resulted in death, were life-threatening, required or prolonged inpatient hospitalization, resulted in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, congenital anomaly, or resulted in an important medical event that may have jeopardized the patient or required medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed above.~Data collection is ongoing and future data results will be included as available." (NCT00833833)
Timeframe: Up to week 104

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
1 or more (1+) AE1+ AE related to pomalidomide1+ severity grade 3-4 AE1+ severity grade 3-4 AE related to pomalidomide1+ serious AE (SAE)1+ SAE related to pomalidomide1+ AE leading to discontinuation of pomalidomide1+AE-dose reduction/interruption of pomalidomide1+related AE-reduction/interruption of pomalidomid
Phase 1: 2 mg Pomalidomide100.066.783.333.350.00.016.716.70.0
Phase 1: 3 mg Pomalidomide100.075.037.525.012.512.50.075.037.5
Phase 1: 4 mg Pomalidomide100.085.778.642.942.97.121.442.928.6
Phase 1: 5 mg Pomalidomide100.0100.080.070.030.010.00.080.070.0

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Phase 2: Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off

"Relation to study drug was assessed by the Investigator as either suspected or not suspected. Counts represent the suspected relationship. Severity was assessed using National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 (NCI CTCAE v3.0): 1= Mild 2= Moderate 3= Severe 4= Life-threatening and 5= Death related to AE. Serious AEs (SAEs) are those that resulted in death, were life-threatening, required or prolonged inpatient hospitalization, resulted in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, congenital anomaly, or resulted in an important medical event that may have jeopardized the patient or required medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed above.~Data collection is ongoing and future data results will be included as available." (NCT00833833)
Timeframe: Up to week 70

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
1 or more (1+) AE1+ AE related to pomalidomide1+ severity grade 3-4 AE1+ severity grade 3-4 AE related to pomalidomide1+ serious AE (SAE)1+ SAE related to pomalidomide1+ AE leading to discontinuation of pomalidomide1+related AE --discontinuation of pomalidomide1+AE - reduction of pomalidomide1+ AE - interruption of pomalidomide1+ related AE - interruption of pomalidomide1+related AE - reduction of pomalidomide
Phase 2: Pomalidomide (Overall)100.088.889.767.367.320.612.13.729.958.932.724.3
Phase 2: Pomalidomide (Pom + Dex Only)93.468.970.544.347.519.73.31.69.836.121.38.2
Phase 2: Pomalidomide (Pom Only)99.187.984.158.946.79.310.32.825.247.724.320.6
Phase 2: Pomalidomide + Dexamethasone100.089.388.462.561.617.98.01.820.563.427.717.9

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Phase 2: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Duration of Response as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off

"Duration of myeloma response is defined as the time from when the response criteria are first met for partial response (PR) or better, until the first date the response criteria are met for progressive disease (PD) or until the participant dies from any cause, whichever occurs first. Duration of response for participants last known to be alive with no progression after a complete response (CR) or PR was censored at the date of last adequate response assessment. Participants with confirmed responses that occur after receiving any other anti-myeloma therapy (except for adding dexamethasone to the pomalidomide treatment arm), including radiation therapy initiated after baseline, was censored at the last adequate assessment prior to the initiation of such treatment.~Response was assessed by the Independent Response Adjudication Committee (IRAC) using European Group for Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant (EBMT) criteria as described in the previous outcome." (NCT00833833)
Timeframe: up to 70 weeks

Interventionweeks (Median)
Phase 2: Pomalidomide + Dexamethasone32.1
Phase 2: PomalidomideNA

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Phase 1: Participants With Dose-Limiting Toxicities (DLT) in Cycle 1

"The maximum tolerated dose was defined as the highest dose level at which no more than 1 of 6 participants experiences a DLT within the first 28-day cycle.~DLTs were defined as:~Grade 4 neutropenia or thrombocytopenia~Febrile neutropenia~Grade 3 or 4 nausea, vomiting or diarrhea despite optimal symptomatic treatment~Serum transaminase > 20 * upper limit of normal (ULN)~Serum transaminase > 5 * ULN for >= 7 days~Delay of the start of cycle 2 by >7 days due to pomalidomide-related adverse event" (NCT00833833)
Timeframe: Up to Day 28 (Cycle 1)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Phase 1: 2 mg Pomalidomide1
Phase 1: 3 mg Pomalidomide1
Phase 1: 4 mg Pomalidomide2
Phase 1: 5 mg Pomalidomide4

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Phase 2: Summary of Best Myeloma Response As Assessed by Independent Response Adjudication Committee (IRAC) Using European Group for Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant (EBMT) Criteria as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off

"IRAC used EBMT criteria to assess myeloma response:~Complete Response (CR)-absence of serum and urine monoclonal paraprotein for 6 weeks, plus no increase in size or number of lytic bone lesions, plus other factors)~Partial Response (PR)-not all CR criteria, plus >=50% reduction in serum monoclonal paraprotein plus others~Minimal Response (MR)- 25-49% reduction in serum monoclonal paraprotein plus others~Stable Disease (SD)- not MR or progressive disease (PD)~Progressive Disease (PD)- reappearance of monoclonal paraprotein, lytic bone lesions, other~Not Evaluable (NE).~Data collection is ongoing and future data results will be included as available." (NCT00833833)
Timeframe: up to 70 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Complete response (CR)Partial response (PR)Minimal response (MR)Stable disease (SD)Progressive disease (PD)Not evaluable
Phase 2: Pomalidomide0.09.315.746.315.713.0
Phase 2: Pomalidomide + Dexamethasone0.929.215.035.46.213.3

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Phase 2: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Overall Survival as of the 01 April 2011 Cut-off

"Overall survival was defined as the time between randomization and death. Participants who die, regardless of the cause of the death, were considered to have had an event. All participants who were lost to follow-up prior to the end of the trial or who were withdrawn from the trial were censored at the time of last contact. Participants who were still being treated were censored at the last available date the subject was known to be alive, or clinical cut-off date if it was earlier.~Data collection is ongoing and future data results will be included as available." (NCT00833833)
Timeframe: up to 70 weeks

Interventionweeks (Median)
Phase 2: Pomalidomide + Dexamethasone62.6
Phase 2: Pomalidomide59.3

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Occurrence of a Dose-Limiting Toxicity

The MTD in each stratum will be the highest dose at which 1 or fewer of six patients experience DLT during cycle 1 of therapy. (NCT00928200)
Timeframe: Beginning with the first dose of investigational product until 30 days following the last dose of Erwinase

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Single Arm0

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Number of Participants Who Experienced a Dose Limiting Toxicity (DLT).

