methylcellulose profile

Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	51063134
MeSH ID	M0013620

Synonym
p0nte48364 ,
bi55gg2wli ,
methylcellulose (4000 mpa.s)
unii-mrj667ka5e
npu9m2e6l8 ,
metilcellulosa
unii-bi55gg2wli
o0gn6f9b2y ,
unii-me8kd9k6lp
unii-4gfu244c4j
unii-z944h5sn0h
unii-npu9m2e6l8
methylcellulose (4000 cps)
4gfu244c4j ,
mrj667ka5e ,
methylcellulose [usp:inn:jan]
unii-o0gn6f9b2y
z944h5sn0h ,
methocel a 4000
me8kd9k6lp ,
unii-p0nte48364
culminal mc 3000pr
mapolose 60shs0
celacol m 20p
celacol m20
methocel sm 100
methylcellulosum [inn-latin]
metolose sm 4000
culminal mc 2000
cellumeth
mmts-btr
viscol
metolose 60sh400
fema no. 2696
culminal mc 3000p
cellogel
tylose 444
methocel a
hi-sm 4000
culminal mc 25s
celacol m450
tylose sl 600
avicel sg
napolone
metolose 60sh
tylose a4s
methocel 4000cps
cologel
ccris 3945
methocel 15
methyl cellulose ether
culminal mc 40
cesca mc 400
metilcellulosa [dcit]
bulkaloid
tylose sl
walsroder mc 20000s
methocel mc 8000
tylose twa
methocel chg
tylose mh20
methylcellulose (1/2%)
benecel mo 42
mc 20000s
methocel 10
syncelose
celacol mm 10p
edisol m
tylose sap
cesca c 8556
tylose sl 100
tylose mh2000
mc 4000 cp
hydrolose
benecel m 0
methocel 181
tylose mf
methocel 4000
viscontran l52
celacol m 2500
culminal mc 60s
cethylose
mco 8000
adulsin
culminal mc
tylose mh1000
culminal k 42
hsdb 1198
cellulose, methyl ether
cellothyl
mapolose 60sh50
tylose sl 400
daicel 170
cesca mc 25s
celacol mm
bufapto methalose
sm-4000
methocel 400cps
benecel mc 4000ps
emp-h
tylose mh50
metolose sm 100
bagolax
celacol mmpr
metolose sm 15
cellogran
methocel mc4000
tylose mh300p
mapolose m25
tylose mh4000
methocel 4000 cps
mellose
tylose mh300
methocel mc
cethytin
metolose mc 8000
celacol wa
metilcelulosa [inn-spanish]
methyl cellulose-a
benecel m 02
methulose
cellapret
methocel 400
tylose
mc 4000cp
celacol m
methocel mc 25
nicel
usp methylcellulose
methylcellulose
methyl cellulose, viscosity 15 cps
mfcd00081763
(5r)-2,3,4-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)-5-{[(2s)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}oxane
methyl cellulose, viscosity 300-560 cps
methyl cellulose, viscosity 1125-2100 cps
methyl cellulose, viscosity 8000 cps
fema 2696
(5r)-2,3,4-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)-5-[(2s)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxane
PD039108

Research Excerpts

Overview

Methylcellulose (MC) is a water-soluble derivative of cellulose. It is widely used in many fields for its biocompatibility and biological inertness. Methyl cellulose is an effective agent for detaching major rumen cellulolytic bacteria from their cellulosic substrate.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Methylcellulose (MC) is a water-soluble derivative of cellulose, which has been widely used in many fields for its biocompatibility and biological inertness."	( Synthesis and Fluorescent Thermoresponsive Properties of Tetraphenylethylene-Labeled Methylcellulose. Deng, P; Wang, F; Wang, H; Zhou, J, 2021)	1.57
"Methylcellulose (MC) is a chemical compound derived from cellulose. "	( Physical properties and biological effects of mineral trioxide aggregate mixed with methylcellulose and calcium chloride. Chang, HS; Chun, SJ; Hwang, IN; Hwang, YC; Lee, BN; Oh, WM, )	1.8
"Methylcellulose is a biopolymer, which can be used in the preparation of films for the production of biodegradable active packaging. "	( Antioxidant and antimicrobial methylcellulose films containing Lippia alba extract and silver nanoparticles. Barreto, PM; da Rosa, CG; de Lima Veeck, AP; de Souza Maguerroski Castilho, M; Maciel, MVOB; Noronha, CM; Nunes, MR, 2018)	2.21
"Methylcellulose (MC) is an FDA-approved polysaccharide derivative of cellulose that is inexpensive, renewable, and biocompatible, and may serve as an alternative to existing synthetic and natural fillers."	( Injectable redox-polymerized methylcellulose hydrogels as potential soft tissue filler materials. Gold, GT; Gupta, MS; Harbottle, D; Nicoll, SB; Stalling, SS; Taub, PJ; Varma, DM, 2014)	1.41
"Methylcellulose is an effective agent for detaching major rumen cellulolytic bacteria from their cellulosic substrate."	( Electron microscopic study of the methylcellulose-mediated detachment of cellulolytic rumen bacteria from cellulose fibers. Cheng, KJ; Costerton, JW; Kudo, H, 1987)	1.27

Effects

Methylcellulose (MC) has been exploited as a potential bioink for 3D bioprinting due to its temperature-dependent rheological properties. It has been used since 1976 to prevent damage to the corneal endothelium during operations for implantation of intraocular lenses.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Methylcellulose (MC) has been exploited as a potential bioink for 3D bioprinting due to its temperature-dependent rheological properties."	( Norbornene-functionalized methylcellulose as a thermo- and photo-responsive bioink. Kim, MH; Lin, CC, 2021)	1.64
"Methylcellulose embedment has been widely used for contrasting and supporting cryosections but only sporadically for visualizing lipid rich vesicular structures such as endosomes and exosomes."	( Enhanced imaging of lipid rich nanoparticles embedded in methylcellulose films for transmission electron microscopy using mixtures of heavy metals. Asadi, J; Ferguson, S; Hacker, C; Lucocq, J; Marius, P; Naismith, J; Pliotas, C; Raja, H; Ward, R, 2017)	1.42
"Methylcellulose has been used since 1976 to prevent damage to the corneal endothelium during operations for implantation of intraocular lenses. "	( Methylcellulose, a viscous cushioning material in ophthalmic surgery. Fechner, PU, 1983)	3.15
"Methylcellulose has been used since 1976 to prevent damage to the corneal endothelium during operations for implantation of intraocular lenses. "	( Methylcellulose and lens implantation. Fechner, MU; Fechner, PU, 1983)	3.15

Actions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"3. Methylcellulose gel, because of its physico-chemical properties similar to physiological mucus, is a universal carrier for intravaginally adhibited medicines."	( [Application of 2% clindamycin cream in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis and valuation of methylcellulose gel containing the complex of Chitosan F and PVP k-90 with lactic acid as carrier for intravaginally adhbited medicines in the cases of pregnanci Heimrath, J; Hirnle, G; Hirnle, L; Kłósek, A; Małolepsza-Jarmołowska, K; Woytoń, J, 2001)	1.04

Toxicity

The interferon inducer poly ICLC has toxic side effects. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is a possible source of this toxicity.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The interferon inducer poly ICLC has toxic side effects; the carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) component is a possible source of this toxicity."	( Purification of carboxymethylcellulose decreases toxicity of poly ICLC in mice. Bello, J; Granados, E; O'Malley, J, 1985)	0.82
" Two percent methylcellulose was safe in both the cat and monkey models."	( Safety and efficacy of 2% methylcellulose in cat and monkey cataract-implant surgery. Hazel, S; Lindstrom, RL; Miller, RA; Mindrup, E; Skelnik, D; Smith, SG; Williams, P, 1984)	0.94
"The safe and effective Hydrojet nucleus expression (Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1993; 202:288-291) should be completed by a safe non traumatic and easy to perform method of cortex removal."	( [Visco-hydraulic irrigation of the lens cortex. A safe ECCE method]. Friedburg, D, 1994)	0.29
"The method described is a safe method for ECCE."	( [Visco-hydraulic irrigation of the lens cortex. A safe ECCE method]. Friedburg, D, 1994)	0.29
" It was concluded that the test substance was not toxic upon chronic dermal administration at dose levels up to 60 mg/kg/day."	( A repeated-dose dermal toxicity study of hydrophobically modified hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in rats. Ichikawa, N; Ishii, H; Kawanabe, M; Komatsu, M; Muto, H; Niikura, Y; Obara, S; Otsuka, M; Tanaka, O, 1997)	0.52
" A laboratory study was performed in a defined test model to compare the toxicity of natural and pharmaceutical tear substitutes and to identify potentially toxic factors in natural tear substitutes, such as amylase, hypotonicity, and variations in preparation."	( Toxicity of natural tear substitutes in a fully defined culture model of human corneal epithelial cells. Cree, IA; Daniels, JT; Dart, JK; Geerling, G; Khaw, PT, 2001)	0.31
" Preserved hypromellose was more toxic than the unpreserved preparation."	( Toxicity of natural tear substitutes in a fully defined culture model of human corneal epithelial cells. Cree, IA; Daniels, JT; Dart, JK; Geerling, G; Khaw, PT, 2001)	0.31
"To study the long term toxic effects of intraocular benzalkonium chloride (BAC)."	( Corneal toxicity secondary to inadvertent use of benzalkonium chloride preserved viscoelastic material in cataract surgery. Brittain, P; Cheong, M; Eleftheriadis, H; Klintworth, GK; Liu, C; Lloyd, A; Sandeman, S; Syam, PP, 2002)	0.31
"BAC is toxic to the corneal endothelium when used intraocularly, leading to severe striate keratopathy."	( Corneal toxicity secondary to inadvertent use of benzalkonium chloride preserved viscoelastic material in cataract surgery. Brittain, P; Cheong, M; Eleftheriadis, H; Klintworth, GK; Liu, C; Lloyd, A; Sandeman, S; Syam, PP, 2002)	0.31
" Adverse events were mostly mild, not attributed to gel use, and similarly distributed between groups."	( Safety and acceptability of the candidate microbicide Carraguard in Thai Women: findings from a Phase II Clinical Trial. Blanchard, K; Chaikummao, S; Friedland, BA; Jones, HE; Karon, JM; Kilmarx, PH; Limpakarnjanarat, K; Manopaiboon, C; Mastro, TD; Mock, PA; Srivirojana, N; Supawitkul, S; van de Wijgert, JH; Yanpaisarn, S; Young, NL, 2006)	0.33
"Injection of HPMC for EMR resulted safe and effective, allowing en bloc resection in the majority of cases with a limited number of complications."	( Hydroxy-propyl-methyl-cellulose is a safe and effective lifting agent for endoscopic mucosal resection of large colorectal polyps. Arezzo, A; Delconte, G; Hervoso, C; Morino, M; Pagano, N; Repici, A; Romeo, F, 2009)	0.35
" No adverse reaction or undesirable gastrointestinal side effect was observed."	( Evaluation of novel adhesive film containing ketorolac for post-surgery pain control: a safety and efficacy study. Al-Askar, M; Al-Hezaimi, K; Alsarra, IA; Fu, JH; Selamhe, Z; Wang, HL, 2011)	0.37
" These findings provide significant information that can be used to design further studies aimed at developing less toxic eye drops."	( A nanoparticle formulation reduces the corneal toxicity of indomethacin eye drops and enhances its corneal permeability. Ito, Y; Nagai, N; Okamoto, N; Shimomura, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Safety measures included adverse events, slit lamp biomicroscopy, tonometry, blood pressure, and heart rate."	( Results of a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Visomitin Eye Drops in Patients with Dry Eye Syndrome. Alekseev, VN; Andryukhina, OM; Bezditko, PA; Brzheskiy, VV; Efimova, EL; Egorov, EA; Fedorkin, ON; Gusarevich, OG; Kamenskikh, TG; Karger, EM; Korol, AR; Lebedev, OI; Miljudin, ES; Mironov, AN; Muzhychuk, OP; Nasinnyk, IO; Ostapenko, V; Popeko, NA; Ryabtseva, AA; Savchenko, AY; Shaidurova, KN; Skulachev, MV; Skulachev, VP; Sumarokova, ES; Surov, AV; Vorontsova, TN; Vygodin, VA; Yani, EV, 2015)	0.42
"Based on the results of this study, Visomitin is effective and safe for use in eye patients with DES for protection from corneal damage."	( Results of a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Visomitin Eye Drops in Patients with Dry Eye Syndrome. Alekseev, VN; Andryukhina, OM; Bezditko, PA; Brzheskiy, VV; Efimova, EL; Egorov, EA; Fedorkin, ON; Gusarevich, OG; Kamenskikh, TG; Karger, EM; Korol, AR; Lebedev, OI; Miljudin, ES; Mironov, AN; Muzhychuk, OP; Nasinnyk, IO; Ostapenko, V; Popeko, NA; Ryabtseva, AA; Savchenko, AY; Shaidurova, KN; Skulachev, MV; Skulachev, VP; Sumarokova, ES; Surov, AV; Vorontsova, TN; Vygodin, VA; Yani, EV, 2015)	0.42
" Using impedance measurements, only β-cyclodextrin (1%) was toxic to cells."	( Cytotoxicity of Different Excipients on RPMI 2650 Human Nasal Epithelial Cells. Ambrus, R; Bartos, C; Bocsik, A; Deli, MA; Horváth, T; Kiss, L; Szabó-Révész, P; Újhelyi, G; Veszelka, S, 2016)	0.43
" The primary objective of this study was to determine if pyraclostrobin dissolved in an oil-based vehicle had adverse health outcomes in mice when compared to aqueous-based vehicles."	( Choice of vehicle affects pyraclostrobin toxicity in mice. Cooper, EM; Salazar, G; Stapleton, HM; Tuttle, AH; Zylka, MJ, 2019)	0.51
" Acute toxicity study conducted on Swiss albino mice showed that matrix tablets were safe and non-toxic, as no changes in physical activity and functions of organs were observed."	( Exploring the potential of tianeptine matrix tablets: Synthesis, physico-chemical characterization and acute toxicity studies. Aslam, F; Malik, NS; Masood-Ur-Rehman, -; Naeem, MA; Riaz, M; Salam, NA; Shahiq-Uz-Zaman, -, 2020)	0.56
" Besides the relevance of pharmacobezoars to animal welfare, they limit the non-observed adverse effect level in nonclinical testing programs and conclusively their informative value."	( Pharmacobezoar Formation From HPMC-AS-Containing Spray-Dried Formulations in Nonclinical Safety Studies in Rats. Gierke, H; Nolte, T; Pfrommer, T; Schäfer, K; Weitschies, W, 2022)	0.72

Pharmacokinetics

The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic behavior of floating hydroxypropylmethylcellulose microparticles loaded with cimetidine. The tablets were prepared using the non-solvent addition coacervation technique.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic profile, bioavailability, and dose proportionality of the D2-agonist MK-458 (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose tablet, a sustained release formulation), a 4-period crossover study was conducted in 10 patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease (mean age = 63 y; 1 woman, 9 men)."	( Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of D2-agonist MK-458 (HPMC) in parkinsonism. Cutler, NR; Hand, EL; McLean, LF; Porras, AG; Reines, SA; Sramek, JJ, 1992)	0.49
" In single oral dose, the pharmacodynamic parameters of rapid release tablets R Emax (%) and Tmax (h) were 34."	( [Pharmacodynamics of compound danshen pH-dependent delayed release pellets in dogs]. Song, HT; Tang, X; Wan, HJ; Yang, DL; Yu, YL, 2005)	0.33
" To compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability in six Beagle dogs after oral administration of VH-COERP and verapamil hydrochloride delayed-release pellets (VH-DRP) as reference."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.33
" The concentration of VH in plasma of six dogs and its pharmacokinetic behaviors after oral administration of VH-COERP and VH-DRP at different times were studied by RP-HPLC."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.33
" Compared with the VH-DRP, VH-COERP in vivo has an obviously lag time (4 h) , Tmax was also delayed (8 h) and the relative bioavailability was (94."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic study in dogs gave Tmax/Cmax of 4h/604 ng/ml and 3h/1662 ng/ml for HPMC/pectin/calcium and HPMC/pectin tablet, respectively."	( Biphasic release of indomethacin from HPMC/pectin/calcium matrix tablet: II. Influencing variables, stability and pharmacokinetics in dogs. Deng, D; Lu, Y; Wu, B; Wu, W, 2008)	0.35
" The relevance of difference in the in vitro dissolution rate profile and pharmacokinetic parameters (C(max), t(max), AUC((s)), t(1/2), K(el), and MRT) were evaluated statistically."	( [Design and development of hydroxypropyl methycellulose (HPMC) based polymeric films of methotrexate: physicochemical and pharmacokinetic evaluations]. Chandak, AR; Verma, PR, 2008)	0.35
" In vivo pharmacokinetic study of PNP-H showed a significant increase in bioavailability (1."	( Proniosomal transdermal therapeutic system of losartan potassium: development and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Ali, A; Anwer, MK; Khar, RK; Shakeel, F; Shams, MS; Taha, EI; Thakur, R, 2009)	0.35
" Mean elimination half-life was 32."	( Pharmacokinetics of an orally administered methylcellulose formulation of gallium maltolate in neonatal foals. Arnold, CE; Bernstein, LR; Chaffin, MK; Cohen, ND; Fajt, V; Martens, RJ; O'Conor, M; Taylor, RJ, 2010)	0.62
" In vivo studies were performed for the optimized formulation in six beagle dogs, and pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with plain IMP tablets."	( Imperatorin sustained-release tablets: In vitro and pharmacokinetic studies. He, L; Li, C; Lu, W; Pan, J; Wang, S, 2010)	0.36
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability in six Beagle dogs after oral administration of RH-ST and ranolazine hydrochloride common tablets (RH-CT) as reference were compared."	( [Optimization of the formulation of ranolazine hydrochloride sustained-release tablet and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Li, CJ; Li, Y; Wang, JY; Yang, QM; Yu, YL; Zhang, YH, 2010)	0.36
" Indomethacin ocular levels were measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the pharmacokinetic parameters--peak drug concentration (C(max)), time to peak value (T(max)), and area under the concentration-time curve between 0 and 240 min (AUC(0-240))--were determined."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics profile of different indomethacin topical formulations. Bucolo, C; Drago, F; Melilli, B; Piazza, C; Zurria, M, 2011)	0.37
"IND-HPMC treatment demonstrates a nonclinical ocular pharmacokinetic profile of indomethacin characterized by higher concentrations of drug in ocular tissues (4."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics profile of different indomethacin topical formulations. Bucolo, C; Drago, F; Melilli, B; Piazza, C; Zurria, M, 2011)	0.37
"These findings demonstrate that the combination of acetic acid and HPβCD significantly improves the solubility, pharmacokinetic profile and antitumor efficacy of ABZ."	( Complexation of albendazole with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin significantly improves its pharmacokinetic profile, cell cytotoxicity and antitumor efficacy in nude mice. Chu, SW; Ehteda, A; Galettis, P; Morris, DL; Pillai, K, 2012)	0.38
" To prove these results, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in human volunteers were designed to study the in vitro-in vivo correlation."	( Development, evaluation and pharmacokinetics of time-dependent ketorolac tromethamine tablets. Veerareddy, PR; Vemula, SK, 2013)	0.39
" From the pharmacokinetic evaluation, the immediate-release tablets producing peak plasma concentration (C(max)) was 4482."	( Development, evaluation and pharmacokinetics of time-dependent ketorolac tromethamine tablets. Veerareddy, PR; Vemula, SK, 2013)	0.39
" In vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in male Wistar rats demonstrated that enteric coated microparticles sustained release of LPZ and promoted ulcer healing activity."	( A novel once daily microparticulate dosage form comprising lansoprazole to prevent nocturnal acid breakthrough in the case of gastro-esophageal reflux disease: preparation, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. Alai, M; Lin, WJ, 2013)	0.39
"The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic behavior of floating hydroxypropylmethylcellulose microparticles loaded with cimetidine (FMC) prepared using the non-solvent addition coacervation technique."	( Pharmacokinetic study of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose microparticles loaded with cimetidine. Ahmad, M; Hussain, I; Karim, S; Khan, SA; Kousar, R; Murtaza, G, )	0.62
" The optimized formulations were subjected to in vivo studies to calculate the various pharmacokinetic parameters for developed optimized microparticulate formulation FMC3."	( Pharmacokinetic study of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose microparticles loaded with cimetidine. Ahmad, M; Hussain, I; Karim, S; Khan, SA; Kousar, R; Murtaza, G, )	0.4
"The bioavailability parameters were found as: Cmax 1508."	( Pharmacokinetic study of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose microparticles loaded with cimetidine. Ahmad, M; Hussain, I; Karim, S; Khan, SA; Kousar, R; Murtaza, G, )	0.4
" The PNS concentrations in rat plasma were analyzed by HPLC-MS-MS method and the relative bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using Kinetica4."	( Pharmacokinetics and correlation between in vitro release and in vivo absorption of bio-adhesive pellets of panax notoginseng saponins. Li, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhu, CY, 2017)	0.46

Compound-Compound Interactions

We examined the therapeutic effects of cinnamaldehyde and the potentiation of those effects with cassia and cinn amaldehyde when combined with the food additive methylcellulose against murine oral candidiasis.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" This pilot study indicates that rhBMP-2 increases the rate and extent of bone formation in combination with dental implants."	( Effect on bone healing of bone morphogenetic protein placed in combination with endosseous implants: a pilot study in beagle dogs. Buser, D; Fiorellini, JP; Howell, TH; Riley, E, 2001)	0.31
" Five model drugs of different water solubility and ability to interact with the involved polymers were incorporated in hydrophilic polymer matrices, made of either hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)."	( Polymer-drug interactions and wetting of solid dispersions. Dahlberg, C; Furó, I; Millqvist-Fureby, A; Schuleit, M, 2010)	0.55
"We examined the therapeutic effects of cinnamaldehyde and the potentiation of those effects with cassia and cinnamaldehyde when combined with the food additive methylcellulose against murine oral candidiasis."	( Therapeutic effects of cinnamaldehyde and potentiation of its efficacy in combination with methylcellulose on murine oral candidiasis. Abe, S; Arai, R; Hayama, K; Okada, M; Sagawa, T; Taguchi, Y, 2011)	0.79
" Psyllium powder had the ability in the combination with other hydrophilic polymers to produce controlled release profiles."	( Release behaviour of propranolol HCl from hydrophilic matrix tablets containing psyllium powder in combination with hydrophilic polymers. Asare-Addo, K; Azizian, K; Hassanzadeh, D; Nokhodchi, A; Siahi-Shadbad, MR, 2011)	0.37

