annatto profile

Annatto is a natural dye derived from the seeds of the achiote tree (Bixa orellana). It is primarily composed of carotenoid pigments, particularly bixin and norbixin. Annatto is widely used as a food coloring agent, giving foods a yellow to orange hue. It is also used in cosmetics, textiles, and pharmaceuticals. Annatto is generally considered safe for consumption and has potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Research on annatto focuses on its potential health benefits, its use as a natural food coloring, and its potential applications in various industries. Bixin and norbixin are synthesized through a complex pathway involving the isoprenoid biosynthesis and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways within the achiote tree. Annatto has been studied for its potential anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity properties. It has also been investigated for its role in reducing cholesterol levels and improving cardiovascular health. The vibrant color of annatto makes it an attractive and natural alternative to synthetic dyes. Its versatility in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals makes it an important ingredient in various industries.'

annatto: coloring matter from seeds of Bixa orellana L., Bixaceae; contains bixin and pigments that give carotene reactions; induces hyperglycemia [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Related Flora

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Bixa	genus	A plant genus of the family BIXACEAE that contains bixin and is the source of annatto food coloring.[MeSH]	Bixaceae	A plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. Bixa contains bixin. Cochlospermum contains arjunolic acid and gum kondagogu (POLYSACCHARIDES).[MeSH]
Bixa orellana	species	[no description available]	Bixaceae	A plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. Bixa contains bixin. Cochlospermum contains arjunolic acid and gum kondagogu (POLYSACCHARIDES).[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	92801
MeSH ID	M0152834

Synonym
norbixen
annatto
4,8,13,17-tetramethylicosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-nonaenedioic acid
FT-0622406
diapocarotene-6,6'-dioic acid
6,6'-diapo-6,6'-carotenedioic acid
e160 (norbixin)
DTXSID80859472

Research Excerpts

Overview

Annatto is a natural dye or coloring agent derived from the seeds, or their arils, of achiote (Bixa orellana L.), and is commercially known as E160b. It is widely used in the food industry, particularly in the dairy industry.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Annatto is a natural dye or coloring agent derived from the seeds, or their arils, of achiote (Bixa orellana L.), and is commercially known as E160b."	( The biotechnology (genetic transformation and molecular biology) of Bixa orellana L. (achiote). Dobránszki, J; Rivera-Madrid, R; Teixeira da Silva, JA, 2018)	1.2
"Annatto is a yellow/orange colorant that is widely used in the food industry, particularly in the dairy industry. "	( Invited review: Annatto usage and bleaching in dairy foods. Bastian, E; Campbell, RE; Drake, MA; Kang, EJ, 2010)	2.15
"Annatto or urucum is an orange-yellow dye obtained from Bixa orellana seeds. "	( Induction of liver monooxygenases by annatto and bixin in female rats. De-Oliveira, AC; Manhaes-Rocha, DA; Paumgartten, FJ; Silva, IB, 2003)	2.03
"Annatto is a pigment derived from the seeds of Bixa orellana. "	( Annatto: a natural choice. Evans, WC, 2000)	3.19
"Annatto is a natural food colorant extracted from the seeds of the Bixa orellana L. "	( Comparison of volatile compounds in water- and oil-soluble annatto (Bixa orellana L.) extracts. Galindo-Cuspinera, V; Lubran, MB; Rankin, SA, 2002)	2
"Annatto dye is an orange-yellow food coloring extracted from the seeds of the tree Bixa orellana. "	( Anaphylaxis to annatto dye: a case report. Goetz, DW; Nish, WA; Ramirez, DA; Whisman, BA, 1991)	2.08

Effects

Annatto (norbixin) has been used to color cheeses for centuries. There is very little knowledge about interactions between the pigment and dairy proteins. Annatto tocotrienol has been shown to improve medical complications associated with MetS.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Annatto tocotrienol has been shown to improve medical complications associated with MetS or bone loss in animal studies."	( Exploring the potential of tocotrienol from Bixa orellana as a single agent targeting metabolic syndrome and bone loss. Ahmad, F; Chin, KY; Ima-Nirwana, S; Suhaimi, FH; Wong, SK, 2018)	1.2
"Annatto (norbixin) has been used to color cheeses for centuries, but there is very little knowledge about interactions between the pigment and dairy proteins. "	( Probing the binding between norbixin and dairy proteins by spectroscopy methods. Zhang, Y; Zhong, Q, 2013)	1.83