To evaluate the side effects of giving decitabine and vorinostat before and during chemotherapy using the standard drugs vincristine, dexamethasone, PEG-asparaginase and mitoxantrone. (NCT01483690)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
# of patients with DLT# of patients without DLT# of patients not evaluable
Initial Dose Level221
Modified Dose Level1125

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Disease Response Rate After Treatment.

Bone marrow evaluation was performed on Day 35 of study to evaluate treatment response. CR defined as attaining M1 marrow (<5% blasts) with no evidence of circulating blasts or extramedullary disease in addition to recovery of peripheral blood counts (ANC >750/uL and platelet count >75,000/uL). CRp was defined as attaining an M1 marrow with no evidence of circulating blasts or extramedullary disease in addition to recovery of ANC but insufficient recovery of platelets. CRi was attaining M1 marrow with no evidence of circulating blasts or extramedullary disease but insufficient recovery of ANC with or without sufficient recovery of platelets. PR was defined as no evidence of circulating blasts and achievement of M2 marrow (5-25% blasts) without new sites of disease and with recovery of ANC. SD is for patients who did not meet the criteria for PR, CR, CRp, or CRi. PD is an increase of at least 25% in the absolute number of leukemia cells or development of new sites. (NCT01483690)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
complete response (CR)complete response without platelet recovery (CRp)complete remission with incomplete recovery (CRi)stable disease (SD)patient not evaluable for response
Initial Dose Level01112
Modified Dose Level13347

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Percentage of Subjects With AC Cell Count of Zero on Day 7

Percentage of patients with anterior chamber (AC) cell count of zero on Day 7 as compared between the active and placebo groups (NCT01602068)
Timeframe: At Day 7 (plus or minus two days) following the study treatment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Dexamethasone Phosphate Ophthalmic3
100 mM Sodium Citrate Buffer2

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Percentage of Participants With One or More Clinical Adverse Event

An adverse event was defined as any unfavorable and unintended change in the structure, function, or chemistry of the body temporally associated with the use of the study drug, whether or not considered related to the use of the study drug. Any worsening (i.e., any clinically significant adverse change in frequency and/or intensity) of a preexisting condition, which is temporally associated with the use of the study drug, is also an adverse event. Nausea and vomiting experienced during Days 1-6 were not counted as adverse events unless they were reported as a serious adverse event. (NCT01636947)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 29 (Up to 28 days after first dose of study drug)

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Aprepitant Regimen56.2
Control Regimen53.2

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Percentage of Participants With No Vomiting and No Significant Nausea - Overall Stage

"Nausea was to be assessed using a 100-mm horizontal visual analogue scale (VAS) located in the participant diary labeled: How much nausea have you had over the last 24 hours? The left end of the scale (0 mm) was labeled no nausea, and the right end of the scale (100 mm) is labeled nausea as bad as it could be. In this study, No Significant Nausea was defined as a VAS nausea rating <25 mm." (NCT01636947)
Timeframe: Days 1 to Day 5

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Aprepitant Regimen76.4
Control Regimen72.4

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Percentage of Participants With No Impact on Daily Life - Overall Stage

"The Functional Living Index-Emesis questionnaire (FLIE) is a validated, participant-reported instrument to measure the impact of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting on daily life. There are 9 nausea-related items and 9 vomiting-related items, each on a 7-point scale. For the purposes of this study, No Impact on daily life was defined as an average item score of >6 on the 7-point scale; a total score >108 indicates no impact on daily life. Overall Stage=0 to 120 hours after initiation of MEC." (NCT01636947)
Timeframe: Day 6

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Aprepitant Regimen76.8
Control Regimen73.8

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Number of Emetic Events - Overall Stage

The number of emetic events that occurred during the Overall Stage (0 to 120 hours after initiation of MEC) are presented. (NCT01636947)
Timeframe: Hour 0 on Day 1 to Day 5 (approximately 120 hours)

InterventionNumber of Emetic Events (Number)
Aprepitant Regimen54
Control Regimen68

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The Percentage of Participants With No Vomiting - Overall Stage

A vomiting episode was defined as one or more episodes of emesis (expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth) or retches (an attempt to vomit that is not productive of stomach contents). No vomiting during the Overall Stage was defined as no episodes of emesis during the 120 hours (Days 1-5) after initiation of moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC). (NCT01636947)
Timeframe: Hour 0 on Day 1 to Day 5 (approximately 120 hours)

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Aprepitant Regimen77.2
Control Regimen72.0

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Number of Participants With No Use of a Rescue Therapy - Overall, Acute, and Delayed Stages

The percentage of participants who used no rescue therapy after initiation of MEC is presented for the Overall, Acute and Delayed Stages. Overall Stage=0 to 120 hours after initiation of MEC. Acute Stage=0 to 24 hours after initiation of MEC. Delayed Stage=25 to 120 hours after initiation of MEC. (NCT01636947)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 5

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Overall StageAcute StageDelayed Stage
Aprepitant Regimen84.898.784.8
Control Regimen87.799.288.5

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Percentage of Participants With a Complete Response - Overall, Acute, and Delayed Stages

A Complete Response was defined as no vomiting or dry heaves and no use of a rescue therapy. Overall Stage=0 to 120 hours after initiation of MEC. Acute Stage=0 to 24 hours after initiation of MEC. Delayed Stage=25 to 120 hours after initiation of MEC. (NCT01636947)
Timeframe: Hour 0 on Day 1 to Day 5 (approximately 120 hours)