Bioavailability

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMC-AS) is one of the most widely used polymers used in amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) The bioavailability of a carbamazepine:beta-cyclodextrin (CBZ:betaCD) complex was evaluated in beagle dogs.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The flow properties and viscosity of the vehicle into which drugs are incorporated can be determining factors in the bioavailability of topically applied ophthalmic drugs."	( Ocular evaluation of polyvinyl alcohol vehicle in rabbits. Patton, TF; Robinson, JR, 1975)	0.25
" The bioavailability (approximately 5%) was very similar for the 3 tablet formulations tested."	( Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of D2-agonist MK-458 (HPMC) in parkinsonism. Cutler, NR; Hand, EL; McLean, LF; Porras, AG; Reines, SA; Sramek, JJ, 1992)	0.28
" A series of in vitro equilibrium studies, taste screening, and bioavailability studies in dogs established the characteristics for the various drug-polymer ratios."	( A polymer carrier system for taste masking of macrolide antibiotics. Borodkin, S; Diesner, C; Hernandez, L; Li, P; Lu, MY; Vadnere, M; Woodward, L, 1991)	0.28
" The result also shows beta-cyclodextrin and HPMC markedly reduced the in vivo bioavailability of acetaminophen from both test formulations."	( Effect of beta-cyclodextrin on the in vitro permeation rate and in vivo rectal absorption of acetaminophen hydrogel preparations. Lin, SY; Yang, JC, 1990)	0.28
"The bioavailability and gastric ulcerogenic activity of oxyphenbutazone and glafenine (acidic and basic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), coated with different cellulose derivatives were assessed in albino rats."	( A new approach to encapsulating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. IV. Effect of cellulose derivatives with different functional groups on the bioavailability and gastric ulcerogenic activity of acidic as well as basic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory dr el-Dien, EZ; Luzzi, LA; Meshali, MM; Omar, SA, )	0.13
" The verification of the bioavailability of chlorpromazine from PVP-, MC- and HEC-containing tablets and of a macromoleculefree standard preparation on rabbits showed considerable differences among the plasma curves."	( [Pharmaceutical and biologic availability of chlorpromazine from macromolecule-containing tablets]. Gulde, C; Voigt, R, 1983)	0.27
"5) at 10 mg/kg, the bioavailability was approximately 16% for both dogs and rats."	( pH-dependent oral absorption of L-735,524, a potent HIV protease inhibitor, in rats and dogs. Chen, IW; Lin, JH; Ostovic, D; Vastag, KJ, 1995)	0.29
" A good correlation was demonstrated between the absorption rate constant, ka and the dissolution rate constant, kd."	( Release of isosorbide dinitrate from polymer film dosage forms and absorption of this drug through the oral mucosa of rats. Danjo, K; Kitamura, Y; Miyagawa, Y; Otsuka, A, 1994)	0.29
" The bioavailability of propylthiouracil in dogs from the hydrophilic matrices investigated was low, because of the short gastro-intestinal transit times of the matrix tablets in the dogs."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation in dogs and pigs of a hydrophilic matrix containing propylthiouracil. Kabanda, L; Lefebvre, RA; Remon, JP; Van Bree, HJ, 1994)	0.29
"Poor bioavailability of ophthalmic solutions caused by dilution and drainage from the eye can be overcome by using in situ-forming ophthalmic drug delivery systems prepared from polymers that exhibit reversible phase transitions."	( In situ-forming gels for ophthalmic drug delivery. Haglund, BO; Himmelstein, KJ; Kumar, S, 1994)	0.29
" However, single-dose studies with a panel of fasting subjects showed that the tablets had a relative bioavailability of only 64."	( Use of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate in an enteric polymer matrix to design controlled-release tablets of amoxicillin trihydrate. Deasy, PB; Hilton, AK, 1993)	0.6
" In dogs the in vivo absorption rate was similar to the in vitro dissolution rate, but in humans it was only about half."	( Preparation of controlled release granules of TA-5707F using enteric polymers and ethylcellulose, and their in vivo evaluation. Maejima, T; Matsukawa, Y; Osawa, T; Yamakita, H, 1996)	0.29
" Evaluation was based on dissolution studies, on in vivo disintegration studies in the canine stomach and on bioavailability studies in Beagle dogs."	( Prolonged-release hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix tablets of furosemide for administration to dogs. Happonen, I; Liljequist, C; Marvola, M; Smal, J, 1996)	0.58
"We have investigated the oral bioavailability of granules of albendazole, a drug used for treating echinococcosis in man, prepared by the solid dispersion technique."	( Improving the oral bioavailability of albendazole in rabbits by the solid dispersion technique. Iseki, K; Kohri, N; Miyazaki, K; Sato, N; Todo, S; Xin, H; Yamayoshi, Y, 1999)	0.3
"The present investigation concerns the development of the floating matrix tablets, which after oral administration are designed to prolong the gastric residence time, increase the drug bioavailability and diminish the side effects of irritating drugs."	( Optimisation of floating matrix tablets and evaluation of their gastric residence time. Baumgartner, S; Kristl, J; Vodopivec, P; Vrecer, F; Zorko, B, 2000)	0.31
"To improve bioavailability and achieve a smoother plasma-concentration profile as compared with oral administration, a matrix-dispersion-type transdermal delivery system was designed and developed for propranolol using different ratios of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) K4M, K15M and K100M."	( Controlled transdermal delivery of propranolol using HPMC matrices: design and in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. Iyer, SS; Verma, PR, 2000)	0.49
" Absolute bioavailability and comparative bioavailability of the tested tablet were studied."	( Preparation and evaluation of a sustained-release formulation of nifedipine HPMC tablets. Ding, D; Li, H; Yan, G; Zhang, R, 2000)	0.31
"The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC-2208), used as an excipient for controlled release of drug, on the release profiles and bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble nifedipine (NP) from a tablet prepared using macrogol 6000 (PEG) and HPMC."	( Effect of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) on the release profiles and bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug from tablets prepared using macrogol and HPMC. Endo, H; Ishikawa, T; Matsumoto, M; Takayama, K; Watanabe, Y, 2000)	0.85
"For the development of omeprazole buccal adhesive tablets, we studied the release and bioavailability of omeprazole delivered by buccal adhesive tablets composed of sodium alginate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), magnesium oxide and croscarmellose sodium."	( Formulation and in vivo evaluation of omeprazole buccal adhesive tablet. Choi, H; Han, J; Jung, J; Kim, C; Lee, M; Park, K; Rhee, C; Yong, CS, 2000)	0.5
" The bioavailability of the CPH gel formulation prepared with HPMC was almost identical to that of the oral route."	( In vivo studies on nasal preparations of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Akev, N; Birteksöz, S; Can, A; Gerçeker, A; Ozsoy, Y; Tunçel, T, 2000)	0.31
" The synchronous matrices increased SP bioavailability after intra-intestinal administration."	( Synchronized release of sulpiride and sodium decanoate from HPMC matrices: a rational approach to enhance sulpiride absorption in the rat intestine. Assaf, P; Baluom, M; Friedman, M; Haj-Yehia, AI; Rubinstein, A, 2000)	0.31
"SP bioavailability after intestinal administration can be improved only if SP is released together with SD along the entire intestinal route."	( Synchronized release of sulpiride and sodium decanoate from HPMC matrices: a rational approach to enhance sulpiride absorption in the rat intestine. Assaf, P; Baluom, M; Friedman, M; Haj-Yehia, AI; Rubinstein, A, 2000)	0.31
"The goals of this study were to examine whether formulations, capable of releasing sulpiride (SP) in synchrony with the p-Glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors, verapamil (Ver) or quinidine (Qn) can increase SP relative bioavailability and to suggest a rationale approach for oral administration of SP."	( Improved intestinal absorption of sulpiride in rats with synchronized oral delivery systems. Baluom, M; Friedman, M; Rubinstein, A, 2001)	0.31
" The release and bioavailability of omeprazole delivered by the buccal adhesive tablets were studied."	( Physicochemical characterization and evaluation of buccal adhesive tablets containing omeprazole. Choi, HG; Jung, JH; Kim, CK; Rhee, JD; Yong, CS, 2001)	0.31
" Relative bioavailability of NM-FSRT was 391."	( [Studies on nimodipine sustained-release tablet capable of floating on gastric fluid with prolonged gastric resident time]. Fu, CD; Ma, GD; Wu, W; Zhang, HB; Zhou, Q, 1997)	0.3
"This study was undertaken with an objective to increase the dissolution rate and bioavailability of a poorly water soluble drug gliclazide (Gz) by complexation with beta-cyclodextrin (CD) in the presence of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)."	( Studies on solubility and hypoglycemic activity of gliclazide beta-cyclodextrin-hydroxypropylmethylcellulose complexes. Aggarwal, S; Mishra, B; Singh, PN, 2002)	0.72
" There were no marked differences in the bioavailability properties of either the oral or rectal HPMC capsules containing ibuprofen as model drug as compared with corresponding gelatine capsule formulations."	( Bioavailability and in vitro oesophageal sticking tendency of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose capsule formulations and corresponding gelatine capsule formulations. Eerikäinen, S; Honkanen, O; Janne, M; Laaksonen, P; Martti, M; Marvola, J; Marvola, M; Pia, L; Raimo, T; Sari, E; Tuominen, R, 2002)	0.54
"Buccoadhesives have long been employed to improve the bioavailability of drugs undergoing significant hepatic first-pass metabolism."	( Development of controlled-release buccoadhesive hydrophilic matrices of diltiazem hydrochloride: optimization of bioadhesion, dissolution, and diffusion parameters. Ahuja, N; Singh, B, 2002)	0.31
"In this study, we evaluated the ability of a coated, encapsulated formulation to increase the oral bioavailability of (+/-)-halofantrine (HF) enantiomers, a drug with low and erratic oral bioavailability."	( Enhanced oral absorption of halofantrine enantiomers after encapsulation in a proliposomal formulation. Betageri, GV; Brocks, DR, 2002)	0.31
" Although the release characteristics of DTZ from Dilzem SR and MC-alginate beads were completely different, the bioavailability of DTZ in dogs was comparable as measured by AUC, MRT and relative bioavailability."	( Alginate-diltiazem hydrochloride beads: optimization of formulation factors, in vitro and in vivo availability. Al-Gohary, OM; El-Kamel, AH; Hosny, EA, )	0.13
"0 hours, and its relative bioavailability was 96%."	( [Studies on heart-protecting musk pH-dependent gradient-release pellets]. Bi, KS; Guo, T; Li, X; Ma, Y; Song, HT; Zhang, RH, 2002)	0.31
"To prepare naftopidil bioadhesive sustained-release capsule and study their pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability in the dog."	( [Improving bioavailability of naftopidil by using bioadhesion in dogs]. Ding, JS; Jiang, XH; Yuan, M, 2001)	0.31
" The naftopidil concentrations in plasma were determined by a newly developed HPLC method and the pharmacokinetic parameters as well as the relative bioavailability were measured."	( [Improving bioavailability of naftopidil by using bioadhesion in dogs]. Ding, JS; Jiang, XH; Yuan, M, 2001)	0.31
" The bioadhesive formulations and the non-bioadhesive one were not bioequivalent, the relative bioavailability of the two bioadhesive sustained-release capsules were respectively 150% +/- 14% and 154% +/- 23% when compared with the non-bioadhesive capsule."	( [Improving bioavailability of naftopidil by using bioadhesion in dogs]. Ding, JS; Jiang, XH; Yuan, M, 2001)	0.31
"It is much improving bioavailability of naftopidil by using bioadhesion."	( [Improving bioavailability of naftopidil by using bioadhesion in dogs]. Ding, JS; Jiang, XH; Yuan, M, 2001)	0.31
"Weakly basic drugs, such as verapamil hydrochloride, that are poorly soluble in neutral/alkaline medium may have poor oral bioavailability due to reduced solubility in the small intestine and colon."	( Film coated pellets containing verapamil hydrochloride: enhanced dissolution into neutral medium. Munday, DL, 2003)	0.32
" The in vivo oral absorption study in dogs showed that bioavailability of tacrolimus from SDF with HPMC was remarkably improved compared with the crystalline powder."	( Establishment of new preparation method for solid dispersion formulation of tacrolimus. Higaki, K; Ibuki, R; Kimura, T; Nakate, T; Ohike, A; Okimoto, K; Tokunaga, Y; Yamashita, K, 2003)	0.32
" Moreover, administration of the matrix-in-cylinder system resulted in a 4-fold increase in propranolol bioavailability when compared with a commercial sustained release formulation (Inderal)."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a matrix-in-cylinder system for sustained drug delivery. Gielen, I; Mehuys, E; Remon, JP; Van Bree, H; Vervaet, C, 2004)	0.32
" An in vivo study was conducted in dogs for assessment of the oral bioavailability of four formulations of PNU-91325."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of a poorly water soluble drug PNU-91325 by supersaturatable formulations. Bauer, JM; Gao, P; Guyton, ME; Huang, T; Lu, Q; Stefanski, KJ, 2004)	0.32
"The bioavailability of ibuprofen from hot-melt extruded mini-matrices based on ethyl cellulose and a hydrophilic excipient was tested."	( Bioavailability of ibuprofen from hot-melt extruded mini-matrices. De Brabander, C; Remon, JP; Van Bortel, L; Vervaet, C, 2004)	0.32
"The bioavailability of a carbamazepine:beta-cyclodextrin (CBZ:betaCD) complex from hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) matrix tablets was evaluated in beagle dogs."	( Bioavailability of carbamazepine:beta-cyclodextrin complex in beagle dogs from hydroxypropylmethylcellulose matrix tablets. Bassani, VL; Bertuol, JB; Dalla Costa, T; Groch, KR; Koester, LS; Mayorga, P; Moellerke, R; Xavier, CR, 2004)	0.76
" The bioavailability studies in healthy human volunteers indicated that the TTS of nimodipine, designed in the present study, provided steady-state plasma concentration of the drug with minimal fluctuations for 20 hr with improved bioavailability in comparison with the immediate release tablet dosage form."	( Formulation and evaluation of limonene-based membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system of nimodipine. Bhaskar, P; Krishnaiah, YS; Satyanarayana, V, )	0.13
"To study the influence of suspending agents on the relative bioavailability of Cyclosporine A-loaded HPMCP(HP55) nanoparticles for oral administration."	( [Influence of suspending agents on relative bioavailability of cyclosporine A-loaded HPMCP nanoparticles for oral administration to rats]. Chen, Z; Dai, JD; Wang, XQ; Xia, GM; Zhang, Q; Zhang, T, 2004)	0.32
" Compared with the reference Neoral microemulsion, the relative bioavailability of 2 g/L Carbopol, 5 g/L Vanzan, 8, 5, 3 g/L HPMC suspended nanoparticles were 70."	( [Influence of suspending agents on relative bioavailability of cyclosporine A-loaded HPMCP nanoparticles for oral administration to rats]. Chen, Z; Dai, JD; Wang, XQ; Xia, GM; Zhang, Q; Zhang, T, 2004)	0.32
"With the increase in viscosity, the relative bioavailability of nanoparticle formulations decreased."	( [Influence of suspending agents on relative bioavailability of cyclosporine A-loaded HPMCP nanoparticles for oral administration to rats]. Chen, Z; Dai, JD; Wang, XQ; Xia, GM; Zhang, Q; Zhang, T, 2004)	0.32
" The results of the bioavailability testing in six healthy dogs suggested that the pH-dependent gradient-release delivery system could improve efficiently the uptake of the poorly water-soluble drug and prolong the Tmax value in vivo."	( A novel pH-dependent gradient-release delivery system for nitrendipine: I. Manufacturing, evaluation in vitro and bioavailability in healthy dogs. Cui, F; Kawashima, Y; Wang, L; Yang, M; You, B; You, J; Zhang, L, 2004)	0.32
" The relative bioavailability of CyA-HP50 and CyA-HP55 nanoparticles calculated by the AUC0-72 were 82."	( [Relative bioavailability of cyclosporine A-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate nanoparticles for oral administration in rats]. Dai, JD; Wang, XQ; Xia, GM; Zhang, Q; Zhang, T, 2004)	0.56
" The relative bioavailability of GSSC to GSW was 95."	( Preparation and evaluation of pH-dependent gradient-release pellets for TCM. Ci, L; Tang, X; Tian, X, 2004)	0.32
" However, both binary and ternary approaches were considered suitable techniques to improve the release rate and potentially the in vivo bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs that had previously exhibited slow or incomplete release from SR beads."	( Effect of SBE7-beta-cyclodextrin complexation on carbamazepine release from sustained release beads. Macrae, RJ; Smith, JS; Snowden, MJ, 2005)	0.33
" Furthermore, the drug bioavailability was 181."	( Preparation of enteric microsphere of oleanolic acid dihemiphthalate sodium by salting-out action using spherical crystallization technique. Cui, FD; Fan, YL; Ji, YB; Yang, MS, 2005)	0.33
" The resultant sandwich was heat-sealed to produce circle-shaped TTS (20 cm2) that were subjected to bioavailability study in human volunteers against immediate release nicorandil tablet."	( Bioavailability of nerodilol-based transdermal therapeutic system of nicorandil in human volunteers. Al-Saidan, SM; Chandrasekhar, DV; Krishnaiah, YS; Satyanarayana, V, 2005)	0.33
"The bioavailability of propranolol from a matrix-in-cylinder system for sustained drug delivery, consisting of a hot-melt extruded ethylcellulose pipe surrounding a drug-containing HPMC-Gelucire 44/14 core, was determined."	( Human bioavailability of propranolol from a matrix-in-cylinder system with a HPMC-Gelucire core. Augustijns, P; Korst, A; Mehuys, E; Mols, R; Porter, C; Remon, JP; Van Bortel, L; Vervaet, C, 2005)	0.33
" Atenolol was chosen as a model drug because it is poorly absorbed from the lower gastrointestinal tract."	( Oral sustained delivery of atenolol from floating matrix tablets-formulation and in vitro evaluation. Mishra, B; Ridhurkar, D; Srivastava, AK; Wadhwa, S, 2005)	0.33
"The objective of this study was to elucidate the feasibility to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble itraconazole via solid dispersions by using supercritical fluid (SCF)."	( Preparation and characterization of solid dispersions of itraconazole by using aerosol solvent extraction system for improvement in drug solubility and bioavailability. Hwang, SJ; Jun, SW; Kim, MS; Lee, S; Nam, K; Park, JS; Woo, JS, 2005)	0.33
" No significant in vivo bioavailability differences were observed in healthy human volunteers."	( Formulation, release characteristics and bioavailability of novel monolithic hydroxypropylmethylcellulose matrix tablets containing acetaminophen. Cao, QR; Choi, YW; Cui, JH; Lee, BJ, 2005)	0.55
" The relative bioavailability based on the AUC0-24h was found to be 96."	( Evaluation of in-vitro dissolution and in-vivo absorption for two different film-coated pellets of clarithromycin. Chen, XY; Hu, LD; Li, SM; Tang, X; Zhang, XR; Zhong, DF, 2005)	0.33
" In all groups, the carrier gel was poorly absorbed and occupied most of the capsules."	( Methyl cellulose gel obstructed bone formation by GBR: an experimental study in rats. Karring, T; Lindhe, J; Lioubavina-Hack, N; Lynch, SE, 2005)	0.33
" The results showed that the menthol-based TTS patch of nimodipine provided steady plasma concentration of the drug with minimal fluctuations with improved bioavailability in comparison with the immediate release tablet dosage form."	( Studies on the transdermal delivery of nimodipine from a menthol-based TTS in human volunteers. Bhaskar, P; Krishnaiah, YS, 2004)	0.32
"The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional ophthalmic solutions due to rapid precorneal elimination of the drug may be overcome by the use of a gel system."	( Preparation and evaluation of sustained ophthalmic gel of enoxacin. Li, J; Liu, Z; Nie, S; Pan, W; Yang, X; Zhang, L, 2005)	0.33
"05) in extent of bioavailability between the liquid suppository and oral suspension as indicated by the values of AUC(0 - infinity), 17."	( Thermally reversible in situ gelling carbamazepine liquid suppository. El-Kamel, A; El-Khatib, M, )	0.13
" DCMTs successfully sustained the absorption of NiD longer than IR tablets, while they did not decrease the bioavailability of NiD."	( Development of novel sustained-release system, disintegration-controlled matrix tablet (DCMT) with solid dispersion granules of nilvadipine (II): in vivo evaluation. Higaki, K; Ibuki, R; Imai, K; Kimura, T; Okimoto, K; Tanaka, N; Tokunaga, Y; Ueda, S, 2006)	0.33
"The bioavailability and onset of action of drugs with high first-pass metabolism can be significantly improved by administration via the sublingual route."	( Effect of excipient and processing variables on adhesive properties and release profile of pentoxifylline from mucoadhesive tablets. Das, NG; Das, SK; Surapaneni, MS, 2006)	0.33
"The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional ophthalmic solutions due to rapid pre-corneal elimination of the drug may be overcome by the use of in situ gel-forming systems that are instilled as drops into the eye and then undergo a sol-gel transition in the cul-de-sac."	( Study of an alginate/HPMC-based in situ gelling ophthalmic delivery system for gatifloxacin. Ding, P; Li, J; Liu, H; Liu, Z; Nie, S; Pan, W, 2006)	0.33
" These results suggested that meloxicam could be delivered to the colon with 15% (w/w) coating level of Eudragit FS 30 D and this polymer coating had no significant influence on the relative bioavailability of meloxicam of the pellets."	( In vitro release and in vivo absorption in beagle dogs of meloxicam from Eudragit FS 30 D-coated pellets. Gao, C; Huang, J; Jiao, Y; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Mei, X; Shan, L, 2006)	0.33
"A multiple-unit floating drug delivery system based on gas formation technique was developed in order to prolong the gastric residence time and to increase the overall bioavailability of the dosage form."	( Preparation and in vitro evaluation of a multiple-unit floating drug delivery system based on gas formation technique. Limmatvapirat, S; Paeratakul, O; Puttipipatkhachorn, S; Sungthongjeen, S, 2006)	0.33
" In rat, the low oral bioavailability (F < 10%) is largely due to poor absorption."	( Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of nano-sized crystals for dissolution rate enhancement of ucb-35440-3, a highly dosed poorly water-soluble weak base. Amighi, K; Boulanger, P; Deleers, M; Fanara, D; Hecq, J; Le Lamer, S; Vranckx, H, 2006)	0.33
" The results demonstrated that the carbopol/methyl cellulose mixture can be used as an in situ gelling vehicle to enhance the ocular bioavailability of pefloxacin mesylate."	( Evaluation of carbopol-methyl cellulose based sustained-release ocular delivery system for pefloxacin mesylate using rabbit eye model. Ali, A; Aqil, M; Sultana, Y; Zafar, S, 2006)	0.33
" The data obtained showed that MCP was well absorbed nasally where almost 90% of the drug was absorbed after 60min from the rat nasal cavity."	( Rapid-onset intranasal delivery of metoclopramide hydrochloride. Part I. Influence of formulation variables on drug absorption in anesthetized rats. Abd ElHady, SS; Awad, GA; Mortada, ND; Zaki, NM, 2006)	0.33
" To compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability in six Beagle dogs after oral administration of VH-COERP and verapamil hydrochloride delayed-release pellets (VH-DRP) as reference."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.33
" Compared with the VH-DRP, VH-COERP in vivo has an obviously lag time (4 h) , Tmax was also delayed (8 h) and the relative bioavailability was (94."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.33
" The relative bioavailability of PNP and PHNP compared with subcutaneous (s."	( Preparation of insulin loaded PLGA-Hp55 nanoparticles for oral delivery. Cui, FD; Cun, DM; Shi, K; Tao, AJ; Zhang, LQ, 2007)	0.34
" All the results suggest that HM-polysaccharide micellar systems have the potential of enhancing the bioavailability of poorly adsorbed drugs in peroral delivery."	( In vitro evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of polysaccharide-based nanoparticulate oral drug delivery systems. Chayed, S; Winnik, FM, 2007)	0.34
" The enhanced bioavailability and elimination half-life observed in the present study may be due to the floating nature of the dosage form."	( Controlled release calcium silicate based floating granular delivery system of ranitidine hydrochloride. Agrawal, GP; Jain, AK; Jain, SK; Yadav, A, 2006)	0.33
" These results demonstrate that the Carbopol 980NF/HPMC E4M can be a viable alternative to conventional puerarin eye drops to enhance ocular bioavailability and patient compliance."	( Preparation and evaluation of a Carbopol/HPMC-based in situ gelling ophthalmic system for puerarin. Chen, W; Hou, S; Huang, C; Li, W; Qi, H; Su, C; Wu, C, 2007)	0.34
" Bioavailability studies in healthy pigs reveal that carvedilol has got good buccal absorption."	( Development of mucoadhesive patches for buccal administration of carvedilol. Chandrasekhar, K; Ramesh, G; Rao, YM; Vishnu, YV, 2007)	0.34
" A complete cross-over bioavailability study of the optimized formulation of the developed CR tablets and marketed immediate release tablets was performed in 6 healthy male volunteers."	( In vitro and in vivo studies on HPMC-K-100 M matrices containing naproxen sodium. Chandrasekar, MJ; Gopinath, R; Kumar, SM; Nanjan, MJ; Srinivasan, R; Suresh, B, 2007)	0.34
" These results suggest that the oral bioavailability of VP was significantly improved by both multicomponent complexation and controlled release delivery strategies."	( Cyclodextrin multicomponent complexation and controlled release delivery strategies to optimize the oral bioavailability of vinpocetine. Falcão, AC; Ferreira, DC; Patrício, JA; Ribeiro, LS; Veiga, FJ, 2007)	0.34
" However, the further studies of the skin's stimulation and bioavailability are needed."	( [Study on alpha-asarone reservoir-type patch]. Chen, HL; Gao, JQ; Hu, Y; Liang, WQ; Wu, Z, 2007)	0.34
" The LDE tablets were prepared by freeze-drying o/w emulsions of GF, a drug for which bioavailability is known to be enhanced by fat co-administration."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a fast-disintegrating lyophilized dry emulsion tablet containing griseofulvin. Aboul-Einien, MH; Ahmed, IS, 2007)	0.34
"The aim of the present work was to investigate the in vitro dissolution properties and oral bioavailability of three solid dispersions of nimodipine."	( Part II: bioavailability in beagle dogs of nimodipine solid dispersions prepared by hot-melt extrusion. Tang, X; Wang, Z; Yang, R; Zhang, Y; Zheng, L; Zheng, X, 2007)	0.34
" The kinetics of drug release, swelling and erosion, and dynamics of textural changes during dissolution for the designed composite systems offer a novel approach for developing gastro-retentive drug delivery system that has potential to enhance bioavailability and site-specific delivery to the proximal small intestine."	( Zero-order delivery of a highly soluble, low dose drug alfuzosin hydrochloride via gastro-retentive system. Fassihi, R; Liu, Q, 2008)	0.35
" While comparing the results to those previously obtained from the bioavailability studies it could be concluded that it is possible to develop colon specific drug products that begin releasing the drug in the ileo-caecal junction or at the beginning of the ascending colon and spread the drug dose to a larger surface area by using enteric coats and hydrophilic polymers."	( Neutron activation based gamma scintigraphic evaluation of enteric-coated capsules for local treatment in colon. Ahonen, A; Kanerva, H; Lindevall, K; Marvola, J; Marvola, M; Marvola, T, 2008)	0.35
"The present investigation concerns the development of floating matrix tablets of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MHCl) for improving its bioavailability by prolonging gastric residence time."	( Gastroretentive drug delivery system of metoclopramide hydrochloride: formulation and in vitro evaluation. Balasubramaniam, J; Mishra, B; Muthu, MS; Singh, J; Singh, S, 2007)	0.34
"The aim of this work was to improve the rectal bioavailability of quinine hydrochloride by designing thermosensitive and mucoadhesive gels intended for rectal delivery."	( In vitro and in vivo characteristics of a thermogelling and bioadhesive delivery system intended for rectal administration of quinine in children. Agnely, F; Besnard, M; Grossiord, JL; Kablan Brou, J; Koffi, AA; Ponchel, G, 2008)	0.35
" The poor bioavailability of acyclovir is attributed to short retention of its dosage form at the absorption sites (in upper gastrointestinal tract to duodenum and jejunum)."	( Mucoadhesive microspheres for gastroretentive delivery of acyclovir: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Dhaliwal, S; Jain, S; Singh, HP; Tiwary, AK, 2008)	0.35
" To achieve improved bioavailability of diltiazem, novel buccal adhesive tablets (NBATs) in cup and core fashion designed to achieve unidirectional release towards mucosa were prepared in a three-stage process using specially fabricated punches."	( Novel buccal adhesive tablets using Aloe vera L and Sinapis alba--a promising option for improved bioavailability of diltiazem hydrochloride. Bandyopadhyay, AK; Sudhakar, Y, )	0.13
"Amorphous solid dispersions are used as a strategy to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble compounds."	( Effect of polymer type on the dissolution profile of amorphous solid dispersions containing felodipine. Alonzo, DE; Handa, T; Konno, H; Taylor, LS, 2008)	0.35
"5%, wt/wt) showed optimum release and mucoadhesion properties and improved ocular bioavailability as evidenced by an enhanced therapeutic response compared with the marketed conventional eye drops."	( Ocular poloxamer-based ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in situ forming gels. Abd Elhady, SS; Mansour, M; Mansour, S; Mortada, ND, 2008)	0.35
" Its oral bioavailability is 25-35% because of first pass metabolism."	( Design and in vivo evaluation of carvedilol buccal mucoadhesive patches. Babu, P; Pandey, G; Thimmasetty, J, 2008)	0.35
"This study reports the use of para-sulphonato calix[8]arene to produce stable complexes with improved bioavailability for nifedipine, a calcium-channel blocker that is practically insoluble in water."	( Effect of para-sulfonato-calix[n]arenes on the solubility, chemical stability, and bioavailability of a water insoluble drug nifedipine. de Villiers, MM; Liebenberg, W; Otto, DP; Yang, W, 2008)	0.35
" A complete cross-over bioavailability study of the optimized formulation of the developed sustained tablets and marketed immediate release tablets was performed on six healthy male volunteers."	( Formulation and evaluation of dextromethorphan hydrobromide sustained release tablets. Krishnaraj, K; Meyyanathan, SN; Muralidaharan, S; Rajan, S; Siddaiah, MK; Suresh, B, 2008)	0.35
"This study proposes a new concept of double coated nanocapsules to improve the oral bioavailability of a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate drug, tacrolimus, without modulating the physiological activity of the P-gp pump."	( Novel double coated nanocapsules for intestinal delivery and enhanced oral bioavailability of tacrolimus, a P-gp substrate drug. Benita, S; Nassar, T; Nyska, A; Rom, A, 2009)	0.35
" For a variety of drug structures, these SDDs provide supersaturation in in vitro dissolution determinations and large bioavailability increases in vivo."	( Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate-based spray-dried dispersions: an overview. Crew, M; Curatolo, WJ; Friesen, DT; Nightingale, JA; Shanker, R; Smithey, DT, )	0.49
" The dissolution and bioavailability of solid dispersion in rats were then evaluated compared to ibuprofen powder."	( Development of novel ibuprofen-loaded solid dispersion with improved bioavailability using aqueous solution. Choi, HG; Hwang, MR; Kim, JO; Koo, YB; Kwon, R; Oh, DH; Park, YJ; Quan, QZ; Woo, JS; Yong, CS, 2009)	0.35
" The developed floating tablets of Silymarin may be used in clinic for prolonged drug release for at least 24 h, thereby improving the bioavailability and patient compliance."	( Preparation and evaluation of gastroretentive floating tablets of Silymarin. Garg, R; Gupta, GD, 2009)	0.35
" In vivo pharmacokinetic study of PNP-H showed a significant increase in bioavailability (1."	( Proniosomal transdermal therapeutic system of losartan potassium: development and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Ali, A; Anwer, MK; Khar, RK; Shakeel, F; Shams, MS; Taha, EI; Thakur, R, 2009)	0.35
"Formation of a solid solution of a drug in a water-soluble polymer is one of the primary techniques used to improve the dissolution rate and thus bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug."	( Nanoscale thermal analysis of pharmaceutical solid dispersions. Bunker, M; Chen, X; Parker, AP; Patel, N; Roberts, CJ; Zhang, J, 2009)	0.35
" Oral bioavailability was determined using a Sprague-Dawley rat model."	( Fusion processing of itraconazole solid dispersions by kinetisol dispersing: a comparative study to hot melt extrusion. Brough, C; DiNunzio, JC; McGinity, JW; Miller, DA; Williams, RO, 2010)	0.36
" Formulations were tested for gelation time, thermosensitivity, mucoadhesion, in vitro release and permeation, in vitro cytotoxicity, nasal clearance, in vivo bioavailability and brain uptake."	( Formulation of intranasal mucoadhesive temperature-mediated in situ gel containing ropinirole and evaluation of brain targeting efficiency in rats. Bobade, N; Gaikwad, R; Khan, S; Patil, K; Yeole, P, 2010)	0.36
"Modified-release pellets containing urapidil were developed and its in vivo bioavailability was investigated."	( Preparation of pH-dependent modified-release pellets of urapidil to improve its bioavailability. He, H; Li, H; Tang, X, 2011)	0.37
" The bioavailability of the pellets (T(1), T(2), containing 30 mg urapidil) was determined in six healthy subjects after oral administration of a single dose, for a period of three weeks, in the form of a crossover design with a wash-out period of one week."	( Preparation of pH-dependent modified-release pellets of urapidil to improve its bioavailability. He, H; Li, H; Tang, X, 2011)	0.37
" On the basis of in vitro release data, batch HP1 (CNZ, HPMC-K100LV, SBC, LTS, and MgS) was subjected to bioavailability studies in rabbits and was compared with CNZ suspension."	( In vitro release kinetics and bioavailability of gastroretentive cinnarizine hydrochloride tablet. Nagarwal, RC; Pandit, JK; Ridhurkar, DN, 2010)	0.36
"To develop a valsartan-loaded gelatin microcapsule using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) as a stabilizer, which could improve the physical stability and bioavailability of valsartan, the gelatin microcapsules were prepared with various ratios of gelatin and HPMC using a spray-drying technique."	( Development of valsartan-loaded gelatin microcapsule without crystal change using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose as a stabilizer. Choi, HG; Kim, JO; Kim, YI; Li, DX; Oh, DH; Seo, YG; Yan, YD; Yang, KY; Yong, CS, 2010)	0.81
"The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional ophthalmic solutions may be overcome by the use of thermo-reversible in situ gel."	( Effect of salts on gelation and drug release profiles of methylcellulose-based ophthalmic thermo-reversible in situ gels. Bain, MK; Bhowmik, M; Chattopadhyay, D; Ghosh, LK, 2011)	0.61
" Considering drug release, rheological properties, and stability, methylcellulose gel containing 1% drug as coprecipitates of PVP K90 was the best among the studied formulations, was promising for improving bioavailability of mefenamic acid and can be used in future studies."	( In vitro release, rheological, and stability studies of mefenamic acid coprecipitates in topical formulations. Ahmed, TA; Fetoh, E; Ibrahim, F; Ibrahim, HM; Nutan, MT; Samy, AM, 2011)	0.61
" Thus, the sibutramine base-loaded solid dispersion prepared with gelatin, HPMC and citric acid is a promising candidate for improving the solubility and bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble sibutramine base."	( Development of novel sibutramine base-loaded solid dispersion with gelatin and HPMC: physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs. Balakrishnan, P; Choi, HG; Hwang, DH; Joe, KH; Kim, YR; Lee, YB; Lim, HT; Oh, DH; Yong, CS, 2010)	0.36
" Gallium maltolate (GaM) provides significant gallium bioavailability to people and mice following oral administration and to neonatal foals following intragastric administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of an orally administered methylcellulose formulation of gallium maltolate in neonatal foals. Arnold, CE; Bernstein, LR; Chaffin, MK; Cohen, ND; Fajt, V; Martens, RJ; O'Conor, M; Taylor, RJ, 2010)	0.62
" IMP sustained-release tablets exhibited a more sustained plasma concentration than the plain tablets, with a relative bioavailability of 127."	( Imperatorin sustained-release tablets: In vitro and pharmacokinetic studies. He, L; Li, C; Lu, W; Pan, J; Wang, S, 2010)	0.36
