Page last updated: 2024-12-08

combivir

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

lamivudine, zidovudine drug combination: contains half the typical daily doses of both drugs in one tablet [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID160352
MeSH IDM0283174

Synonyms (18)

Synonym
.beta.-l-(-)-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine & 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine & sho-saiko-to
azt & 3tc & sst
.beta.-l-(-)-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine & 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine
4-amino-1-[(2r,5s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]pyrimidin-2-one; 1-[(2r,4s,5s)-4-azido-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-5-methyl-pyrimidine-2,4-dione
combivir(tm)
(-)-3tc & azt
165456-81-5
lamivudine & zidovudine
epivir & retrovir
3tc & zdv
lamivudine; zidovudine
lamivudine, zidovudine drug combination
lamivudine / zidovudine
thymidine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-, mixt. with 4-amino-1-((2r,5s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)-2(1h)-pyrimidinone
lamivudine and zidovudine
3tc / zdv
zidovudine / lamivudine
4-amino-1-[(2r,5s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]pyrimidin-2-one;1-[(2r,4s,5s)-4-azido-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-dione

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Most patients experienced at least one drug-related adverse event that was not considered treatment-limiting by the investigator."( Efficacy and safety of a quadruple combination Combivir + abacavir + efavirenz regimen in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-1-infected adults: La Francilienne.
Chemlal, K; de Truchis, P; Devidas, A; Force, G; Mamet, JP; Mechali, D; Praindhui, D; Pulik, M; Rouveix, E; Welker, Y, 2002
)
0.57
"Safety and efficacy results from this study demonstrated that the quadruple regimen Combivir/abacavir/efavirenz is generally safe and displays potent and durable antiretroviral activity in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients, offering a promising therapeutic option in a PI-sparing strategy."( Efficacy and safety of a quadruple combination Combivir + abacavir + efavirenz regimen in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-1-infected adults: La Francilienne.
Chemlal, K; de Truchis, P; Devidas, A; Force, G; Mamet, JP; Mechali, D; Praindhui, D; Pulik, M; Rouveix, E; Welker, Y, 2002
)
0.8
" Antiretroviral drugs have well documented toxicities and produce adverse events in patients living with HIV/AIDS."( Adverse events and adherence to HIV post-exposure prophylaxis: a cohort study at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana.
Dodoo, AN; Lartey, M; Leufkens, HG; Mantel-Teeuwisse, AK; Nartey, ET; Nortey, PA; Tetteh, RA, 2015
)
0.42
"Following the introduction of a HIV post-exposure prophylaxis program in the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in January 2005, the incidence of adverse events and adherence were documented in occupationally-exposed healthcare workers (HCWs) and healthcare students (HCSs)."( Adverse events and adherence to HIV post-exposure prophylaxis: a cohort study at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana.
Dodoo, AN; Lartey, M; Leufkens, HG; Mantel-Teeuwisse, AK; Nartey, ET; Nortey, PA; Tetteh, RA, 2015
)
0.42
" The frequency of adverse events was 28% (n = 28) in exposed HCWs/HCSs administered 3TC/AZT for 3 days, 91% (n = 68) in exposed HCWs/HCSs administered 3TC/AZT for 28 days and 96% (n = 50) in exposed HCWs/HCSs administered 3TC/AZT/LPV-RTV for 28 days."( Adverse events and adherence to HIV post-exposure prophylaxis: a cohort study at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana.
Dodoo, AN; Lartey, M; Leufkens, HG; Mantel-Teeuwisse, AK; Nartey, ET; Nortey, PA; Tetteh, RA, 2015
)
0.42
"The intolerance to adverse events was cited as the sole reason for truncating PEP, thereby indicating the need for adequate, appropriate and effective counselling, education, active follow-up (possibly through mobile /phone contact) and management of adverse events."( Adverse events and adherence to HIV post-exposure prophylaxis: a cohort study at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana.
Dodoo, AN; Lartey, M; Leufkens, HG; Mantel-Teeuwisse, AK; Nartey, ET; Nortey, PA; Tetteh, RA, 2015
)
0.42
" What is known of the differences in adverse effects between zidovudine, tenofovir and abacavir? How should their respective adverse effect profiles influence the choice between available combinations? We sought answers to these questions by reviewing the literature using the standard Prescrire methodology."( Zidovudine, tenofovir or abacavir? Different adverse effect profiles.
, 2016
)
0.43