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Overall StageAcute StageDelayed Stage
Aprepitant Regimen73.495.874.3
Control Regimen70.497.971.2

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Percentage of Participants With No Vomiting - Acute and Delayed Stages

A vomiting episode was defined as one or more episodes of emesis (expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth) or retches (an attempt to vomit that is not productive of stomach contents). Acute Stage=0 to 24 hours after initiation of MEC. Delayed Stage=25 to 120 hours after initiation of MEC. (NCT01636947)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2 to Day 5

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Acute StageDelayed Stage
Aprepitant Regimen95.878.5
Control Regimen98.872.4

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UM-QOL Eating

"The University of Michigan Head and Neck Quality of Life Questionnaire (UM-QOL) is 20 item, 1-5 scale, questionnaire that measures how much the patient has been bothered during various activities as a result of head and neck condition or treatment in the past four weeks with 1= Not at all and 5=Extremely. The scores are calculated using a Likert Scale, which transforms the 1-5 choices into a 0-100 scale with 100 being normal and 0 being poor quality of life. This test contains separate domains (eating, etc.) that can be scored independently. Scores were analyzed between cohorts pre and post operatively." (NCT01748942)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Arm I (Treatment)59.3
Arm II (Control)60.1

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Pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Score Measured at 10-point Scale

"Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a 0-10 scale for patients to indicate intensity level of pain with 0 indicating No pain and 10 indicating Worst possible, unbearable, excruciating pain. A descriptive time plot of VAS scores will be produced for all enrolled subjects, with loess curve fitted separately for the experimental and control groups. A linear mixed effects model will be used to compare the pain VAS scores between the experimental and control groups." (NCT01748942)
Timeframe: 21 days

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Postoperative day #1Postoperative day #2Postoperative day #3Postoperative day #7-21
Arm I (Treatment)7.46.05.33.0
Arm II (Control)6.86.46.72.5

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PSS Normalcy of Diet

"Performance Status Score (PSS) - Normalcy of Diet score is a 0-100 scale that measures diet restrictions with 0= Non-oral feeding (tube fed) and 100 = Full diet (no restrictions)" (NCT01748942)
Timeframe: 30 days

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Arm I (Treatment)51.7
Arm II (Control)36.7

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Opioid Use

(NCT01748942)
Timeframe: 3 days

Interventionmg of oxycodone equivalent (Mean)
Arm I (Treatment)137.1
Arm II (Control)147.3

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Length of Hospital Stay (Number of Days Between the Date of Surgery and Date of Discharge)

Kaplan-Meier functions will be fitted to compare the length of hospital stay between the experimental and control groups. (NCT01748942)
Timeframe: Up to 21 days

Interventiondays (Median)
Arm I (Treatment)5
Arm II (Control)4

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Eating Assessment Tool (EAT)-10 Scores

"Statistical Analysis between placebo and steroid cohorts to assess differences. The Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) is a 10 item questionnaire that evaluates swallowing and the extent of how problematic with certain eating activities. Questions are answered using a five point (0-4) plus Not Applicable scale with 0 = No problem and 4= Severe problem. A descriptive time plot will be produced for EAT-10 scores using baseline and postoperative measurements on days 3 and day 7-21. Descriptive statistical analyses will be conducted for a summary of EAT-10 scores at baseline, days 3 and day 7-21 after surgery. A linear mixed effects model will be used to compare the EAT-10 scores between the two groups." (NCT01748942)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Arm I (Treatment)20.0
Arm II (Control)20.2

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Days With Feeding Tube

(NCT01748942)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventiondays (Median)
Arm I (Treatment)4
Arm II (Control)11

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Number of Participants Returning to Care Following Discharge From the Emergency Department

The investigators will determine if each patient had any unscheduled visits to the emergency room, urgent care or primary care physician. (NCT02192827)
Timeframe: 5 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Single Dose Dexamethasone14
Two Dose Dexamethasone12

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Reported Number of Days Until Symptom Resolution

Will determine number of days to symptom resolution, including missed school days. (NCT02192827)
Timeframe: 5 days

InterventionDays (Mean)
Single Dose Dexamethasone2.4
Two Dose Dexamethasone2.5

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Reported Side Effects Experienced by Participants

The investigators will determine during phone follow up if patient experienced any side effects related to the Dexamethasone, including vomiting, mood swings, behavior changes, appetite changes, sweating or headache. (NCT02192827)
Timeframe: 5 days

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No side effectsDecreased AppetiteDifficulty SleepingMood swings/AgitationHeadacheOtherMultiple
Single Dose Dexamethasone714973517
Two Dose Dexamethasone837031418

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Duration of Motor Block

Defined as time from completion of block procedure to return to baseline motor function (in hours) (NCT02322242)
Timeframe: 1 day postoperative

Interventionhours (Mean)
Perineural Dexamethasone18.5
Systemic Dexamethasone20.3

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Duration of Sensory Block

Defined as time from completion of block procedure to NRS for pain > 0 (in hours) (NCT02322242)
Timeframe: 1 day postoperative

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Perineural Dexamethasone521
Systemic Dexamethasone566

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Infection

Number of participants with localized infection at nerve block site (NCT02322242)
Timeframe: 7 Days postoperative

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Perineural Dexamethasone0
Systemic Dexamethasone0

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Number of Participants With Postoperative Nausea and/or Vomiting

Number of participants with postoperative nausea and/or vomiting assessed at 12 hours, 24, hours, and 7 days postoperatively (NCT02322242)
Timeframe: 7 days postoperative

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Perineural Dexamethasone32
Systemic Dexamethasone32

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Opioid Consumption

Opioid consumption (in oral morphine equivalents) will be recorded at 12 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days (NCT02322242)
Timeframe: 7 days postoperative

Interventionmg (oral morphine equivalent) (Mean)
Perineural Dexamethasone148.8
Systemic Dexamethasone167.2

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Post-operative Oxygen Saturation on Room Air