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the dissolution and oral bioavailability of an immediate-release tablet involving wet grinding of a poorly water-soluble drug, fenofibrate."	( Preparation of fenofibrate immediate-release tablets involving wet grinding for improved bioavailability. Chai, G; He, H; Tang, X; Xu, H; Zeng, X; Zhang, L, 2010)	0.36
" In addition, the oral bioavailability of the wet-milled tablets (test) and Lipanthyl supra-bioavailability tablets (reference) was determined in beagle dogs after a single dose (160 mg fenofibrate) in a randomized crossover, own-control study."	( Preparation of fenofibrate immediate-release tablets involving wet grinding for improved bioavailability. Chai, G; He, H; Tang, X; Xu, H; Zeng, X; Zhang, L, 2010)	0.36
"These results indicated that the dissolution and the bioavailability of fenofibrate were significantly enhanced by wet-grinding process."	( Preparation of fenofibrate immediate-release tablets involving wet grinding for improved bioavailability. Chai, G; He, H; Tang, X; Xu, H; Zeng, X; Zhang, L, 2010)	0.36
" Bioavailability parameters including C(max), T(max), and AUC(0-48 h) of both tablets were compared."	( Controlled release matrix tablets of olanzapine: influence of polymers on the in vitro release and bioavailability. Badshah, A; Rauf, K; Subhan, F, 2010)	0.36
"The dispersible tablets dissolve faster and disperse uniformly and the dissolution percent in vitro is obviously superior to the conventional tablets, improving the bioavailability of the preparation."	( [Preparation and quality evaluation of fufangxiaoyepipa dispersible tablets]. Jiao, HS; Li, LL; Yang, XY; Zhao, P, 2010)	0.36
" These capsules exhibit a reduced bioavailability when dosed in the fed state, while tablets do not."	( Effects of food on a gastrically degraded drug: azithromycin fast-dissolving gelatin capsules and HPMC capsules. Chandra, R; Curatolo, W; Foulds, G; Hausberger, A; Johnson, BA; Liu, P; Quan, E; Vatsaraj, N; Vendola, T; Vincent, J, 2011)	0.37
"Interaction of azithromycin gelatin and HPMC capsules with food results in slowed disintegration in vitro and decreased bioavailability in vivo."	( Effects of food on a gastrically degraded drug: azithromycin fast-dissolving gelatin capsules and HPMC capsules. Chandra, R; Curatolo, W; Foulds, G; Hausberger, A; Johnson, BA; Liu, P; Quan, E; Vatsaraj, N; Vendola, T; Vincent, J, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability in six Beagle dogs after oral administration of RH-ST and ranolazine hydrochloride common tablets (RH-CT) as reference were compared."	( [Optimization of the formulation of ranolazine hydrochloride sustained-release tablet and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Li, CJ; Li, Y; Wang, JY; Yang, QM; Yu, YL; Zhang, YH, 2010)	0.36
"The purpose of the present research was to develop bioadhesive buccal tablets for Felodipine (FDP) and Pioglitazone (PIO), low bioavailability drugs, in a combined dosage form for the management of diabetes and hypertension."	( Development of bioadhesive buccal tablets for felodipine and pioglitazone in combined dosage form: in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo characterization. Gannu, R; Palem, CR; Yamsani, MR; Yamsani, SK; Yamsani, VV, 2011)	0.37
" Tablets of the resulting complex were prepared using direct compression method and the bioavailability was evaluated in beagle dogs using a UPLC/MS/MS method."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of novel immediate release carbamazepine tablets: complexation with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in the presence of HPMC. Cai, C; Kou, W; Liu, J; Wang, H; Xu, S; Yang, D; Zhang, T, 2011)	0.37
"Baicalin has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cataract effects on eye tissues, but it has a low bioavailability partly due to its poor stability of baicalin, the special anatomic structure and efficient protective mechanism of eyes."	( Design and evaluation of baicalin-containing in situ pH-triggered gelling system for sustained ophthalmic drug delivery. Li, J; Li, L; Li, N; Liu, Z; Pan, H; Peng, J; Wu, H, 2011)	0.37
" The in vivo study of new SR tablets showed significant improvement in the oral bioavailability of MS in rabbits after a single oral dose of 25 mg."	( Modulation of drug (metoprolol succinate) release by inclusion of hydrophobic polymer in hydrophilic matrix. Bose, A; Khanam, J; Siddique, S, 2011)	0.37
" The bioavailability of the DTX-S-sSEDDS(1) compared with other formulations of DTX was evaluated in rats."	( Development of a solid supersaturatable self-emulsifying drug delivery system of docetaxel with improved dissolution and bioavailability. Chen, C; Chen, Y; Chen, Z; Liu, H; Shi, Q; Zheng, J, 2011)	0.37
" The aim of the present work was to enhance dissolution and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble celecoxib (CXB) by preparing stable CXB nanoparticles using a promising method, meanwhile, investigate the mechanism of increasing dissolution of CXB."	( Mechanism of dissolution enhancement and bioavailability of poorly water soluble celecoxib by preparing stable amorphous nanoparticles. Hao, Y; Jiang, T; Liu, Y; Sun, C; Wang, S; Zheng, L, 2010)	0.36
" Additionally, the studies of in-vitro drug dissolution and oral bioavailability in beagle dogs of nanoparticles were performed."	( Mechanism of dissolution enhancement and bioavailability of poorly water soluble celecoxib by preparing stable amorphous nanoparticles. Hao, Y; Jiang, T; Liu, Y; Sun, C; Wang, S; Zheng, L, 2010)	0.36
"The process by combining the antisolvent precipitation under sonication and HPH was a promising method to produce small, uniform and stable CXB nanoparticles with markedly enhanced dissolution rate and oral bioavailability due to an increased solubility that is attributed to a combination of amorphization and nanonization with increased surface area, improved wettability and reduced diffusion pathway."	( Mechanism of dissolution enhancement and bioavailability of poorly water soluble celecoxib by preparing stable amorphous nanoparticles. Hao, Y; Jiang, T; Liu, Y; Sun, C; Wang, S; Zheng, L, 2010)	0.36
"The objective of this study was to enhance the oral bioavailability of itraconazole (ITZ) with dried drug nanosuspensions."	( Potent dried drug nanosuspensions for oral bioavailability enhancement of poorly soluble drugs with pH-dependent solubility. Chen, H; Mou, D; Wan, J; Xu, H; Yang, X, 2011)	0.37
"Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are widely utilized in the pharmaceutical industry for bioavailability enhancement of low solubility drugs."	( Dissolution and precipitation behavior of amorphous solid dispersions. Alonzo, DE; Gao, Y; Mo, H; Taylor, LS; Zhang, GGZ; Zhou, D, 2011)	0.37
" The sequence of water absorption rate was XG >> NaAlg (H) > PEO > NaAlg (L) >> HPMC; The sequence of swelling index was XG >> PEO >> HPMC >> NaAlg; The sequence of erosion rate was NaAlg (L) > NaAlg (H) >> PEO80 > PEO200 > PEO300 > XG approximately PEO400 approximately K4M > K15M > PEO600 approximately K100M; The sequence of the gel layer strength was PEO > HPMC > XG >> NaAlg."	( [Comparison of the characteristics of several polymer materials used in hydrophilic matrix tablets]. Liu, H; Liu, YL; Nie, SF; Pan, WS, 2011)	0.37
" The objective of the present investigation was to develop effervescent floating matrix tablets of tizanidine hydrochloride for prolongation of gastric residence time in order to overcome its low bioavailability (34-40 %) and short biological half life (4."	( Formulation and evaluation of effervescent floating tablets of tizanidine hydrochloride. Chithaluru, K; Kumar, KK; Ramarao, T; Someshwar, K, 2011)	0.37
" Additionally, the comparison studies of oral bioavailability in beagle dogs of three type tables were performed."	( Investigation of nanosized crystalline form to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble cilostazol. Jiang, T; Miao, X; Sun, C; Wang, S; Wang, T; Zheng, L, 2011)	0.37
" The bioavailability of CLT tablets prepared using spray dried nanosized crystalline powder after oral administration to dogs was markedly increased compared with that produced by nanosized tablets and commercial tablets, because of its greater dissolution rate owing to its transition of the crystalline state to form C and form B, reduced particle size and porous structure with increased surface area."	( Investigation of nanosized crystalline form to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble cilostazol. Jiang, T; Miao, X; Sun, C; Wang, S; Wang, T; Zheng, L, 2011)	0.37
"This paper report the development of a new dosage form - self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films, which can improve the oral bioavailability of water insoluble drugs and have good compliance."	( [Optimization of novel self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films by response surface methodology]. He, JK; Huan, D; Liu, Y; Xiao, L; Yi, T, 2011)	0.37
"Oral bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium (ATC) is very low (only 14%) due to instability and incomplete intestinal absorption and/or extensive gut wall extraction."	( Enhanced bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium from stabilized gastric resident formulation. Dehghan, MH; Khan, FN, 2011)	0.37
" Meloxicam is practically insoluble in water (8µg/ml), which directly influences the C(max), T(max), as well as the bioavailability of the drug."	( Development of meloxicam formulations utilizing ternary complexation for solubility enhancement. Awasthi, SS; Kumar, SS; Kumar, TG; Manisha, P; Preeti, Y, 2011)	0.37
"Rapid flocculation of nanoparticle dispersions of a poorly water soluble drug, itraconazole (Itz), was utilized to produce amorphous powders with desirable dissolution properties for high bioavailability in rats."	( Flocculated amorphous itraconazole nanoparticles for enhanced in vitro supersaturation and in vivo bioavailability. DiNunzio, J; Johnston, KP; Ludher, BS; Matteucci, ME; Miller, MA; Williams, RO, 2012)	0.38
"The bioavailability of therapeutic agents from eye drops is usually limited due to corneal barrier functions and effective eye protective mechanisms."	( Biodegradable ocular inserts for sustained delivery of brimonidine tartarate: preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Aburahma, MH; Mahmoud, AA, 2011)	0.37
" Novel approaches for ophthalmic drug delivery need to be established to increase the ocular bioavailability by overcoming the inherent drawbacks of conventional dosage forms."	( Formulation and evaluation of micro hydrogel of Moxifloxacin hydrochloride. Deshmukh, RV; Gaikwad, KR; Manvi, FV; Nanjwade, BK; Parikh, KA, 2012)	0.38
"With the aim of developing a novel valsartan-loaded solid dispersion with enhanced bioavailability and no crystalline changes, various valsartan-loaded solid dispersions were prepared with water, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)."	( Novel valsartan-loaded solid dispersion with enhanced bioavailability and no crystalline changes. Choi, HG; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Kim, KK; Lee, BJ; Sung, JH; Yan, YD; Yong, CS, 2012)	0.57
" However, the poor solubility leads to the poor bioavailability and limits its development."	( Comparison of different methods for preparation of a stable riccardin D formulation via nano-technology. Duan, C; Jia, L; Jiao, Y; Liu, G; Liu, Y; Lou, H; Zhang, D; Zhang, Q; Zheng, D, 2012)	0.38
" Bioavailability of solid dispersions was assessed in dogs."	( Solution behavior of PVP-VA and HPMC-AS-based amorphous solid dispersions and their bioavailability implications. Haddadin, R; Hartley, R; Hussain, M; Mathias, N; Qian, F; Tao, J; Wang, J, 2012)	0.38
"The lower bioavailability of PVP-VA dispersion was attributed to BMS-A recrystallization within the undissolved dispersion, due to hydrophilicity and fast PVP-VA dissolution rate."	( Solution behavior of PVP-VA and HPMC-AS-based amorphous solid dispersions and their bioavailability implications. Haddadin, R; Hartley, R; Hussain, M; Mathias, N; Qian, F; Tao, J; Wang, J, 2012)	0.38
" In this study, a supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) was developed to improve the oral bioavailability of indirubin."	( Improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble indirubin by a supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system. Chen, ZQ; Feng, NP; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Zhao, JH, 2012)	0.38
" The in vivo bioavailability of indirubin from S-SMEDDS and from SMEDDS was compared in rats."	( Improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble indirubin by a supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system. Chen, ZQ; Feng, NP; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Zhao, JH, 2012)	0.38
" In vivo bioavailability analysis in rats indicated that improved oral absorption was achieved and that the relative bioavailability of S-SMEDDS was 129."	( Improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble indirubin by a supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system. Chen, ZQ; Feng, NP; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Zhao, JH, 2012)	0.38
"The novel S-SMEDDS developed in this study increased the dissolution rate and improved the oral bioavailability of indirubin in rats."	( Improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble indirubin by a supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system. Chen, ZQ; Feng, NP; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Zhao, JH, 2012)	0.38
"There has been a growing interest in amorphous solid dispersions for bioavailability enhancement in drug discovery."	( Design of experiments utilization to map the processing capabilities of a micro-spray dryer: particle design and throughput optimization in support of drug discovery. Chen, AM; Hou, S; Krueger, D; Nelson, T; Ormes, JD; Templeton, A; Zhang, D, 2013)	0.39
" A solid dispersion formulation incorporating two different polymers-HPMC and either PVP-VA or PVP-maintained increased T(g), physicochemical stability, solubility, and bioavailability of the solid dispresions owing to each polymer."	( Polymer combination increased both physical stability and oral absorption of solid dispersions containing a low glass transition temperature drug: physicochemical characterization and in vivo study. Maitani, Y; Sakai, T; Sako, K; Sakurai, A, 2012)	0.38
"Gastric retention is postulated as an approach to improve bioavailability of compounds with narrow absorption windows."	( Decoupling the role of image size and calorie intake on gastric retention of swelling-based gastric retentive formulations: pre-screening in the dog model. Elkes, R; Jin, L; Lalloo, AK; McConnell, EL; Seiler, C; Wu, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Calculations show that the total amount of amorphous material is rather low, but even a small amount could have an influence on both chemical and physical stability or influence the bioavailability if uncontrolled crystallization occurs during storage."	( Is the amorphous fraction of a dried nanosuspension caused by milling or by drying? A case study with Naproxen and Cinnarizine. Kayaert, P; Van den Mooter, G, 2012)	0.38
"Mucoadhesive bilayer buccal patch has been developed to improve the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy along with providing sustained release of pravastatin sodium."	( Biopolymeric mucoadhesive bilayer patch of pravastatin sodium for buccal delivery and treatment of patients with atherosclerosis. Dhiman, MK; Petkar, K; Sawant, K; Yedurkar, P, 2013)	0.39
" In addition, the in vitro and in vivo mucoadhesion properties as well as the bioavailability of the coated pellets in rats were evaluated by using VAL suspension and core pellets as control preparations."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of novel mucoadhesive pellets containing valsartan prepared by a dry powder-coating technique. Cao, QR; Cui, JH; Lee, BJ; Liu, Y; Xu, WJ; Yang, M, 2012)	0.38
" a decrease in bioavailability upon the co-administration of compounds together with food, has been attributed particularly with high solubility/low permeability compounds (BCS class III)."	( Mechanistic investigation of food effect on disintegration and dissolution of BCS class III compound solid formulations: the importance of viscosity. Amidon, GL; Langguth, P; Radwan, A, 2012)	0.38
" pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of vorinostat, which warrants further investigation."	( Vorinostat with sustained exposure and high solubility in poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(DL-lactic acid) micelle nanocarriers: characterization and effects on pharmacokinetics in rat serum and urine. Borg, TM; Davies, NM; Foda, AM; Forrest, ML; Martinez, SE; Meshali, MM; Mohamed, EA; Remsberg, CM; Sayre, CL; Takemoto, JK; Zhao, Y, 2012)	0.38
" rectal suspension, two different rectal gels, polyethylene glycol (PEG) suppository and hard gelatin capsule (HGC) were assessed for in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability in the rabbit."	( Screening paediatric rectal forms of azithromycin as an alternative to oral or injectable treatment. Ba, B; Boiron, JM; Fabre, JL; Fawaz, F; Gaubert, A; Gaudin, K; Kauss, T; Lafarge, X; Millet, P; Olliaro, PL; Tagliaferri, S; White, NJ, 2012)	0.38
" In ophthalmic formulations, cyclodextrins (CDs) are frequently used in recent years in order to increase water solubility, stability and bioavailability of an active substance and decrease an irritation to the eye."	( Effect of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin on the solubility, stability and in-vitro release of ciprofloxacin for ocular drug delivery. Basaran, B; Bozkir, A; Denli, ZF, )	0.13
" These findings suggest that the SMMDF is a new promising dosage form, showing notable characteristics of convenience, quick onset of action and enhanced oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."	( A new self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving film to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. Liu, Y; Xiao, L; Yi, T, 2013)	0.39
" The relative bioavailability of SIM and Simvastatin β-hydroxy acid (SIMA) for nanosuspensions layered pellets compared with commercial tablets was 117% and 173%, respectively."	( Preparation, characterization, stability and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of pellet-layered Simvastatin nanosuspensions. Feng, J; Luo, Y; Tang, X; Tao, X; Xu, L; Xu, M, 2013)	0.39
" By examination of absorption curves derived by Wagner-Nelson analysis of pharmacokinetic data it was noted that drug release in vivo correlated well with drug release observed in vitro and no marked change in rate of absorption was noted when dosage forms were located in and releasing drug in the colon."	( Development of oral extended release formulations of 6-hydroxybuspirone. Connor, A; Croop, R; Dennis, AB; Dockens, RC; Ferrie, P; Nicholson, SJ; Timmins, P; Wilding, I; Zeng, J, 2012)	0.38
"Amorphous drug-polymer solid dispersions have the potential to enhance the dissolution performance and thus bioavailability of BCS class II drug compounds."	( Construction of drug-polymer thermodynamic phase diagrams using Flory-Huggins interaction theory: identifying the relevance of temperature and drug weight fraction to phase separation within solid dispersions. Andrews, GP; Booth, J; Jones, DS; Li, S; Meehan, E; Tian, Y, 2013)	0.39
"In this study, amorphous solid dispersions containing dutasteride and various excipients, manufactured by spray-drying processes, were characterized to determine the effects on their ability to form supersaturated solutions and to identify the effects of supersaturation on increasing the bioavailability of dutasteride."	( Improved supersaturation and oral absorption of dutasteride by amorphous solid dispersions. Beak, IH; Kim, MS, 2012)	0.38
"2% (w/v) sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), and in vivo bioavailability in rabbits."	( Formulation and evaluation of bilayered gastroretentable mucoadhesive patch for stomach-specific drug delivery. Jirwankar, P; Mehta, S; Pandey, S; Pandit, S; Patil, A; Tripathi, P, 2013)	0.39
" A good correlation between the dissolution profiles and bioavailability indicated a linear relationship between in vitro - in vivo data."	( Modulation of drug release by utilizing pH-independent matrix system comprising water soluble drug verapamil hydrochloride. Baviskar, D; Jain, D; Sharma, R, 2013)	0.39
" In a relative human bioavailability study, vemurafenib MBP provided a four- to fivefold increase in exposure compared with crystalline drug."	( Improved human bioavailability of vemurafenib, a practically insoluble drug, using an amorphous polymer-stabilized solid dispersion prepared by a solvent-controlled coprecipitation process. Choi, DS; Chokshi, H; Diodone, R; Fähnrich, K; Go, Z; Grippo, JF; Ibrahim, PN; Iyer, RM; Louie, T; Mair, HJ; Malick, W; Moreira, SA; Mouskountakis, J; Pabst-Ravot, A; Rubia, L; Sandhu, H; Scheubel, E; Shah, N; Singhal, D; Tang, K; Tian, H, 2013)	0.39
"Solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) have been used increasingly for improving the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs."	( Effects of spray-drying and choice of solid carriers on concentrations of Labrasol® and Transcutol® in solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS). Lam, CW; Li, L; Yi, T, 2013)	0.39
"Miconazole and itraconazole possess adequate membrane permeability, but only slight water solubility, which limits their bioavailability and antifungal effect."	( Formulation and drying of miconazole and itraconazole nanosuspensions. Cerdeira, AM; Gander, B; Mazzotti, M, 2013)	0.39
" Furthermore, the dose related bioavailability was determined by investigating the experimental saturation concentrations for different doses."	( Dissolution testing of amorphous solid dispersions. Jeeger, K; Kogermann, K; Naelapää, K; Penkina, A; Predbannikova, K; Rantanen, J; Veski, P, 2013)	0.39
" In addition, the experimental results from the formulation screening used in our study could be useful for enhancing the bioavailability of sirolimus in preformulation and formulation studies."	( Supersaturatable formulations for the enhanced oral absorption of sirolimus. Cha, KH; Cho, W; Hwang, SJ; Kim, JS; Kim, MS; Park, HJ; Park, J, 2013)	0.39
"Drug polymer-based amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve bioavailability for poorly water-soluble compounds."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of amorphous solid dispersions generated by different bench-scale processes, using griseofulvin as a model compound. Bao, L; Chiang, PC; Chou, KJ; Cui, Y; Deng, Y; Hau, J; Jia, W; La, H; Lubach, J; Qin, A; Ran, Y; Sambrone, A; Wong, H, 2013)	0.39
"The bioavailability parameters were found as: Cmax 1508."	( Pharmacokinetic study of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose microparticles loaded with cimetidine. Ahmad, M; Hussain, I; Karim, S; Khan, SA; Kousar, R; Murtaza, G, )	0.4
"For prolonged drug release in the stomach, developed floating microparticles of cimetidine (FMC3) may be used, thereby improving the bioavailability and patient compliance."	( Pharmacokinetic study of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose microparticles loaded with cimetidine. Ahmad, M; Hussain, I; Karim, S; Khan, SA; Kousar, R; Murtaza, G, )	0.4
" In addition, an exploratory cross-cohort comparison of the relative bioavailability of single-dose dabrafenib administered in gelatin and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) capsules was performed."	( Effects of particle size, food, and capsule shell composition on the oral bioavailability of dabrafenib, a BRAF inhibitor, in patients with BRAF mutation-positive tumors. Blackman, SC; Carson, SW; Gordon, MS; Grossmann, KF; Infante, JR; Knowles, L; Krachey, EC; Lan, K; Limentani, G; Lorusso, PM; Nebot, N; Ouellet, D; Pande, G; Sharma, S, 2013)	0.59
"The goal of this study was to demonstrate that MK-0364 solid dispersions can be developed as a means to increase the solubility and bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug, MK-0364."	( Development of amorphous solid dispersion formulations of a poorly water-soluble drug, MK-0364. McKelvey, C; Moser, J; Rege, B; Sotthivirat, S; Xu, W; Zhang, D, 2013)	0.39
"Production of polymer and/or surfactant-coated crystalline nanoparticles of water-insoluble drugs (nanosuspensions) using wet bead milling is an important formulation approach to improve the bioavailability of said compounds."	( Characterization of polymer adsorption onto drug nanoparticles using depletion measurements and small-angle neutron scattering. Goodwin, DJ; Holland, SJ; King, SM; Lawrence, MJ; Martini, LG; Sepassi, S, 2013)	0.39
" This way, these formulations could provide an increased bioavailability in vivo."	( Formulation development and stability studies of norfloxacin extended-release matrix tablets. Bernardi, LS; Klein, L; Mendes, C; Oliveira, PR; Sangoi, Mda S; Silva, MA, 2013)	0.39
"In this study, a novel orodispersible film (ODF) containing drug nanoparticles was developed with the goal of transforming drug nanosuspensions into a solid dosage form and enhancing oral bioavailability of drugs with poor water solubility."	( Development and characterization of an orodispersible film containing drug nanoparticles. Bai, JX; Dai, L; Han, J; Lv, QY; Shen, BD; Shen, CY; Xu, H; Yu, C; Yuan, HL; Yuan, XD, 2013)	0.39
" Hence, the drug suffers from brief residence in the highly moving intestine during diarrhoea which leads to poor bioavailability and frequent dosing."	( Design of innovated lipid-based floating beads loaded with an antispasmodic drug: in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. Adel, S; ElKasabgy, NA, 2014)	0.4
" We previously reported that the bioavailability of CoQ10 powder was less than 10%."	( Emulsification using highly hydrophilic surfactants improves the absorption of orally administered coenzyme Q10. Iseki, K; Mutoh, H; Sato, Y; Sugawara, M; Suzuki, M; Takekuma, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Minipigs also reflected the loss of bioavailability relative to the immediate-release formulation."	( Suitability of a minipig model in assessing clinical bioperformance of matrix and multiparticulate extended-release formulations for a BCS class III Drug development candidate. Fitzpatrick, S; Hardy, I; Kesisoglou, F; Manser, K; Wu, Y; Xie, IH, 2014)	0.4
"To compare the properties of solid dispersions of felodipine for oral bioavailability enhancement using two different polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), by hot-melt extrusion (HME) and spray drying."	( A comparative study of the effect of spray drying and hot-melt extrusion on the properties of amorphous solid dispersions containing felodipine. Kelly, A; Mahmah, O; Paradkar, A; Tabbakh, R, 2014)	0.6
" Furthermore, the bioavailability of the blend-coated pellets in beagle dogs was also performed."	( Eudragit L/HPMCAS blend enteric-coated lansoprazole pellets: enhanced drug stability and oral bioavailability. Cao, D; Fang, Y; Liu, Z; Wang, G; Wu, X; Zhang, R, 2014)	0.4
" It is known that decreasing direct cell stimulation and reducing the amount applied via increasing bioavailability are useful for improving these issues."	( A nanoparticle formulation reduces the corneal toxicity of indomethacin eye drops and enhances its corneal permeability. Ito, Y; Nagai, N; Okamoto, N; Shimomura, Y, 2014)	0.4
" However, the major problem encountered in these dosage forms is precorneal elimination of the drug, resulting in poor bioavailability and therapeutic response."	( Development and evaluation of a novel in situ gel of sparfloxacin for sustained ocular drug delivery: in vitro and ex vivo characterization. Ali, A; Aqil, M; Imam, SS; Khan, N, 2015)	0.42
" This often leads to a high in vivo variability and bioavailability issues."	( Site specific solubility improvement using solid dispersions of HPMC-AS/HPC SSL--mixtures. Daniels, R; Meier, R; Wagner, KG; Zecevic, DE, 2014)	0.4
" In summary, encapsulation of GME using cellulose-derivative nanoparticles - GME-EC and GME-EC/MC nanoparticles - successfully improved the bioavailability of GME in aqueous solution, enhanced cellular uptake, and displayed effective anticancer activity."	( Cellular trafficking and anticancer activity of Garcinia mangostana extract-encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles. Hanes, J; Kim, AJ; Pan-In, P; Wanichwecharungruang, S, 2014)	0.4
" Although several limited studies demonstrated non-invasive means of protein delivery, major hurdles for commercial success such as short half-life, enzymatic degradation and low bioavailability still remain to overcome."	( Thermo-reversible injectable gel based on enzymatically-chopped low molecular weight methylcellulose for exenatide and FGF 21 delivery to treat types 1 and 2 diabetes. Cha, YH; Kim, JK; Kim, YH; Yoo, C, 2014)	0.63
" The compound exhibits low bioavailability in preclinical species when dosed as cosolvent solution formulations, with reduced exposure upon dose escalation."	( Oral delivery of highly lipophilic poorly water-soluble drugs: spray-dried dispersions to improve oral absorption and enable high-dose toxicology studies of a P2Y1 antagonist. Caporuscio, C; Chen, XQ; Gudmundsson, O; Hageman, M; Huang, C; Lam, P; Shen, H; Stefanski, K; Su, C; Yang, W, 2014)	0.4
" Encapsulation into methylcellulose microspheres leads to short half/life but bioavailability remarkably increases compared to the free thymol."	( Encapsulation and modified-release of thymol from oral microparticles as adjuvant or substitute to current medications. Boatto, G; Bosi, P; Colombo, M; Gavini, E; Giunchedi, P; Manconi, P; Nieddu, M; Priori, D; Rassu, G; Trevisi, P, 2014)	0.73
" Here, we aimed to improve the bioavailability of bevacizumab when used as an adjunct therapy to non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (DS) by using a bevacizumab-methylcellulose mixture (BMM)."	( Safety and feasibility of the use of a bevacizumab-methylcellulose mixture as an adjunct to glaucoma surgery: a pilot study. Cunha Junior, Ada S; Paula, JS; Rodrigues, Mde L; Secches, DJ; Silva, MJ, )	0.58
" Through this approach peptides are expected to increase their bioavailability and efficiency in vivo both by their specific release at the intestinal level and also by the reduced enzymatic activity."	( Microfluidic Assembly of a Multifunctional Tailorable Composite System Designed for Site Specific Combined Oral Delivery of Peptide Drugs. Araújo, F; Granja, PL; Herranz-Blanco, B; Hirvonen, JT; Liu, D; Mäkilä, EM; Salonen, JJ; Santos, HA; Sarmento, B; Shahbazi, MA; Shrestha, N, 2015)	0.42
" These findings provide a mechanistic foundation of formulation development of nilotinib and other protein kinase inhibitors, which are now witnessing an intense therapeutic and industrial attention due to the difficulty in formulating these compounds so that efficient oral bioavailability is reached."	( Matrix effects in nilotinib formulations with pH-responsive polymer produced by carbon dioxide-mediated precipitation. Andersson, P; Brisander, M; Colombo, S; Haglöf, J; Malmsten, M; Sjövall, P; Østergaard, J, 2015)	0.42
" Studies in albino rabbits show correspondingly better bioavailability of F1-F3 than Epitol."	( The development of carbamazepine-succinic acid cocrystal tablet formulations with improved in vitro and in vivo performance. Hussain, I; Sun, CC; Ullah, M, 2016)	0.43
"Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are of great interest as enabling formulations because of their ability to increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs."	( Dissolution of Danazol Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Supersaturation and Phase Behavior as a Function of Drug Loading and Polymer Type. Hussain, MA; Jackson, MJ; Kestur, US; Taylor, LS, 2016)	0.43
" On the other hand, in the in vivo percutaneous absorption experiment, the apparent absorption rate constant (ka) and the areas under the KET concentration-time curve values in the skin of rats receiving the KETnano gel ointment were significantly higher than those of rats receiving the KETmicro gel ointment, and the amounts of KET in the skin tissues of rats receiving the KETnano gel ointment were also significantly higher than those of rats receiving the KETmicro gel ointment."	( Pharmacokinetics and Antiinflammatory Effect of a Novel Gel System Containing Ketoprofen Solid Nanoparticles. Ito, Y; Iwamae, A; Nagai, N; Tanimoto, S; Yoshioka, C, 2015)	0.42
" This study suggests that GTCs, formulated with vitamin C and xylitol followed by γ-CD encapsulation or HPMCP enteric coating, provide combinational effect to increase bioavailability of GTCs."	( Combinational enhancing effects of formulation and encapsulation on digestive stability and intestinal transport of green tea catechins. Chung, JH; Ko, S; Shim, SM; Son, YR, 2016)	0.43
"Amorphous solid dispersion formulations have been widely used to enhance bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs."	( Impact of polymer type on bioperformance and physical stability of hot melt extruded formulations of a poorly water soluble drug. Brown, C; Li, L; Liu, Z; Marks, B; Marsac, P; Mitra, A, 2016)	0.43
" Current methods synthesize such particles by multi-step procedures, and systematic comparisons of antibacterial properties between coatings, as well as measurements of specific absorption rate (SAR) during magnetic hyperthermia are lacking."	( Dual-modality self-heating and antibacterial polymer-coated nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia. Darwish, MS; Nguyen, NH; Ševců, A; Smoukov, SK; Stibor, I, 2016)	0.43
"6-fold greater after simultaneous administration, leading to about 70- and 2-fold improved oral bioavailability of paclitaxel compared with paclitaxel alone and the simultaneous administration with HM30181M powder, respectively."	( Effect of HM30181 mesylate salt-loaded microcapsules on the oral absorption of paclitaxel as a novel P-glycoprotein inhibitor. Choi, HG; Jin, SG; Kim, DS; Kim, DW; Kim, JC; Kim, JO; Kim, KS; Kim, YI; Park, JH; Woo, JS; Yong, CS; Youn, YS, 2016)	0.43
"This study investigates 3 amorphous technologies to improve the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of flubendazole (FLU)."	( Evaluation of Three Amorphous Drug Delivery Technologies to Improve the Oral Absorption of Flubendazole. Backx, K; Boeykens, P; Bone, S; Brewster, ME; Ceulemans, J; Hillewaert, V; Jager, C; Kesselaers, E; Lachau-Durand, S; Mackie, C; Meurs, G; Novoa de Armas, H; Psathas, P; Smulders, S; Van Geel, K; Van Hove, B; Van Speybroeck, M; Verheyen, L; Verreck, G; Vialpando, M; Vodak, D; Voets, M; Weuts, I, 2016)	0.43
" The relative bioavailability and pharmacological availability of such a formulation, as determined vs."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of an oral multiple-unit formulation for colonic delivery of insulin. Caliceti, P; Del Curto, MD; Gazzaniga, A; Maroni, A; Melocchi, A; Salmaso, S; Zema, L, 2016)	0.43
" Niosomes were utilized to allow for prolonged release of the drug, whereas the films were used to increase the drug's bioavailability via the sublingual route."	( Sublingual fast dissolving niosomal films for enhanced bioavailability and prolonged effect of metoprolol tartrate. Allam, A; Fetih, G, 2016)	0.43
" It is classified as a poorly soluble drug, and improvements in its solubility and higher bioavailability with oral administration are needed."	( Solid dispersions of efonidipine hydrochloride ethanolate with improved physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties prepared with microwave treatment. Fukami, T; Inoue, M; Maeno, Y; Otsuka, M; Ozeki, T; Tagami, T, 2016)	0.43
"Many active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) have a very poor or highly variable bioavailability after oral administration."	( Preparation and characterization of gastrointestinal wafer formulations. Hanke, U; Kirsch, K; Weitschies, W, 2017)	0.46
" The PNS concentrations in rat plasma were analyzed by HPLC-MS-MS method and the relative bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using Kinetica4."	( Pharmacokinetics and correlation between in vitro release and in vivo absorption of bio-adhesive pellets of panax notoginseng saponins. Li, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhu, CY, 2017)	0.46
" When Sporanox and itraconazole/AFFINISOL High Productivity HPMCAS SDDs were dosed in rats, the maximum absorption rate for each formulation rank-ordered with membrane flux in vitro."	( Impact of Drug-Rich Colloids of Itraconazole and HPMCAS on Membrane Flux in Vitro and Oral Bioavailability in Rats. Brodeur, TJ; Friesen, DT; Goodwin, AK; Grass, ME; Morgen, MM; Stewart, AM; Vodak, DT, 2017)	0.46
"Mesoporous silicas (SLC) have demonstrated considerable potential to improve bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs by facilitating rapid dissolution and generating supersaturation."	( Mesoporous silica-based dosage forms improve bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs in pigs: case example fenofibrate. Dressman, JB; Griffin, BT; Herbert, E; Lubda, D; Nagarsekar, K; O'Driscoll, CM; O'Shea, JP; Saal, C; Wieber, A; Witt, V, 2017)	0.46
" A positive correlation was identified between bioavailability and dissolution efficiency."	( Mesoporous silica-based dosage forms improve bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs in pigs: case example fenofibrate. Dressman, JB; Griffin, BT; Herbert, E; Lubda, D; Nagarsekar, K; O'Driscoll, CM; O'Shea, JP; Saal, C; Wieber, A; Witt, V, 2017)	0.46