Treatment

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Treatment with annatto tocotrienol improved all MetS parameters (except abdominal obesity), trabecular bone microstructure, bone strength, increased osteoclast number, normalized hormonal changes and inflammatory response in the HCHF animals."	( Exploring the potential of tocotrienol from Bixa orellana as a single agent targeting metabolic syndrome and bone loss. Ahmad, F; Chin, KY; Ima-Nirwana, S; Suhaimi, FH; Wong, SK, 2018)	0.82

Toxicity

Annatto-derived tocotrienol up to 600 mg per day for 12 weeks appeared to be safe in postmenopausal osteopenic women, particularly in terms of liver and kidney functions.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" No adverse effect of annatto on the mothers was noted."	( Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of annatto in the rat. Araujo, IB; Borges, OO; De-Carvalho, RR; Kuriyama, SN; Paumgartten, FJ; Pinto, FM; Souza, CA, 2002)	0.89
" There were no treatment-related adverse effects on body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmology and hematology data."	( A thirteen-week oral toxicity study of annatto extract (norbixin), a natural food color extracted from the seed coat of annatto (Bixa orellana L.), in Sprague-Dawley rats. Aoki, H; Hagiwara, A; Ichihara, T; Imai, N; Koda, T; Nakamura, M; Sano, M; Shirai, T; Tamano, S; Yasuhara, K, 2003)	0.59
" The toxic effects of annatto powder (bixin 27%) have been assessed following administration of a subacute regimen (4 weeks, 20 doses) in Wistar male and female rats."	( Subacute toxicity assessment of annatto in rat. Batista, MS; Bautista, AR; Gomes, IC; Miranda, MS; Moreira, EL, 2004)	0.92
"The liver is an important organ for its ability to transform xenobiotics, making the liver tissue a prime target for toxic substances."	( Protective effect of bixin on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Guelfi, M; Maioli, MA; Medeiros, HC; Mingatto, FE; Moreira, PR; Pereira, FT, 2014)	0.4
" No adverse event due to treatments was reported by the participants."	( A 12-week evaluation of annatto tocotrienol supplementation for postmenopausal women: safety, quality of life, body composition, physical activity, and nutrient intake. Abbasi, M; Felton, CK; Hao, L; Khan, MS; Mo, H; Romero, AW; Scott, S; Shen, CL; Tomison, MD; Wang, S; Yang, S, 2018)	0.79
"Annatto-derived tocotrienol up to 600 mg per day for 12 weeks appeared to be safe in postmenopausal osteopenic women, particularly in terms of liver and kidney functions."	( A 12-week evaluation of annatto tocotrienol supplementation for postmenopausal women: safety, quality of life, body composition, physical activity, and nutrient intake. Abbasi, M; Felton, CK; Hao, L; Khan, MS; Mo, H; Romero, AW; Scott, S; Shen, CL; Tomison, MD; Wang, S; Yang, S, 2018)	2.23

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Tocotrienol has been shown to prevent bone loss in animal models of postmenopausal osteoporosis, but the low oral bioavailability might limit its use."	( Therapeutic potential of annatto tocotrienol with self-emulsifying drug delivery system in a rat model of postmenopausal bone loss. Chin, KY; Ima-Nirwana, S; Mohamad, NV, 2021)	0.92