Pulse oximetry (in %) measured 1 hour after arrival in post-operative recovery room, scale 0-100, higher number is better (NCT02322242)
Timeframe: 1 hour postoperative

InterventionRoom air oxygen saturation percent (Mean)
Perineural Dexamethasone96.6
Systemic Dexamethasone97.0

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Postoperative Serum Blood Glucose

Measured 1 hour after arrival to the post-operative recovery room (NCT02322242)
Timeframe: 1 hour postoperative

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Perineural Dexamethasone6.8
Systemic Dexamethasone6.6

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Time to First Opioid Consumption

Defined as time from completion of block procedure to first consumption of opioid analgesic (in hours) (NCT02322242)
Timeframe: 1 day postoperative

Interventionhours (Mean)
Perineural Dexamethasone9.1
Systemic Dexamethasone9.6

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Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS 0-10)

Recorded at 12 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days 0 is no pain, 10 is the worst pain imaginable. Lower number is better. (NCT02322242)
Timeframe: 7 days postoperative

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
7 days24hours12hours
Perineural Dexamethasone3.14.93.3
Systemic Dexamethasone3.44.73.3

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Number of Participants With Nerve Damage From Interscalene Block

Defined as persistent paresthesia, and sensory/motor block at 7 days (NCT02322242)
Timeframe: 7 Days postoperative

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Perineural Dexamethasone0
Systemic Dexamethasone0

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Degree of Triggering

A Green classification number (0-4) is given to each subject pre-injection and at 6 weeks post-injection based on their degree of triggering. 0 = No triggering, no pain; 1 = Pre-triggering; pain, history of catching, but not demonstrable on physical examination; tenderness over the A1 pulley; 2 = Active; demonstrable catching, but the patient can actively extend the digit; 3= Passive; demonstrable catching requiring passive extension or inability to actively flex; and 4 = Contracture; demonstrable catching with a fixed flexion contracture of the PIP joint. (NCT02421419)
Timeframe: Patients are assessed pre-injection objectively by investigator and at 6 weeks post-injection subjectively via Patient Survey

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Green classification 0 (pre-injection)Green classification 1 (pre-injection)Green classification 2 (pre-injection)Green classification 3 (pre-injection)Green Classification 4 (pre-injection)Green classification 0 (6-weeks post-injection)Green classification 1 (6-weeks post-injection)Green classification 2 (6-weeks post-injection)Green classification 3 (6-weeks post-injection)Green classification 4 (6-weeks post-injection)
Corticosteroid Alone (CS) Group0240020220
Corticosteroid/Lidocaine (CSL) Group01100010271
Corticosteroid/Saline (CSS) Group0160110421

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Number of Participants With Adverse Effects

Incidence of adverse effects (NCT02421419)
Timeframe: Patients are assessed 1 minute post-injection, 10 minutes post-injection, and at 6 week post-injection.

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Adverse effects 1 minute post-injectionAdverse effects 10 minutes post-injectionAdverse effects 6 weeks post-injection
Corticosteroid Alone (CS) Group000
Corticosteroid/Lidocaine (CSL) Group000
Corticosteroid/Saline (CSS) Group000

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Presence of Triggering

Patients are asked how often their finger triggers - not at all, rarely, occasionally, or frequently at time intervals indicated in the outcome measure time frame. Count of participants for each of these answers was collected. (NCT02421419)
Timeframe: Patients are assessed pre-injection (baseline), 1 minute post-injection, 10 minutes post-injection, and 6 weeks post-injection

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Triggering frequently pre-injectionTriggering not at all pre-injectionTriggering occasionally pre-injectionTriggering rarely pre-injectionTriggering not at all 1 minute post-injectionTriggering rarely 1 minute post-injectionTriggering occasionally 1 minute post-injectionTriggering frequently 1 minute post-injectionTriggering same as before 1 minute post-injectionTriggering not at all 10 minutes post-injectionTriggering rarely 10 minutes post-injectionTriggering occasionally 10 minutes post-injectionTriggering frequently 10 minutes post-injectionTriggering same as before 10 min. post-injectionTriggering not at all 6 wks post-injectionTriggering rarely 6 wks post-injectionTriggering occasionally 6 weeks post-injectionTriggering frequently 6 wks post-injectiontriggering same as before 6 wks post-injection
Corticosteroid Alone (CS) Group2040301024010130012
Corticosteroid/Lidocaine (CSL) Group7040101082011611018
Corticosteroid/Saline (CSS) Group5210300054000410025

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VAS

Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS) - measurement of pain on scale of 0 (least) to 10 (worst). (NCT02421419)
Timeframe: Patients are assessed pre-injection (baseline), 1 minute post-injection, 10 minutes post-injection, at 6 weeks post-injection and also asked to recollect their pain at time of injection when seen at 6 weeks post-injection

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
VAS pre-injectionVAS 1 minute post-injectionVAS 10 minutes post-injectionVAS 6 weeks post-injectionVAS Recollection
Corticosteroid Alone (CS) Group2.22.32.11.55.2
Corticosteroid/Lidocaine (CSL) Group3.02.21.23.36.6
Corticosteroid/Saline (CSS) Group3.94.93.34.05.9

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Verbal Pain Scores

Verbal Pain Scores will be compared between groups as obtained every six hours during hospitalization. Patients will be asked to provide verbal pain scores both at rest and with movement on a scale of 0-10 (0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain). These scores will be taken at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 hours. (NCT02462148)
Timeframe: 0 to 30 hours

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
0h6h12h18h24h30h
1 mg Perineural Dexamethasone2.31.32.11.81.83.1
4mg Perineural Dexamethasone2.10.81.71.61.52.4
Placebo2.11.13.03.33.14.3

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Time to First Opioid Analgesic Request

Time it took for the first opioid analgesic request was recorded. (NCT02462148)
Timeframe: 0 to 36 hours

Interventionminutes (Mean)
4 mg Perineural Dexamethasone Group686.18
1 mg Perineural Dexamethasone Group654.97
Placebo Group658.17

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Rate of Post Operative Nausea and Vomiting