"The substantial improvements in bioavailability of fenofibrate from the SLC-based formulations confirm the ability of this formulation strategy to overcome the dissolution and solubility limitations, further raising the prospects of a future commercially available SLC-based formulation."	( Mesoporous silica-based dosage forms improve bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs in pigs: case example fenofibrate. Dressman, JB; Griffin, BT; Herbert, E; Lubda, D; Nagarsekar, K; O'Driscoll, CM; O'Shea, JP; Saal, C; Wieber, A; Witt, V, 2017)	0.46
"An advanced oral drug delivery system that can effectively deliver drugs with poor oral bioavailability is strongly desirable."	( Multifunctional Nanotube-Mucoadhesive Poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid)@Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate Composite for Site-Specific Oral Drug Delivery. Airavaara, M; Correia, A; Ding, Y; Hirvonen, J; Kemell, M; Kerdsakundee, N; Li, W; Liu, Z; Martins, JP; Santos, HA; Wiwattanapatapee, R; Zhang, F, 2017)	0.68
"The aim of this study was to formulate granisetron hydrochloride (GH) spanlastic in mucoadhesive gels and lyophilized inserts for intranasal administration to improve GH bioavailability and brain targeting."	( Development of novel bioadhesive granisetron hydrochloride spanlastic gel and insert for brain targeting and study their effects on rats. Abdelmonem, R; Attia, A; El Nabarawi, M, 2018)	0.48
" These results suggest that rifapentine delivery via ASD with these cellulosic polymers may improve bioavailability in vivo."	( Cellulose-based amorphous solid dispersions enhance rifapentine delivery characteristics in vitro. Edgar, KJ; Mosquera-Giraldo, LI; Neilson, AP; Nichols, BLB; Novo, DC; Taylor, LS; Winslow, CJ, 2018)	0.48
"The aim of this paper was to compare the in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability of three solubility enhancement technologies for β-lapachone (LPC), a poorly water soluble compound with extremely high crystallization propensity."	( Oral bioavailability enhancement of β-lapachone, a poorly soluble fast crystallizer, by cocrystal, amorphous solid dispersion, and crystalline solid dispersion. Chen, H; Chen, Y; Chen, Z; Liu, C; Liu, Z; Pui, Y; Qian, F, 2018)	0.48
" To this end, we have developed a stimulus-responsive, in situ-forming, nanoparticle-laden hydrogel for controlled release of poorly bioavailable drugs into the aqueous humor of the eye."	( A stimulus-responsive, in situ-forming, nanoparticle-laden hydrogel for ocular drug delivery. Derakhshandeh, M; Hatzikiriakos, SG; Hossain, S; Kabiri, M; Kamal, SH; Kumar, U; Pawar, SV; Roy, PR; Yadav, VG, 2018)	0.48
"Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMC-AS) is one of the most widely used polymers used in amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) for solubility and bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs."	( A high-sensitivity HPLC-ELSD method for HPMC-AS quantification and its application in elucidating the release mechanism of HPMC-AS based amorphous solid dispersions. Chen, Y; Liu, C; Qian, F; Wang, S; Zhang, Z; Zhu, A, 2018)	0.84
"Amorphous Solid Dispersion (ASD) based formulations have been frequently used to improve the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs, however, common processes to produce ASDs are not feasible for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) studies with radio-labeled Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) due to the complications associated with radioactive material handling."	( Designing an ADME liquid formulation with matching exposures to an amorphous dosage form. Fuerst, J; Ormes, J; Tatavarti, A; Xi, H; Xu, W; Yang, Z, 2019)	0.51
"Usage of the amorphous phase of compounds has become the method of choice to overcome oral bioavailability problems related to poor solubility."	( Impact of Method of Preparation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions on Mechanical Properties: Comparison of Coprecipitation and Spray Drying. Hou, HH; Jia, W; Lubach, JW; Muliadi, A; Nagapudi, K; Pandya, KM; Rajesh, A; Yost, E, 2019)	0.51
"Spray-dried dispersions (SDDs) are an important technology for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."	( Mechanistic Study of Belinostat Oral Absorption From Spray-Dried Dispersions. Goodwin, A; Morgen, M; Mudie, D; Pivette, P; Sarmiento, A; Stewart, A; Vodak, D; Winter, M; Yates, I, 2019)	0.51
"The purpose of this study was to research a novel combination of Plasdone-S630 and HPMCAS-HF as hot-melt carrier used in ziprasidone hydrochloride for enhanced oral bioavailability and dismissed food effect."	( A Combined Utilization of Plasdone-S630 and HPMCAS-HF in Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Solid Dispersion by Hot-Melt Extrusion to Enhance the Oral Bioavailability and No Food Effect. Chen, G; Ren, L; Wang, J; Xu, X; Xue, X, 2019)	0.51
"It is expected that drug systems using nanoparticles will improve the problem of poor water solubility and bioavailability of lipophilic drugs."	( [Effect of Methylcellulose (Cellulose Derivatives) on Ibuprofen-crushing Efficiency in Nano Pulverizer NP-100]. Nagai, N; Nakamura, T; Okamoto, N; Otake, H; Yamasaki, Y, 2019)	0.9
" The PI screening protocol described herein allows to study the effect of PIs for solubility and potential bioavailability improvement of poorly soluble drugs to support formulation development already in early stages."	( Application of an automated small-scale in vitro transfer model to predict in vivo precipitation inhibition. Jede, C; Koziolek, M; Kubas, H; Wagner, C; Weber, C; Weigandt, M; Weitschies, W, 2019)	0.51
" However, the short retention time at the absorption site and slow drug transport in intranasal gel influence the drug bioavailability and outcome of ICH."	( An enhanced charge-driven intranasal delivery of nicardipine attenuates brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Deng, J; Gong, Y; Guo, T; Guo, Y; Hao, S; Ji, J; Wang, B, 2019)	0.51
" This means that it is possible the product differs both compositionally and structurally between the time of manufacture and the time it is taken by the patient, leading to poor bioavailability and so ultimately the shelf-life of the product has to be reduced."	( Modelling phase separation in amorphous solid dispersions. McGinty, S; Meere, M; Pontrelli, G, 2019)	0.51
" Following subcutaneous administration in rats, the optimized formulation could prolong the drug release until 72 h with the enhanced bioavailability in comparison with the ODS solution."	( Preparation of an oil suspension containing ondansetron hydrochloride as a sustained release parenteral formulation. Chi, SC; Duong, VA; Maeng, HJ; Nguyen, TT, 2020)	0.56
"The low bioavailability of Ketoprofen is associated with its hydrophobic nature that can be solved by nanonization."	( Enhanced dissolution rate of Ketoprofen by fabricating into smart nanocrystals. Ahmad, S; Ali, FL; Bashir, S; Ghaffar, R; Isreb, M; Khan, J; Khan, MA; Khan, W; Naz, A; Ullah, A, 2019)	0.51
"The preparation of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a promising strategy for improving the poor oral bioavailability of many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)."	( Physical stability of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based amorphous solid dispersions: Experimental and computational study. Dendisová, M; Fulem, M; Hassouna, F; Iemtsev, A; Klajmon, M; Malinová, L; Mathers, A; Školáková, T, 2020)	0.83
"Spray dried dispersions (SDDs) have the potential to dramatically improve the oral bioavailability of drugs with poor water solubility."	( The effects of spray drying, HPMCAS grade, and compression speed on the compaction properties of itraconazole-HPMCAS spray dried dispersions. Alayoubi, A; Ashraf, M; Das, S; Feng, X; Hoag, SW; Honick, M; Muller, FX; Polli, JE; Zidan, A, 2020)	0.56
" Nevertheless, a multitude of potentially clinically important drugs will not reach the market or achieve their full potential, due to their low bioavailability and instability in gastric acid."	( A novel cyanoacrylate-based matrix excipient in HPMCP capsules forms a sustained intestinal delivery system for orally administered drugs with enhanced absorption efficiency. Chen, P; Gao, J; Han, X; Hua, Y; Liu, S; Ma, J; Pang, B; Song, L; Xu, L; Yu, J, 2021)	0.62
"69 times respectively of that in SLB suspension group, with a relative bioavailability of 578."	( [Effects of HPMCAS MF on absorption of silybin from supersaturable self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system]. Ding, HB; Jiang, QY; Lai, ZT; Liao, ZG; Yuan, QL, 2021)	0.62
"Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs) are a major drug formulation technique to achieve higher bioavailability for poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients."	( Precipitation from amorphous solid dispersions in biorelevant dissolution testing: The polymorphism of regorafenib. Breitkreutz, J; Dulle, M; Egelhaaf, S; Fischer, B; Hoheisel, W; Müller, M; Platten, F; Serno, P, 2021)	0.62
" Our results highlight the potential use of HPMCAS-LF as an effective matrix to enhance lutein bioavailability during oral delivery and to provide novel insights into the eye-care supplement industry, with direct benefits for the health of patients."	( Preparation and Characterization of a Lutein Solid Dispersion to Improve Its Solubility and Stability. Choi, HG; Her, J; Jung, CE; Kang, JK; Kang, K; Lee, ES; Lim, C; Oh, KT; Sim, T; Youn, YS, 2021)	0.62
" However, poor bioavailability of ubiquitous low-water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and lack of efficient oral drug formulations remain as significant challenges."	( Design and Use of a Thermogelling Methylcellulose Nanoemulsion to Formulate Nanocrystalline Oral Dosage Forms. Chen, LH; Doyle, PS, 2021)	0.9
"Incorporating the amorphous drug in polymeric components has been demonstrated as a feasible approach to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."	( Role of polymers in the physical and chemical stability of amorphous solid dispersion: A case study of carbamazepine. Bu, T; Li, J; Li, T; Pan, H; Wang, H; Yu, D; Zhang, X; Zhou, W, 2022)	0.72
" With the emergence of the hot-melt extrusion and spray drying approach, many molecules have been brought to the market using solid dispersion technology from the discovery phase by improving bioavailability and thereby efficacy."	( Evolution of Solid Dispersion Technology: Solubility Enhancement Using Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate: Myth or Reality? Ankola, D; Awasthi, R; Babu, NR; Nagpal, D, )	0.36
" Its erratic oral bioavailability necessitates frequent administration of high doses, resulting in severe side effects."	( Solid dispersions based on chitosan/hypromellose phthalate blends to modulate pharmaceutical properties of zidovudine. Boni, FI; Cury, BSF; Ferreira, NN; Gremião, MPD; Pedreiro, LN, 2022)	0.72
" In addition, the mechanisms underlying for improved dissolution performance, oral bioavailability and stability of HPMCAS ASDs are explored."	( Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate as an exceptional polymer for amorphous solid dispersion formulations: A review from bench to clinic. Butreddy, A, 2022)	1.08
" A complete cross-over bioavailability study of the selected acyclovir-loaded sustained release tablets and marketed immediate-release tablets were compared in six healthy male volunteers."	( Effect of Hydrophilic Polymers on the Release Rate and Pharmacokinetics of Acyclovir Tablets Obtained by Wet Granulation: In Vitro and In Vivo Assays. Dobrowolska, A; Eder, P; Fonseca, J; Kovacevic, A; Meyyanathan, SN; Souto, EB; Venkatesh, DN; Zielińska, A, 2022)	0.72
"Changing the physical state from crystalline to amorphous is an elegant method to increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble new chemical entity (NCE) drug candidates."	( Pharmacobezoar Formation From HPMC-AS-Containing Spray-Dried Formulations in Nonclinical Safety Studies in Rats. Gierke, H; Nolte, T; Pfrommer, T; Schäfer, K; Weitschies, W, 2022)	0.72
" We demonstrate that our delivery vehicle can prolong the bioavailability of RdCVFL-SH3 in the retina, potentially enhancing its therapeutic effects."	( Affinity-controlled release of rod-derived cone viability factor enhances cone photoreceptor survival. Bahlmann, LC; Harada, H; Ho, MT; Huo, L; Léveillard, T; Monnier, PP; Ramachandran, A; Shoichet, MS; Teal, CJ, 2023)	0.91
" Cur-EuD/HPMC 3:1 contributed greatly to the Cur permeability, leading to obtain superior relative oral bioavailability and anti-inflammatory effect."	( Curcumin amorphous solid dispersions benefit from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E50 to perform enhanced anti-inflammatory effects. Shi, X; Tao, W; Zhang, J, 2023)	1.15
"We found that nanoparticulation of MF enhances local intranasal absorption, and nasal bioavailability is higher than that of CA-MF."	( Nasal Absorption Enhancement of Mometasone Furoate Nanocrystal Dispersions. Deguchi, S; Kanai, K; Kawasaki, N; Masuda, S; Nagai, N; Ogata, F; Otake, H; Yoshitomi, J, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is a versatile polymer widely used in the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" While pilocarpine retained some residual hypotensive effect 12 hours after application, twice-daily dosage with the solutions tested gave inadequate control for clinical usefulness."	( Intraocular pressure control with twice-daily pilocarpine in two vehicle solutions. Pollack, IP; Quigley, HA, 1977)	0.26
" The epo dose-response curves for CFU-E colony counts and day-2 hemoglobin synthesis were similar, and the cell-number-response curves for these two paramaters were parallel."	( The relationship of hemoglobin synthesis to erythroid colony and burst formation. Eliason, JF; Goldwasser, E; Van Zant, G, 1979)	0.26
" Accordingly this investigation could be considered an approach towards the development of oral controlled release dosage forms by polysalt flocculates."	( Polysalt flocculates as a physicochemical approach in the development of controlled-release oral pharmaceuticals. El-Menshawy, ME; Ismail, AA; Salib, NN, 1976)	0.26
" The long-termed PEA treatment depressed first of all undesirable side effects and enabled to use higher therapeutic dosage of chemotherapeutics and improved the final results."	( The effect of long-term administration of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)palmitamide on the chemotherapy of RBA rat leukemia. Béderová, E; Svec, F; Svec, P, 1975)	0.25
"Prolonged fasting and longer time between dosing and sampling reduced the plasma gastrin concentrations after omeprazole (80 mumol/kg x 2 for 14 days) treatment in male rats whereas the amounts of tissue gastrin were essentially unchanged during these initial experiments."	( Effects of omeprazole and ranitidine on plasma gastrin concentration and stomach gastrin content in rats. Girma, K; Nilsson, G; Romell, B; Seensalu, R, 1992)	0.28
" Mean recoveries in 24-hr urine potassium levels from four dosage forms (after subtracting normal urine potassium excretion levels) were 76 +/- 32% from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, 95 +/- 22% from hydrogenated vegetable oil-incorporated matrix tablets, 91 +/- 29% from commercially available sustained-release tablets, and 97 +/- 13% from enteric-coated tablets."	( Formulation, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics of sustained-release potassium chloride tablets. Capan, Y; Dalkara, T; Hincal, AA; Inanç, N; Senel, S, 1991)	0.48
"Previously, the presence of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC Na) in addition to an absorption promoter, sodium caprate (C10 Na), in the dosing solution was found to be necessary for the enhancement of the rectal absorption of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF)."	( Enhanced rectal and nasal absorption of human epidermal growth factor by combined use of the absorption promoter and the synthetic polymer in rats. Amagase, H; Fuwa, T; Higashi, Y; Kawakita, H; Kisaki, M; Kishimoto, M; Kojima, Y; Murakami, T; Yata, N, 1991)	0.55
"Sensitivities to drugs acting on cells in culture can be measured as dose-response curves, provided a quantitative assay is available for a relevant cell function."	( Response to 5-azacytidine of leukemic blast cells in suspension: a biological parameter associated with response to chemotherapy. Curtis, JE; McCulloch, EA; Senn, JS; Tritchler, DL; Wang, C, 1987)	0.27
" However, this dose-response effect was not observed in either simultaneous methylcellulose culture with G-CSF or in LDA with a purified recombinant preparation of the corresponding G-CSF."	( Quantitative analysis of the effect of colony-stimulating factors on human marrow progenitor growth in liquid-suspension cultures: application of limiting dilution assay. Abe, T; Iishi, Y; Kawano, Y; Koyama, T; Mizuguchi, T; Satoh, J; Shimokawa, T; Suzue, T; Takaue, Y; Watanabe, T, 1989)	0.51
" Finally, a dosage of 50 micrograms of poly ICLC in 12% serum albumin is more effective as an IFN inducer than other dosages."	( Enhanced induction of plasma interferon after subcutaneous administration in rabbits of poly ICLC with albumin. Bocci, V; Muscettola, M; Paulesu, L; Pessina, GP, )	0.13
" When dose-response curves were obtained for VCR and DOX, the primary clonogenic cells (PE1) were more sensitive than secondary clonogenic cells (PE2) or clonogenic cells in suspension."	( The effects of vincristine and doxorubicin on the clonogenic cells of a human lung cancer cell line in methylcellulose and suspension culture. Aoki, N; Nara, N; Yamashita, Y, 1989)	0.49
"Some probable consequences of the dissolution/migration of a major solid dosage component in or into an applied film coating during or after a film coating operation have been investigated using free films of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) incorporating small amounts of either lactose (a diluent) or ephedrine hydrochloride (a drug)."	( Thermal characterization of drug/polymer and excipient/polymer interactions in some film coating formulation. Okhamafe, AO; York, P, 1989)	0.46
"The dissolution rate is often the limiting step in gastrointestinal absorption of water insoluble drugs from solid oral dosage forms."	( Cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose as a carrier for dissolution rate improvement of drugs. Colombo, P; Conte, U; Gazzaniga, A; Giunchedi, P; La Manna, A; Sangalli, ME, )	0.43
" Serum samples were taken at set time intervals and assayed for phenylpropanolamine content, thus allowing blood drug levels to be correlated with the position of the dosage form in the GI tract."	( Correlation of phenylpropanolamine bioavailability with gastrointestinal transit by scintigraphic monitoring of 111In-labeled hydroxypropylmethylcellulose matrices. Davis, SS; Feely, LC, 1989)	0.48
" These data indicate that when the test material is administered via the drinking water the dose levels received by the maternal and neonatal rats have been routinely underestimated, and that conclusions concerning the dose-response relationship or increased sensitivity during this period must be tempered by these results."	( Quantitative measurement of water consumption patterns in lactating female and neonatal Fischer 344 rats employing [14C]methylcellulose. Kirk, HD; Nolan, RJ, 1988)	0.48
"Chemical an physical properties of film coating materials determine stability of enteric coated pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( [Effect of film formers and plasticizers on the stability of resistance and disintegration behavior. 4. Pharmaceutical-technological and analytical studies of gastric juice-resistant commercial preparations]. Heckenmüller, H; Thoma, K, 1987)	0.27
" Marked patient-to-patient variation was found using either method; however, the slopes of the dose-response curves were usually greater when cells were exposed to drug in suspension rather than in methylcellulose."	( The sensitivity to cytosine arabinoside of the blast progenitors of acute myeloblastic leukemia. Curtis, JE; McCulloch, EA; Nara, N; Senn, JS; Tritchler, DL, 1986)	0.46
" Such chitosan/CMC-Na mixtures are a promising basis in the design of sustained release dosage forms of water-insoluble drugs."	( Sustained release tablets based on chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose sodium. Inouye, K; Machida, Y; Nagai, T, 1987)	0.52
"53% portion of the original dosing solution which consisted of cellulose units with an average molecular weight of less than 1000."	( The fate of ultra-low viscosity 14C-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in rats following gavage administration. Gorzinski, SJ; Hurst, GH; Takahashi, IT, 1986)	0.52
" Optimal immunotherapy was schedule dependent, requiring three to five injections of poly(I,C)-LC per week for a minimum of 4 weeks; in addition, therapeutic efficiency was partially dosage independent."	( Immunotherapeutic potential in murine tumor models of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and poly-L-lysine solubilized by carboxymethylcellulose. Adams, J; Chirigos, M; Collins, M; Lenz, B; Phillips, H; Schneider, M; Talmadge, JE, 1985)	0.48
"When ecotropic murine leukemia virus was assayed by a methylcellulose-XC cell procedure, plaque titers showed less test-to-test variation, more uniform dose-response curves, and larger plaque sizes, as compared with results of the conventional liquid overlay-XC cell test system."	( Methylcellulose media for plaque assay of murine leukemia virus. Horikawa, Y; Saito, H; Sato, K; Watanabe, T, 1982)	1.96
" Examination of the PHA-LCM dose-response characteristics suggested the presence in the conditioned medium of an inhibitor to megakaryocyte colony growth which was partially removed by chromatography of the medium on Sephadex G-100."	( Human megakaryocytic progenitors (CFU-M) assayed in methylcellulose: physical characteristics and requirements for growth. Adamson, JW; Burstein, SA; Fialkow, PJ; Harker, LA; Kimura, H; Powell, JS; Thorning, D, 1984)	0.52
" Granulocytic aggregates showed a consistent and reproducible dose-response relationship; at day 7, the maximum number of granulocytic aggregates was found at 4% CM."	( The in vitro growth pattern of human bone marrow in methylcellulose stimulated by different concentrations of conditioned medium. Blotkamp, J; Goselink, HM; Haak, HL; Jansen, J; Veenhof, WF, 1984)	0.52
" Dose-response experiments indicated that a single particle initiated the formation of a plaque."	( Plaque assay of bluegill virus using a methylcellulose overlay. Berthiaume, L; Larivière-Durand, C; Robin, J, 1982)	0.53
" The AHV dose-response curve was linear."	( Improvement in plaquing methods for the enumeration of anatid herpesvirus (duck plague virus). Attanasio, R; Johnson, JC; Olson, R, 1980)	0.26
"In vitro release tests and in vivo absorption measurements of oral cavity dosage forms of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) prepared from mixed polymer film systems were conducted."	( Release of isosorbide dinitrate from polymer film dosage forms and absorption of this drug through the oral mucosa of rats. Danjo, K; Kitamura, Y; Miyagawa, Y; Otsuka, A, 1994)	0.29
"We assessed the efficacy of a high-molecular-weight hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (K8515) as a cholesterol-lowering agent, the dose-response profile of its action, and the ability of adult subjects to tolerate its ingestion at effective doses."	( High-molecular-weight hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. A cholesterol-lowering agent. Adair, CH; Barnett, JL; Berardi, RR; Dressman, JB; Dunn-Kucharski, VA; Jarvenpaa, KM; Parr, DD; Sowle, CA; Swidan, SZ; Tobey, SW, 1993)	0.8
" The dose-response profile was studied in 12 mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects in a nonrandomized control trial with doses given in escalating order."	( High-molecular-weight hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. A cholesterol-lowering agent. Adair, CH; Barnett, JL; Berardi, RR; Dressman, JB; Dunn-Kucharski, VA; Jarvenpaa, KM; Parr, DD; Sowle, CA; Swidan, SZ; Tobey, SW, 1993)	0.56
" This optical image method is generally applicable to in situ characterization of the swelling behavior of polymer matrix-based tablets which are commonly used as extended-release dosage forms."	( Swelling of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix tablets. 1. Characterization of swelling using a novel optical imaging method. Gao, P; Meury, RH, 1996)	0.59
"Two types of multiple controlled release dosage forms, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose acetyl succinate (HPMC-AS) coated granules and double layer coated granules with HPMC-AS and ethyl cellulose (EC), were prepared for the newly developed antihistaminergic drug, TA-5707F, using a centrifugal fluidizing granulator."	( Preparation of controlled release granules of TA-5707F using enteric polymers and ethylcellulose, and their in vivo evaluation. Maejima, T; Matsukawa, Y; Osawa, T; Yamakita, H, 1996)	0.29
" The model (which is based on the Hopfenberg equation) takes into account the three dimensions of a tablet dosage form."	( Modeling of drug release from erodible tablets. Friedman, M; Goldberger, A; Hoffman, A; Katzhendler, I, 1997)	0.3
"This investigation was carried out to try the application of pilocarpine hydrochloride (PC) solid dispersion as sustained release dosage form."	( [Preparation and evaluation of solid dispersions of pilocarpine hydrochloride for alleviation of xerostomia]. Miyazaki, S; Oda, M; Ohno, K; Sato, M; Takada, M; Watanabe, S; Yagi, N, 1997)	0.3
"The stability of pyrimethamine in a liquid dosage formulation stored for up to three months was studies."	( Stability of pyrimethamine in a liquid dosage formulation stored for three months. Hipple, TF; Morosco, RS; Nahata, MC, 1997)	0.3
" 75, 198-207, 1997) have suggested that dosing chemicals to newly weaned male rats for 1 month may yield a useful assay for antiandrogens."	( The weanling male rat as an assay for endocrine disruption: preliminary observations. Ashby, J; Lefevre, PA, 1997)	0.3
"Duloxetine hydrochloride ((S)-N-methyl-3-(1-naphthalenyloxy)-2-thiophenepropanamine hydrochloride) has been found to react with polymer degradation products or residual free acids present in the enteric polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) in dosage formulations to form succinamide and phthalamide impurities, respectively."	( Characterization of impurities formed by interaction of duloxetine HCl with enteric polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate. Baertschi, SW; Jansen, PJ; Kemp, CA; Maple, SR; Oren, PL, 1998)	0.7
"Chewable tablets containing low dosage fluoride content were prepared using two varieties of celluloses and their in vitro parameters were evaluated."	( Clinical evaluation of sodium fluoride chewable tablets in dental caries. Aithal, KS; Tandon, S; Udupa, DN, )	0.13
"Dissolution testing is an essential requirement for the development, establishment of in vitro dissolution and in vivo performance (IVIVR), registration and quality control of solid oral dosage forms."	( Evaluation and comparison of dissolution data derived from different modified release dosage forms: an alternative method. Fassihi, R; Pillay, V, 1998)	0.3
"The objective of this study, was to examine the influence of critical formulation and processing variables as described in the AAPS/FDA Workshop II report on scale-up of oral extended-release dosage forms, using a hydrophilic polymer hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel K100LV)."	( Identification of critical formulation and processing variables for metoprolol tartrate extended-release (ER) matrix tablets. Augsburger, LL; Hussain, AS; Malinowski, HJ; Nellore, RV; Rekhi, GS; Tillman, LG, 1999)	0.48
"To determine the stability of amlodipine besylate in two liquid dosage forms under refrigeration and at room temperature."	( Stability of amlodipine besylate in two liquid dosage forms. Hipple, TF; Morosco, RS; Nahata, MC, )	0.13
" The liquid dosage form would also permit accurate administration of amlodipine doses to infants and young children based on their body weight."	( Stability of amlodipine besylate in two liquid dosage forms. Hipple, TF; Morosco, RS; Nahata, MC, )	0.13
"For solid dosage forms, a better understanding of the fundamental properties of the binders helps in developing better formulations and products."	( Investigating the fundamental effects of binders on pharmaceutical tablet performance. Barnum, PE; Guo, JH; Harcum, WW; Joneja, SK; Skinner, GW, 1999)	0.3
" Multiple unit dosage forms (MUDFs) were subsequently obtained by encapsulating the mini-matrix tablets into hard gelatin capsules."	( Development and evaluation of a multiple-unit oral sustained release dosage form for S(+)-ibuprofen: preparation and release kinetics. Cox, PJ; Khan, KA; Munday, DL; Sujja-areevath, J, 1999)	0.3
" The release profiles of the different three-layer systems obtained were compared, to verify if PEO could efficiently replace HPMC in this type of dosage form."	( High molecular weight polyethylene oxides (PEOs) as an alternative to HPMC in controlled release dosage forms. Bruni, R; Conte, U; Maggi, L, 2000)	0.31
" Adalat GITS 30 was used as a reference dosage form."	( Preparation and evaluation of a sustained-release formulation of nifedipine HPMC tablets. Ding, D; Li, H; Yan, G; Zhang, R, 2000)	0.31
" The system was used to image the physical changes that occur in solid dosage forms during dissolution in the flow-through apparatus."	( NMR imaging investigations of drug delivery devices using a flow-through USP dissolution apparatus. Blazek-Welsh, AI; Chopra, SK; Fahie, BJ; Fyfe, CA; Grondey, H, 2000)	0.31
" Compared to conventional tablets, release of captopril from these floating tablets was apparently prolonged; as a result, a 24-hr controlled-release dosage form for captopril was achieved."	( Captopril floating and/or bioadhesive tablets: design and release kinetics. Nur, AO; Zhang, JS, 2000)	0.31
" The compaction of microspheres for producing tablet dosage forms raises concerns about possible damage to microsphere walls with subsequent unpredictable dissolution rates."	( Effect of tabletting compaction pressure on alginate microspheres. Chan, LW; Heng, PW; Liew, CV; Ng, TY, )	0.13
" The aim of this tablet dosage form is to improve the oral absorption of ddI by delivering it in small doses over an extended period and localizing it in the intestine by bioadhesion."	( Oral sustained-release bioadhesive tablet formulation of didanosine. Betageri, GV; Deshmukh, DV; Gupta, RB, 2001)	0.31
" The new dosage form is able to accelerate the drug release at a predetermined pH."	( An easy producible new oral hydrocolloid drug delivery system with a late burst in the release profile. Freichel, OL; Lippold, BC, 2001)	0.31
"A floating dosage form composed of nicardipine hydrochloride (NH) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (enteric polymer) was prepared using a twin-screw extruder."	( Evaluation of a floating dosage form of nicardipine hydrochloride and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate prepared using a twin-screw extruder. Fukui, H; Izumi, S; Nakamichi, K; Oka, M; Yasuura, H, 2001)	0.76
" The in vitro drug release of this kind of two-layer dosage was controlled by the amount of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) in the drug-loading layer."	( Design and evaluation of a two-layer floating tablet for gastric retention using cisapride as a model drug. Bi, D; Wei, Z; Yu, Z, 2001)	0.52
"The permeabilities of mixed films of pectin/chitosan/HPMC have been studied to assess their value in producing a dosage form with biphasic drug release characteristics."	( Biphasic drug release: the permeability of films containing pectin, chitosan and HPMC. Fell, JT; Ofori-Kwakye, K, 2001)	0.31
" In this study, a new dosage form was developed by including bioadhesive polymers (polycarbophyl, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and hyaluronic sodium salt) into pessaries made of semisynthetic solid triglycerides."	( Development of a mucoadhesive dosage form for vaginal administration. Ceschel, GC; Lombardi Borgia, S; Maffei, P; Ronchi, C; Rossi, S, 2001)	0.52
"Evaluation of pharmaceutical availability of drugs from topical preparations is usually aimed to evaluate the capability of the dosage form to release the drug for its therapeutic action."	( [Liberation of potential local anesthetics from colloidal dispersions]. Klasovitá, J; Rak, J; Skarbalová, M; Vitková, Z, 2002)	0.31
" When associated with the ELISA dosage of serum EPo, the 'C1' EEC assay allowed confirmation or elimination of the diagnosis of polycythemia vera for 91% (20/22) of polyglobulic patients."	( Comparison of four serum-free, cytokine-free media for analysis of endogenous erythroid colony growth in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Allégraud, A; Boiret, N; Campos, L; Dobo, I; Girodon, F; Hermouet, S; Latger-Cannard, V; Mossuz, P; Pineau, D; Praloran, V; Wunder, E; Zandecki, M, 2001)	0.31
"001), which is evidently an advantage of this new dosage form."	( Bioavailability and in vitro oesophageal sticking tendency of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose capsule formulations and corresponding gelatine capsule formulations. Eerikäinen, S; Honkanen, O; Janne, M; Laaksonen, P; Martti, M; Marvola, J; Marvola, M; Pia, L; Raimo, T; Sari, E; Tuominen, R, 2002)	0.54
"Nifedipine can be prepared in two liquid dosage forms and stored for up to 3 months under refrigeration or at room temperature."	( Stability of nifedipine in two oral suspensions stored at two temperatures. Morosco, RS; Nahata, MC; Willhite, EA, )	0.13
"The photostability of drugs has been widely studied while less attention is devoted to the possible modifications that UV light may induce on the excipients of a dosage form, in particular, on the functional polymers used to modulate drug delivery."	( Photostability of extended-release matrix formulations. Albini, A; Conte, U; Fasani, E; Maggi, L; Ochoa Machiste, E; Segale, L, 2003)	0.32
" Compared to conventional tablets, release of the model drug from these HPMC matrix tablets was prolonged; as a result, an oral release dosage form to avoid the gastrointestinal adverse effects was achieved."	( In-vitro studies of diclofenac sodium controlled-release from biopolymeric hydrophilic matrices. Bravo, SA; Lamas, MC; Salamón, CJ, )	0.13
"The ANN could be used for predicting the dissolution profiles of sustained release dosage form and for the design of optimal formulation."	( [Application of an artificial neural network in the design of sustained-release dosage forms]. Liang, WQ; Wei, XH; Wu, JJ, 2001)	0.31
"The sodium and potassium salts of the methacrylic copolymers Eudragit L100 and Eudragit S100 were prepared with the aim to develop new low-swellable mucoadhesive materials intended for the preparation of buccal dosage forms."	( Polymethacrylate salts as new low-swellable mucoadhesive materials. Casiraghi, A; Cilurzo, F; Minghetti, P; Montanari, L; Selmin, F, 2003)	0.32
" The high flow--limit of gel originating from the tablets as well as its dynamic viscosity should enable durability of this dosage form on the vaginal mucosa."	( Studies on gynaecological hydrophilic lactic acid preparations. Part 5: The use of Eudragit E-100 as lactic acid carrier in intravaginal tablets. Hirnle, L; Kubis, AA; Małolepsza-Jarmołowska, K, 2003)	0.32
" The present investigation was undertaken to design an oral dosage form that would provide once-daily administration with improved therapy and to explore the relationships between in vitro drug release and in vivo absorption."	( Once-a-day controlled-release dosage form of divalproex sodium I: formulation design and in vitro/in vivo investigations. Cheskin, HS; Engh, KR; Poska, RP; Qiu, Y, 2003)	0.32
" A high flow-limit of the gel that originates from the tablets as well as its dynamic viscosity should allow for the durable dosage form in the vagina."	( Studies on gynaecological hydrophilic lactic acid preparations, part 6: use of Eudragit E-100 as lactic acid carrier in intravaginal tablets. Hirnle, L; Kubis, AA; Małolepsza-Jarmołowska, K, 2003)	0.32
"A lyophilization process for a pharmaceutical unit dosage form was developed which comprised a container closed with an impermeable membrane pierced with one or more holes through which the material in the container can be lyophilized."	( Lyophilization of unit dose pharmaceutical dosage forms. Baillie, AJ; Stevens, HN; Thapa, P, 2003)	0.32
"Hydrophilic matrix tablets based on hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and other cellulose derivatives rank among dosage forms with retarded effect widely used in contemporary pharmacotherapy."	( [Release of diltiazem chloride and ibuprofen from hydrophilic matrix tablets]. Medvecká, G; Rabisková, M; Vostalová, L, 2003)	0.57
"Groups of 20 pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand White rabbits were dosed with 0, 50, 150, 625, or 2500 mg/kg HPMCAS from gestational day (GD) 6-17 or GD 7-19 for rats and rabbits, respectively."	( Embryo/fetal development studies with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) in rats and rabbits. Cappon, GD; Cook, JC; Fleeman, TL; Hurtt, ME; Rocca, MS, 2003)	0.57
" Propranolol hydrochloride (propranolol HCl) is subjected to first-pass effect, therefore formulation of buccal-adhesive dosage form can circumvent this effect."	( Development and evaluation of buccoadhesive propranolol hydrochloride tablet formulations: effect of fillers. Adrangui, M; Akbari, J; Farid, D; Nokhodchi, A; Saeedi, M; Siahi-Shadbad, MR, 2004)	0.32