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" A dosage up to 10 microg/ml of AN was devoid of mutagenic activity."	( Effect of annatto on micronuclei induction by direct and indirect mutagens in HepG2 cells. Angeli, JP; Antunes, LM; Barcelos, GR; Mantovani, MS; Rocha, BA; Serpeloni, JM, 2009)	0.76
" Its potential should be evaluated further by varying the dosage and treatment duration."	( Effects of annatto-derived tocotrienol supplementation on osteoporosis induced by testosterone deficiency in rats. Chin, KY; Ima-Nirwana, S, 2014)	0.79
"The effects of annatto seeds and of bixin on the oxidative damage induced by cisplatin in male Wistar rats was evaluated in the present study by way of lipid peroxidation, weight gain, the food efficiency coefficient, fat deposits in the hepatocytes and dosing of the enzymes in this organ."	( Antioxidants from Annatto Seeds as Possible Inhibitory Agents of the Hepatotoxicity Induced by the Antitumor Agent Cisplatin. de Jong, EV; de Oliveira Rios, A; Dos Santos, PCP; Medeiros, NDS; Nora, CD; Pagno, CH; Souza, LF, 2016)	1.12

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (473 Items)

Item	Process	Frequency
Dairies	core-ingredient	1,372
Fermented foods	core-ingredient	1,332
Fermented milk products	core-ingredient	1,330
Cheeses	core-ingredient	1,232
Desserts	core-ingredient	555
Frozen foods	core-ingredient	543
Frozen desserts	core-ingredient	440
Snacks	core-ingredient	400
Cheeses from the United Kingdom	core-ingredient	184
Cow cheeses	core-ingredient	184
Cheeses from England	core-ingredient	183
Cheddar cheese	core-ingredient	179
Sweet snacks	core-ingredient	168
Plant-based foods and beverages	core-ingredient	168
Plant-based foods	core-ingredient	132
Biscuits and cakes	core-ingredient	126
Condiments	core-ingredient	120
Groceries	core-ingredient	114
Salty snacks	core-ingredient	105
Appetizers	core-ingredient	104
Dairy desserts	core-ingredient	97
Fermented dairy desserts	core-ingredient	96
Yogurts	core-ingredient	95
Biscuits	core-ingredient	95
Cereals and potatoes	core-ingredient	91
Crackers	core-ingredient	91
Cereals and their products	core-ingredient	76
Ice creams and sorbets	core-ingredient	75
Ice creams	core-ingredient	74
Meals	core-ingredient	71
Sauces	core-ingredient	61
Mild cheddar	core-ingredient	52
Meats and their products	core-ingredient	50
Beverages	core-ingredient	48
Meats	core-ingredient	46
Grated cheese	core-ingredient	43
Confectioneries	core-ingredient	35
Plant-based beverages	core-ingredient	34
Prepared meats	core-ingredient	33
Sausages	core-ingredient	31
Milks	core-ingredient	28
Pasta dishes	core-ingredient	19
Ice cream sandwiches	core-ingredient	17
Fruits and vegetables based foods	core-ingredient	17
Breakfasts	core-ingredient	17
Soups	core-ingredient	17
Breakfast cereals	core-ingredient	16
Chips and fries	core-ingredient	15
Crisps	core-ingredient	14
Fats	core-ingredient	14
Mexican cheeses	core-ingredient	13
Pie dough	core-ingredient	12
Greek-style yogurts	core-ingredient	12
Popcorn	core-ingredient	12
Cooking helpers	core-ingredient	12
Dairy substitutes	core-ingredient	12
Sandwiches	core-ingredient	11
Dried products	core-ingredient	10
Dips	core-ingredient	10
Pizzas pies and quiches	core-ingredient	10
Breads	core-ingredient	10
Dried products to be rehydrated	core-ingredient	9
Cakes	core-ingredient	9
Havarti	core-ingredient	9
Danish cheeses	core-ingredient	9
Ice cream tubs	core-ingredient	9
en:grated-cheese	core-ingredient	8
Ice cream bars	core-ingredient	8
Vegetables based foods	core-ingredient	8