Number of participants that experienced nausea and vomiting was recorded. (NCT02462148)
Timeframe: 0 to 30 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
4 mg Perineural Dexamethasone Group5
1 mg Perineural Dexamethasone Group14
Placebo Group4

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Post Operative Opioid Use and Consumption

Amount of opioid use and consumption was recorded. (NCT02462148)
Timeframe: 0-30 hours

Interventionmg oxycodone equivalents (Mean)
4 mg Perineural Dexamethasone Group27.16
1 mg Perineural Dexamethasone Group26.04
Placebo Group42.33

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Duration of Sensory Nerve Block

The primary outcome will be time to resolution of the nerve block as assessed by pinprick over the saphenous nerve distribution. Testing will occur every two hours. (NCT02462148)
Timeframe: 12 to 48 hours

Interventionhours (Mean)
4 mg Perineural Dexamethasone Group37.00
1 mg Perineural Dexamethasone Group31.75
Placebo Group29.67

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Neurologic Complications

Each patient will be followed for neurologic complications (paresthesias, etc) if they should occur. (NCT02462148)
Timeframe: throughout study completion, up to 48 hours

Interventionneurological complications (Mean)
4 mg Perineural Dexamethasone Group0
1 mg Perineural Dexamethasone Group0
Placebo Group0

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Duration of Sensory Blockade

The primary outcome will be duration of sensory blockade in the distribution of the lumbar plexus as determined by pin-prick sensation as tested every two hours with pin-prick sensation. (NCT02464176)
Timeframe: 30 hours

Interventionhours (Mean)
4 mg Dexamethasone Group18.5
8 mg Dexamethasone Group18.1
Control Group19.6

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Total Opioid Consumption

(NCT02464176)
Timeframe: 30 hours

Interventionoxycodone mg equivalents (Median)
4 mg Dexamethasone Group36.6
8 mg Dexamethasone Group30
Control Group39.2

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Verbal Numeric Pain Score Comparisons

This secondary outcome includes pain scores utilizing the verbal numeric pain score scale (0 to 11). Higher values indicate worse outcomes (higher pain scores). Lower values are better. (NCT02464176)
Timeframe: 24 hour

Interventionscores on a scale (Median)
4 mg Dexamethasone Group3
8 mg Dexamethasone Group2
Control Group3

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Time to First Analgesic Request

Time (in minutes) will be recorded to first analgesic request following the block placement (NCT02464176)
Timeframe: 30 hours

Interventionminutes (Median)
4 mg Dexamethasone Group474
8 mg Dexamethasone Group533
Control Group432

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The Percentage of Participants With Reduction of 50% or More of Neck and Arm Pain NRS Score

The Percentage of Participants with Reduction of 50% or More of Neck and Arm Pain NRS score (NCT03382821)
Timeframe: 1 month follow up

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Transforaminal ESI With Dexamethasone49.1
Interlaminar Catheter-targeted ESI With Triamcinolone68.5

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Percentage of Participants Reporting >6.8 Reduction on the Medication Quantification Scale III

The Medication Quantification Scale (MQS) is an instrument used for clinical and research applications for quantifying medication regimen use in chronic pain populations. A 6.8 point reduction is considered equivalent to 10 morphine eqivalents. (NCT03382821)
Timeframe: 1 month, 3 month, 6 month, and 1 year follow up

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
One monthThree monthSix monthOne year
Transforaminal Catheter-targeted ESI With Triamcinolone1917198
Transforaminal ESI With Dexamethasone1620157

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Neck Disability Index-5

Percentage of patients with >30% improvement in Neck Disability Index-5 score. (NCT03382821)
Timeframe: 1 month, 3 month, 6 month, and 1 year follow up

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
One monthThree monthSix monthOne year
Transforaminal Catheter-targeted ESI With Triamcinolone62585660
Transforaminal ESI With Dexamethasone48565547

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"The Percentage of Participants Reporting Patient Global Impression of Change Score of 6-7 (Indicating Much Improved and Very Much Improved)"

"Patient Global Impression of Change is a scale which measures participant reported satisfaction after an intervention. The outcome was measured as the percent of patients reporting a PGIC score of 6-7 (indicating much improved and very much improved)" (NCT03382821)
Timeframe: 1 month, 3 month, 6 month, and 1 year follow up

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
One monthThree monthsSix monthsOne year
Transforaminal Catheter-targeted ESI With Triamcinolone59575361
Transforaminal ESI With Dexamethasone41425557

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Analgesia Duration

The investigator would like to investigate if the dexamethasone given IV or with the nerve block in young patients undergoing lower limb surgery produces the same duration of analgesia. (NCT03855059)
Timeframe: 24 - 48 hours