"Microballoons (MB) possessing a spherical cavity enclosed within a hard polymer shell have been developed as a dosage form characterized by excellent buoyancy in the stomach."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of riboflavin-containing microballoons for a floating controlled drug delivery system in healthy humans. Kawashima, Y; Sato, Y; Takeuchi, H; Yamamoto, H, 2004)	0.32
" Although a high inter-subject variability was observed, the results pointed to the feasibility of using betaCD in order to modulate CBZ release and absorption, as well as to reduce the drug dosage maintaining the same plasma levels."	( Bioavailability of carbamazepine:beta-cyclodextrin complex in beagle dogs from hydroxypropylmethylcellulose matrix tablets. Bassani, VL; Bertuol, JB; Dalla Costa, T; Groch, KR; Koester, LS; Mayorga, P; Moellerke, R; Xavier, CR, 2004)	0.54
" The bioavailability studies in healthy human volunteers indicated that the TTS of nimodipine, designed in the present study, provided steady-state plasma concentration of the drug with minimal fluctuations for 20 hr with improved bioavailability in comparison with the immediate release tablet dosage form."	( Formulation and evaluation of limonene-based membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system of nimodipine. Bhaskar, P; Krishnaiah, YS; Satyanarayana, V, )	0.13
" The suspended nanoparticle formulations and Neoral were administered orally in a dosage of 15 mg/kg to rats."	( [Influence of suspending agents on relative bioavailability of cyclosporine A-loaded HPMCP nanoparticles for oral administration to rats]. Chen, Z; Dai, JD; Wang, XQ; Xia, GM; Zhang, Q; Zhang, T, 2004)	0.32
" The present paper deals with the study and development of an oral dosage form devised to release drugs following a programmed time period after administration or, when opportune design modifications are introduced, to target the colon."	( Different HPMC viscosity grades as coating agents for an oral time and/or site-controlled delivery system: a study on process parameters and in vitro performances. Foppoli, A; Gazzaniga, A; Giordano, F; Maroni, A; Sangalli, ME; Zema, L, 2004)	0.32
"The study was aimed at design of new dosage forms of doxorubicin (films, erythrocyte vehicles) for correction of its hepatotoxic, prooxidant and immunosuppressory effects."	( [Experimental basis for the use of new dosage forms of doxorubicin for correction of its hepatotoxic, prooxidant and immunosuppressory effects]. Karpenko, EN; Kukureka, AV; Lazarev, AI; Prokopenko, LG; Siplivaia, LE; Siplivyĭ, GV, 2004)	0.32
" CyA-HP50 nanoparticles, CyA-HP55 nanoparticles and Neoral were orally administered at the dosage of 15 mg x kg(-1) to rats."	( [Relative bioavailability of cyclosporine A-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate nanoparticles for oral administration in rats]. Dai, JD; Wang, XQ; Xia, GM; Zhang, Q; Zhang, T, 2004)	0.56
" The floating properties of the dosage forms were reliant on type of the polymer and the medium-fasted state simulated gastric fluid (FaSSGF) or fed state simulated gastric fluid (FeSSGF)."	( The macromolecular polymers for the preparation of hydrodynamically balanced systems--methods of evaluation. Dorozyński, P; Jachowicz, R; Jasiński, A; Kulinowski, P; Kwieciński, S; Skórka, T; Szybiński, K, 2004)	0.32
"For treatment of allergic rhinitis, acrivastine with pseudoephedrine in Semprex-D conventional capsules requires dosing every 6-8 hours."	( Evaluation and comparison of five matrix excipients for the controlled release of acrivastine and pseudoephedrine. Fediuk, DJ; Gu, X; Simons, FE; Simons, KJ, 2004)	0.32
" In our study, dosage reform was conducted on the TCMCR model drug--Guanxin Suhe Wan (GSW), which is in the traditional form of honey bolus, comprising Styrax, Borneolumsyntheticum, Olbanum, Radix aristolochiae and Lignum santali albi."	( Preparation and evaluation of pH-dependent gradient-release pellets for TCM. Ci, L; Tang, X; Tian, X, 2004)	0.32
" The conclusions generally discusses the usability of equations and their correct interperetation in modelling dissolution of active ingrediens from dosage forms."	( [Weibull equation and dissolution kinetics]. Zatloukal, Z, 2004)	0.32
"A novel oral dosage formulation of insulin consisting of a surfactant, a vegetable oil, and a pH-responsive polymer has been developed."	( An enteric-coated dry emulsion formulation for oral insulin delivery. Goto, M; Hashida, M; Kamiya, N; Kokazu, Y; Ono, H; Toorisaka, E, 2005)	0.33
"The purpose of the current study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of melt-extruded dosage forms based on Acryl-EZE and to determine the influence of gelling agents on the mechanisms and kinetics of drug release from thermally processed matrices."	( Physicochemical characterization and mechanisms of release of theophylline from melt-extruded dosage forms based on a methacrylic acid copolymer. Cerea, M; Dietzsch, C; Farrell, T; Fegely, KA; McGinity, JW; Rajabi-Siahboomi, A; Young, CR, 2005)	0.33
"Hydroxyproyl-beta-cyclodextran (HPBCD), methyl cellulose (MC), Tween 80 and PEG400 are commonly used in dosing formulations in pharmacokinetic (PK) studies during the early drug discovery stage."	( A study of common discovery dosing formulation components and their potential for causing time-dependent matrix effects in high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assays. Broske, L; Korfmacher, WA; Mei, H; Pena, A; Wang, G; Wang, S; Xu, X; Zhou, Q, 2005)	0.33
" Polymers MC25 and HPC were found to be unsuitable for the preparation of this kind of solid dosage form, while HPMC K15M and K100M showed to be advantageous."	( Role of cellulose ether polymers on ibuprofen release from matrix tablets. Batista de Carvalho, LA; Pina, ME; Sousa, JJ; Veiga, F; Vueba, ML, 2005)	0.33
"Nowadays, oral dosage forms with controlled release kinetics have known an increasing interest."	( Performance of multilayered particles: influence of a thin cushioning layer. Chambin, O; Pourcelot, Y; Rochat-Gonthier, MH; Rota, A, 2005)	0.33
" When compared to other fast disintegrating dosage forms (e."	( Modified conventional hard gelatin capsules as fast disintegrating dosage form in the oral cavity. Bodmeier, R; Ciper, M, 2006)	0.33
" The process was conducted in the rotary fluid bed with a gravimetric powder feeder achieving an exact dosage in contrast to volumetric powder feeder."	( Dry coating in a rotary fluid bed. Harder, K; Kablitz, CD; Urbanetz, NA, 2006)	0.33
" The results showed that the menthol-based TTS patch of nimodipine provided steady plasma concentration of the drug with minimal fluctuations with improved bioavailability in comparison with the immediate release tablet dosage form."	( Studies on the transdermal delivery of nimodipine from a menthol-based TTS in human volunteers. Bhaskar, P; Krishnaiah, YS, 2004)	0.32
" A rectal dosage form of CBZ is not commercially available, although it is of particular interest when oral administration is impossible."	( Thermally reversible in situ gelling carbamazepine liquid suppository. El-Kamel, A; El-Khatib, M, )	0.13
"The knowledge of the percolation thresholds of a system results in a clear improvement of the design of controlled release dosage forms such as inert matrices."	( Study of the critical points of HPMC hydrophilic matrices for controlled drug delivery. Caraballo, I; Millán, M; Miranda, A, 2006)	0.33
"Incorporation of pH modifiers is a commonly used strategy to enhance the dissolution rate of weakly basic drugs from sustained release solid dosage forms."	( Microenvironmental pH and microviscosity inside pH-controlled matrix tablets: an EPR imaging study. Borchert, HH; Gurny, R; Herrmann, W; Kramer, A; Lueckel, B; Ries, A; Siepe, S, 2006)	0.33
" This study investigates the possibility of sterilising these glassy, solid dosage forms with gamma-irradiation and determining the rheological properties of rehydrated wafers post-irradiation."	( Gamma-irradiation of lyophilised wound healing wafers. Auffret, AD; Eccleston, GM; Humphrey, MJ; Matthews, KH; Stevens, HN, 2006)	0.33
" The dosage forms were composed of an immediate release core and a release rate regulating shell, fabricated with an aqueous PEH and an ethanolic triethyl citrate (TEC) binder, respectively."	( Development of near zero-order release dosage forms using three-dimensional printing (3-DP) technology. Kay, JL; Monkhouse, DC; Pryor, TJ; Roach, WJ; Surprenant, HL; Tejwani Motwani, MR; Wang, CC; Yoo, J, 2006)	0.33
"6) suggested that the dissolution profile of the present two sustained-release oral dosage forms are similar."	( Development and optimization of a novel sustained-release dextran tablet formulation for propranolol hydrochloride. Bataille, B; Colarte, AI; Gil, EC; Heinämäki, J; Pedraz, JL; Rodríguez, F, 2006)	0.33
" An increase of urinary excretion of riboflavin was observed when the volunteers were dosed with the floating pellets, especially after feeding."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of floating riboflavin pellets developed using the melt pelletization process. Amighi, K; Goole, J; Hamdani, J; Moës, AJ, 2006)	0.33
"A multiple-unit floating drug delivery system based on gas formation technique was developed in order to prolong the gastric residence time and to increase the overall bioavailability of the dosage form."	( Preparation and in vitro evaluation of a multiple-unit floating drug delivery system based on gas formation technique. Limmatvapirat, S; Paeratakul, O; Puttipipatkhachorn, S; Sungthongjeen, S, 2006)	0.33
"AC Biosusceptometry is a non-invasive technique originally proposed to monitoring pharmaceutical dosage forms orally administered and to image the disintegration process."	( Enteric coated magnetic HPMC capsules evaluated in human gastrointestinal tract by AC biosusceptometry. Américo, MF; Baffa, O; Corá, LA; Miranda, JR; Oliveira, RB; Paixão, FC; Romeiro, FG, 2006)	0.33
" However, having applied the polymer solution onto the dosage form's surface, the polymer should be converted to the nonionized form for delayed release action."	( A new solution for a chronic problem; aqueous enteric coating. Barzegar-Jalali, M; Ghassempour, A; Rafati, H, 2006)	0.33
"As there is strong interest in coating increasingly smaller particles or pellets for use in compacted dosage forms, there is a need for better small particle coating systems."	( Use of swirling airflow to enhance coating performance of bottom spray fluid bed coaters. Chan, LW; Heng, PW; Tang, ES, 2006)	0.33
" This study was carried out to investigate the solid phase transformation of ciprofloxacin during conventional formulation processing that impacts the performance of solid dosage forms."	( Investigation of excipient and processing on solid phase transformation and dissolution of ciprofloxacin. Hu, Y; Li, X; Zhi, F, 2007)	0.34
" Both the dosage forms follow Higuchi model for release from formulations."	( Formulation and development of gastroretentive drug delivery system for ofloxacin. Ali, J; Ali, M; Hasan, S, 2006)	0.33
" The high flow--limit of the gel originating from the tablets as well as its dynamic viscosity should ensure the durability of this dosage form on the vaginal mucosa."	( Studies on gynaecological hydrophilic lactic acid preparations, Part 7: use of chitosan as lactic acid carrier in intravaginal tablets (globuli vaginales). Małolepsza-Jarmołowska, K, 2006)	0.33
" Thus, the formulation approach offers the possibility of formulating and controlling the in vitro release of water-insoluble drugs from solid oral dosage forms."	( Controlled drug release from pellets containing water-insoluble drugs dissolved in a self-emulsifying system. Booth, S; Clarke, A; Newton, M; Serratoni, M, 2007)	0.34
" The enhanced bioavailability and elimination half-life observed in the present study may be due to the floating nature of the dosage form."	( Controlled release calcium silicate based floating granular delivery system of ranitidine hydrochloride. Agrawal, GP; Jain, AK; Jain, SK; Yadav, A, 2006)	0.33
"Defined mechanical properties are an essential requirement for any pharmaceutical dosage form and this is particularly important in the case of liquid-filled capsules."	( Time domain 1H NMR as a new method to monitor softening of gelatin and HPMC capsule shells. Kuentz, M; Rothenhäusler, B; Röthlisberger, D, )	0.13
" Their resultant-weight (RW) values were always higher than those obtained with a marketed HBS dosage form within 13h."	( Development and evaluation of new multiple-unit levodopa sustained-release floating dosage forms. Amighi, K; Goole, J; Vanderbist, F, 2007)	0.34
"Film forming polymeric solutions may present an alternative to the common transdermal dosage forms such as patches or gels."	( Delivery of ethinylestradiol from film forming polymeric solutions across human epidermis in vitro and in vivo in pigs. Franke, P; Lehr, CM; Schaefer, UF; Zurdo Schroeder, I, 2007)	0.34
" In addition, for compounds with differences in regional absorption within the gastrointestinal tract a dosage form with a bi-modal release profile may be required, which is difficult to achieve with a simple dosage form."	( Modulation of drug release kinetics from hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose matrix tablets using polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Booth, SW; Byway, PV; Fitzpatrick, S; Hardy, IJ; Neri, C; Windberg-Baarup, A, 2007)	0.34
"Bioadhesive dosage forms are a potential method for overcoming rapid mucociliary transport in the nose."	( Nasal residence of insulin containing lyophilised nasal insert formulations, using gamma scintigraphy. Band, J; Hodges, LA; Lindsay, B; McInnes, FJ; O'Mahony, B; Stevens, HN; Wilson, CG, 2007)	0.34
"The present study investigates if drug diffusion through plasticized isolated ethylcellulose (EC)/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films prepared by solvent casting can be used as a tool to develop spray-coated dosage forms."	( Correlation between the permeability of metoprolol tartrate through plasticized isolated ethylcellulose/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films and drug release from reservoir pellets. Remon, JP; Rombout, P; Van den Mooter, G; Vervaet, C; Ye, ZW, 2007)	0.76
"Most medicines are available only as solid, adult-strength dosage forms from which oral extemporaneous liquids are often prepared for children."	( Poor preservation efficacy versus quality and safety of pediatric extemporaneous liquids. Ghulam, A; Keen, K; Long, PF; Tuleu, C; Wong, IC, 2007)	0.34
" Moreover, these monographs should take into account testing that simulates multiple dosing from a single storage container during the intended in-use shelf life of multidose extemporaneous preparations."	( Poor preservation efficacy versus quality and safety of pediatric extemporaneous liquids. Ghulam, A; Keen, K; Long, PF; Tuleu, C; Wong, IC, 2007)	0.34
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of various stabilizers on the dissolution stability of liquid-filled capsule dosage forms containing a potent drug dissolved in polyethylene glycols."	( Stabilization of hard gelatin capsule shells filled with polyethylene glycol matrices. Bindra, DS; Stein, D, 2007)	0.34
" Through the printing of release-retardation materials, 3DP processes could easily prepare tablets with high dosage and special design features for furnishing the desired drug release characteristics."	( Tablets with material gradients fabricated by three-dimensional printing. Huang, WD; Liu, J; Wang, YG; Xu, H; Yang, XL; Yu, DG, 2007)	0.34
"With the different dosage of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as the tablets frame matrix, uniform design and correlation analysis were used to optimize the best component proportions of formula, and to measure the dissolution of the tablets in vitro."	( [Optimization of formulation matrix proportion and preparation technology of realgar floating tablets for gastric retention by uniform design and correlation analysis]. Chen, XL; Lin, YP; Qi, FY; Yang, CF; Zhong, YP, 2007)	0.34
" In vitro and in vivo performances of these formulations were investigated over a VP immediate release dosage form."	( Cyclodextrin multicomponent complexation and controlled release delivery strategies to optimize the oral bioavailability of vinpocetine. Falcão, AC; Ferreira, DC; Patrício, JA; Ribeiro, LS; Veiga, FJ, 2007)	0.34
" A high flow-limit of the gel that originates from the tablets as well as its dynamic viscosity should allow for the durable dosage form in the vagina."	( Studies on gynecological hydrophilic lactic acid preparations. Part 8: use of chitosan as lactic acid carrier in intravaginal tablets. Małolepsza-Jarmołowska, K, )	0.13
" Floating-pulsatile concept was applied to increase the gastric residence of the dosage form having lag phase followed by a burst release."	( Design and evaluation of a dry coated drug delivery system with floating-pulsatile release. Gao, S; Jiang, X; Kong, L; Zou, H, 2008)	0.35
" The FDA has recently issued an alert regarding the potential negative influence of alcohol on extended release dosage forms."	( The influence of hydro-alcoholic media on hypromellose matrix systems. Levina, M; Rajabi-Siahboomi, AR; Vuong, H, 2007)	0.34
" capsule) for initial time, one year and 2 two years, respectively) suggested that the dissolution profiles of the present three sustained-release oral dosage forms are similar and stable during two years under stability condition."	( Subcoating with Kollidon VA 64 as water barrier in a new combined native dextran/HPMC-cetyl alcohol controlled release tablet. Bataille, B; Castellanos Gil, E; Iraizoz Colarte, A; Lara Sampedro, JL, 2008)	0.35
" Intramuscular delivery provided equivalent serum antibody titers to intranasal (IN) powder without MA, in the presence of CMC-HMW, SA, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC-HMW) after initial dosing and all formulations except IN powder with chitosan after boosting."	( Novel dry powder preparations of whole inactivated influenza virus for nasal vaccination. Garmise, RJ; Hickey, AJ; Staats, HF, 2007)	0.54
" The in vitro drug release study revealed that HPMC K100CR at a concentration of 40% of the dosage form weight was able to control the simultaneous release of both DS and CS for 9 hours."	( Design and evaluation of matrix-based controlled release tablets of diclofenac sodium and chondroitin sulphate. Avachat, A; Kotwal, V, 2007)	0.34
" This work illustrates the potential for an artificial neural network with MLP, to assist in development of sustained release dosage forms."	( Optimization of metformin HCl 500 mg sustained release matrix tablets using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP) model. Bhaumik, U; Bose, A; Chatterjee, B; Ghosh, A; Gowda, V; Mandal, U; Pal, TK, 2008)	0.35
"The objective of the present work was to improve the dissolution properties of the poorly water-soluble drug meloxicam by preparing solid dispersions with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and to develop a dosage form for geriatric population."	( Solid dispersion of meloxicam: factorially designed dosage form for geriatric population. Dahiya, S; Pathak, D; Pathak, K, 2008)	0.35
"Cellulose ethers have been increasingly used in the formulation of controlled release dosage forms; among them, compressed hydrophilic matrices for the oral route of administration are of special importance."	( Towards elucidation of the drug release mechanism from compressed hydrophilic matrices made of cellulose ethers. I. Pulse-field-gradient spin-echo NMR study of sodium salicylate diffusivity in swollen hydrogels with respect to polymer matrix physical stru Doelker, E; Ferrero, C; Jeannerat, D; Massuelle, D, 2008)	0.35
" In vivo radiographic studies were performed with Barium sulphate loaded formulation to justify the increased gastric residence time of the dosage form in the stomach, based on the floating principle."	( Formulation and evaluation of gastroretentive dosage forms of Clarithromycin. Gonugunta, CS; Nama, M; Reddy Veerareddy, P, 2008)	0.35
"The release of propranolol hydrochloride from matrix tablets with hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K15M) or KollidonSR at different concentrations was investigated with a view to developing twice daily sustained release dosage form."	( Comparative study of propranolol hydrochloride release from matrix tablets with KollidonSR or hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose. Biswal, S; Mahapatra, AK; Murthy, PN; Sahoo, J; Sahoo, SK, 2008)	0.35
"We developed and optimized a novel pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PSE) sustained-release dosage form."	( A novel approach to sustained pseudoephedrine release: differentially coated mini-tablets in HPMC capsules. Abe, K; Hashizume, M; Ishida, M; Kawamura, M, 2008)	0.35
"Various methods are available to formulate water soluble drugs into sustained release dosage forms by retarding the dissolution rate."	( Effect of various surfactants and their concentration on controlled release of captopril from polymeric matrices. Hassan-Zadeh, D; Monajjem-Zadeh, F; Nokhodchi, A; Taghi-Zadeh, N, 2008)	0.35
" The poor bioavailability of acyclovir is attributed to short retention of its dosage form at the absorption sites (in upper gastrointestinal tract to duodenum and jejunum)."	( Mucoadhesive microspheres for gastroretentive delivery of acyclovir: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Dhaliwal, S; Jain, S; Singh, HP; Tiwary, AK, 2008)	0.35
" Thus, it is possible to control the in vitro release of poorly soluble drugs from solid oral dosage forms containing SMES."	( Controlled poorly soluble drug release from solid self-microemulsifying formulations with high viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Wan, J; Xu, H; Yang, X; Yi, T, 2008)	0.55
"Dry coating is an innovative powder-layering technique that enables the formation of coatings on solid dosage forms with no need for using water or organic solvents."	( Dry coating of soft gelatin capsules with HPMCAS. Cerea, M; Foppoli, A; Maroni, A; Palugan, L; Sangalli, ME; Zema, L, 2008)	0.35
" A 2(4) full factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of the operational parameters (impeller speed, chopper speed, dosing speed and wet massing time) on the granulation process."	( Evaluation of the composition of the binder bridges in matrix granules prepared with a small-scale high-shear granulator. Bajdik, J; Baki, G; Kleinebudde, P; Knop, K; Pintye-Hódi, K; Szent-Királlyi, Z, 2008)	0.35
" This novel taste-masking system has the potential to be a useful multiparticulate dosage form for effective, safe, and user-friendly drug therapy."	( Salting-out taste-masking system generates lag time with subsequent immediate release. Katsuma, M; Maeda, A; Sako, K; Tasaki, H; Uchida, T; Yoshida, T, 2009)	0.35
" The results indicated that the bilayer tablets could be a potential dosage form for delivering AT and NA."	( Bilayer tablets of atorvastatin calcium and nicotinic acid: formulation and evaluation. Godwinkumar, S; Muralidharan, S; Nagarajan, M; Nirmal, J; Peddanna, C; Saisivam, S, 2008)	0.35
"A water-insoluble complex between diltiazem HCl and Na deoxycholate was prepared to achieve sustained release dosage forms."	( Drug-organic electrolyte complexes as controlled release systems. Alexander, KS; Fifer, EK; Kim, CJ; Vadlapatla, R, 2009)	0.35
" The uniformity of dosage units of the preparation was acceptable according to the criteria of JP15 or USP27."	( In vitro and in vivo characteristics of prochlorperazine oral disintegrating film. Inagaki, N; Itoh, Y; Matsuura, K; Nishimura, M; Sugiyama, T; Tsukioka, T; Yamashita, H, 2009)	0.35
" The development of suitable dry dosage forms enable higher bacterial survival and consequently is the main aim of the present study."	( Development of tablets containing probiotics: Effects of formulation and processing parameters on bacterial viability. Klayraung, S; Okonogi, S; Viernstein, H, 2009)	0.35
" GSK876008 disrupted CRF-enhanced startle with a linear dose-response curve, and light-enhanced startle with a U-shaped dose-response curve, but did not disrupt fear-potentiated startle to a visual stimulus at any dose tested, and even augmented the response in some animals."	( Differential effects of the CRF-R1 antagonist GSK876008 on fear-potentiated, light- and CRF-enhanced startle suggest preferential involvement in sustained vs phasic threat responses. Corsi, M; Davis, M; Ratti, E; Trist, D; Walker, D; Yang, Y, 2009)	0.35
" The dosage of the DDD can be adjusted independently by changing the heights of the DDDs."	( Novel drug delivery devices for providing linear release profiles fabricated by 3DP. Branford-White, C; Li, XY; Ma, ZH; Yang, XL; Yu, DG; Zhu, LM, 2009)	0.35
"Hypromellose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC) matrices are widely used in the formulation of sustained release dosage forms."	( Investigation of the effects of hydroalcoholic solutions on textural and rheological properties of various controlled release grades of hypromellose. Fegely, KA; Missaghi, S; Rajabi-Siahboomi, AR, 2009)	0.65
"A novel gastro retentive controlled release drug delivery system of verapamil HCl was formulated in an effort to increase the gastric retention time of the dosage form and to control drug release."	( Development and in vivo floating behavior of verapamil HCl intragastric floating tablets. Modasiya, M; Patel, A; Patel, V; Shah, D, 2009)	0.35
" In order to improve technological characteristics of the pantoprazole-loaded microparticles, soft agglomerates were prepared viewing an oral delayed release and gastro-resistant solid dosage form."	( Agglomerates containing pantoprazole microparticles: modulating the drug release. Colombo, P; Guterres, SS; Jornada, DS; Pohlmann, AR; Raffin, RP; Rossi, A; Sonvico, F, 2009)	0.35
" The physical crushing test, mucoadhesive test, zeta-potential test, in vitro release study and observation of gastroretention state of the dosage form were performed to investigate the pellets."	( Development of novel mucoadhesive pellets of metformin hydrochloride. Fukui, I; Kim, DW; Kim, JS; Lee, JE; Lee, JS; Nishiyama, Y; Park, JD; Piao, J; Weon, KY, 2009)	0.35
" Thus, this ibuprofen-loaded solid dispersion with water, HPMC and poloxamer was a more effective oral dosage form for improving the bioavailability of poor water-soluble ibuprofen."	( Development of novel ibuprofen-loaded solid dispersion with improved bioavailability using aqueous solution. Choi, HG; Hwang, MR; Kim, JO; Koo, YB; Kwon, R; Oh, DH; Park, YJ; Quan, QZ; Woo, JS; Yong, CS, 2009)	0.35
" Data further indicated that the modified USP method provided for complete matrix hydration and swelling as the dosage form remained fully submerged, allowing for more reliable release mimicking the in-vivo conditions."	( Application of a novel symmetrical shape factor to gastroretentive matrices as a measure of swelling synchronization and its impact on drug release kinetics under standard and modified dissolution conditions. Fassihi, R; Liu, Q, 2009)	0.35
" The present study examined the dose-response characteristics of high-viscosity (HV)-HPMC consumption on postprandial glucose and insulin levels in men and women at increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Dose-response characteristics of high-viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in subjects at risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Anderson, K; Carson, ML; Maki, KC; Miller, MP; Papanikolaou, Y; Rains, TM; Reeves, MS; Turowski, M; Wilder, DM, 2009)	0.59
"The dry coating process was evaluated in terms of storage stability investigating drug release and agglomeration tendency of the different coated oral dosage forms; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) was used with triethylcitrate (TEC) as plasticizer and acetylated monoglyceride (Myvacet) as wetting agent."	( Stability of dry coated solid dosage forms. Kablitz, CD; Urbanetz, NA, 2009)	0.55
"Sodium diclofenac (SD) release from dosage forms has been studied under different conditions."	( Dissolution parameters for sodium diclofenac-containing hypromellose matrix tablet. Bresolin, TM; da Silva, C; Mourão, SC; Porta, V; Serra, CH, 2010)	0.36
"An oral sustained release dosage form of cinnarizine HCl (CNZ) based on gastric floating matrix tablets was studied."	( In vitro release kinetics and bioavailability of gastroretentive cinnarizine hydrochloride tablet. Nagarwal, RC; Pandit, JK; Ridhurkar, DN, 2010)	0.36
"Aerosol is a new dosage form for wound dressing and wound healing."	( Mechanical properties and water vapour permeability of film from Haruan (Channa striatus) and fusidic acid spray for wound dressing and wound healing. Bai, SB; Noor, AM, 2010)	0.36
"In the present study, metronidazole was used for preparing floating dosage forms that are designed to retain in the stomach for a long time and have developed as a drug delivery system for better eradication of Helicobacter Pylori in peptic ulcer diseases."	( Preparation and evaluation of novel metronidazole sustained release and floating matrix tablets. Adibkia, K; Asnaashari, S; Javadzadeh, Y; Khoei, NS; Zarrintan, MH, 2011)	0.37
"Hydrophilic matrix formulations are important and simple technologies that are used to manufacture sustained release dosage forms."	( Swelling, erosion and drug release characteristics of salbutamol sulfate from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based matrix tablets. Chaibva, FA; Khamanga, SM; Walker, RB, 2010)	0.58
" However, their short duration of action requiring multiple daily dosing can hamper patient compliance."	( Cyclodextrin solubilization of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drugs: formulation of dorzolamide eye drop microparticle suspension. Bas, JF; Jansook, P; Kristjánsdóttir, SS; Loftsson, T; Sigurdsson, BB; Sigurdsson, HH; Stefánsson, E; Thorsteinsdóttir, M, 2010)	0.36
" The design of dosage form was performed by choosing hydrophilic hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K100M) and hydrophobic ethyl cellulose (EC) polymers as matrix builders and Eudragit® RL/RS as coating polymers."	( Development of sustained release capsules containing "coated matrix granules of metoprolol tartrate". Bigoniya, P; Khanam, J; Siddique, S, 2010)	0.36
"Matrix type, monolithic, dosage forms suitable for controlled release that exhibit pH-dependent behavior are considerably less common than similarly behaving multiparticulated, enterically coated dosage forms, although simpler and less expensive to make."	( Formulations of zero-order, pH-dependent, sustained release matrix systems by ionotropic gelation of alginate-containing mixtures. Drefko, W; Moroni, A; Thone, G, 2011)	0.37
"Evaluate the properties of alginates and alginate-containing systems to produce pH-sensitive, monolithic, controlled release dosage forms that perform acceptably and determine their limits of application in regard with stability, pH and Ca(++) sensitivity, and appropriated rate of release."	( Formulations of zero-order, pH-dependent, sustained release matrix systems by ionotropic gelation of alginate-containing mixtures. Drefko, W; Moroni, A; Thone, G, 2011)	0.37
") with other gel-forming gums such as propylene glycol alginate (PGA), xanthan, or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose have been evaluated for applicability in the manufacture of controlled release dosage forms with three drugs of different solubility and ionic character."	( Formulations of zero-order, pH-dependent, sustained release matrix systems by ionotropic gelation of alginate-containing mixtures. Drefko, W; Moroni, A; Thone, G, 2011)	0.59
" with a number of other gums have been demonstrated suitable to manufacture pH-sensitive, matrix-type solid dosage forms with release-controlling properties for up to 12 hours."	( Formulations of zero-order, pH-dependent, sustained release matrix systems by ionotropic gelation of alginate-containing mixtures. Drefko, W; Moroni, A; Thone, G, 2011)	0.37
"Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is a versatile polymer widely used in the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Factors affecting drug release from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix systems in the light of classical and percolation theories. Caraballo, I, 2010)	0.97
" In this way, robust dosage forms can be obtained."	( Factors affecting drug release from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix systems in the light of classical and percolation theories. Caraballo, I, 2010)	0.61
" In these teratology studies, pregnant females were dosed during the period of organogenesis, followed by an assessment of fetal external, visceral, and skeletal development."	( Assessment of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, propylene glycol, polysorbate 80, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for use in developmental and reproductive toxicology studies. Enright, BP; Kopytek, SJ; McIntyre, BS; Thackaberry, EA; Treinen, KA, 2010)	0.65
" The novel integrated approach included measurements of: solvent uptake, erosion, apparent density and changes in the internal structure of dosage forms during dissolution test by means of a USP4 compatible MRI."	( Gastroretentive drug delivery systems with L-dopa based on carrageenans and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Dorożyński, P; Jachowicz, R; Kulinowski, P; Mendyk, A, 2011)	0.59
" These studies propose for the first time a molecular basis for the observed often-unexpected, concentration-dependant changes in HPMC solution properties when co-formulated with different NSAIDs, and underline the importance of characterising such fundamental interactions that have the potential to influence drug release in solid HPMC-based dosage forms."	( Solution interactions of diclofenac sodium and meclofenamic acid sodium with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Griffiths, PC; Melia, CD; Pygall, SR; Timmins, P; Wolf, B, 2011)	0.59
" Importance of aceclofenac as a NSAID has inspired development of topical dosage forms."	( Aceclofenac topical dosage forms: in vitro and in vivo characterization. Dua, K; Pabreja, K; Ramana, MV, 2010)	0.36
"The purpose of the study was to present a methodology for the processing of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data for the quantification of the dosage form matrix evolution during drug dissolution."	( Magnetic resonance imaging and image analysis for assessment of HPMC matrix tablets structural evolution in USP Apparatus 4. Dorożyński, P; Kulinowski, P; Młynarczyk, A; Węglarz, WP, 2011)	0.37
" The paper gives examples of MRI application of in vitro imaging of pharmaceutical dosage based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose which have focused on water-penetration, diffusion, polymer swelling, and drug release, characterized with respect to other physical parameters such as pH and the molecular weight of polymer."	( A possible application of magnetic resonance imaging for pharmaceutical research. Kowalczuk, J; Tritt-Goc, J, 2011)	0.58
"Commercial azithromycin gelatin capsules (Zithromax®) are known to be bioequivalent to commercial azithromycin tablets (Zithromax®) when dosed in the fasted state."	( Effects of food on a gastrically degraded drug: azithromycin fast-dissolving gelatin capsules and HPMC capsules. Chandra, R; Curatolo, W; Foulds, G; Hausberger, A; Johnson, BA; Liu, P; Quan, E; Vatsaraj, N; Vendola, T; Vincent, J, 2011)	0.37
"Healthy volunteers were dosed with these dosage forms under fasted and fed conditions; pharmacokinetics were evaluated."	( Effects of food on a gastrically degraded drug: azithromycin fast-dissolving gelatin capsules and HPMC capsules. Chandra, R; Curatolo, W; Foulds, G; Hausberger, A; Johnson, BA; Liu, P; Quan, E; Vatsaraj, N; Vendola, T; Vincent, J, 2011)	0.37
"When the two fast-dissolving capsule formulations were dosed to fed subjects, the azithromycin AUC was 38."	( Effects of food on a gastrically degraded drug: azithromycin fast-dissolving gelatin capsules and HPMC capsules. Chandra, R; Curatolo, W; Foulds, G; Hausberger, A; Johnson, BA; Liu, P; Quan, E; Vatsaraj, N; Vendola, T; Vincent, J, 2011)	0.37
" Capsules can provide a useful and elegant dosage form for almost all drugs, but may result in a negative food effect for drugs as acid-labile as azithromycin."	( Effects of food on a gastrically degraded drug: azithromycin fast-dissolving gelatin capsules and HPMC capsules. Chandra, R; Curatolo, W; Foulds, G; Hausberger, A; Johnson, BA; Liu, P; Quan, E; Vatsaraj, N; Vendola, T; Vincent, J, 2011)	0.37
"The purpose of the present research was to develop bioadhesive buccal tablets for Felodipine (FDP) and Pioglitazone (PIO), low bioavailability drugs, in a combined dosage form for the management of diabetes and hypertension."	( Development of bioadhesive buccal tablets for felodipine and pioglitazone in combined dosage form: in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo characterization. Gannu, R; Palem, CR; Yamsani, MR; Yamsani, SK; Yamsani, VV, 2011)	0.37
" HPMC mucoadhesive tablets could be a proper delivery system for benzydamine administration representing a good alternative to traditional dosage forms for vaginal topical therapy."	( New solid mucoadhesive systems for benzydamine vaginal administration. Ambrogi, V; Massetti, E; Pagano, C; Perioli, L; Rossi, C, 2011)	0.37
" The delayed T(max) and lower C(max) indicated a slow and SR of MS from the optimized matrix tablets in comparison with the immediate release dosage form."	( Modulation of drug (metoprolol succinate) release by inclusion of hydrophobic polymer in hydrophilic matrix. Bose, A; Khanam, J; Siddique, S, 2011)	0.37