Pastas	core-ingredient	8
Spreads	core-ingredient	8
Dehydrated beverages	core-ingredient	8
Pizzas	core-ingredient	8
Creams	core-ingredient	8
Colby Jack cheese	core-ingredient	7
Frozen vegetables	core-ingredient	7
Frozen plant-based foods	core-ingredient	7
Frozen meats	core-ingredient	7
extruded cereals	core-ingredient	7
Macaroni and cheese	core-ingredient	7
American cheeses	core-ingredient	7
Mustards	core-ingredient	7
Käse	core-ingredient	6
Fermentierte Milch	core-ingredient	6
Fermentierte Lebensmittel	core-ingredient	6
Milchprodukte	core-ingredient	6
Milk substitutes	core-ingredient	6
Pastry helpers	core-ingredient	6
Gouda	core-ingredient	6
Cocoa and its products	core-ingredient	6
Zuivelproducten	core-ingredient	6
Gekochte Eier	core-ingredient	6
Eier aus Bodenhaltung	core-ingredient	6
Hühnereier	core-ingredient	6
Vogeleier	core-ingredient	6
Landwirtschaftliche Produkte	core-ingredient	6
Corn chips	core-ingredient	5
Vegetable fats	core-ingredient	5
Plant-based milk alternatives	core-ingredient	5
Spreadable fats	core-ingredient	5
Canned foods	core-ingredient	5
Potato crisps	core-ingredient	5
Uncooked pressed cheeses	core-ingredient	5
Chocolate candies	core-ingredient	5
Seeds	core-ingredient	5
Burritos	core-ingredient	5
Gefermenteerde zuivelproducten	core-ingredient	5
Gefermenteerde levensmiddelen	core-ingredient	5
Goudas	core-ingredient	5
Ungekochter gepresster Käse	core-ingredient	5
Kuhmilchkäse	core-ingredient	5
Rice dishes	core-ingredient	4
Plant-based spreads	core-ingredient	4
Cake mixes	core-ingredient	4
Dessert mixes	core-ingredient	4
Baking Mixes	core-ingredient	4
Canned soups	core-ingredient	4
Canned meals	core-ingredient	4
Cheeses of the Netherlands	core-ingredient	4
Sliced cheeses	core-ingredient	4
Cereal grains	core-ingredient	4
Dietary supplements	core-ingredient	4
Gummi candies	core-ingredient	4
Candies	core-ingredient	4
Holländischer Käse	core-ingredient	4
Kazen	core-ingredient	4
Chocolate biscuits	core-ingredient	4
Stuffed pastas	core-ingredient	3
Proposed-for-deletion	core-ingredient	3
Empty	core-ingredient	3
Chocolate ice cream bars	core-ingredient	3
Salted snacks	core-ingredient	3
Baking decorations	core-ingredient	3
Frozen yogurts	core-ingredient	3
Mixtures of herbs and spices	core-ingredient	3
Margarines	core-ingredient	3
Salted spreads	core-ingredient	3
Pasteurized cheeses	core-ingredient	3
Low-fat yogurts	core-ingredient	3
Spices	core-ingredient	3
Non-dairy desserts	core-ingredient	3
Dairy drinks	core-ingredient	3
Hamburgers	core-ingredient	3
Meat preparations	core-ingredient	3
Cheese substitutes	core-ingredient	3
Fromages	core-ingredient	3
Produits laitiers fermentés	core-ingredient	3
Produits fermentés	core-ingredient	3
Produits laitiers	core-ingredient	3
Vanilla ice cream tubs	core-ingredient	3
Dijon mustards	core-ingredient	3
Rices	core-ingredient	3
cheese	core-ingredient	3
Botanas	core-ingredient	3
Butters	core-ingredient	3
Dairy spread	core-ingredient	3
Milkfat	core-ingredient	3
Animal fats	core-ingredient	3
Licensed products	core-ingredient	3
Vitamins	core-ingredient	3
Puffed salty snacks	core-ingredient	3
Salzige Snacks	core-ingredient	3
Imbiss	core-ingredient	3
Salads	core-ingredient	2
Prepared salads	core-ingredient	2
Fries	core-ingredient	2
Legumes and their products	core-ingredient	2
Smoked sausages	core-ingredient	2
Sunflower seeds and their products	core-ingredient	2
Salad dressings	core-ingredient	2
Spice Mix	core-ingredient	2
Almond milk yogurts	core-ingredient	2
Non-dairy yogurts	core-ingredient	2