InterventionHours (Mean)
Intervenous Steroid22.1
Perineural Steroid25.7

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.		2.1510bisphosphoglyceric acid;
tetronic acid derivative		human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		2.0310carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.4220halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		2.1510amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.76302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.7130sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
histamine
[no description available]		1.9810aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
itaconic acid
itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.1310dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
olefinic compound		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.0310monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.		1.9610carboxyalkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		1.9610xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.0610p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		6.2842acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		1.9610monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
albendazole
[no description available]		2.0410aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		1.9910phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.0610pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		5.6932aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.8330aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.4211amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		6.0165amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.9521ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.4411anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.0510conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		210nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fosfosal
fosfosal: reagent for testing the activity of certain enzymes		2.0610aryl phosphate
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		3.5520
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.0110dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		2.0110aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		6.9543monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		12.9482benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		5.1841aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		1.9610catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		2.0210cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.0310dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
mimosine
Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.		1.9610alpha-amino acid
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		2.7530benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		2.4420imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0310cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.0610carbazoles
benoxinate
benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.		2.1110amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
topical anaesthetic
oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.		1.9710carboxamidine;
imidazolines;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.1110benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		1.9610isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
tetrahydrozoline
tetrahydrozoline: used as nasal decongestant; Visine is a form of eye drops; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.110carboxamidine;
imidazolines		nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		2.0710phthalimides;
piperidones
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		2.0310aziridines
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		1.9610aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		4.0431aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.3920aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		1.9910inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.3820cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.94011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		8.2833411beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
thymidine
[no description available]		2.3720pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.02102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		5.3372corticosteroid hormone
aldosterone
[no description available]		2.382011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		3.111011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
methylprednisolone acetate
Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.		4.888011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
glucocorticoid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		1.9610alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		1.9810L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.9440C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		1.961017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.3411phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		1.9810ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		1.9610aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.3720antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		1.9810diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.6730corticosteroid hormone
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		1.9610formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
mannitol
[no description available]		2.0510mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.0410beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		1.9610nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		1.9610erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		6.8210111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.3720primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		2.1510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		7.331816-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
acrolein
[no description available]		2.1110enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		4.2941pyrrole;
secondary amine
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		4.5961aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.0710diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		6.4810111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
fluorometholone
Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.		4.053111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.0310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		2.4110calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.1310arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.		2.830enoate esterallergen;
polymerisation monomer
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.7130glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.0510alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		2.061011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2.1102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		5.881corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
trioctylmethylammonium
trioctylmethylammonium: used in high performance liquid chromatography for the separation of tRNA; RN given refers to chloride. methyltrioctylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion with three octyl groups and one methyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.0810quaternary ammonium ion
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		3.3511beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.4110elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		1.9710elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		3.3511titanium group element atom
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		2.0410magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.1110sodium phosphate
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		1.9910diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		1.9610acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		1.9710indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		4.015011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		1.991011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		4.131timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		6.08322-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.1310amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		2.4110alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.2110fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		2.1710phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
dexamethasone sulfate ester
dexamethasone sulfate ester: significant difference in anti-endotoxic potency compared to dexamethasone disodium phosphate; RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer		1.9610
dexamethasone 21-palmitate
dexamethasone 21-palmitate: a liposteroid for treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis		3.7521organic molecular entity
betamethasone sodium phosphate
betamethasone sodium phosphate: phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975. betamethasone sodium phosphate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of betamethasone phosphate.		4.4280organic sodium salt;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		2.0310dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
amphotalide
[no description available]		1.9610phthalimides
prednisolone phosphate
prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.		4.465111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glucocorticoid receptor agonist;
prodrug
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.3720organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		2.0610macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.41203-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		1.9610iditolfungal metabolite
levobupivacaine
Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.		3.48111-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamideadrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		2.0310oligopeptide
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.1310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.0610
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate: structure given in first source		1.9910
methotrexate
[no description available]		1.9610dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		2.4110aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.1310piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
lenalidomide
[no description available]		2.5220aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.111017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		1.961011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
epinastine
dexamethasone acetate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer		4.8981corticosteroid hormone
medrysone
[no description available]		2.3620corticosteroid hormone
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		1.9610
bortezomib
[no description available]		2.0710amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		2.420peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		1.9810oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		2.3820heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
n-formylmethionine
N-formyl-L-methionine : A L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group.		1.9610L-methionine derivative;
N-formyl amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		metabolite
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		1.9710deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		3.3511benzazocine
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		1.9610tripeptide
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		4.3311cyclodextrin
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		1.9610retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		1.9610icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		1.9910retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		2.0810
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		2.0710L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
retinol acetate
retinol acetate: structure given in first source		1.9910acetate ester
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		1.9710flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
prednisolone hemisuccinate
prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.		1.961011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
hemisuccinate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
quinine
[no description available]		3.3411cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		2.3110
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		1.9710prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		210monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		1.9710antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
uf 021
isopropyl unoprostone: a safe and effective ocular hypotensive drug. isopropyl unoprostone : The isopropyl ester of unoprostone.		210isopropyl ester;
ketone;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
prodrug
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		4.0931aromatic amide;
indazoles
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		2.0110morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		210isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
glyceryl behenate
1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.		2.03101-monoglyceride;
fatty acid ester		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		1.9810cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		2.110carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.0110
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.4110biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.0710aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		2.1110
carfilzomib
[no description available]		2.1710epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.3820
cosyntropin
Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.		2.3820
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.0110
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.3110glycoside
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		3.071021-hydroxy steroid
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		2.0210organic molecular entity
hydrocortisone sodium phosphate
hydrocortisone sodium phosphate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer. cortisol phosphate(2-) : A steroid phosphate oxoanion which is the dianion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of cortisol phosphate.		1.9310steroid phosphate oxoanion
chitosan
[no description available]		3.6180
methylprednisolone suleptanate
methylprednisolone suleptanate: prodrug of methylprednisolone. methylprednisolone suleptanate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of methylprednisolone 21-suleptanic acid ester. It is a prodrug of methylprednisolone developed by Pharmacia Corp for the treatment of asthma.		1.9810organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
glucocorticoid receptor agonist;
prodrug
cortisol succinate, sodium salt
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt		5.7261organic molecular entity
ethyl cellulose
[no description available]		2.3110glycoside
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.0510
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		1.9610
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.6411benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		1.9610
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		2.110
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.0310
brass
[no description available]		1.9610
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		2.1310
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		2.0610
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.3110
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		2.1710
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		2.2510
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		3.35112-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		1.96105-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.2510folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		2.420nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.3920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.3110