" We can conclude that a combination of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 4000, Compritol 888, and sodium bicarbonate can be used to increase the gastric residence time of the dosage form up to 12 h."	( Optimization of acyclovir oral tablets based on gastroretention technology: factorial design analysis and physicochemical characterization studies. Allam, AN; El Gamal, SS; Naggar, VF, 2011)	0.62
"Oral-sustained release gel formulations with suitable rheological properties have been proposed as a means of improving the compliance of dysphagic and geriatric patients who have difficulties with handling and swallowing oral dosage forms."	( In situ gelling formulation based on methylcellulose/pectin system for oral-sustained drug delivery to dysphagic patients. Attwood, D; D'Emanuele, A; Hatakeyama, T; Itoh, K; Miyazaki, S; Shimoyama, T, 2011)	0.64
" Statistical design and response surface methodology have been successfully used to understand and optimize formulation factors and interactions that impact the in vitro release characteristics of salbutamol sulfate from a potential multisource sustained release dosage form."	( The use of response surface methodology for the formulation and optimization of salbutamol sulfate hydrophilic matrix sustained release tablets. Chaibva, FA; Walker, RB, )	0.13
"The present research explores the ability of a network of two biopolymers-chitosan (CS) and methylcellulose (MC)-to prolong the stay of a dosage form in the stomach, in the form of mucoadhesive microspheres, and to sustain the release of cinnarizine from the same."	( Functionalization of chitosan/methylcellulose interpenetrating polymer network microspheres for gastroretentive application using central composite design. Bhatia, M; Kumar, P, )	0.64
"It is common practice to coat oral solid dosage forms with polymeric materials for controlled release purposes or for practical and aesthetic reasons."	( Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of hypromellose 2910 free films. Bonacucina, G; Casettari, L; Cespi, M; Mencarelli, G; Palmieri, GF, 2011)	0.37
"Being controlled release dosage forms, tablets allow an improved absorption and release profiles of Ofloxacin."	( Formulation and in vitro evaluation of ofloxacin-ethocel controlled release matrix tablets prepared by wet granulation method: influence of co-excipients on drug release rates. Ahmad, K; Hussain, A; Jan, SU; Khan, GM; Rehman, A; Shah, K; Shah, S, 2011)	0.37
""Biorelevant" media for the fed stomach, including fat emulsions, are routinely used during in vitro testing of solid dosage forms."	( Drug release from HPMC matrices in milk and fat-rich emulsions. Barrett, DA; Hardy, IJ; Melia, CD; Nott, KP; Ward, R; Williams, HD, 2011)	0.37
"This paper report the development of a new dosage form - self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films, which can improve the oral bioavailability of water insoluble drugs and have good compliance."	( [Optimization of novel self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films by response surface methodology]. He, JK; Huan, D; Liu, Y; Xiao, L; Yi, T, 2011)	0.37
" The selected excipients such as docusate sodium enhanced the stability and solubility of ATC in gastric media and tablet dosage form."	( Enhanced bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium from stabilized gastric resident formulation. Dehghan, MH; Khan, FN, 2011)	0.37
"Floating dosage forms of acetylsalicylic acid, used for its antithrombotic effect, were developed to prolong gastric residence time and increase bioavailability."	( Effect of formulation parameters on the drug release and floating properties of gastric floating two-layer tablets with acetylsalicylic acid. Hasçiçek, C; Ozdemir, N; Türkmen, B; Yüksel-Tilkan, G, 2011)	0.37
" The objective of this study is to investigate whether similar dissolution enhancement of AMG 009 can be achieved from a bilayer dosage form, where AMG 009 and sodium carbonate are placed in a separate layer with or without the addition of HPMC K100 LV in each layer."	( Enhancing and sustaining AMG 009 dissolution from a bilayer oral solid dosage form via microenvironmental pH modulation and supersaturation. Alvarez, F; Alvarez-Nunez, F; Bi, M; Kyad, A, 2011)	0.37
" Novel approaches for ophthalmic drug delivery need to be established to increase the ocular bioavailability by overcoming the inherent drawbacks of conventional dosage forms."	( Formulation and evaluation of micro hydrogel of Moxifloxacin hydrochloride. Deshmukh, RV; Gaikwad, KR; Manvi, FV; Nanjwade, BK; Parikh, KA, 2012)	0.38
"The carried out studies allowed to propose composition of stomatological dressing makes opportunity to ensure preferable physiochemicals features for dosage forms."	( [The effect of the composition of stomatological dressings on Carbopol 971P and methylocelullose base on pharmaceutical availability of metronidazole]. Kida, D; Pluta, J, 2011)	0.37
" Changes in mineral distribution effected by F were most pronounced in MeC lesions, with remineralization/mineral redeposition in the original lesion body at the expense of sound enamel beyond the original lesion in a dose-response manner."	( Effect of fluoride, lesion baseline severity and mineral distribution on lesion progression. Butler, A; Hara, AT; Lippert, F; Lynch, RJ, 2012)	0.38
"Elderly patients with swallowing dysfunction may benefit from the oral administration of liquid dosage forms with in situ gelling properties."	( Oral liquid in situ gelling methylcellulose/alginate formulations for sustained drug delivery to dysphagic patients. Attwood, D; D'Emanuele, A; Itoh, K; Kobayashi, M; Miyazaki, S; Shimoyama, T, 2012)	0.67
"We have designed in situ gelling liquid dosage formulations composed of mixtures of methylcellulose, which has thermally reversible gelation properties and sodium alginate, the gelation of which is ion-responsive, with suitable rheological characteristics for ease of administration to dysphagic patients and suitable integrity in the stomach to achieve a sustained release of drug."	( Oral liquid in situ gelling methylcellulose/alginate formulations for sustained drug delivery to dysphagic patients. Attwood, D; D'Emanuele, A; Itoh, K; Kobayashi, M; Miyazaki, S; Shimoyama, T, 2012)	0.9
"The present mechanistic in vitro study aimed to investigate dose-response effects of zinc and fluoride on caries lesion remineralization and subsequent protection from demineralization."	( Dose-response effects of zinc and fluoride on caries lesion remineralization. Lippert, F, 2012)	0.38
" Of particular interest is the finding that by adding polymers with differing release characteristics to the drug-carrier mixture, the dissolution performance of hot-melt extruded solid dosage forms can be readily adapted to meet specific requirements."	( Application of mixtures of polymeric carriers for dissolution enhancement of fenofibrate using hot-melt extrusion. Fischbach, M; Kalivoda, A; Kleinebudde, P, 2012)	0.38
" We have previously described the rod-insert vaginal ring (RiR) device, comprising an elastomeric body into which are inserted lyophilised, rod-shaped, solid drug dosage forms, and having potential for sustained mucosal delivery of biomacromolecules, such as HIV envelope protein-based vaccine candidates."	( Characterisation of protein stability in rod-insert vaginal rings. Andrews, GP; Curran, RM; Kett, VL; Lowry, D; Malcolm, RK; McGrath, S; Pattani, A, 2012)	0.38
"The key physicochemical properties of functional excipients should be identified, and the influence of their variability on the properties of the final dosage form should be evaluated during the development phase."	( Characterization of physicochemical properties of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) type 2208 and their influence on prolonged drug release from matrix tablets. Baumgartner, S; Devjak Novak, S; Šporar, E; Vrečer, F, 2012)	0.62
"Mini-tablets are compact dosage forms, typically 2-3 mm in diameter, which have potential advantages for paediatric drug delivery."	( The influence of HPMC concentration on release of theophylline or hydrocortisone from extended release mini-tablets. Ford, JL; Levina, M; Mohamed, FA; Rajabi-Siahboomi, AR; Roberts, M; Seton, L, 2013)	0.39
" Comparable pharmacokinetic profiles were observed for the two formulations, corroborating the imaging data and providing evidence of similar in vivo dissolution rates and dosage form integrity in the dog."	( Decoupling the role of image size and calorie intake on gastric retention of swelling-based gastric retentive formulations: pre-screening in the dog model. Elkes, R; Jin, L; Lalloo, AK; McConnell, EL; Seiler, C; Wu, Y, 2012)	0.38
" A dose-response effect was seen between the concentration of endotoxin and the AC cell response."	( Rabbit intraocular reactivity to endotoxin measured by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and laser flare photometry. Buchen, SY; Calogero, D; Eydelman, MB; Goodkin, M; Leder, HA; Nussenblatt, RB, 2012)	0.38
"38 times higher than the oral dosage form, indicating its therapeutic potential in the treatment of atherosclerosis."	( Biopolymeric mucoadhesive bilayer patch of pravastatin sodium for buccal delivery and treatment of patients with atherosclerosis. Dhiman, MK; Petkar, K; Sawant, K; Yedurkar, P, 2013)	0.39
" Thus, appropriately dosed Cy may provide a suitable conditioning regimen for FA patients undergoing HSC gene therapy."	( Cyclophosphamide promotes engraftment of gene-modified cells in a mouse model of Fanconi anemia without causing cytogenetic abnormalities. Adair, JE; Beard, BC; Becker, PS; Chien, S; Fang, M; Kiem, HP; Taylor, JA; Trobridge, GD; Wohlfahrt, ME; Zhao, X, 2012)	0.38
" By performing as an enteric soluble container, such a device may provide a basis for the development of advantageous alternatives to coated dosage forms."	( Gastroresistant capsular device prepared by injection molding. Gazzaniga, A; Loreti, G; Maroni, A; Melocchi, A; Palugan, L; Zema, L, 2013)	0.39
"It can be concluded that a combination of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K 15M, sodium carboxy methylcellulose and NaHCO3 can be used to increase the gastric residence time of the dosage form to improve local effect of metronidazole."	( Optimization and characterization of gastroretentive floating drug delivery system using Box-Behnken design. Aatipamula, V; Diwan, PV; Mohd, AB; Rapolu, K; Sanka, K; Vemula, PK, 2013)	0.64
" These mechanisms refer primarily to the compound and not to the dosage form."	( Mechanistic investigation of food effect on disintegration and dissolution of BCS class III compound solid formulations: the importance of viscosity. Amidon, GL; Langguth, P; Radwan, A, 2012)	0.38
"Multiparticulate floating drug delivery systems have proven potential as controlled-release gastroretentive drug delivery systems that avoid the "all or none" gastric emptying nature of single-unit floating dosage forms."	( Statistical approach for assessing the influence of calcium silicate and HPMC on the formulation of novel alfuzosin hydrochloride mucoadhesive-floating beads as gastroretentive drug delivery systems. Fahmy, RH, 2012)	0.38
"The objective of this study was to extend the GI residence time of the dosage form and to control the release of domperidone using directly compressible sustained release mucoadhesive matrix (SRMM) tablets."	( Gum Ghatti--a pharmaceutical excipient: development, evaluation and optimization of sustained release mucoadhesive matrix tablets of domperidone. Malik, K; Rana, V; Singh, I, )	0.13
" The uniformity of dosage units of the preparation was acceptable according to the criteria of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010."	( A new self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving film to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. Liu, Y; Xiao, L; Yi, T, 2013)	0.39
" This observation, along with a desire to provide for once daily dosing of this compound, provided the basis for the development of an extended release formulation."	( Development of oral extended release formulations of 6-hydroxybuspirone. Connor, A; Croop, R; Dennis, AB; Dockens, RC; Ferrie, P; Nicholson, SJ; Timmins, P; Wilding, I; Zeng, J, 2012)	0.38
"Reducing the absorption difference between fed and fasted states is an important goal in the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Solid nanocrystalline dispersions of ziprasidone with enhanced bioavailability in the fasted state. Caldwell, WB; Friesen, DT; McCray, SB; Sutton, SC; Thombre, AG, 2012)	0.38
" Nozzle dimension and spray conditions for oral dosing were carefully selected to reflect manufacturing and small (1/10) scale process conditions."	( Evaluation of models for predicting spray mist diameter for scaling-up of the fluidized bed granulation process. Dohi, M; Fujiwara, M; Otsuka, T; Sako, K; Yamashita, K, 2012)	0.38
" The availability of a reliable tool is useful both in the quantification of the water uptake phenomena, both in the management of the testing processes of novel pharmaceutical solid dosage forms."	( Measurements of water content in hydroxypropyl-methyl-cellulose based hydrogels via texture analysis. Barba, AA; Cafaro, MM; Cascone, S; d'Amore, M; Lamberti, G; Titomanlio, G, 2013)	0.39
" Drug release was nearly independent of paddle speeds of 50 and 100 rpm releasing 80% over 14 h similar to the commercial glipizide osmotic pump tablet during dissolution testing while keeping the benefits of multiparticular dosage forms."	( Compression of coated drug beads for sustained release tablet of glipizide: formulation, and dissolution. Ayres, JW; Christensen, JM; Nguyen, C, 2014)	0.4
" In other words, the microparticulate dosage form provided effective drug concentration for a longer period as compared to conventional extended release dosage form, and showed sufficient anti-acid secretion activity to treat acid related disorders including the enrichment of nocturnal acid breakthrough event based on a once daily administration."	( A novel once daily microparticulate dosage form comprising lansoprazole to prevent nocturnal acid breakthrough in the case of gastro-esophageal reflux disease: preparation, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. Alai, M; Lin, WJ, 2013)	0.39
"Laminar extrusion of wet masses was studied as a novel technology for the production of dosage forms for oral drug delivery."	( Production of dosage forms for oral drug delivery by laminar extrusion of wet masses. Müllers, KC; Pinto, JF; Wahl, MA, 2013)	0.39
"Adhesion of solid oral dosage forms to the oesophagus can be a disadvantage when delivering drugs that may cause oesophageal damage, or can be an advantage when developing localised therapies for this region."	( An in vitro model for the evaluation of the adhesion of solid oral dosage forms to the oesophagus. Dunkley, S; Smart, JD; Tsibouklis, J; Young, S, 2013)	0.39
" Dosage form disintegration and drug release was to be affected by water diffusivity in these systems."	( Mechanistic understanding of food effects: water diffusivity in gastrointestinal tract is an important parameter for the prediction of disintegration of solid oral dosage forms. Amar, A; Amidon, GL; Ebert, S; Langguth, P; Münnemann, K; Radwan, A; Wagner, M, 2013)	0.39
" The potential solid dispersions would enable an oral solid dosage form as a monotherapy or combination product of MK-0364."	( Development of amorphous solid dispersion formulations of a poorly water-soluble drug, MK-0364. McKelvey, C; Moser, J; Rege, B; Sotthivirat, S; Xu, W; Zhang, D, 2013)	0.39
"Design of a new dosage form manufactured by laminar extrusion for oral administration of drugs."	( Multilayer laminar co-extrudate as a novel controlled release dosage form. Müllers, KC; Pinto, JF; Wahl, MA, 2013)	0.39
"The optimized prescription was HPMC-K4M and carbopol 934p account for 30% of the total tablet weight, their dosage ratio was 2: 1; Lactose as additives, 20% dosage; 5% PVP ethanol as adhesives, and compressed the wet granule of the materials into the total flavones in Glechoma longituba sustained-release tablets."	( [Study on preparation of total flavones in Glechoma longituba sustained-release tablets and its in vitro release]. Wang, YJ; Yuan, CL; Zhao, L, 2013)	0.39
" Common dosage forms available on the market for those situations are lotions; however, the presence of hair limits their use."	( Mometasone furoate hydrogel for scalp use: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Marto, J; Raposo, S; Ribeiro, HM; Salgado, A; Silva, AN; Simões, S, 2014)	0.4
" Itraconazole (ITZ) was selected as the model compound for the development of an oral dosage form for enhanced release."	( Agglomeration of mesoporous silica by melt and steam granulation. part II: screening of steam granulation process variables using a factorial design. Albertini, B; Martens, JA; Passerini, N; Rombaut, P; Van Den Mooter, G; Vander Heyden, Y; Vialpando, M, 2013)	0.39
"The solid-state form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in an oral dosage form plays an important role in determining the dissolution rate of the API."	( In situ dissolution analysis using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and hyperspectral CARS microscopy. Fussell, A; Garbacik, E; Kleinebudde, P; Offerhaus, H; Strachan, C, 2013)	0.39
"In this study, a novel orodispersible film (ODF) containing drug nanoparticles was developed with the goal of transforming drug nanosuspensions into a solid dosage form and enhancing oral bioavailability of drugs with poor water solubility."	( Development and characterization of an orodispersible film containing drug nanoparticles. Bai, JX; Dai, L; Han, J; Lv, QY; Shen, BD; Shen, CY; Xu, H; Yu, C; Yuan, HL; Yuan, XD, 2013)	0.39
" Therefore, the developed sustained-release tablet formulation of TOL could be an alternative dosage form to the SR capsule for treatment of OAB."	( Preparation and evaluation of once-daily sustained-release coated tablets of tolterodine-L-tartrate. Chang, SW; Kim, JO; Kim, YI; Pradhan, R, 2014)	0.4
"Gelucire® 43/01 /isopropylmyristate-based calcium alginate floating beads coated with ethylcellulose using either PEG 400 or TEC as plasticizers proved to be a successful dosage form in extending DRT release."	( Design of innovated lipid-based floating beads loaded with an antispasmodic drug: in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. Adel, S; ElKasabgy, NA, 2014)	0.4
" An incompatibility between drug and polymer may be indicative of deleterious effects resulting from formulation with hydrophilic matrix dosage forms containing cellulose ethers such as HPMC."	( The influence of substituted phenols on the sol:gel transition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) aqueous solutions. Bajwa, GS; Banks, SR; Doughty, SW; Melia, CD; Pygall, SR; Timmins, P, 2014)	0.63
"The present work was based on the development and characterization of unfolding type gastro retentive dosage form appropriate for controlled release of Cinnarizine (CNZ), a drug with narrow therapeutic window."	( Unfolding type gastroretentive film of Cinnarizine based on ethyl cellulose and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. Mishra, DN; Nagpal, K; Singh, SK; Verma, S, 2014)	0.4
" The release studies indicated that the prepared matrices could control the drug release until the dosage form reaches the colon and the addition HPMC E15 LV showed the desirable changes in the dissolution profile by its hydrophilic nature since the colon is known for its less fluid content."	( Effect of HPMC - E15 LV premium polymer on release profile and compression characteristics of chitosan/ pectin colon targeted mesalamine matrix tablets and in vitro study on effect of pH impact on the drug release profile. Lakshmanan, P; Newton, AM, 2014)	0.4
" Further extensive pre/clinical studies are necessary prior to use transdermal GMD as a valuable alternative to peroral dosage forms with improved bioavailability, longer duration of action and more patient convenience."	( Optimization of self-nanoemulsifying systems for the enhancement of in vivo hypoglycemic efficacy of glimepiride transdermal patches. Abdel-Naim, AB; Afouna, MI; Ahmed, OA; Banjar, ZM; El-Say, KM; Khedr, A, 2014)	0.4
"6 bicarbonate buffer system offers significant advantages during the development of dosage forms designed to release the drug in the upper small intestine."	( Accelerating the dissolution of enteric coatings in the upper small intestine: evolution of a novel pH 5.6 bicarbonate buffer system to assess drug release. Assi, P; Basit, AW; Goyanes, A; Merchant, HA; Varum, FJ; Zboranová, V, 2014)	0.4
" However, the major problem encountered in these dosage forms is precorneal elimination of the drug, resulting in poor bioavailability and therapeutic response."	( Development and evaluation of a novel in situ gel of sparfloxacin for sustained ocular drug delivery: in vitro and ex vivo characterization. Ali, A; Aqil, M; Imam, SS; Khan, N, 2015)	0.42
" The method was successfully applied to the analysis of EMZ and PRZ in their commercial dosage forms and the results were in good agreement with those obtained with the comparison method."	( Enhanced spectrofluorimetric determination of esomeprazole and pantoprazole in dosage forms and spiked human plasma using organized media. Alaa, H; Belal, F; Sharaf El-Din, M; Tolba, MM, 2015)	0.42
" This is useful to maintain the therapeutic concentrations for a long time, in comparison to conventional dosage forms, thanking to the enhancement of formulation residence time in the stomach."	( Gastroretentive inorganic-organic hybrids to improve class IV drug absorption. Pagano, C; Perioli, L, 2014)	0.4
" The compound exhibits low bioavailability in preclinical species when dosed as cosolvent solution formulations, with reduced exposure upon dose escalation."	( Oral delivery of highly lipophilic poorly water-soluble drugs: spray-dried dispersions to improve oral absorption and enable high-dose toxicology studies of a P2Y1 antagonist. Caporuscio, C; Chen, XQ; Gudmundsson, O; Hageman, M; Huang, C; Lam, P; Shen, H; Stefanski, K; Su, C; Yang, W, 2014)	0.4
"Mesoporous silica-based dosage forms offer the potential for improving the absorption of poorly soluble drugs after oral administration."	( Mesoporous silica-based dosage forms improve release characteristics of poorly soluble drugs: case example fenofibrate. Birk, G; Dressman, JB; Herbert, E; Lubda, D; Saal, C; Wieber, A, 2016)	0.43
" While most amorphous drug products contain a single drug substance, there is a growing trend towards co-formulating compounds in the same dosage form to improve patient compliance."	( Dissolution performance of binary amorphous drug combinations--Impact of a second drug on the maximum achievable supersaturation. Taylor, LS; Trasi, NS, 2015)	0.42
" This necessitates their robust stabilization in order for successful use in a tablet dosage form."	( The development of carbamazepine-succinic acid cocrystal tablet formulations with improved in vitro and in vivo performance. Hussain, I; Sun, CC; Ullah, M, 2016)	0.43
" All formulations were dosed to rats at 20 mg/kg in suspension."	( Evaluation of Three Amorphous Drug Delivery Technologies to Improve the Oral Absorption of Flubendazole. Backx, K; Boeykens, P; Bone, S; Brewster, ME; Ceulemans, J; Hillewaert, V; Jager, C; Kesselaers, E; Lachau-Durand, S; Mackie, C; Meurs, G; Novoa de Armas, H; Psathas, P; Smulders, S; Van Geel, K; Van Hove, B; Van Speybroeck, M; Verheyen, L; Verreck, G; Vialpando, M; Vodak, D; Voets, M; Weuts, I, 2016)	0.43
" Aiming to establish a parenteral dosage form with prolonged release properties, a biodegradable implant was developed, based on a combination of nanoencapsulation of protein-heparin complexes, creation of a slow release matrix by freeze-drying, and compression using hyaluronan and methylcellulose."	( Optimizing novel implant formulations for the prolonged release of biopharmaceuticals using in vitro and in vivo imaging techniques. Ashtikar, M; Beyer, S; de Bruin, N; Lange, CM; Mäntele, W; Parnham, MJ; Rüschenbaum, S; Schmidt, M; Vogel, V; Wacker, MG; Xie, L, 2016)	0.61
" The drug co-loaded silica was then suspended in an aqueous vehicle facilitating the dosing to animals."	( Enhanced oral delivery of celecoxib via the development of a supersaturable amorphous formulation utilising mesoporous silica and co-loaded HPMCAS. Back, K; Bungay, P; Davis, J; Flanagan, N; Hudson, R; Lainé, AL; Price, D; Roberts, D, 2016)	0.43
" In this study, we investigate nanogel suspensions in order to improve the topical ocular therapy by reducing dosage and frequency of administration."	( Nanogels of methylcellulose hydrophobized with N-tert-butylacrylamide for ocular drug delivery. Hoare, T; Jamard, M; Sheardown, H, 2016)	0.81
"5% methylcellulose (MC) and 1% MC using a syringe and dosing cup."	( Accuracy of tablet splitting and liquid measurements: an examination of who, what and how. Abu-Geras, D; Gudka, S; Hadziomerovic, D; Khan, RN; Leau, A; Lim, LY; Locher, C; Razaghikashani, M, 2017)	1.08
" In liquid measurement, the syringe provided more accurate volume measurements than the dosing cup, with higher accuracy observed for the more viscous MC solutions than water."	( Accuracy of tablet splitting and liquid measurements: an examination of who, what and how. Abu-Geras, D; Gudka, S; Hadziomerovic, D; Khan, RN; Leau, A; Lim, LY; Locher, C; Razaghikashani, M, 2017)	0.46
" Therefore, suitable dry dosage forms should be developed for livestocks to protect probiotics against the low pH in the stomach such that the products have higher probiotics survivability."	( Oral Delivery of Probiotics in Poultry Using pH-Sensitive Tablets. Bok, JD; Cho, CS; Choi, YJ; Han, GG; Hong, ZS; Jiang, T; Kang, SK; Kim, DD; Li, HS; Singh, B, 2017)	0.46
" One possibility to overcome this problem might be found in the application of mucoadhesive dosage forms like gastrointestinal wafers."	( Preparation and characterization of gastrointestinal wafer formulations. Hanke, U; Kirsch, K; Weitschies, W, 2017)	0.46
" When Sporanox and itraconazole/AFFINISOL High Productivity HPMCAS SDDs were dosed in rats, the maximum absorption rate for each formulation rank-ordered with membrane flux in vitro."	( Impact of Drug-Rich Colloids of Itraconazole and HPMCAS on Membrane Flux in Vitro and Oral Bioavailability in Rats. Brodeur, TJ; Friesen, DT; Goodwin, AK; Grass, ME; Morgen, MM; Stewart, AM; Vodak, DT, 2017)	0.46
" The polymeric carriers are long known to manipulate this conversion during dissolution to parent crystalline drug, which may hinder or accelerate the dissolution process if used in a dosage form."	( Improved in vitro and in vivo performance of carbamazepine enabled by using a succinic acid cocrystal in a stable suspension formulation. Bin Asad, MHH; Hasan, SMF; Hussain, I; Shah, MR; Ullah, M, 2017)	0.46
"Three- dimensional (3D) printing has received significant attention as a manufacturing process for pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( 3D Printed "Starmix" Drug Loaded Dosage Forms for Paediatric Applications. Douroumis, D; Ross, SA; Scoutaris, N, 2018)	0.48
" 15 excipients, normally present in solid dosage forms of five APIs tested (atenolol, paracetamol, furosemide, nifedipine and propafenone hydrochloride) were mixed (one at a time) with the active pharmaceutical ingredient of interest either via vortexing, co-grinding or shaking of the physical mixture and dissolved in Fed State Simulated Gastric Fluid (FeSSGF)."	( Impact of presence of excipients in drug analysis in fed-state gastric biorelevant media. Baxevanis, F; Fotaki, N; Kuiper, J, 2018)	0.48
" Liquid formulations are routinely used to support the ADME studies, though bridging the bioperformance between a liquid formulation to the amorphous dosage form for poorly soluble compounds has not been well studied, and can be challenging due to the potentially rapid in vitro and in vivo recrystallization and precipitation."	( Designing an ADME liquid formulation with matching exposures to an amorphous dosage form. Fuerst, J; Ormes, J; Tatavarti, A; Xi, H; Xu, W; Yang, Z, 2019)	0.51
" High drug loadings may allow decreasing the pill burden and/or reducing dosage size, which both increase the therapeutic compliance."	( Chemically identical but physically different: A comparison of spray drying, hot melt extrusion and cryo-milling for the formulation of high drug loaded amorphous solid dispersions of naproxen. Dedroog, S; Huygens, C; Van den Mooter, G, 2019)	0.51
"Amorphous spray-dried dispersions (SDDs) are a key enabling technology for oral solid dosage formulations, used to improve dissolution behaviour and clinical exposure of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)."	( Elucidating spray-dried dispersion dissolution mechanisms with focused beam reflectance measurement: contribution of polymer chemistry and particle properties to performance. Ferreira, AP; Nicholls, D; Nicholson, S; Rawlinson-Malone, CF, 2019)	0.51
"Capsules are a widely used oral dosage form due to their simplicity and ease of manufacture."	( Achieving gastroresistance without coating: Formulation of capsule shells from enteric polymers. Al-Kauraishi, MM; Barbosa, JAC; Conway, BR; Merchant, HA; Smith, AM, 2019)	0.51
" To reduce dosing frequency and side effects and improve patient compliance, a sustained release parenteral formulation of ODS was developed."	( Preparation of an oil suspension containing ondansetron hydrochloride as a sustained release parenteral formulation. Chi, SC; Duong, VA; Maeng, HJ; Nguyen, TT, 2020)	0.56
"Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) acetyl succinate (HPMC-AS) is a key polymer used for the enablement of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) in oral solid dosage forms."	( Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetyl succinate polymer, a useful carrier in pharmaceutical solid dispersions. Abraham, A; Blanc, F; Hawarden, LE; Pugliese, A; Tobyn, M, 2020)	1.17
"The main objective of the present study was to explore the potential of matrix tablets as extended release dosage form of tianeptine, using HMPC K100 as a polymer."	( Exploring the potential of tianeptine matrix tablets: Synthesis, physico-chemical characterization and acute toxicity studies. Aslam, F; Malik, NS; Masood-Ur-Rehman, -; Naeem, MA; Riaz, M; Salam, NA; Shahiq-Uz-Zaman, -, 2020)	0.56
"The objective of this study is to fabricate customized dosage forms using extrusion-based 3D printing for the sustained delivery of theophylline."	( Development of methylcellulose-based sustained-release dosage by semisolid extrusion additive manufacturing in drug delivery system. Acevedo, NC; Cheng, Y; Qin, H; Shi, X, 2021)	0.97
" These findings may apply to drugs administered as a single dosage form or in separate dosage forms and hence need to be well controlled to assure effective treatments and patient safety."	( Insights into Dissolution and Solution Chemistry of Multidrug Formulations of Antihypertensive Drugs. Alhalaweh, A; Bergström, CAS; El Sayed, M, 2020)	0.56
" The excipient HPMC K4M 12% w/w hydrogel was optimal to load the theophylline with flexible dosage combinations due to the great extrudability and shape retention ability."	( 3D printing of extended-release tablets of theophylline using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) hydrogels. Acevedo, NC; Cheng, Y; Jiang, X; Qin, H; Shi, X, 2020)	0.79
"The purpose of this study was to investigate whole-dosage form UV-vis imaging as a potential tool for functional characterization of excipients used in solid oral dosage forms."	( Towards functional characterization of excipients for oral solid dosage forms using UV-vis imaging. Liberation, release and dissolution. Bar-Shalom, D; Jensen, H; Larsen, SW; Li, Z; Mu, H; Sun, Y; Østergaard, J, 2021)	0.62
" From these findings, a strategic SR formulation approach might be an efficacious dosage option for ALP to avoid severe nephrotoxicity in patients with nephropathy."	( Biopharmaceutical characterization of a novel sustained-release formulation of allopurinol with reduced nephrotoxicity. Nihei, T; Onoue, S; Sato, H, 2021)	0.62
"In this work, expandable fibrous dosage forms containing water-absorbing and fiber-strengthening excipients are investigated for prolonged delivery of sparingly-soluble drugs."	( Expandable, dual-excipient fibrous dosage forms for prolonged delivery of sparingly-soluble drugs. Blaesi, AH; Saka, N, 2022)	0.72
" Traditional rectal dosage formulations have historically been used for localised treatments, including laxatives, hemorrhoid therapy and antipyretics."	( Achievements in Thermosensitive Gelling Systems for Rectal Administration. Bialik, M; Kuras, M; Oledzka, E; Sobczak, M, 2021)	0.62
" Nanocrystalline formulations are an attractive route to increase API solubility, but typically require abrasive mechanical milling and several processing steps to create an oral dosage form."	( Design and Use of a Thermogelling Methylcellulose Nanoemulsion to Formulate Nanocrystalline Oral Dosage Forms. Chen, LH; Doyle, PS, 2021)	0.9
"The objective of this study was to develop and optimize a microflora-triggered colon targeted sustained-release dosage form using Gum Ghatti (GG) and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC K100)."	( Formulation Development and In-vitro/Ex-vivo Evaluation for a Polysaccharide-based Colon Targeted Matrix Tablet. Bhatt, LK; Desai, N; Momin, M; Shaikh, M, 2021)	0.82
"GG and HPMC K100 were used to prepare microflora triggered colon targeted sustained- release dosage form."	( Formulation Development and In-vitro/Ex-vivo Evaluation for a Polysaccharide-based Colon Targeted Matrix Tablet. Bhatt, LK; Desai, N; Momin, M; Shaikh, M, 2021)	0.62
" However, drug delivery issues like low oral bioavailability, high dosing frequency (3-5 tablets/day), gastrointestinal side-effects reduced the clinical use of PBD."	( Design and evaluation of thermo-responsive nasal in situ gelling system dispersed with piribedil loaded lecithin-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles for improved brain availability. Dalvi, AV; Ravi, PR; Uppuluri, CT, 2021)	0.62
"Poor solubility of drug candidates is a well-known and thoroughly studied challenge in the development of oral dosage forms."	( Impact of co-administered stabilizers on the biopharmaceutical performance of regorafenib amorphous solid dispersions. Breitkreutz, J; Hoheisel, W; Müller, M; Serno, P; Wiedey, R, 2021)	0.62
" Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-VLV showed a higher powder yield at a lower dosage (8% of total solids), and a lower solution viscosity, compared with HPMC-E5."	( Optimization of Spray-Drying Process Parameters to Study Anti-Sticking Effect of Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose-VLV on Corni fructus Extracts. Cheng, H; Lu, C; Lu, M; Wang, Y; Xu, G; Zhao, L, 2022)	1.07
" Optimizing printability by improving feedability, nozzle extrusion, and layer deposition is crucial for manufacturing solid oral dosage forms with desirable properties."	( 3D printing of pharmaceutical oral solid dosage forms by fused deposition: The enhancement of printability using plasticised HPMCAS. Andrews, GP; Jones, DS; Mohylyuk, V; Oladeji, S, 2022)	0.72
" At optimum TP dosage of 6% (XHT6), the tensile strength and elongation at break were at the maximum."	( Development of xanthan gum/hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose composite films incorporating tea polyphenol and its application on fresh-cut green bell peppers preservation. Chen, J; Chen, M; Lin, J; Tan, KB; Zheng, M; Zhu, Y, 2022)	0.72
"To develop and assess new dosage forms for the alternative to existing oral medication for peripheral neuropathy, a hydrogel film in the skin patch formation containing tramadol hydrochloride (TRA), a water-soluble drug used as an analgesic, was prepared and evaluated."	( Preparation and Evaluation of Hydrogel Film Containing Tramadol for Reduction of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain. Hanawa, T; Hiroki, A; Kawano, Y; Miyajima, A; Natori, N; Shibano, Y; Taguchi, M; Yoshizawa, K, 2023)	0.91
"The ability to deliver stable and active dried protein therapeutics from biopharmaceutical drug delivery systems is critical for solid dosage formulation development."	( Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose derivatives stabilize fragment antibody against aggregation in spray dried formulations at elevated temperature and resist pH changes. Chang, D; Nayak, P; Rajagopal, K, 2022)	0.72
"Mucoadhesive buccal patches are dosage forms promising for successful drug delivery."	( Mucoadhesive chitosan-methylcellulose oral patches for the treatment of local mouth bacterial infections. Altomare, L; Bonetti, L; Bono, N; Candiani, G; Caprioglio, A, 2023)	1.22
" These materials have great potential as in situ gel-forming dosage forms for administration to external and internal body sites, where the emulsion system also allows effective solubilisation of a range of drugs with different chemistries."	( Combining branched copolymers with additives generates stable thermoresponsive emulsions with in situ gelation upon exposure to body temperature. Cook, MT; Dreiss, CA; Mahmoudi, N; Murnane, D; Pavlova, E; Rajbanshi, A; Slouf, M, 2023)	0.91
" Such existing treatments fail to effectively deliver the right drug dosage to the colon."	( 3D printed pH-responsive tablets containing N-acetylglucosamine-loaded methylcellulose hydrogel for colon drug delivery applications. Akrami, M; Asadi, M; Ghazanfari, S; Hosseinpour, M; Jockenhövel, S; Salehi, Z, 2023)	1.14