Non-dairy fermented foods	core-ingredient	2
Drinkable yogurts	core-ingredient	2
Fermented milk drinks	core-ingredient	2
Fermented drinks	core-ingredient	2
String cheeses	core-ingredient	2
pl:Przyprawa do kurczaka	core-ingredient	2
Chicken seasoning	core-ingredient	2
en:frozen-desserts	core-ingredient	2
Cheese pizzas	core-ingredient	2
Vegetarian pizzas	core-ingredient	2
Cheddars	core-ingredient	2
Fromages d'Angleterre	core-ingredient	2
Fromages du Royaume-Uni	core-ingredient	2
Fromages de vache	core-ingredient	2
Aliments d'origine végétale	core-ingredient	2
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux	core-ingredient	2
Eggnog without alcohol	core-ingredient	2
Agnolotti	core-ingredient	2
Cheddar slices	core-ingredient	2
Frozen pizzas	core-ingredient	2
Frozen pizzas and pies	core-ingredient	2
Orange juices	core-ingredient	2
Fruit juices	core-ingredient	2
Juices and nectars	core-ingredient	2
Fruit-based beverages	core-ingredient	2
Nuts and their products	core-ingredient	2
Chicken preparations	core-ingredient	2
Chicken and its products	core-ingredient	2
Sheep's-milk cheeses	core-ingredient	2
Goat cheeses	core-ingredient	2
Red Leicester	core-ingredient	2
sucrés	core-ingredient	2
Pastries	core-ingredient	2
Quiches	core-ingredient	2
Vegetable oils	core-ingredient	2
Edam	core-ingredient	2
Products without gluten	core-ingredient	2
Products for specific diets	core-ingredient	2
Specific products	core-ingredient	2
Gummy bears	core-ingredient	2
Cheese sauces	core-ingredient	2
Desserts op basis van melk	core-ingredient	2
Nederlandse kazen	core-ingredient	2
Onverhitte geperste kazen	core-ingredient	2
Koemelkkazen	core-ingredient	2
Shortbread	core-ingredient	2
Shortbread cookies	core-ingredient	2
Vegan vanilla puddings	core-ingredient	2
Galletas	core-ingredient	2
Galletas y pasteles	core-ingredient	2
Snacks dulces	core-ingredient	2
Geraspte kazen	core-ingredient	2
Ravioli	core-ingredient	1
en:salad-dressings	core-ingredient	1
Potato salads	core-ingredient	1
Potato dishes	core-ingredient	1
Frozen fries	core-ingredient	1
Frozen fried potatoes	core-ingredient	1
Small Crackers	core-ingredient	1
Baked Snack Crackers	core-ingredient	1
Baked-snack-crackers	core-ingredient	1
Peanut butters	core-ingredient	1
Legume butters	core-ingredient	1
Oilseed purees	core-ingredient	1
Salisbury steak	core-ingredient	1
Meals with meat	core-ingredient	1
en:frozen-meats	core-ingredient	1
Salmon burger	core-ingredient	1
Unsalted margarines	core-ingredient	1
Breakfast cereals fortified with vitamins and chemical elements	core-ingredient	1
Turkey breasts	core-ingredient	1
Turkeys	core-ingredient	1
Turkey and its products	core-ingredient	1
Poultries	core-ingredient	1
Quesos de vaca	core-ingredient	1
Quesos	core-ingredient	1
Productos fermentados de la leche	core-ingredient	1
Lácteos	core-ingredient	1
Comidas fermentadas	core-ingredient	1
Protein	core-ingredient	1
Bouillon cubes	core-ingredient	1
Dehydrated broths	core-ingredient	1
Broths	core-ingredient	1
Double Gloucester	core-ingredient	1
Sweetened beverages	core-ingredient	1
Cheddar jack cheese	core-ingredient	1
Dried plant-based foods	core-ingredient	1
Vinegars	core-ingredient	1
Freeze-dried foods	core-ingredient	1
fr:Dessert glacé aux fruits	core-ingredient	1
Instant powder for coffee with milk	core-ingredient	1
Instant coffees	core-ingredient	1
Instant beverages	core-ingredient	1
Coffees	core-ingredient	1
en: salés	core-ingredient	1
en:biscuits	core-ingredient	1
Beef patties	core-ingredient	1
Meat patties	core-ingredient	1
