Page last updated: 2024-12-05

norflurane

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

norflurane: may replace R 12 as air-conditioning refrigerant; structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	13129
CHEMBL ID	2104432
SCHEMBL ID	9499
SCHEMBL ID	1789650
MeSH ID	M0174110

Synonyms (80)

Synonym
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or refrigerant gas r 134a
dh9e53k1y8 ,
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or refrigerant gas r 134a [un3159] [nonflammable liquid]
unii-dh9e53k1y8
ec 212-377-0
norflurano
norfluranum
hfa-134-a
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
norflurane
refrigerant r134a
r 134a
un3159
hsdb 6756
ccris 7214
norflurane [usan:inn:ban]
hfc 134a
norfluranum [inn-latin]
f 134a
fron 134a
fc 134a
r-134a
1,1,1,2-tetrafluorethan
hcfc 134a
khladon 134a
1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
einecs 212-377-0
arcton 134a
tg 134a
norflurano [inn-spanish]
hfa 134a
811-97-2
norflurane (usan/inn)
D05208
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, >=99%
ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-
T1476
A840070
1,1,1,2-tetrakis(fluoranyl)ethane
ethane, tetrafluoro-
29759-38-4
hfa-134a
hfc-134a
tetrafluoroethane
FT-0605908
r134a
tetrafluoroethane [vandf]
hfa-134a propellant
norflurane [ii]
norflurane [who-dd]
norflurane [inn]
norflurane [ep monograph]
hfc-134a [mi]
hydrofluorocarbon 134a [inci]
norflurane [usan]
norflurane [hsdb]
norflurane [mart.]
AKOS015853137
solkane 134a
genetron 134a
hydrofluorocarbon 134a
freon 134a
CHEMBL2104432
forane 134a
dymel 134a
suva 134a
SCHEMBL9499
SCHEMBL1789650
cf3ch2f
norfluran
DTXSID1021324
mfcd00066608
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane 100 microg/ml in methanol
norflurane; 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane; hfc 134a
DB13116
1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane
Q423029
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-ethane
AMY25787
myblxuzjujmvql-uhfffaoysa-n

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" There were no notable adverse events, there was no evidence of effects on the central nervous system, and there were no symptoms of upper respiratory tract irritation."	( Human safety and pharmacokinetics of the CFC alternative propellants HFC 134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) and HFC 227 (1,1,1,2,3,3, 3-heptafluoropropane) following whole-body exposure. Alexander, DJ; Borkhataria, D; Duistermaat, E; Emmen, HH; Hoogendijk, EM; Klöpping-Ketelaars, WA; Muijser, H; Ravensberg, JC; Rusch, GM; Schmit, B, 2000)	0.31

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The safety, tolerability and systemic pharmacodynamic activity of the salmeterol/HFA134a inhaler, the current salmeterol inhaler, and placebo (HFA134a) were compared in 12 healthy volunteers in a double blind, randomised crossover study using a cumulative dosing design."	( Salmeterol inhaler using a non-chlorinated propellant, HFA134a: systemic pharmacodynamic activity in healthy volunteers. Kirby, SM; Smith, J; Ventresca, GP, 1995)	0.29
"In healthy volunteers the salmeterol/HFA134a inhaler is at least as safe and well tolerated as the current salmeterol inhaler, and has similar systemic pharmacodynamic activity."	( Salmeterol inhaler using a non-chlorinated propellant, HFA134a: systemic pharmacodynamic activity in healthy volunteers. Kirby, SM; Smith, J; Ventresca, GP, 1995)	0.29

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The safety, tolerability and systemic pharmacodynamic activity of the salmeterol/HFA134a inhaler, the current salmeterol inhaler, and placebo (HFA134a) were compared in 12 healthy volunteers in a double blind, randomised crossover study using a cumulative dosing design."	( Salmeterol inhaler using a non-chlorinated propellant, HFA134a: systemic pharmacodynamic activity in healthy volunteers. Kirby, SM; Smith, J; Ventresca, GP, 1995)	0.29
" Before it can be used, however, particularly as a propellant in an aerosol pharmaceutical formulation whereby the compound is in effect dosed to people, it is important that the safety of this compound is established."	( The minimal metabolism of inhaled 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane to trifluoroacetic acid in man as determined by high sensitivity 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine samples. Ismail, I; Mallett, DN; Matthews, C; Monté, SY; Tanner, RJ, 1994)	0.29
" Pulmonary function and safety measures were assessed after each dosing interval."	( Cumulative dose response study comparing HFA-134a albuterol sulfate and conventional CFC albuterol in patients with asthma. Colice, GL; Ekholm, BP; Klinger, NM; Ramsdell, JW, 1998)	0.3
" HFA134a was rapidly absorbed after inhalation with dose-related blood concentrations which declined rapidly after dosing (t1/2 = 31 min)."	( Clinical pharmacology of HFA134a. Ventresca, GP, 1995)	0.29
" Unfortunately, for some lesions, the threshold incident light dosage for epidermal injury can be very close to the threshold for permanent removal of the target chromophore, thus precluding the use of higher light dosages."	( Active skin cooling in conjunction with laser dermatologic surgery. Kelly, KM; Majaron, B; Nelson, JS, 2000)	0.31
"Frost formation following CSC does not usually affect laser dosage delivered for therapy of subsurface targets."	( Cryogen spray cooling in laser dermatology: effects of ambient humidity and frost formation. Aguilar, G; Kimel, S; Lavernia, EJ; Majaron, B; Nelson, JS; Pope, K; Svaasand, LO; Verkruysse, W, 2001)	0.31
"Spray drying biologics and small-molecule drugs can increase their thermal stability relative to liquid dosage forms and allow for widespread distribution to developing countries without cold chain infrastructure."	( Amorphous pullulan trehalose microparticle platform for respiratory delivery. Barona, D; Carrigy, NB; Finlay, WH; Liu, Y; Melhem, O; Milburn, L; Ordoubadi, M; Ruzycki, CA; Vehring, R; Wang, H, 2019)	0.51