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Item	Process	Frequency
Plant-based foods and beverages	core-ingredient	70
Plant-based foods	core-ingredient	69
Meat alternatives	core-ingredient	67
Snacks	core-ingredient	66
Frozen foods	core-ingredient	66
Meat analogues	core-ingredient	58
Meats and their products	core-ingredient	46
Meals	core-ingredient	45
Meats	core-ingredient	44
Desserts	core-ingredient	33
Pizzas	core-ingredient	31
Pizzas pies and quiches	core-ingredient	31
Fleisch-Ersatzprodukte	core-ingredient	28
en:Meat alternatives	core-ingredient	28
Frozen meats	core-ingredient	26
Frozen plant-based foods mixes	core-ingredient	18
Frozen plant-based foods	core-ingredient	18
Breads	core-ingredient	18
Cereals and potatoes	core-ingredient	18
Surgelés	core-ingredient	18
Alternatives à la viande	core-ingredient	18
Substituts de viande	core-ingredient	17
Vegetarian patties	core-ingredient	15
Desserts glacés	core-ingredient	14
Glaces et sorbets	core-ingredient	13
Sorbets	core-ingredient	13
Pflanzliche Lebensmittel	core-ingredient	13
Pflanzliche Lebensmittel und Getränke	core-ingredient	13
Frozen desserts	core-ingredient	12
Vegetarische Würste	core-ingredient	10
Sweet snacks	core-ingredient	9
Vegetarian sausages	core-ingredient	7
Hamburgers	core-ingredient	7
Sandwiches	core-ingredient	7
Aliments d'origine végétale	core-ingredient	7
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux	core-ingredient	7
Vegetarian hamburgers	core-ingredient	6
Biscuits and cakes	core-ingredient	6
Vegan patties	core-ingredient	6
Plats préparés	core-ingredient	6
Seafood	core-ingredient	5
Breaded products	core-ingredient	5
Auf Fleisch basierende Lebensmittel	core-ingredient	5
Soups	core-ingredient	4
Sausages	core-ingredient	4
Prepared meats	core-ingredient	4
Frozen seafood	core-ingredient	4
Chicken and its products	core-ingredient	4
Pastries	core-ingredient	4
Zubereitetes Fleisch	core-ingredient	4
Tiefkühl-Desserts	core-ingredient	4
Tiefkühlprodukte	core-ingredient	4
Fruits cereal bars	core-ingredient	3
Chickens	core-ingredient	3
Poultries	core-ingredient	3
Cereal bars	core-ingredient	3
Bars	core-ingredient	3
Gemüsebratling	core-ingredient	3
Chicken nuggets	core-ingredient	3
Breaded chicken	core-ingredient	3
Poultry nuggets	core-ingredient	3
Chicken preparations	core-ingredient	3
Meat preparations	core-ingredient	3
Milchprodukte	core-ingredient	3
en:Prepared meat cuts substitutes	core-ingredient	3
Spécialité végétale	core-ingredient	3
Aliments à base de végétaux	core-ingredient	3
Produits panés	core-ingredient	3
Veganer Aufschnitt	core-ingredient	3
Würste	core-ingredient	3
Fleisch	core-ingredient	3
Fruits and vegetables based foods	core-ingredient	2
Canned soups	core-ingredient	2
Canned meals	core-ingredient	2
Canned foods	core-ingredient	2
Vegetarian balls	core-ingredient	2
Meat analogues from soy or wheat proteins	core-ingredient	2
Dairies	core-ingredient	2
Dietary supplements	core-ingredient	2
Cooking helpers	core-ingredient	2
Biscuits et gâteaux	core-ingredient	2
Plant-based meals	core-ingredient	2
en:meat-analogues	core-ingredient	2
Ice creams and sorbets	core-ingredient	2
en:hamburgers	core-ingredient	2
en:Vegan patties	core-ingredient	2
Cooked chicken	core-ingredient	2
Cooked poultries	core-ingredient	2
Sorbets à l'orange	core-ingredient	2
Sahne-Ersatz	core-ingredient	2
Gratins de pomme de terre	core-ingredient	2
Gratins	core-ingredient	2
Prepared meat cuts substitutes	core-ingredient	2
Galettes végétariennes	core-ingredient	2
Boulettes végétariennes	core-ingredient	2
Saucisses végétariennes	core-ingredient	2
Sorbets à la mangue	core-ingredient	2
Viandes et dérivés	core-ingredient	2
Substituts du poisson pané	core-ingredient	2
IJs en sorbets	core-ingredient	2
Bevroren desserts	core-ingredient	2
Diepvriesproducten	core-ingredient	2
Mochi	core-ingredient	2
Vleeskopieën	core-ingredient	2
Vleesvervangers	core-ingredient	2
Plantaardige levensmiddelen	core-ingredient	2
Plantaardige levensmiddelen en dranken	core-ingredient	2
Vegetarische nuggets	core-ingredient	2
Fake meat	core-ingredient	1
Vegetable soups	core-ingredient	1
Vegetarian hot dog sausages	core-ingredient	1
Balls from soy and or wheat proteins	core-ingredient	1
Mozzarella sticks	core-ingredient	1
Fried foods	core-ingredient	1
Breaded cheeses	core-ingredient	1
Cheeses	core-ingredient	1
Fermented milk products	core-ingredient	1
Fermented foods	core-ingredient	1
Groceries	core-ingredient	1
Condiments	core-ingredient	1
Frozen ready-made meals	core-ingredient	1
Hamburger buns	core-ingredient	1
Special breads	core-ingredient	1
Bread crumbs	core-ingredient	1
Chinese dumplings	core-ingredient	1
Shrimps	core-ingredient	1
Crustaceans	core-ingredient	1
Vegan nuggets	core-ingredient	1
Kunststoff	core-ingredient	1
Pepperoni pizzas	core-ingredient	1
Puff pastry meals	core-ingredient	1
Préparations pour gâteaux	core-ingredient	1
Préparations pour desserts	core-ingredient	1
en:Baking Mixes	core-ingredient	1
Aides à la pâtisserie	core-ingredient	1
Aides culinaires	core-ingredient	1
Gâteaux	core-ingredient	1
sucrés	core-ingredient	1
Plant-based ice creams	core-ingredient	1
Non-dairy desserts	core-ingredient	1
Dairy substitutes	core-ingredient	1
Vegetarian nuggets	core-ingredient	1
Vegan mince	core-ingredient	1
hamburger	core-ingredient	1
Frozen ready to cook	core-ingredient	1
Frozen patties	core-ingredient	1
beans	core-ingredient	1
Vegan	core-ingredient	1
Kosher	core-ingredient	1
Frozen vegetarian patties	core-ingredient	1
Falafels	core-ingredient	1
Plant-based sausage with wheat or seitan	core-ingredient	1
fr:Steak vegetal	core-ingredient	1
en:vegetarian-vienna-sausages	core-ingredient	1
Meat analogues from pea proteins	core-ingredient	1
Nuggets from soy and wheat proteins	core-ingredient	1
meat strips	core-ingredient	1
Refrigerated plant-based foods	core-ingredient	1
Refrigerated foods	core-ingredient	1
Smoked salmons	core-ingredient	1
Smoked fishes	core-ingredient	1
Salmons	core-ingredient	1
Fatty fishes	core-ingredient	1
Fishes	core-ingredient	1
Hamburgers from fast food	core-ingredient	1
en:Hamburgers from fast food	core-ingredient	1
en:Sandwiches	core-ingredient	1
Cak	core-ingredient	1
Légumes préparés	core-ingredient	1
Légumes surgelés	core-ingredient	1
Aliments à base de plantes surgelés	core-ingredient	1
Légumes et dérivés	core-ingredient	1
Snacks salés	core-ingredient	1
Aliments à base de fruits et de légumes	core-ingredient	1
Gratins de légumes	core-ingredient	1
en:cheeses	core-ingredient	1
Würstchen vegan	core-ingredient	1
Kroketten	core-ingredient	1
Tiefkühl-kroketten	core-ingredient	1
Vegane Wurst	core-ingredient	1
Vegane Fleischwurst	core-ingredient	1
Sorbets au citron	core-ingredient	1
Glaces aux fruits-rouges	core-ingredient	1
Cônes et batonnets surgelés	core-ingredient	1
Crèmes glacées en pot	core-ingredient	1
Cônes glacés	core-ingredient	1
Glaces	core-ingredient	1
Lime sorbets	core-ingredient	1
Plats préparés en conserve	core-ingredient	1
Conserves	core-ingredient	1
Sorbets au litchi	core-ingredient	1
Gratins dauphinois	core-ingredient	1
Plats préparés surgelés	core-ingredient	1
Plats préparés frais	core-ingredient	1
Plats au bœuf	core-ingredient	1
Plats préparés à la viande	core-ingredient	1
Frais	core-ingredient	1
Substituts des kefta	core-ingredient	1
Sorbets à la fraise	core-ingredient	1
Knacks industrielles à teneur réduite en sel	core-ingredient	1
Saucisse-knacky-vegetarienne	core-ingredient	1
Substituts de viande à partir de protéines de soja ou blé	core-ingredient	1
Vegan Soybean Burger	core-ingredient	1
Milchfreie Käse	core-ingredient	1
en:Dairy substitutes	core-ingredient	1
Fleischwurst	core-ingredient	1
Vegetaische Fleische	core-ingredient	1
Roomijs	core-ingredient	1
Compound dairy creams	core-ingredient	1
en:groceries	core-ingredient	1
Schlagsahne	core-ingredient	1
Suppen	core-ingredient	1
Saucen	core-ingredient	1
Fertiggerichte	core-ingredient	1
Rahm	core-ingredient	1
Gewürzmittel	core-ingredient	1
Fruchteise	core-ingredient	1
Speiseeis und Sorbets	core-ingredient	1
en:ice-creams	core-ingredient	1
en:Mochi ice cream	core-ingredient	1
Eiersatz	core-ingredient	1
Vegane Würstchen	core-ingredient	1
Substituts de charcuterie en tranches	core-ingredient	1
en:veganer-aufschnitt	core-ingredient	1
e-wurst	core-ingredient	1
en:vegan	core-ingredient	1
Käseerzeugniss	core-ingredient	1
en:Vegan sausage	core-ingredient	1
Aufschnitt vegan	core-ingredient	1
Aufschnitt	core-ingredient	1
Samosas	core-ingredient	1
en:Tapioca flour	core-ingredient	1
en:Egg replacer	core-ingredient	1
en:Egg alternatives	core-ingredient	1
en:Potato flours	core-ingredient	1
en:Egg substitutes	core-ingredient	1
Harinas de origen vegetal	core-ingredient	1
Verduras y hortalizas y sus productos	core-ingredient	1
Frutas y verduras y sus productos	core-ingredient	1
Alimentos de origen vegetal	core-ingredient	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal	core-ingredient	1
Snack biscuit with fruits filling	core-ingredient	1
Sorbets au melon	core-ingredient	1
Puddings	core-ingredient	1
en:sorbets	core-ingredient	1
Süßer Snack	core-ingredient	1
Aardbeiensorbets	core-ingredient	1
Vegan sausages	core-ingredient	1
Saucisses	core-ingredient	1
Charcuteries	core-ingredient	1
Viandes	core-ingredient	1
en:vegan-saucages	core-ingredient	1
Frische pflanzliche Lebensmittel	core-ingredient	1
Frische Nahrungsmittel	core-ingredient	1
Salades composées	core-ingredient	1
Mochi glacés	core-ingredient	1
Pâtisseries	core-ingredient	1
Snacks sucrés	core-ingredient	1
Hachés végétaux	core-ingredient	1
Mochi ice cream	core-ingredient	1
Gepaneerde producten	core-ingredient	1
Panierte Produkte	core-ingredient	1
Nuggets vegetarianos	core-ingredient	1
Susbtituts des escalopes panés	core-ingredient	1
vegan salmon	core-ingredient	1
nl:vegetarische beefstukjes	core-ingredient	1
Austrian vegetables	core-ingredient	1
Vegetables based foods	core-ingredient	1
Vegetarische Frankfurter	core-ingredient	1
Worming treatment	core-ingredient	1
Muffins mix	core-ingredient	1
Cake mixes	core-ingredient	1
Dessert mixes	core-ingredient	1
Baking Mixes	core-ingredient	1
Pastry helpers	core-ingredient	1
Cakes	core-ingredient	1