Beef preparations	core-ingredient	1
Beef and its products	core-ingredient	1
Diet beverages	core-ingredient	1
Artificially sweetened beverages	core-ingredient	1
plant based butter	core-ingredient	1
Tomato soups	core-ingredient	1
Vegetable soups	core-ingredient	1
Chocolats en poudre	core-ingredient	1
Boissons instantanées	core-ingredient	1
Cacaos et chocolats en poudre	core-ingredient	1
Cacao et dérivés	core-ingredient	1
Boissons	core-ingredient	1
Fruit skyrs	core-ingredient	1
Matières grasses végétales	core-ingredient	1
Matières grasses à tartiner	core-ingredient	1
Pâtes à tartiner végétales	core-ingredient	1
Produits à tartiner	core-ingredient	1
Matières grasses	core-ingredient	1
en:potato-crisps	core-ingredient	1
Craquelin	core-ingredient	1
Puffed cereals	core-ingredient	1
Puffed grains	core-ingredient	1
en:Céréales pour petit déjeuner non enrichies en vitamines et minéraux	core-ingredient	1
Pots	core-ingredient	1
Microwave meals	core-ingredient	1
Instant pasta	core-ingredient	1
Cheese spreads	core-ingredient	1
Brussels sprouts	core-ingredient	1
Buttermilks	core-ingredient	1
Arborio rices	core-ingredient	1
Short grain rices	core-ingredient	1
Rices for risotto	core-ingredient	1
Japonica rices	core-ingredient	1
Canned common beans	core-ingredient	1
Canned legumes	core-ingredient	1
Canned plant-based foods	core-ingredient	1
Legumes	core-ingredient	1
Sorbets	core-ingredient	1
Flavoured milks	core-ingredient	1
Vanilla yogurt	core-ingredient	1
en:noodles	core-ingredient	1
Pappardelle	core-ingredient	1
Puddings	core-ingredient	1
Sofritos	core-ingredient	1
Blueberry muffins	core-ingredient	1
Fruit muffins	core-ingredient	1
Muffins	core-ingredient	1
Horchatas de chufa	core-ingredient	1
Tigernut-based drinks	core-ingredient	1
Nut-based drinks	core-ingredient	1
Shredded cheese	core-ingredient	1
Chicken nuggets	core-ingredient	1
Breaded chicken	core-ingredient	1
Poultry nuggets	core-ingredient	1
Breaded products	core-ingredient	1
en:ice-creams-and-sorbets	core-ingredient	1
en:Grilled and salt	core-ingredient	1
Nueces de Brasil	core-ingredient	1
Nueces de macadamia	core-ingredient	1
Avellanas sin cáscara	core-ingredient	1
Frutos de cáscara sin cáscara	core-ingredient	1
Avellanas	core-ingredient	1
Frutos de cáscara	core-ingredient	1
Frutos de cáscara y derivados	core-ingredient	1
Snacks salados	core-ingredient	1
Alimentos de origen vegetal	core-ingredient	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal	core-ingredient	1
yogurt	core-ingredient	1
Manchego	core-ingredient	1
Spanish cheeses	core-ingredient	1
Five Counties cheese	core-ingredient	1
Nut bars	core-ingredient	1
Bars	core-ingredient	1
Unsalted butters	core-ingredient	1
Hot sauces	core-ingredient	1
Quiches with vegetables	core-ingredient	1
Pork sausages	core-ingredient	1
Health	core-ingredient	1
Multivitamin	core-ingredient	1
Salted butters	core-ingredient	1
Shropshire Blue	core-ingredient	1
Instant oatmeal	core-ingredient	1
Fruit and vegetable preserves	core-ingredient	1
Sweet spreads	core-ingredient	1
Vegetarian hamburgers	core-ingredient	1
Stuffing	core-ingredient	1
Tea bags	core-ingredient	1
Iced teas	core-ingredient	1
Tea-based beverages	core-ingredient	1
Teas	core-ingredient	1
Hot beverages	core-ingredient	1
Kokosnuss-Chips	core-ingredient	1
Jelly beans	core-ingredient	1
en:chocolate-candies	core-ingredient	1
White chocolate bars	core-ingredient	1
White chocolates	core-ingredient	1
Chocolates	core-ingredient	1
Smoothies	core-ingredient	1
Creamer	core-ingredient	1
Sprinkles	core-ingredient	1