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (95)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	25 (26.32)	18.2507
2000's	37 (38.95)	29.6817
2010's	28 (29.47)	24.3611
2020's	5 (5.26)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 49.09

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	49.09 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	4.79 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	4.52 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	76.41 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (49.09)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	16 (15.53%)	5.53%
Reviews	5 (4.85%)	6.00%
Case Studies	4 (3.88%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	78 (75.73%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (10)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, 2 Period, Crossover Phase 1/2a Study Testing Safety/Efficacy of Advair HFA (Salmeterol, Fluticasone) in Resting & Exercising Healthy & High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) Predisposed Subjects [NCT06040268]	Phase 1/Phase 2	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-12	Recruiting
The Effect of Alcoholic-carrier Solutions Within-devices (HFA134a-MDI or Respimat®) on Breath Alcohol Measured by Ethylometer in Healthy Volunteers [NCT02264145]	Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1998-11-30	Completed
A Single-Dose, Double Blind, Crossover Trial to Determinate the Comparability of Ipratropium Bromide HFA-134a Inhalation Aerosol to the Market Standard, Atrovent® CFC Inhalation Aerosol, in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) [NCT02260011]	Phase 2	41 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2000-10-31	Completed
A Single Dose Two-way Cross-over Study in Healthy Participants to Compare the Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Salbutamol Administered Via Metered Dose Inhalers Containing Propellants HFA-152a and HFA-134a [NCT05791565]	Phase 1	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-04-03	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Parallel Group 12-Week Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol Hydrofluoroalkane 134a Metered-Dose-Inhaler 230/42mcg Twice-daily With Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol DISKUS 250 [NCT00633217]	Phase 4	247 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
A 12-week Phase III Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Beclomethasone Dipropionate/Formoterol Single Inhaler HFA 134a-pMDI in Adult Patients With Mild to Moderate Persistent Asthma [NCT00862264]	Phase 3	286 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-08-31	Completed
The Effect of HFA-beclomethasone Dipropionate on Static Lung Volumes in COPD [NCT00238082]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1999-11-30	Terminated
Vapocoolant Spray as a Novel Local Anesthetic for Cutaneous Abscess Incision and Drainage [NCT01673061]	Phase 4	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Terminated(stopped due to Vapocoolant not effective controlling pain compared with Lidocaine.)
An Open-Label, Crossover, Pharmacokinetic Trial to Determine the Comparability of 84 µg Ipratropium Bromide HFA-134a Inhalation Aerosol to 84 µg ATROVENT® CFC Inhalation Aerosol, in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) [NCT02236169]	Phase 2	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2000-10-31	Completed
Open-label, Randomised, Controlled, 2-way Cross-over Study to Assess the Effect of Multiple Doses of the New HFA-152a Propellant Versus the Marketed HFA-134a Propellant on Mucociliary Clearance in Healthy Volunteers [NCT05875025]	Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-06-26	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00633217 (3) [back to overview]	Mean Change From Baseline in AM Pre-dose FEV1
NCT00633217 (3) [back to overview]	Mean Change From Baseline in Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) 2 Hours Post-dose of Blinded Study Drug
NCT00633217 (3) [back to overview]	Mean Change From Baseline in Peak Expiratory Flow

Mean Change From Baseline in AM Pre-dose FEV1

Change from baseline was calculated as the value at Endpoint minus the baseline value. AM pre-dose FEV1, which is assessed using spirometry, is the maximum amount of air you can forcefully exhale in one second prior to taking the morning dose of study drug. Endpoint was defined as the last scheduled observation for AM pre-dose FEV1 during the 12-week treatment period. (NCT00633217)
Timeframe: Measurement of FEV1 prior to study drug administration; Baseline through Week 12