Macrophage Activation Syndrome
A serious complication of childhood systemic inflammatory disorders that is thought to be caused by excessive activation and proliferation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. It is seen predominantly in children with systemic onset JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.		02.3110
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		04.9832
Itching
[description not available]		04.832
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		04.1521
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.730
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		04.9832
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		04.832
Ache
[description not available]		04.9742
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		04.9742
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		05.2641
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.27190
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.8330
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		05.2641
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.2110
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		09.51237
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.2110
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		02.2510
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.4120
Medial Neuropathy, Distal
[description not available]		02.2510
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.4120
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		07.81136
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		19.4765
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		02.5820
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		02.5820
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		05.8781
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		05.8781
Anasarca
[description not available]		05.6773
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.2510
Insect Bites
[description not available]		02.2510
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		05.6773
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		02.2510
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.		02.2510
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.5220
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		05.1431
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		03.6230
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.3110
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		04.2741
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		04.2741
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		05.8142
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		04.8232
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		05.8142
Pink Eye
[description not available]		03.8121
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		03.8121
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		03.711
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		03.711
Glandular Fever
[description not available]		02.1510
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.1510
Infectious Mononucleosis
A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.		02.1510
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		02.1510
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		02.1510
Corneal Angiogenesis
[description not available]		02.8330
Corneal Neovascularization
New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.		02.8330
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.1710
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.9840
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.1710
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.5820
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.5820
Panuveitis
Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.		02.1510
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		02.4220
Cranial Nerve I Injury
[description not available]		02.1710
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		02.4220
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		02.6830
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		02.5220
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		04.1431
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.4120
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Gammapathy, Monoclonal
[description not available]		02.1710
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.4520
Macular Holes
[description not available]		02.1710
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		04.1431
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.4120
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.1710
Paraproteinemias
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.		02.1710
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		02.4520
Retinal Perforations
Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.		02.1710
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		02.9240
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		02.9240
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial
[description not available]		02.5520
Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		02.1710
Kawasaki Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Adenoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.		02.1710
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.		02.1710
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic
A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.		02.5520
Episcleritis
[description not available]		03.0910
Ocular Infections
[description not available]		03.4720
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.4120
Scleritis
Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.		15.0910
Eye Infections
Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.		03.4720
HbS Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		02.2110
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.6332
Back Ache
[description not available]		04.6332
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		03.7921
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		04.1831
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		04.6332
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		03.7921
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		04.1831
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal.		02.2110
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.4620
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.4620
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		04.7532
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		04.7532
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		03.7730
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		02.5720
Deafness, Sudden
Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.		02.2110
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		03.7730
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		02.5720
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.6861
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.6830
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.5351
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.420
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		02.110
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		03.8921
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		03.8921
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		03.4811
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome
[description not available]		03.9121
Ataxia Telangiectasia
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).		03.9121
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		06.3153
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		04.411
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		04.411
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		06.3153
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		04.411
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		04.411
Chondromalacia
Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.		02.0810
Embolus
[description not available]		02.0810
Myelopathy
[description not available]		02.0810
Cartilage Diseases
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).		02.0810
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		02.0810
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		02.0810
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		02.0810
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		09.631311
Coracohumeral Impingement
[description not available]		08.155
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		09.631311
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
Compression of the ROTATOR CUFF tendons and subacromial bursa between the HUMERAL HEAD and the ACROMION of the SCAPULA. This condition is associated with subacromial BURSITIS, as well as rotator cuff (largely supraspinatus) and bicipital tendon INFLAMMATION.		08.155
Shoulder Pain
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.		07.5244
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		02.1110
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		02.1110
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		02.1110
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		02.1110
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		08.67158
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		08.67158
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		02.1110
Cyst
[description not available]		03.3220
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		03.0310
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		03.0310
Neurologic Voice Disorder
[description not available]		03.0310
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		03.3220
Voice Disorders
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.		03.0310
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		02.1110
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		02.1110
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		02.1110
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		02.1110
Tendinitis
Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.		03.8521
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.		03.8521
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		03.8821
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		03.8821
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		02.1110
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		02.1310
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		02.1310
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		02.1310
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		02.1310
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		02.1310
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		02.1310
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		02.1310
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		02.1310
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		02.1310
Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic
[description not available]		02.1510
Deafness Unilateral
[description not available]		02.1510
Polychondritis, Relapsing
An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.		02.1510
Convalescence
The period of recovery following an illness.		04.4311
Emesis
[description not available]		06.4452
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		06.0632
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		06.4452
Teeth, Impacted
[description not available]		03.821
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		02.1310
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.5120
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.5120
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.9610
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		03.3220
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		02.9610
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		03.3220
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		02.9610
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.0510
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		06.2472
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.0510
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.		02.0510
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		02.0510
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.4420
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		02.3720
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.0410
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		02.3720
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.0410
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.4420
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.3920
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.0510
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.3920
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.0510
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		03.4311
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		03.4311
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		03.4311
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		03.4311
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.9610
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.9610
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.6730
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.3920
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		02.0510
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.6730
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.3920
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.0510
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.0510
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.0510
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.0510
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.0510
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.4420
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		0531
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		0531
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		02.9710
Chronic Plantar Fasciitis
[description not available]		04.7721
Fasciitis, Plantar
Inflammation of the plantar fascia (APONEUROSIS) on the bottom of the foot causing heel pain. The etiology of plantar fasciitis remains controversial but is likely to involve a biomechanical imbalance. Though often presenting along with HEEL SPUR, they do not appear to be causally related.		04.7721
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		02.0510
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		02.0510
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.0510
Actinomycetoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		02.0510
Mycetoma
A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.		02.0510
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		02.0610
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		03.7821
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		04.3441
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.0610
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.0610
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		09.3441
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.0610
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.0610
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.0610
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		02.0610
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		02.9810
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.9810
Exanthem
[description not available]		02.9810
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.9810
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction
[description not available]		02.9810
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.9810
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		02.9810
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		02.9810
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.9810
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		02.9810
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		03.630
Recrudescence
[description not available]		07.0773
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		02.9810