Food decorations	core-ingredient	1
Bread coverings	core-ingredient	1
Pretzel	core-ingredient	1
Gouda Cheese	core-ingredient	1
Sunflower seeds	core-ingredient	1
Mustard-sauce	core-ingredient	1
Plant-based sharp cheddar cheese	core-ingredient	1
Hollandaise sauce	core-ingredient	1
Ice cream in individual cup	core-ingredient	1
Puff pastry sheets	core-ingredient	1
Stews	core-ingredient	1
Substituts du fromage	core-ingredient	1
Substituts de produits laitiers	core-ingredient	1
Cheese analogues	core-ingredient	1
Shredded cheese substitutes	core-ingredient	1
Brownies	core-ingredient	1
Chocolate cakes	core-ingredient	1
Processed cheese	core-ingredient	1
Rangoon	core-ingredient	1
Vanilleyoghurts	core-ingredient	1
Yoghurts	core-ingredient	1
Gefermenteerde melkdesserts	core-ingredient	1
Mittelalter Gouda	core-ingredient	1
Smoked haddock	core-ingredient	1
Smoked fishes	core-ingredient	1
Haddock	core-ingredient	1
Fish fillets	core-ingredient	1
Fresh foods	core-ingredient	1
Fishes	core-ingredient	1
Seafood	core-ingredient	1
Cheese doodles	core-ingredient	1
Gerookte kazen	core-ingredient	1
Noord-Hollandse Gouda	core-ingredient	1
Fertiggerichte	core-ingredient	1
Vorspeisen	core-ingredient	1
Light margarines	core-ingredient	1
Young matured Goudas	core-ingredient	1
Junge Goudas	core-ingredient	1
en:barbecue-sauces	core-ingredient	1
Vanilla ice cream cones	core-ingredient	1
Ice cream cones	core-ingredient	1
Vanilla ice cream	core-ingredient	1
Corn Puffs	core-ingredient	1
en:crisps	core-ingredient	1
Custards and pastry creams	core-ingredient	1
Dessert sauces	core-ingredient	1
en:candies	core-ingredient	1
Ice pops	core-ingredient	1
Shortbread biscuits with salted Carmel	core-ingredient	1
Grillardises	core-ingredient	1
Biscuits à la fraise	core-ingredient	1
Biscuits fourrés	core-ingredient	1
Biscuits et gâteaux	core-ingredient	1
de:Gebäck mit Zuckerguss	core-ingredient	1
Toaster pastries	core-ingredient	1
Pies	core-ingredient	1
Sweet pies	core-ingredient	1
Мляко	core-ingredient	1
Vanilla soy desserts	core-ingredient	1
Vanilla	core-ingredient	1
Flavoured soy dessert	core-ingredient	1
Vegan creamy puddings	core-ingredient	1
Soy desserts	core-ingredient	1
Рикота	core-ingredient	1
Италиански сирена	core-ingredient	1
Сирене	core-ingredient	1
Ферментирали млечни продукти	core-ingredient	1
Ферментирали продукти	core-ingredient	1
Млечни продукти	core-ingredient	1
en:crackers	core-ingredient	1
low fat milk	core-ingredient	1
en:Caramel stuffed wafers	core-ingredient	1
Obleas rellenas	core-ingredient	1
en:Wafers	core-ingredient	1
Mayonnaises	core-ingredient	1
Margarina	core-ingredient	1
Grassi vegetali	core-ingredient	1
Grassi spalmabili	core-ingredient	1
Creme spalmabili salate	core-ingredient	1
Spalmabili a base di piante	core-ingredient	1
Spalmabili	core-ingredient	1
Grassi	core-ingredient	1
Cibi a base vegetale	core-ingredient	1
Cibi e bevande a base vegetale	core-ingredient	1
Turrones	core-ingredient	1
Galletas rellenas	core-ingredient	1
Dulces de Navidad	core-ingredient	1
Gastronomía navideña	core-ingredient	1
Alimentos festivos	core-ingredient	1
Dulces	core-ingredient	1
en:Snacks salés	core-ingredient	1
en:Chips et frites	core-ingredient	1
en:Chips de maïs	core-ingredient	1
en:Chips	core-ingredient	1
en:Amuse-gueules	core-ingredient	1
Vanilla vla's	core-ingredient	1
Bevroren dessertroom	core-ingredient	1
Vla's	core-ingredient	1
en:kaas	core-ingredient	1
Breakfast cereals rich in fibre	core-ingredient	1
Milk chocolate biscuits	core-ingredient	1
Chinese hokkien noodles	core-ingredient	1