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Here we present 24 h serum pharmacokinetic parameters after a single oral exposure to the combination of AZT (40 mg) and 3TC (24 mg), doses equivalent to a human daily dose of Combivir."( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the combination Zidovudine plus Lamivudine in the adult Erythrocebus patas monkey determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis.
Divi, RL; Doerge, DR; Harbaugh, JW; Harbaugh, SW; Poirier, MC; Shockley, ME; St Claire, MC; Twaddle, NC, 2008
)
0.54
" It has shown promising in vitro anti-HIV-1 activities and favourable human pharmacokinetic properties after co-administration with ritonavir (RTV)."( Evaluation of steady-state pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir-boosted BILR 355, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and lamivudine/zidovudine in healthy subjects.
Allen, L; Castles, MA; Huang, DB; Huang, F; MacGregor, TR; Moy, F; Nguyen, T; Robinson, P; Rowland, L; Vinisko, R, 2012
)
0.38
" Intensive blood samples were taken on days 7 and 14 for pharmacokinetic assessments."( Evaluation of steady-state pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir-boosted BILR 355, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and lamivudine/zidovudine in healthy subjects.
Allen, L; Castles, MA; Huang, DB; Huang, F; MacGregor, TR; Moy, F; Nguyen, T; Robinson, P; Rowland, L; Vinisko, R, 2012
)
0.38
"After co-administration with BILR 355/r, the AUC(12,ss) and C(max,ss) of 3TC increased by 45% and 24%, respectively; the elimination half-life (t(1/2) ,ss) of 3TC was significantly increased."( Evaluation of steady-state pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir-boosted BILR 355, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and lamivudine/zidovudine in healthy subjects.
Allen, L; Castles, MA; Huang, DB; Huang, F; MacGregor, TR; Moy, F; Nguyen, T; Robinson, P; Rowland, L; Vinisko, R, 2012
)
0.38
"In this Phase I/II open-label pharmacokinetic study, 42 children weighing 6-30 kg treated with NVP-based HAART for ≥4 weeks were randomized to receive the FDC tablets (GPO-VIR Z30) or the liquid formulations."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of a new paediatric fixed-dose combination of zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine in HIV-infected children.
Aurpibul, L; Capparelli, E; Chokephaibulkit, K; Cressey, TR; Eksaengsri, A; Hongsiriwon, S; Kabat, B; Limwongse, C; McIntosh, K; Muresan, P; Ngampiyaskul, C; Sirisanthana, V; Smith, ME; Toye, M; Wittawatmongkol, O; Yogev, R, 2011
)
0.37
" Dose-normalized area under curve (AUC)(0-12) and peak concentration (C(max)) for the tablet formulation were bioequivalent with those of the oral solution with respect to zidovudine and abacavir (e."( Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drug varies with formulation in the target population of children with HIV-1.
Adkison, KK; Bakeera-Kitaka, S; Burger, DM; Gibb, DM; Kasirye, P; Kekitiinwa, A; Kendall, L; Mhute, T; Nahirya-Ntege, P; Snowden, W; Ssenyonga, M; Tumusiime, C; Walker, AS, 2012
)
0.38

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" This work investigates the use of an IM separator in combination with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and MS, to improve the separation of drug-related materials from excipients, thus aiding the identification of trace-level impurities in an anti-HIV medication, Combivir."( Evaluating the utility of ion mobility separation in combination with high-pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to facilitate detection of trace impurities in formulated drug products.
Eckers, C; Giles, K; Laures, AM; Major, H; Pringle, S, 2007
)
0.52

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" We report the bioavailability and short-term safety of a novel paediatric FDC tablet of zidovudine (ZDV)/lamivudine (3TC)/nevirapine (NVP; 30/15/28 mg) in HIV-infected children."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of a new paediatric fixed-dose combination of zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine in HIV-infected children.
Aurpibul, L; Capparelli, E; Chokephaibulkit, K; Cressey, TR; Eksaengsri, A; Hongsiriwon, S; Kabat, B; Limwongse, C; McIntosh, K; Muresan, P; Ngampiyaskul, C; Sirisanthana, V; Smith, ME; Toye, M; Wittawatmongkol, O; Yogev, R, 2011
)
0.37
" Co-administration with some antiretroviral therapies (ART) changes the bioavailability of the etonogestrel (ENG)-releasing contraceptive implant, possibly affecting the bleeding pattern."( Bleeding patterns of HIV-infected women using an etonogestrel-releasing contraceptive implant and efavirenz-based or lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy.
Amaral, E; Bahamondes, L; Bahamondes, MV; Brito, MB; Duarte, G; Ferriani, RA; Prandini, TR; Quintana, SM; Ragazini, CS; Vieira, CS, 2016
)
0.43
"To enhance efficacy, bioavailability and reduce toxicity of first-line highly active anti-retroviral regimen, zidovudine + efavirenz + lamivudine loaded lactoferrin nanoparticles were prepared (FLART-NP) and characterized for physicochemical properties, bioactivity and pharmacokinetic profile."( Triple Drug Combination of Zidovudine, Efavirenz and Lamivudine Loaded Lactoferrin Nanoparticles: an Effective Nano First-Line Regimen for HIV Therapy.
Kondapi, AK; Kumar, P; Lakshmi, YS, 2017
)
0.46