Intervention	mL (Mean)
HFA MDI 230/42 mcg and Matching DISKUS Placebo	74
DISKUS 250/50 mcg and Matching HFA MDI Placebo	77

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) 2 Hours Post-dose of Blinded Study Drug

The primary efficacy analysis was mean change from baseline in 2-hour post-dose FEV1 compared between the two treatment groups at Endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the value at Endpoint minus the baseline value. FEV1, which is assessed using spirometry, is the maximal amount of air you can forcefully exhale in one second. Endpoint was defined as the last scheduled observation for 2 hour post-dose FEV1 during the 12-week treatment period. (NCT00633217)
Timeframe: 2 hours after administration of blinded study drug; Baseline through Week 12

Intervention	milliliters (mL) (Mean)
HFA MDI 230/42 mcg and Matching DISKUS Placebo	155
DISKUS 250/50 mcg and Matching HFA MDI Placebo	150

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Peak Expiratory Flow

The peak expiratory flow is a measure of the amount of air that can be pushed through the airways in a single rapid exhalation. This is measured by a peak flow meter which is a hand held device. Change from baseline was calculated as the average value over Weeks 1-12 minus the baseline value. (NCT00633217)
Timeframe: Baseline through Week 12

Intervention	Liters/minute (L/min) (Mean)
HFA MDI 230/42 mcg and Matching DISKUS Placebo	21.8
DISKUS 250/50 mcg and Matching HFA MDI Placebo	18.7

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Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.03	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.08	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.02	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	1.97	1	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.01	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.03	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.48	2	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	6.02	6	5	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	4.43	1	1	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	3.42	1	1	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	1.99	1	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.7	3	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	2.67	3	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	9.22	8	8	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.38	2	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	2.07	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
1,1-difluoroethane [no description available]	2.45	2	0
fluorocarbon 22 [no description available]	2.01	1	0	hydrochlorofluorocarbon
trichlorofluoromethane trichlorofluoromethane: refrigerant, aerosol propellant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trichlorofluoromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by three chlorine and one fluorine atom.	3.27	1	0	chlorofluorocarbon; halomethane	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound; NMR solvent; refrigerant
dichlorodifluoromethane dichlorodifluoromethane: refrigerant,aerosol propellant	5.46	4	1
1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane: volatile metabolite of halothane	1.98	1	0	organofluorine compound
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.69	3	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane [no description available]	3.27	1	0	chlorofluorocarbon; haloalkane	NMR solvent; refrigerant
freon 114 Freon 114: InChIKey: DDMOUSALMHHKOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N	3.27	1	0
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.41	2	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.17	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.21	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	2.08	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane: structure given in first source. hydrochlorofluorocarbon : An organochlorine compound derived from methane, ethane or propane that contains atoms of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon only.	3.53	2	0
pentafluoroethane [no description available]	3.6	2	0
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane [no description available]	3.27	1	0
perflexane perfluorohexane : A fluoroalkane that is hexane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	2.02	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; radioopaque medium
1,1,1-trifluoroethane [no description available]	3.89	3	0
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	2.07	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
perfluoropentane perfluoropentane: inert expander of tissue spaces, liquid at room temperature, but gaseous at body temperatures; used in experimental eye surgery; structure. perfluoropentane : A fluorocarbon that is pentane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	2.03	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon	radioopaque medium; ultrasound contrast agent
1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane [no description available]	3.53	2	0
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-chloroethane 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-chloroethane: refrigerant	3.27	1	0
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.05	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	1.98	1	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.11	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	4.98	3	3	naphthoic acid
apaflurane [no description available]	4.1	3	1
1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane [no description available]	11.22	13	10
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.03	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.11	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	2.07	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
nadp [no description available]	1.98	1	0
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene: structure in first source	3.59	2	0
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.03	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	3.82	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.07	1	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	1.99	1	0
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	3.87	3	0	21-hydroxy steroid
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.1	1	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	1.97	1	0
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.1	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	6.34	5	3
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	6.34	5	3
Autolysis, Dental Pulp [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	4.76	2	1
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	4.76	2	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	4.91	8	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Dental Pulp Disease [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	3.01	1	0
Dental Pulp Diseases Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.	3.01	1	0
Glue Abuse [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.1	1	0
Frostbite Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.	2.1	1	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	2.1	1	0
Margins of Excision The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery.	3.53	1	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	3.53	1	1
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	7.47	4	4
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	7.47	4	4
Ache [description not available]	12.05	21	21
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	12.05	21	21
Teeth, Devitalized [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Dermatoses [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.71	3	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	3.83	4	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.03	1	0
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Periapical Periodontitis Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.	3.42	1	1
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	2.03	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.03	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	3.37	1	1
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	1.98	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	3.37	1	1
Nevi, Melanocytic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Nevus, Pigmented A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.	1.98	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	1.98	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Nevus Flammeus [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Port-Wine Stain A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483)	2.4	2	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2	1	0

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norflurane

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