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
bixin biosynthesis	3	13

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	4 (3.57)	18.7374
1990's	1 (0.89)	18.2507
2000's	25 (22.32)	29.6817
2010's	61 (54.46)	24.3611
2020's	21 (18.75)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	4 (3.42%)	5.53%
Reviews	9 (7.69%)	6.00%
Case Studies	5 (4.27%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	99 (84.62%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.08	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.06	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.02	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.11	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.07	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2.07	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.05	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.25	1	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.07	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.02	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.1	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
n-hexanal [no description available]	2.52	2	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	5.07	7	0	carbonyl compound
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.06	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
pentanal pentanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.	2.08	1	0	saturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
heptanal heptanal : An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.	2.08	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	biomarker
testosterone enanthate [no description available]	2.52	2	0	heptanoate ester; sterol ester	androgen
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	3.47	1	1	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.84	3	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.41	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.05	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	2.11	1	0
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.51	7	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.11	1	0
alkenes [no description available]	2.01	1	0
buserelin Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.	7.58	2	0	oligopeptide
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.15	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.31	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	2.02	1	0
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman: a Vitamin E derivative. chromanol : Any member of the class of chromanes that is chromane substituted by one or more hydroxy groups.	2.11	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.06	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	7.07	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.01	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.02	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
nadp [no description available]	2.1	1	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.66	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.01	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.07	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
norbixin norbixin: an annatto compound; RN given refers to all-trans-norbixin (beta-norbixin); 9-cis-norbixin is alpha-norbixin	5.41	18	0	diterpenoid
geranylgeraniol (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol : A geranylgeraniol in which all four double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.96	3	0	geranylgeraniol
tocotrienol, delta delta-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2.	8.38	6	0	tocotrienol; vitamin E	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.25	1	0
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.11	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
plastochromanol 8 plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol	2.87	3	0
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	8.15	27	2	diterpenoid
erythrosine Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	2.02	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.15	1	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	2.04	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	7.31	1	0	glycoside
chitosan [no description available]	2.88	3	0
glycolipids [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.21	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.25	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.17	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.17	1	0
bixin bixin: structure. bixin : A carotenoic acid that is the 6'-monomethyl ester of 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioic acid.	6.64	20	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	2.31	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	4.92	2	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.7	9	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	2.72	2	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	2.41	1	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	7.41	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	3.99	1	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.21	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.59	2	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	3.54	7	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	3.54	7	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	2.59	2	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	5.25	3	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.24	5	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	3.3	5	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	3.3	5	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Hives [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.53	2	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.96	4	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	2.31	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.5	2	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.78	3	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	3.06	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.42	2	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.42	2	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2.17	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.17	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.52	2	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	2.21	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	2.21	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.08	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.08	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	7.41	2	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.05	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	7.07	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	2.01	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.01	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.01	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.42	2	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.02	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2.94	1	0

annatto

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (8)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (473 Items)

Pathways (1)

Research

Studies (112)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 69.31

Study Types

annatto

Description

Related Flora

Cross-References

Synonyms (8)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (473 Items)

Pathways (1)

Research

Studies (112)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 69.31

Study Types

Related Drugs (60)

Related Conditions (65)