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Information on each drug, such as the name of the drug, the dosage normally prescribed, and cost of treatment is listed."( What they say about: nucleoside drugs.
,
)
0.13
" Antiretroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) toxicity is currently under investigation in Erythrocebus patas monkeys, and whereas NRTI pharmacokinetics have been studied in other monkey species, pharmacokinetics for Zidovudine plus Lamivudine (AZT/3TC) dosing have not been reported in the patas."( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the combination Zidovudine plus Lamivudine in the adult Erythrocebus patas monkey determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis.
Divi, RL; Doerge, DR; Harbaugh, JW; Harbaugh, SW; Poirier, MC; Shockley, ME; St Claire, MC; Twaddle, NC, 2008
)
0.35
"To determine the impact of once-nightly versus twice-daily dosing and beliefs about highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on adherence to efavirenz-based HAART in antiretroviral-naive patients."( The impact of once-nightly versus twice-daily dosing and baseline beliefs about HAART on adherence to efavirenz-based HAART over 48 weeks: the NOCTE study.
Cooper, V; Fisher, M; Gellaitry, G; Horne, R; Lange, AC; Vrijens, B; White, D, 2010
)
0.36
"The difference in adherence observed between once-nightly and twice-daily dosing was driven by a difference in persistence with treatment."( The impact of once-nightly versus twice-daily dosing and baseline beliefs about HAART on adherence to efavirenz-based HAART over 48 weeks: the NOCTE study.
Cooper, V; Fisher, M; Gellaitry, G; Horne, R; Lange, AC; Vrijens, B; White, D, 2010
)
0.36
" Dosing was weight-based."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of a new paediatric fixed-dose combination of zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine in HIV-infected children.
Aurpibul, L; Capparelli, E; Chokephaibulkit, K; Cressey, TR; Eksaengsri, A; Hongsiriwon, S; Kabat, B; Limwongse, C; McIntosh, K; Muresan, P; Ngampiyaskul, C; Sirisanthana, V; Smith, ME; Toye, M; Wittawatmongkol, O; Yogev, R, 2011
)
0.37
"In this study, a slight but not significant decrease in the plasma lopinavir C(trough) was found during the third trimester of pregnancy, suggesting that standard dosing of the tablet formulation is also appropriate during the later stages of pregnancy."( Lopinavir/ritonavir trough concentrations with the tablet formulation in HIV-1-infected women during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Borderi, M; Calza, L; Colangeli, V; Grossi, G; Manfredi, R; Motta, R; Salvadori, C; Trapani, F; Viale, P, 2012
)
0.38
"Dissolution testing has a very vital importance for a quality control test and prediction of the in vivo behavior of the oral dosage formulation."( Continuous wavelet transforms for the simultaneous quantitative analysis and dissolution testing of lamivudine-zidovudine tablets.
Dinç, E; Özdemir, N; Tilkan, MG; Üstündağ, Ö, 2013
)
0.39
" Six patients (13%) reported problems with the switch including confusion around dosing and new side effects."( The financial and service implications of splitting fixed-dose antiretroviral drugs - a case study.
Adams, EJ; Ahmed, I; Carlin, E; Sadique, Z; Taylor, R, 2015
)
0.42
"In the development strategies of new drug products and generic drug products, the simultaneous in-vitro dissolution behavior of oral dosage formulations is the most important indication for the quantitative estimation of efficiency and biopharmaceutical characteristics of drug substances."( Comparative Application of PLS and PCR Methods to Simultaneous Quantitative Estimation and Simultaneous Dissolution Test of Zidovudine - Lamivudine Tablets.
Dinç, E; Özdemir, N; Tilkan, MG; Üstündağ, Ö, 2015
)
0.42
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (109)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's3 (2.75)18.2507
2000's44 (40.37)29.6817
2010's55 (50.46)24.3611
2020's7 (6.42)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 58.50

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index58.50 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.04 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.56 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index94.49 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (58.50)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials32 (26.23%)5.53%
Reviews10 (8.20%)6.00%
Case Studies18 (14.75%)4.05%
Observational4 (3.28%)0.25%
Other58 (47.54%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]