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		02.9810
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.0710
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		02.0710
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.0710
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		02.420
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		02.420
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		02.4620
Abscess, Retropharyngeal
[description not available]		02.4620
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		02.4620
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.0710
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.6430
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.6430
Leukemia, Plasmacytic
[description not available]		02.0710
Leukemia, Plasma Cell
A rare, aggressive variant of MULTIPLE MYELOMA characterized by the circulation of excessive PLASMA CELLS in the peripheral blood. It can be a primary manifestation of multiple myeloma or develop as a terminal complication during the disease.		02.0710
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		05.5492
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell
[description not available]		02.9310
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.9310
Giant Cell Arteritis
A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)		02.9310
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		04.4851
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		04.0831
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		04.4851
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		04.0831
Allergic Conjunctivitis
[description not available]		03.3911
Conjunctivitis, Allergic
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.		03.3911
Rheumatism
[description not available]		01.9310
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		01.9310
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		01.9310
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		01.9310
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		01.9310
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		01.9310
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		01.9310
Hives
[description not available]		01.9310
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9310
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		01.9310
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		01.9310
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		01.9310
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		01.9310
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		01.9310
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		01.9310
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		01.9310
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		02.3520
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		02.3520
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.3720
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.3720
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		01.9410
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		01.9310
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		01.9310
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.3520
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.3520
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.0110
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.0110
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.0110
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.0110
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		02.0110
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.0210
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.0210
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		03.4111
Snoring
Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.		03.4111
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		03.4111
Lock Jaw
[description not available]		04.6232
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.940
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.4420
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.940
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.4420
Diathesis
[description not available]		03.8221
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.0310
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.0310
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.4220
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		02.4220
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		02.0310
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.0310
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		03.4111
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.8121
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		03.8121
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated
[description not available]		04.3311
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).		04.3311
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.0310
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.0310
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		02.0310
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		02.0310
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		03.4211
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		03.4211
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		03.4211
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		03.4211
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.0410
Coenuri Infection
[description not available]		02.0410
Cysticercosis
Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.		02.0410
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.0410
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.0410
Injuries, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.0410
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		02.0410
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.0410
Amaurosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.3920
Apoplexy, Pituitary
[description not available]		02.0410
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.0410
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.0410
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.3920
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		04.3411
Costen's Syndrome
[description not available]		04.3411
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		04.3411
Furrow Keratitis
[description not available]		04.0431
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9610
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		01.9610
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		01.9610
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		01.9610
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		01.9610
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		03.7521
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		04.0431
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		03.7521
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		04.0431
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		01.9610
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		01.9610
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		01.9610
Hallux Abductovalgus
[description not available]		03.3511
Hallux Valgus
Lateral displacement of the great toe (HALLUX), producing deformity of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT with callous, bursa, or BUNION formation over the bony prominence.		03.3511
Infectious Endophthalmitis
Infectious condition of the internal eye.		06.9684
Endophthalmitis
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.		06.9684
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		03.7521
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		03.7521
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		01.9610
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		07.8674
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		07.8674
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		01.9610
Agoraphobia
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.		01.9610
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		01.9610
Shingles
[description not available]		01.9610
Herpes Zoster, Ocular
[description not available]		03.7621
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.		03.7621
Hyaline Membrane Disease
A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).		03.3511
Postintubation Croup
[description not available]		03.7521
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.		03.7521
Croup
Inflammation involving the GLOTTIS or VOCAL CORDS and the subglottic larynx. Croup is characterized by a barking cough, HOARSENESS, and persistent inspiratory STRIDOR (a high-pitched breathing sound). It occurs chiefly in infants and children.		03.7521
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		01.9610
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		01.9610
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		01.9610
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		01.9610
Lacrimal Duct Obstruction
Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)		03.3411
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.3820
Collagen Diseases
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)		01.9610
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		02.3820
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.3720
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.3720
Retrolental Fibroplasia
[description not available]		01.9610
Retinopathy of Prematurity
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		01.9610
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		01.9610
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
[description not available]		07.3844
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		07.3844
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture
Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.		07.3844
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		07.3844
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		03.3411
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		03.3411
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		03.3411
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		03.320
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		03.320
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.6830
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.3920
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8940
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		02.6830
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.3920
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		03.7721
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.7621
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		03.7621
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		04.3422
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		04.3422
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		01.9910
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		01.9910
Glaucoma, Suspect
[description not available]		03.7921
Ocular Hypertension
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.		03.7921
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia
[description not available]		01.9910
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		01.9910
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal
Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.		01.9910
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		01.9910
Bacterial Conjunctivitides
[description not available]		01.9910
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial
Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.		01.9910
Deficiency, Vitamin A
[description not available]		01.9910
Vitamin A Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)		01.9910
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		01.9910
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		01.9910
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum
[description not available]		02.3820
Jaundice, Neonatal
Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.		02.3820
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		01.9910
Asthmatic Crisis
[description not available]		01.9910
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		01.9910
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9910
Status Asthmaticus
A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.		01.9910
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		0210
Bacillaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family BACILLACEAE.		02.4120
Bacterial Eye Infections
[description not available]		02.4120
Intussusception
A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.		03.3911
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		03.3911
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		03.3911
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
[description not available]		0210
Keratitis, Herpetic
A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)		0210
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		0210
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		0210
Envenomation, Snakebite
[description not available]		01.9510
Amblyopia, Developmental
[description not available]		01.9710
Eyelid Neoplasms
Tumors of cancer of the EYELIDS.		01.9710
Amblyopia
A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.		01.9710
Lens Diseases
Diseases involving the CRYSTALLINE LENS.		01.9710
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		01.9610
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		01.9610
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		01.9610
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		01.9610
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		01.9610
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		13.9610
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		01.9610
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		01.9610
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		01.9710
Iritis
Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.		03.3511
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		01.9610
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		01.9610
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		01.9610
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		01.9610
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.3720
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3720
Eye Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.		01.9610
Pemphigoid
[description not available]		01.9610
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		01.9610
Pemphigoid, Bullous
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.		01.9610
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		02.8810
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		02.8810
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		01.9710
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		01.9610
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Malignant Catarrh
A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary epithelia, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis and lymph node enlargement. Syn: bovine epitheliosis, snotsiekte.		01.9610
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		01.9610
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		01.9610
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		01.9610
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		01.9610
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		01.9610
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		01.9610
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		01.9610
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		03.3511
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		03.3511
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		03.3511
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		03.3511
Edema, Laryngeal
[description not available]		03.3511
Laryngeal Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.		03.3511
Facial Asymmetry
Congenital or acquired asymmetry of the face.		01.9610
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.		01.9610
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		03.7521