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1650 (36.42)	18.7374
1990's	445 (9.82)	18.2507
2000's	1143 (25.23)	29.6817
2010's	1064 (23.48)	24.3611
2020's	229 (5.05)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	201 (4.18%)	5.53%
Reviews	81 (1.69%)	6.00%
Case Studies	43 (0.89%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	4,482 (93.24%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.43	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	3.42	1	1	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.64	3	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.03	1	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.36	4	1	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.04	1	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	4	14	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.	2.08	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	3.23	6	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2.39	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.01	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.5	2	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.37	2	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	7.45	2	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.38	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
carbamates [no description available]	3.21	6	0	amino-acid anion
carbamic acid carbamic acid : A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.	2.1	1	0	carbon oxoacid; one-carbon compound; organonitrogen compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	2.86	4	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.91	4	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	1.94	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	5.81	21	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	3.2	6	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.85	12	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.49	2	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.68	3	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	7.15	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	1.94	1	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
cytosine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.84	35	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	8.84	12	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.68	3	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.86	4	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	12.39	44	3	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	5	9	1	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	8.34	7	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	7.6	73	2	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.85	4	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.35	2	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	1.94	1	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	3.68	10	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	1.94	1	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	2.92	4	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.65	3	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	5.47	8	2	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	3.82	2	1	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	3.73	3	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.04	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.08	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.37	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.45	2	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.38	2	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	4.25	17	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.21	6	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	7.34	2	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	1.94	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	1.94	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	1.94	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	8.67	9	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
taurine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2.63	3	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.64	3	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	4.52	25	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.05	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	4.33	4	1	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.22	6	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	3.2	6	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	2.34	2	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.32	7	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	7.93	4	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	2.05	1	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	3.8	11	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	1.94	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	11.61	48	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.87	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
albendazole [no description available]	2.43	2	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	3.54	8	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source	2.96	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	9.09	3	1	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	1.94	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.46	2	0	aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.36	2	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
theophylline [no description available]	5.62	72	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	1.99	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	3.45	1	1	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.87	3	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
anastrozole [no description available]	1.99	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	4.48	5	1	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	3.36	1	1	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	4.54	25	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	8.41	7	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	1.95	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
baclofen [no description available]	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bendazac bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.	1.98	1	0	indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger
benfluorex [no description available]	2.01	1	0	benzoate ester
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.05	1	0	benzamides
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2.87	4	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
berberine [no description available]	2.73	3	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
betaxolol [no description available]	2.25	1	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	2.05	1	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	3.25	1	0	diarylmethane
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	3.34	1	1	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
buflomedil buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure	2.92	4	0	aromatic ketone
bumetanide [no description available]	2.01	1	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	2.75	3	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	4.11	3	1	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
caffeine [no description available]	9.39	21	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.1	15	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	2.58	2	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	2.06	1	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	4.04	3	1	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	2.61	2	0	biphenyls
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	6.26	33	1	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	2	1	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carvedilol [no description available]	5.63	9	2	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	2.03	1	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	8.86	11	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.45	2	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	3.14	5	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetyl alcohol cetyl alcohol: has been used for eczema, skin irritations; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of sixteen carbon atoms.. hexadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	4.5	5	1	hexadecanol; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	algal metabolite; flavouring agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	2.43	2	0	pyridinium ion
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	1.94	1	0	benzodiazepine
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.37	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	3.86	12	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	8.34	7	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.11	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.05	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cilostazol [no description available]	2.5	2	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.04	1	0
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	5.45	14	1	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	2	1	0	benzamides
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.35	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	2.52	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	4.36	2	2	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.75	3	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cyclopentolate Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.. cyclopentolate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.	3.36	1	1	carboxylic ester; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; muscarinic antagonist; mydriatic agent; parasympatholytic
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	3.04	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate: structure	2.13	1	0	diester; methyl ester
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.25	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	1.97	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.43	2	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
nonivamide nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.	2.43	2	0	capsaicinoid; phenols	lachrymator
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	4.14	5	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.65	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	1.96	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	2.04	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	7	40	2	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.06	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	2.05	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	3.09	5	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	3.31	6	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	3.08	5	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	4.67	3	2	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	2.04	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	3.43	1	1	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.	2.74	3	0	oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols	bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.1	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.41	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
eperisone eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.. 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	5.5	16	1
ethenzamide ethenzamide: structure	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.48	2	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	7.13	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	2.44	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	5.33	20	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	11.67	7	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	3.57	8	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.01	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.45	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.52	2	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.03	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	3.97	13	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.1	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	8.29	6	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.15	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	1.94	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	9.09	3	1	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	2.06	1	0	benzoate ester
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.95	4	0
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	8.29	6	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	2.46	2	0	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.76	10	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	4	4	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	3.22	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	1.94	1	0
guaiazulene guaiazulene: structure	1.96	1	0	sesquiterpene
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	4.73	7	1	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	3.74	2	1	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	3.19	5	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	1.95	1	0	barbiturates
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.05	1	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.94	4	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	1.94	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.66	3	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	7.45	44	3	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	5.31	13	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.69	3	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	2.25	1	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	9.96	37	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodamide Iodamide: An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). iodamide : A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.	2.88	4	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2.7	3	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopanoic acid Iopanoic Acid: Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid.	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	2.7	3	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iotrolan iotrolan: nonionic, isotonic contrast medium designed for intrathecal use; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; DL-3-117 refers to stereoisomer; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
iproniazid [no description available]	1.95	1	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	2.49	2	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	1.97	1	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)	1.95	1	0	benzenes
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	2.37	2	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.23	6	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.37	2	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	2.08	1	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	3.76	8	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	4.23	17	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	1.94	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.49	2	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.17	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.04	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
lithium hydroxide lithium hydroxide: used for tryptophan determinations in proteins & foods; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-OH	2.1	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
lobenzarit lobenzarit: prevents autoimmune kidney disease in hybrid mice; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0	aminobenzoic acid
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	8.43	1	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.73	3	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorglumide lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.	2	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; dichlorobenzene; glutamic acid derivative
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.05	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	3.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	2.8	3	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mebeverine mebeverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	6.45	3	3	methoxybenzoic acid
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.	1.95	1	0	diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	7.06	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.43	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	2.66	3	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	2.35	2	0	organic molecular entity
mequitazine mequitazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.99	1	0	phenothiazines
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	5.14	10	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	10.82	11	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.47	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	2.37	2	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	3.26	6	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	5.5	20	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	10.37	13	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.95	4	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.03	1	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.03	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
naftopidil [no description available]	2	1	0	piperazines
naphazoline Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.	1.95	1	0	naphthalenes
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	7.73	3	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	9.86	33	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.91	4	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilvadipine [no description available]	7.95	4	0	dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester; nitrile
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	5.37	13	1	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.1	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	3.41	7	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	7.38	2	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.99	4	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	2.04	1	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	7.72	3	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	4.65	6	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2.75	3	0	carbazoles
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	1.99	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether
benoxinate benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.	2.01	1	0	amino acid ester; benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; local anaesthetic; topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	3.04	4	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	2.36	2	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	7.01	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	2.35	2	0	phenylalanine derivative
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	3.16	5	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	4.05	3	1	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.19	6	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	3.13	5	0	oxopurine
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.89	4	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. phenmetrazine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.	8.44	2	0	morpholines	metabolite; sympathomimetic agent
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	4.73	7	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	4.6	3	0	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	2.35	2	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin [no description available]	7.63	3	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.51	2	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	1.97	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenoxine pirenoxine: structure given in second source	2.15	1	0	organic molecular entity
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	2.05	1	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
piretanide piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether
piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.	2.31	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	5.32	13	1	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	1.94	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	1.95	1	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0	chromones
pyranoprofen pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	pyridochromene
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2	1	0	isoquinolines
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	1.93	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.11	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.01	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	4.32	6	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.46	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	2	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	2.38	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.87	4	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	6.39	39	1	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
proxyphylline [no description available]	2.07	1	0	oxopurine
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	1.99	1	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	2.13	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.17	1	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
rofecoxib [no description available]	2.03	1	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ropinirole [no description available]	2.05	1	0	indolones; tertiary amine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	1.96	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	3.53	2	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.37	2	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.4	2	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	2.21	1	0	pyridines
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	5.83	21	1	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.07	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	2.35	2	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfaguanidine Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine	2.4	2	0	sulfonamide antibiotic	antiinfective agent
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.64	3	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	1.96	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.04	1	0
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	1.94	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.41	2	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	2.94	4	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	1.94	1	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.03	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.71	3	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.37	2	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	3.04	5	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	7.64	3	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	1.94	1	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	2.35	2	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
tiaramide tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	benzothiazoles
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	3.4	1	1	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	3.45	1	1	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.44	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
triacetin Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.. triacetin : A triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol. It has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.	2.97	4	0	triglyceride	adjuvant; antifungal drug; food additive carrier; food emulsifier; food humectant; fuel additive; plant metabolite; solvent
triclosan [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2	1	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.03	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tyramine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urapidil [no description available]	2.06	1	0	piperazines
urethane [no description available]	2.34	2	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
xylometazoline xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	alkylbenzene
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	2.07	1	0	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.05	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	7.67	3	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	10.99	8	1	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.	1.94	1	0	acylcholine
corticosterone [no description available]	2.88	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	9.22	18	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	1.94	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.63	3	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	1.94	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	10.86	13	2	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
thymidine [no description available]	3.9	13	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	1.95	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
triethylenemelamine Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.	1.94	1	0	1,3,5-triazines	alkylating agent; insect sterilant
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	3.06	5	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	4.14	5	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	1.94	1	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2.37	2	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.49	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	1.96	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
aldosterone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	1.94	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	3.06	5	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	1.94	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
paramethasone Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)	1.97	1	0	fluorinated steroid
fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties.	1.95	1	0	fluorinated steroid
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	1.94	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
idoxuridine [no description available]	3.04	5	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	6.82	25	3	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	1.94	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	9.48	4	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	3.04	5	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	3.74	3	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	7.36	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.35	2	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	1.94	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.33	7	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	1.95	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	4.08	16	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.44	8	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chlorobutanol [no description available]	5.83	7	1	tertiary alcohol
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.36	2	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	9.66	28	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.03	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	1.95	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	3.08	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	7.85	4	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.74	3	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2	1	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	4.05	3	1	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	2.64	3	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.86	4	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.65	10	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	4.24	4	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	3.26	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	5.83	23	1	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	1.94	1	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	1.94	1	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	3.45	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.04	1	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
phlorhizin [no description available]	1.94	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	2.47	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	7.98	4	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	3.65	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	1.96	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	3.43	1	1	quaternary ammonium salt
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	18.2	308	17	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	3.35	7	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.87	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	7.63	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	2.69	3	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	1.94	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.37	2	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	1.97	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	1.94	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	3.55	8	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.38	2	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	2.17	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.	1.94	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
caffeine citrate caffeine citrate: RN given for [1:1] mixture; used for prophylaxis and treatment of apnea in preterm babies	2.05	1	0
mannitol [no description available]	6.87	35	2	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	4.6	6	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.34	2	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	8.55	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	2.01	1	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	3.35	7	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	3.33	7	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	10.82	23	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methyl chloride Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.	1.97	1	0	chloromethanes; methyl halides	marine metabolite; mutagen; refrigerant
methylacetylene methylacetylene: structure	2.01	1	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.03	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	3.4	7	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	3.07	5	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
methyl sulfate methyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl sulfate : An alkyl sulfate that is the monomethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	1.99	1	0	alkyl sulfate; one-carbon compound
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.63	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.02	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	3.08	5	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
bromthymol blue Bromthymol Blue: A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.. bromothymol blue : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl groups.	2.31	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; polyphenol; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.89	4	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
ethyl citrate ethyl citrate: structure	3.66	9	0	carbonyl compound
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	4.32	6	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	7.13	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	8.75	54	3	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	2.02	1	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	3.09	5	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.48	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
cyclizine Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.	1.94	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine	antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.39	2	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
phthalic anhydride phthalic anhydride : The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.	2.11	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride	allergen
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	3.12	5	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.71	3	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	12.57	211	4	pyrrolidin-2-ones
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.49	2	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.04	1	0	phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diethylpropion Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.	4.26	3	0	aromatic ketone; tertiary amine	appetite depressant
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.38	2	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	1.94	1	0	xanthene
veratric acid veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3.	7.6	1	0	benzoic acids	allergen; plant metabolite
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	2.11	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	3.8	11	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
butylparaben [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	1.95	1	0	carbonyl compound
3-aminobenzoic acid 3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.	2.07	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.98	4	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	2.94	4	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	3.52	8	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.35	2	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	3.04	1	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	2.03	1	0	pyridinium salt
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.02	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
boric acid [no description available]	2.42	2	0	boric acids	astringent
nonoxynol Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.	2.21	1	0
epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.	2.31	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound
acrolein [no description available]	3.58	2	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.34	2	0	alkylamine
tert-butylacrylamide tert-butylacrylamide: structure in first source	7.13	1	0
vinyl acetate [no description available]	9.38	4	1	acetate ester
succinic anhydride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; tetrahydrofurandione
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	2.02	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.72	3	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
dibutyl sebacate dibutyl sebacate: used in retail packaging of foods	2.72	3	0	fatty acid ester
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	3.16	5	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.74	3	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	2.97	4	0	fatty acid ester
2-ethoxyethanol 2-ethoxyethanol : A hydroxyether that is the ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.08	1	0	glycol ether; primary alcohol	protic solvent; teratogenic agent
morpholine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
diethanolamine diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.	2.39	2	0	ethanolamines	human xenobiotic metabolite
heptanol Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.	2.04	1	0	heptanol; primary alcohol	flavouring agent; fragrance; gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; plant metabolite
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
dodecyltrimethylammonium dodecyltrimethylammonium: used to determine thermal stability of DNA; RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one dodecyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	7.06	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
dodecylmercaptan dodecylmercaptan: used in polymerization of neoprenes; structure	2.03	1	0
eicosane icosane : A straight chain alkane composed of 20 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the leaves of Agave attenuata.	2.06	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	1.94	1	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	4.25	3	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	4.71	7	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin [no description available]	1.94	1	0	benzoins; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
sulfan blue sulfan blue: widely used to visualize lymph vessels for lymphography; structure	3.42	1	1	organic molecular entity
dimethyl phthalate dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure	2.11	1	0	diester; methyl ester; phthalate ester
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	4.01	4	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
dodecyl sulfate dodecyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE	2.01	1	0	alkyl sulfate
benzathine benzathine: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locants for phenylmethyl groups; structure	2.05	1	0	diamine
ethyl acrylate [no description available]	2.44	2	0	enoate ester
iminodiacetic acid iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.	2.21	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glycine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	chelator
isopropyl palmitate isopropyl palmitate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of palmitic acid with propan-2-ol. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.04	1	0	fatty acid ester; isopropyl ester	human metabolite
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	4.12	3	1	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.03	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	7.81	3	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	3.3	6	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.35	2	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	2.75	3	0	indazole
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	1.94	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.45	2	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	1.99	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	3.79	11	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.01	1	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	4.86	8	1	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.38	2	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
benactyzine Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.	1.94	1	0	diarylmethane
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	2.68	3	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.37	2	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	1.94	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
perfluorobutyric acid perfluorobutyric acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid.	2.03	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	chromatographic reagent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.94	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
fluorometholone Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.	2.44	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	5.1	10	1	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.49	2	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.34	2	0
indirubin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
imperatorin imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.05	1	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	5.06	5	2	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	3.15	5	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	2.13	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	7.41	1	0	epsilon-lactone
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.08	1	0
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2.35	2	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
echothiophate iodide Echothiophate Iodide: A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.. ecothiopate iodide : The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.	1.95	1	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	antiglaucoma drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	1.99	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	1.96	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	1.94	1	0	diarylmethane
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.41	1	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
trimellitic acid trimellitic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimellitic acid : Benzene substituted at the 1,2, and 4 positions by carboxy groups.	2.03	1	0	tricarboxylic acid
uranyl acetate uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.11	5	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.03	1	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
magnesium carbonate magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.	2.48	2	0	carbonate salt; magnesium salt; one-carbon compound; organic magnesium salt	antacid; fertilizer
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	4.14	3	1	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.7	3	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	1.97	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.02	1	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
silver acetate silver acetate: RN refers to acetic acid, silver (1+) salt	2.17	1	0
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2.03	1	0	bis(azo) compound
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.75	3	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.06	5	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	1.99	1	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
ethylurea [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ethyl palmitate ethyl hexadecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.17	1	0	hexadecanoate ester; long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	plant metabolite
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	3.84	2	1
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	2.95	4	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.65	3	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	2	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	2	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
calcium lactate [no description available]	7.03	1	0
1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate hexamethylene diisocyanate : A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.	2.42	2	0	diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
naphthyl acetate naphthyl acetate: do not confuse with naphthaleneacetic acid; acetic acid ester of naphthol	2.73	3	0
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	1.96	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
n-methylpyrrolidone 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.	2.78	3	0	lactam; N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones	polar aprotic solvent
deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium bicarbonate ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt)	2.1	1	0	organooxygen compound
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.01	1	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
calcium peroxide [no description available]	7.31	1	0	calcium oxides
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	6.6	15	1
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.37	2	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	3.1	5	0	zinc molecular entity
thorium dioxide Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.	1.94	1	0	thorium molecular entity
propyleneglycol monolaurate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sorbitan monostearate sorbitan monostearate: Stearic Acid was the HM (74-82), no longer an active MH	2.13	1	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	7.52	2	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	1.98	1	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.86	11	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
norfenfluramine Norfenfluramine: A FENFLURAMINE analog that inhibits serotonin uptake and may provoke release of serotonin. It is used as an appetite depressant and an experimental tool in animal studies.	3.33	1	1	amphetamines
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	1.96	1	0
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	1.99	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	2.39	2	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
n-isopropylacrylamide N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands	2.48	2	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	7.32	9	3	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	3.04	5	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cme-carbodiimide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane: used to immobilize carbonic anhydrase into mesoporous supports; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; structure in 1st source	7.07	1	0	carbonyl compound
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.13	5	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	3.12	5	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	3.04	5	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	1.95	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	1.94	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cyclazocine Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.	1.95	1	0
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	1.95	1	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin [no description available]	7.87	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	4.98	9	1	carbon oxoanion
Brilliant Blue brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd	6.94	1	0	organic molecular entity
l 451167 L 451167: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	2.44	2	0	aromatic amine
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.	1.93	1	0
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	2.38	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.74	3	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
olaflur Olaflur: cariostatic agent	3.36	1	1
hepes [no description available]	1.95	1	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.86	4	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.86	4	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.7	3	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.05	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	4.1	3	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	8.58	7	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	1.94	1	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	3.67	10	0	manganese group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	8.95	13	0	titanium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.38	2	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	1.94	1	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.36	2	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.91	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.03	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	3.01	4	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	1.97	1	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.4	2	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	7.45	2	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	1.96	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.95	4	0	sodium phosphate
palladium chloride palladium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. palladium(II) chloride : A palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.	2.42	2	0	palladium coordination entity	catalyst
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.02	1	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.08	1	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.86	4	0	diatomic bromine
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	15.45	67	4	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	4.09	15	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	3.7	10	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	11.62	49	1	calcium phosphate
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.35	2	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.38	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	3.3	6	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
zinc phosphate zinc phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified Zn salt; see also record for ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT RN 7779-90-0; hopeite was non-print entry term to ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT 1982-91	2.07	1	0
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.38	2	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3	1	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.65	3	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.44	2	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
calcium pyrophosphate Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).	2.04	1	0	calcium phosphate
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.31	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	3.21	6	0
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	2.68	3	0	epoxide
hexadimethrine bromide Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.	1.96	1	0
vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.	1.94	1	0
chlorine dioxide chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant	2.02	1	0	chlorine dioxide
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.07	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.05	1	0
rhamnose [no description available]	1.94	1	0	L-rhamnose
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.4	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	8.72	10	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	1.95	1	0
hydroxymethanediphosphonic acid hydroxymethanediphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	7.01	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	2.01	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	2.73	3	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.39	2	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	4.97	9	1	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	2.79	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	3.48	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	2.06	1	0	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
iodine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
osmium tetroxide Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.	2.08	1	0	osmium coordination entity	fixative; histological dye; oxidising agent; poison
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.01	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	3.08	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	7.15	35	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.03	1	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
isoamyl acetate isoamyl acetate: structure in Merck, 9th ed, #4958. isoamyl acetate : The acetate ester of isoamylol.	2.01	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
dimethylacetamide hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.05	1	0	acetamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.04	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.86	4	0
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	3.45	8	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	7.92	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.44	2	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	3.59	8	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
oxovanadium iv oxovanadium IV: forms complexes with simple sugars	2	1	0	vanadium oxide
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	2.03	1	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	3.47	7	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
flubendazole flubendazole: the p-fluoro analog of mebendazole. flubendazole : A member of the class of mebendazole in which the benzoyl group is replaced by a p-fluorobenzoyl group. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	7.59	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; organofluorine compound	antinematodal drug; teratogenic agent
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.72	3	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	2.39	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	1.99	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
halofantrine halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria	2.42	2	0	phenanthrenes
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	2.37	2	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	5.04	40	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	1.96	1	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
vinclozolin vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.	1.99	1	0	dicarboximide; dichlorobenzene; olefinic compound; oxazolidinone
heptacaine heptacaine: structure; RN given refers to the HCl salt	1.99	1	0
adinazolam mesylate [no description available]	3.08	5	0
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.41	2	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	8.12	5	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	4.33	4	1	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	4	4	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	1.97	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	1.98	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	2.03	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.85	4	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.44	2	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	6.34	6	2	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.08	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	2.17	1	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
bambuterol bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.	2.06	1	0	carbamate ester; phenylethanolamines	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
6-methyl-n-(1h-tetrazol-5-yl)-2-pyridinecarboxamide 6-methyl-N-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2-pyridinecarboxamide: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/84	4.34	2	2
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	6.41	37	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.52	2	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
mk 458 MK 458: a sustained release formulation of a naphthoxazine compoud with selective D-2 dopamine receptor agonism. naxagolide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of naxagolide.	12.45	177	14	hydrochloride	anticonvulsant; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
naxagolide naxagolide: structure given in first source. naxagolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (4aR,10bR)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine substituted by propyl and hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, respectively. It is a potent dopamine D2-receptor agonist and its hydrochloride salt was under clinical development by Merck & Co as a potential antiparkinsonian agent (now discontinued).	3.48	2	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
aromasil [no description available]	2.21	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
atorvastatin [no description available]	3.33	6	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	1.99	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	7.76	3	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	2.79	3	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	2.06	1	0	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	2.08	1	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2	1	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
cetostearyl alcohol cetostearyl alcohol: component of creams, ointments, emulsifying agents	2.05	1	0
ammonium peroxydisulfate ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.	2.11	1	0
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	2.05	1	0
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.43	2	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	4.58	8	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
dioxopromethazine dioxopromethazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.25	1	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
aluminum phosphate aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt	1.96	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.69	3	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.05	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
baicalin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.06	1	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
6-azacytidine 6-azacytidine: MH AZACITIDINE refers to 5-azacytidine	1.96	1	0
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pelanserin pelanserin: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	2.01	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.42	2	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
iomeglamic acid iomeglamic acid: structure	2.37	2	0	anilide
milnacipran Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.	2.1	1	0	acetamides
lercanidipine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
repaglinide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	piperidines
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.49	2	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
bergenin bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure	2.07	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
divinyl benzene [no description available]	1.96	1	0	styrenes
phenoxazine phenoxazine: RN given refers to 10H-phenoxazine. 10H-phenoxazine : A member of the class of phenoxazines that is morpholine which is ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 5-6.	2	1	0	phenoxazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
cresatin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.37	2	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.26	6	0	1,2,3-triazole
2-iodosobenzoic acid ortho-iodosylbenzoic acid : A benzoic acid compound having an iodosyl substituent at the ortho-position.	2.05	1	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	5.3	7	2	anthocyanidin chloride
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure	3.25	1	0	aryl sulfate; pyridines
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	2.05	1	0	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
tianeptine tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.	2.25	1	0	dibenzothiazepine; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
danofloxacin [no description available]	2	1	0	quinolines
camphorated parachlorophenol camphorated parachlorophenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; Walkhoff solution is a 3% solution of camphorated parachlorophenol	3.77	2	1
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.57	8	0	tocol
aceclofenac [no description available]	4.35	4	1	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.48	2	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
octadecyl palmitate octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.	5.38	4	1	hexadecanoate ester; wax ester	coral metabolite; cosmetic
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	10.19	10	1	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	4.65	6	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.63	3	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.75	3	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	3.55	9	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
lopinavir [no description available]	2.13	1	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
n-epsilon-acetyllysine N(6)-acetyl-L-lysine : An N(6)-acyl-L-lysine where the N(6)-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	1.95	1	0	acetyl-L-lysine; amino acid zwitterion; N(6)-acyl-L-lysine	human metabolite
rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate: a monoglyceride of capric acid. 1-monodecanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has decanoyl (capryl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monodecanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-decanoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-decanoyl-sn-glycerol.	2.01	1	0	rac-1-monoacylglycerol
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	7.44	62	2	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
benzyloxyamine benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	3.05	5	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination [no description available]	1.98	1	0
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.72	3	0	oligopeptide
eudragit rl [no description available]	2.95	4	0
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)	3.16	5	0	calcium salt; hydrate
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.06	1	0
eudragit rs Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules	5.92	23	1
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.67	3	0
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
eudragit-e Eudragit-E: a cationic polymer, used as a embolic material for arteriovenous malformations and as a taste masker	3.87	11	0
racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.6	1	0	proanthocyanidin
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.36	2	0
precirol precirol: octadecanoic acid esters; 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester mixed with 3-hydroxy-2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)propyl octadienoate & 2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)-1,3-propanediol; auxiliary in tableting; alpha glycerol palmitostearate	2.03	1	0
dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule.	2.03	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycoside	detergent
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	2.05	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
chymosin Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.	2.35	2	0
janus green janus green: RN given refers to Cl	2	1	0
2',3'-dideoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate 2',3'-dideoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate: inhibits vesicular stomatitis virus RNA synthesis	1.98	1	0
efonidipine efonidipine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.. 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethanol.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxylic ester; dihydropyridine; tertiary amino compound
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	1.94	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mosapride 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.	2.47	2	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound
valdecoxib [no description available]	2.05	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carboxypolymethylene carbomer: high molecular polyanionic substance	3.93	12	0
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source	9.79	220	0
2-aminoacridone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acridines
prisma-fil heliobond: visible-light-curing monomer component of composite resins	2.01	1	0
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: synthetic peptide from fibronectins; inhibits experimental metastasis of murine melanoma cells	2	1	0
htr composite HTR composite: biocampatible composite of patented technology combining polymethylmethacrylate & polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate without addition of catalysts, inducers or impurities	2.03	1	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	1.95	1	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
octacalcium phosphate octacalcium phosphate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ca4-(H3PO4)3; see also record for synthos (beta-tricalcium phosphate) & calcium phosphate	2.76	3	0
ectoine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; monocarboxylic acid; zwitterion	osmolyte
methotrexate [no description available]	3.23	6	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
tamsulosin [no description available]	2.95	4	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
bmy 21502 BMY 21502: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid	2.02	1	0	amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide	cholinergic drug; provitamin
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	2.57	2	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	1.94	1	0	D-xylose
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	3.45	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.18	5	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.15	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	1.96	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	5.74	19	1	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.03	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
lactitol lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.	1.99	1	0	glycosyl alditol	cathartic; excipient; laxative
samarium oxide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.03	1	0
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	1.96	1	0	carbodiimide
1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino)propane [no description available]	3.41	1	1
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	3.61	9	0
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	6.46	8	6
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.35	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.45	8	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	7.95	4	0
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	2	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.38	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	12.84	13	5	very long-chain fatty acid
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	2.74	3	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
etravirine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	2.03	1	0	indanes
lapatinib [no description available]	2.55	2	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	2.53	2	0	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
dapivirine Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission	2.05	1	0
sorafenib [no description available]	2.15	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.72	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	2.85	4	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.43	2	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	3.03	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
cimadronate cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.51	2	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.02	1	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.37	2	0
arabinose [no description available]	2.35	2	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.05	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	5.2	11	1	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	4.58	6	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.	2.08	1	0
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	3.21	6	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	2.41	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	1.94	1	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	3.03	4	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	9.58	6	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	1.94	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	2.86	4	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	3.29	6	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	9.28	19	0	cellotriose
psicose, (d)-isomer [no description available]	2.1	1	0	monosaccharide
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	2.35	2	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.43	2	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	5.92	23	1	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	2.05	1	0	benzazocine
miglitol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	piperidines
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	2.59	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
linezolid [no description available]	2.1	1	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.44	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.44	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
notoginsenoside r1 notoginsenoside R1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.05	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	7.41	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
genipin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
paramethasone acetate [no description available]	1.97	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	7.72	3	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	7.39	60	2	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	7.15	1	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.02	1	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	4.15	6	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	1.98	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.95	4	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.08	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	4.04	3	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.54	8	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	3.44	7	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.02	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	10.46	66	5	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.64	3	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	7	1	0
keratan sulfate Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.	1.97	1	0
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	4.16	3	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	3.04	1	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	1.96	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.21	1	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.04	5	0	actinomycin	mutagen
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	1.94	1	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.07	1	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	2.63	2	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	3.47	1	1	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	4.66	6	1	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
maltitol maltitol : An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.	2.11	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; glycosyl alditol	laxative; metabolite; sweetening agent
bx 471 BX 471: a CC chemokine receptor-1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.43	2	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	7.31	29	4	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
potassium acetate Potassium Acetate: A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.. potassium acetate : A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions	1.99	1	0	potassium salt	food acidity regulator
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy-3-carboxylic acid 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2	1	0	aminoxyls; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.03	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	2.03	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	8.58	2	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
glycosides [no description available]	3.99	4	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.03	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.25	6	0	isomethyleugenol
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	2.21	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.81	3	0	stilbene
picibanil Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.	1.96	1	0	penicillinate anion
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.48	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	1.94	1	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	1.94	1	0	cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.63	3	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.03	1	0	diphosphate ion
s 1033 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	2.42	2	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
fludarabine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	1.98	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
physostigmine salicylate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	azaheterocycle salicylate salt; salicylates
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	3.77	2	1
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	1.94	1	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.07	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	4.05	13	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.99	4	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.73	3	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
drotaverin drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.1	1	0	isoquinolines
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	1.95	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	1.95	1	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	2.03	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2.34	2	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	antifungal drug; food preservative
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	1.96	1	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.1	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.46	2	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
tamoxifen [no description available]	2.67	3	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.11	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
nadp [no description available]	3.04	5	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.96	3	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	1.94	1	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.05	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
uc-781 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	2.92	4	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	3.05	5	0	alkali metal atom
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	2.31	1	0	nitrogen oxide
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	1.97	1	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
hydroxylysine Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	1.94	1	0	5-hydroxylysine; hydroxy-L-lysine	human metabolite
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	3.11	1	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	2.88	4	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
cystine [no description available]	2.35	2	0
chitotetrose chitotetrose: isolated from acid hydrolysates of chitin	2.13	1	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.04	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.94	4	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.85	12	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	5.14	44	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.	1.97	1	0	oligosaccharide
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	5.18	16	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	2.34	2	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	3.91	2	1
5-methoxycarbonylamino-n-acetyltryptamine 5-methoxycarbonylamino-N-acetyltryptamine: an mt1/MT2 receptor agonist	2.06	1	0	acetamides
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	4.69	28	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
quercetin [no description available]	7.31	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.34	2	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	4.26	4	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.06	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.73	3	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	3.8	1	1
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.52	2	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.11	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
alprostadil [no description available]	2.38	2	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.07	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	2	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.47	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.66	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	4.14	3	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
pyrantel pamoate Pyrantel Pamoate: Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine.	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.08	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	7.85	3	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
toxiferine Toxiferine: A curare alkaloid that is a very potent competitive nicotinic antagonist at the neuromuscular junction.	1.95	1	0	alkaloid
baicalein [no description available]	2.08	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
diosmin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	2.08	1	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.1	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	3.07	5	0
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	2.02	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	2.07	1	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
prostaglandin f2 isopropyl ester prostaglandin F2 isopropyl ester: has ocular hypotensive effect	1.97	1	0	prostanoid
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	2.05	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
codeine [no description available]	2.86	4	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.44	2	0	hydrochloride
acrivastine acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.	2.02	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.05	1	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.	2.78	3	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
iodopyracet Iodopyracet: An ionic monomeric contrast medium that was formerly used for a variety of diagnostic procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). diodone : A 4-pyridone in which the pyridone is iodo-substituted at C-3 and -5 and has a carboxymethyl substituent on nitrogen; used as a radiocontrast agent urography.	2.33	2	0
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	7.49	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
trospium chloride trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	2.07	1	0
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.46	2	0	cyclodextrin
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	2.25	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	2.87	4	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.	1.94	1	0	amphetamines; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.01	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent
cloprostenol Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.	2.01	1	0	prostanoid
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	1.94	1	0	peptide
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	1.97	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	3.36	1	1	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
magnesium trisilicate magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	1.96	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.08	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
nerolidol nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.	3.41	1	1	nerolidol
su 11248 [no description available]	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	2	1	0
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	1.94	1	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	3.44	8	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	3.21	6	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	1.97	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	2.46	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.87	4	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	1.95	1	0	boron group element atom
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	4.08	3	1	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	2.31	1	0	boron group element atom
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.31	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	1.98	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	1.94	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
glyceryl behenate 1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.	4.83	7	1	1-monoglyceride; fatty acid ester	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
ethyl oleate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite
musk musk: pure essence from secretion of preputial follicles of Moschus moschiferus L.	2.01	1	0	macrolide
plastoquinone [no description available]	4.75	3	2	plastoquinone
puerarin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	2.01	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
deoxyribose [no description available]	2.03	1	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.95	4	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	1.94	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.74	11	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	3.26	6	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	3.34	7	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
pepstatin pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin	1.98	1	0	pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.	2.04	1	0	Cy5 dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.04	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	3.84	12	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	1.95	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
n-desmethyltamoxifen N-desmethyltamoxifen: main metabolite of tamoxifen; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	1.96	1	0	stilbenoid
pyrachlostrobin pyraclostrobin : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; carbanilate fungicide; methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
pregnanediol [no description available]	1.94	1	0
5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester 5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester: structure in first source	3.42	1	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	1.98	1	0
involucrin involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor	1.99	1	0
lumefantrine Lumefantrine: A fluorene derivative that is used in combination with ARTEMETHER for the treatment of MALARIA (see ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE DRUG COMBINATION).. lumefantrine : A member of the class of fluorenes that is 9-(p-chlorobenzylidene)-9H-fluorene which is substitutec by chlorine at positions 2 and 7, and by a 2-(dibutylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group at position 4. An antimalarial drug used in combination with artemether for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.31	1	0	fluorenes; monochlorobenzenes; secondary alcohol; tertiary amine	antimalarial
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	2.03	1	0
cannabigerolic acid cannabigerolic acid: structure in first source. cannabigerolic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is olivetolic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a geranyl group. A biosynthetic precursor to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant.	2.17	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide; resorcinols
beta-escin [no description available]	2.78	3	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	3.07	5	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
shellac shellac: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.31	6	0
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.75	3	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
trimoprostil trimoprostil: RN refers to (5Z,11alpha,13E,15R)-isomer; structure in first source	1.97	1	0
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
tonabersat tonabersat: potential antimigraine agent; structure in first source	2	1	0
belinostat [no description available]	2.21	1	0	hydroxamic acid; olefinic compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.41	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.01	1	0	borneol
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	6.06	8	4	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	2.06	1	0
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	2.11	1	0	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
disilver oxide [no description available]	2.59	2	0
gw406381x GW406381X: cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor	2.01	1	0
gallium maltolate gallium maltolate: has antineoplastic activity	7.05	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.89	2	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
bleomycin a6 bleomycin A6: forms conjugate with monoclonal antibody anti-CCT2 which binds to leukemia cells	2.06	1	0
er 34122 5-((1,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl)dimethoxymethyl)-2-chlorobenzamide: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.44	2	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
dmp 696 DMP 696: a CRF(1) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	fatty acid ester
6-hydroxybuspirone 6-hydroxybuspirone: active metabolite of buspirone	3.46	1	1	N-arylpiperazine
azd 0837 AZD 0837: anticoagulant prodrug of AR-H067637	3.46	1	1
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	2.21	1	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I	2.02	1	0
fluorapatite fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.	2.76	3	0
amg 009 AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source	2.47	2	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.55	2	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.38	2	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	3.82	2	1
regorafenib [no description available]	2.72	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; hepatotoxic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
n-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide N-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide: MK-0364 is the (1S,2S)-isomer; a cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	stilbenoid
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.51	2	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.43	2	0	nystatins
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	4.91	37	0
td-5108 TD-5108: a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity; structure in first source	3.25	1	0
deoxycortone pivalate [no description available]	1.94	1	0	mineralocorticoid; pivalate ester
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.38	2	0	benzoxazole
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	4.15	16	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	3.19	6	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	2.03	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	1.95	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.57	9	0
erythrosine Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	2.11	1	0
riccardin d riccardin D: antifungal agent isolated from Dumortiera hirsute; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.85	4	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mdv 3100 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; imidazolidinone; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; thiocarbonyl compound	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
herpetrione herpetrione: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.67	3	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	4.05	3	1
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	1.97	1	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	2.11	1	0	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	1.98	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	2.64	3	0	peptide hormone
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	3.72	10	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.79	3	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	13.78	476	12	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.41	1	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.03	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	2.17	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	2.08	1	0	organotin acaricide
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	7.39	2	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
sodium salicylate [no description available]	3.23	6	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.08	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	7.96	103	2
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	1.97	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.15	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.37	2	0
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	10.91	107	6	glycoside
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	7.39	2	0
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	3.35	7	0
silicotungstic acid silicotungstic acid: RN given refers to parent compound; structure	2.15	1	0
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	4.44	2	2	tartrate salt
mannans [no description available]	7.72	29	1
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	3.19	6	0
plx4032 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
rhodamine-phalloidin rhodamine-phalloidin: a fluorescent dye that binds polymerized actin	2.08	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	2.39	2	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.93	4	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.93	4	0
dabrafenib [no description available]	4.39	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	7.58	2	0
bms 708163 BMS 708163: structure in first source	2.55	2	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	3.33	7	0
ortho evra Ortho Evra: a combination transdermal contraceptive patch with a contact surface area of 20 cm2. It contains 6 mg norelgestromin and 0.75 mg ethinyl estradiol; was indexed to norelgestromin (2002-2006)	2.03	1	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.14	21	5
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	1.97	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	9.06	15	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	7.89	4	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.33	2	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	5.21	3	1
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.45	8	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	3.92	12	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	3.33	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	2.02	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.24	6	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	2.46	2	0
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	7.53	2	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ledermix Ledermix: contains above two cpds	2.46	2	0
fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate drug combination Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination: A drug combination of fluticasone and salmeterol that is used as an inhaler formulation to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.04	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.9	4	0
quil a Quil A: produces antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus	2.07	1	0
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	1.99	1	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	1.98	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.57	2	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.38	7	0
cefuroxime axetil [no description available]	2.03	1	0
lipoxin b4 lipoxin B4: structure in first source. lipoxin B4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (14R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (6E)- (8Z)-, (10E)- and (12E)-double bonds.. lipoxin B4(1-) : A hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of lipoxin B4: major species at pH 7.3.	2	1	0	hydroxy fatty acid anion; lipoxin anion
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	7.57	60	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	2.38	2	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.02	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.83	12	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.38	2	0
lewis x antigen Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.	2.41	2	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.04	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	3.03	5	0
carbopol 941 Carbopol 981: high molecular mucoadhesive polymer substance	3.75	10	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	1.99	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.52	2	0
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	2.03	1	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	1.99	1	0
amberlite irc50 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	7.96	4	0
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.37	2	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.31	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	14.84	322	15
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	3.23	6	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	10.52	36	7
dodecyl polyoxyethylene sulfuric acid, sodium salt sodium laureth sulfate: do not confuse with sodium lauryl sulfate, which is also known by this name	2.06	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	3.65	9	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	3.12	5	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.06	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	2	1	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	1.97	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.52	2	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.31	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	1.95	1	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	2.17	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.1	1	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.38	2	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.08	1	0	guanosines	biomarker
alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.	2.03	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	3.74	2	1
eye [no description available]	14.2	36	3
fructooligosaccharide [no description available]	2.25	1	0	oligosaccharide
quillaja saponins Quillaja Saponins: Natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. They vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose.	2.07	1	0
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.06	1	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	4.05	14	0
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	2.38	2	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.34	7	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.38	2	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.36	2	0
biphenylylacetic acid biphenylylacetic acid: metabolite of BHD 7538; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locants for acetic acid moities	2.46	2	0
n-succinyl-chitosan [no description available]	2.08	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	7.77	3	0
aluminum magnesium silicate aluminum magnesium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified composition	2.74	3	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.67	3	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	3.58	9	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	5.67	7	1
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	5.67	7	1
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	4.77	7	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	6.89	65	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	4.77	7	1
Avian Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis [description not available]	3.16	3	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	7.45	13	1
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	7.45	13	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	9.37	28	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	9.37	28	1
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	2.9	2	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.69	2	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.67	3	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.79	3	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.41	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	4.77	32	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	4.77	32	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	3	4	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.46	2	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.46	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	4.22	16	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	3.1	5	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	2.6	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.7	3	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	5.47	15	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	5.47	15	1
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.44	2	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	3.4	7	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.21	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.97	4	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.89	4	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	7.66	36	5
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	2.39	2	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.39	2	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.25	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	4.2	18	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	9.2	18	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	5.25	18	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	5.25	18	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	2.25	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	3.74	11	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	8.74	11	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.87	4	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	2.39	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	3.67	9	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	3.67	9	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	2.49	2	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2.6	1	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	7.53	18	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	7.53	18	1
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	3.13	5	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	3.13	5	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	11.51	68	21
Hay Fever [description not available]	4.69	2	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	4.69	2	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	8.99	20	6
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	8.99	20	6
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	3.93	2	1
Vocal Cord Paralysis Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.	2.55	2	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	10.76	32	5
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	3.47	8	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	9.34	36	11
Dry Eye [description not available]	8.68	19	10
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	9.34	36	11
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	8.68	19	10
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	2.17	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.76	3	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	3.51	8	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	3.51	8	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.53	2	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	3.09	1	0
Bowel Incontinence [description not available]	4.08	3	1
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	4.39	8	0
Fecal Incontinence Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.	9.08	3	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	4.6	6	1
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	4.6	6	1
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	5.35	14	1
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.21	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	7.65	3	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	3.03	4	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	2.65	3	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.96	4	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.96	4	0
Anal Fissure [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Fissure in Ano A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.	2.21	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	3.36	6	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	3.36	6	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	4.87	4	2
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	4.87	4	2
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	2.21	1	0
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.	2.21	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.21	1	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2.21	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	5.23	4	1
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	5.23	4	1
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.49	2	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	3.45	7	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.08	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	8.45	7	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	4.46	5	1
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	8.05	5	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	8.05	5	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	3.34	7	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	6.45	3	3
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	6.45	3	3
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	2.39	2	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2.46	2	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	7.08	1	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	7.77	3	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	2.08	1	0
Cervicitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Uterine Cervicitis Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.08	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.67	3	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	6.2	32	1
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.08	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	5.03	9	1
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	10.03	9	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	5.63	7	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3.36	7	0
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	4.14	3	1
Keratosis, Oral [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Leukoplakia, Oral A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	3.47	1	1
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	4.38	2	2
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	4.14	3	1
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Anasarca [description not available]	5.07	10	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.89	4	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	5.07	10	1
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	5.4	8	2
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	3.38	7	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	13.2	40	3
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	3.47	1	1
Ache [description not available]	5.77	8	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	5.77	8	1
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	5.65	5	4
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	5.65	5	4
Pediculosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	2.1	1	0
Lice Infestations Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)	2.1	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	8.22	6	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	3.22	6	0
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.45	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	3.57	9	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.1	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	4.7	11	0
Abrasion, Dental [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	4.7	11	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	3.22	6	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.1	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	9.05	15	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	7.65	40	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.11	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.11	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	2.11	1	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	4.07	5	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.07	5	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	2.11	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.11	1	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Hoarseness An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.	3.04	1	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	3.04	1	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	2.13	1	0
Actinobacillus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	2.04	1	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	4	14	0
Cystine Diathesis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.	2.04	1	0
Bacterial Conjunctivitides [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.	2.04	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	3.84	2	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	9.16	25	3
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	9.16	25	3
Furcation Defects Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. It may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption.	2.04	1	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	3.85	2	1
Jaw, Edentulous, Partially Absence of teeth from a portion of the mandible and/or maxilla.	2.04	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	2.42	2	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	6.76	13	2
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	6.76	13	2
Dental Pulp Disease [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Dental Pulp Diseases Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.	2.38	2	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.05	1	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.05	1	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.43	2	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Cancer of ILEUM [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	3.59	9	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Jejunum [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	2.44	2	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	3.59	9	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	3.34	7	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	4.51	5	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	7.63	11	6
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	12.63	11	6
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	7.89	4	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	2.05	1	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.44	2	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.96	1	0
Astigmatism Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.39	2	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.05	1	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	2.05	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.72	3	0
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	4.06	5	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	4.74	7	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Cyst, Lymphatic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	4.74	7	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.38	2	0
Esophageal Perforation An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.	3.44	1	1
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.05	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	3.92	13	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.06	1	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	2.05	1	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	2.05	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	2.93	4	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	2.93	4	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.47	2	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Anemia, Splenic [description not available]	4.86	36	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	3.36	7	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	3.06	5	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	3.11	5	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	2.06	1	0
Epulides [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Atrophy of Gingiva [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	3.45	1	1
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	3.45	1	1
Allodynia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	2.06	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	2.06	1	0
A-Thalassemia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
alpha-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.	2.06	1	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	2.06	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.06	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	2.07	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	7.65	3	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	2.91	4	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	2.06	1	0
Acne [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	2.38	2	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.05	5	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	4.1	3	1
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	5.56	9	2
Nearsightedness [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Corneal Endothelial Cell Damage [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	4.3	4	1
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	6.51	18	3
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	2.65	3	0
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	2.07	1	0
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	2.44	2	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	2.07	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.37	2	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.43	2	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	3.07	5	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.07	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.66	3	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.66	3	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	3.11	5	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Angiitis [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	2.41	2	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	7.78	16	5
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	3.32	2	0
Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral An autosomal dominant degenerative muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness of the muscles of the face, upper-arm, and shoulder girdle. The onset of symptoms usually occurs in the first or second decade of life. Affected individuals usually present with impairment of upper extremity elevation. This tends to be followed by facial weakness, primarily involving the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. (Neuromuscul Disord 1997;7(1):55-62; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1420)	2.08	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	2.08	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	4.03	15	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	4.03	15	0
Coenuri Infection [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Eye Infections, Parasitic Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.	2.4	2	0
Cysticercosis Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.	2.4	2	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	7	18	1
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	5.97	10	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	5.97	10	1
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Abscess, Abdominal [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Abdominal Abscess An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.01	1	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	2.01	1	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	7.4	2	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.93	1	0
Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	3.83	4	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Cervix Incompetence [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Dental Leakage The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.	2.01	1	0
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	4.34	2	2
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	9.28	4	1
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	9.28	4	1
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	6.42	12	4
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	6.42	12	4
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	3.37	7	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	3.37	7	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	3.78	2	1
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	5.01	3	3
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	3.34	2	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	2.39	2	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	6.93	1	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	1.93	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	3.32	7	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	1.93	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	9.58	6	1
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	9.58	6	1
Bezoars Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.	1.93	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	2.33	2	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	1.93	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	4.13	17	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	3.81	12	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	2.33	2	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	2.85	4	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.33	7	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	3.33	7	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	1.93	1	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	1.93	1	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	6.93	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.63	3	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	1.93	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	1.93	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	6.93	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	1.93	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	3.45	8	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	4.75	32	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	3.04	5	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	2.85	4	0
Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.93	1	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2.34	2	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.34	2	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	1.93	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	3.96	5	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	1.93	1	0
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.	1.93	1	0
Flatus [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	4.03	3	1
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.64	3	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	6.71	15	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	2.64	3	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	1.94	1	0
Asbestosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.	1.94	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	1.93	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	3.05	5	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2.64	3	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	1.94	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	2.37	2	0
Cyst [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infection [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	2.35	2	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	1.94	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.87	4	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	2.34	2	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	4.02	3	1
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	4.02	3	1
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	1.94	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	2.35	2	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Food Poisoning, Staphylococcal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	2.35	2	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Sickle Cell Trait The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.	2.01	1	0
Clubfeet [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	1.93	1	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.	10.65	7	3
Empyema, Pleural, Tuberculous [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	4.72	2	1
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	4.72	2	1
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Parodontosis [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	2.67	3	0
Ventricular Septal Perforation Presence of a hole or holes in the ventricular septum.	2.02	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	4.48	5	1
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Leukoma [description not available]	4.28	4	1
Ectropion The turning outward (eversion) of the edge of the eyelid, resulting in the exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.02	1	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
A-alphalipoprotein Neuropathy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	2.65	3	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	4.28	4	1
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	2.02	1	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	4.61	6	1
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	5.87	9	1
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	5.87	9	1
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	4.61	6	1
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	4.44	5	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	9.44	5	1
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	2.43	2	0
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	2.43	2	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.02	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.02	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.89	4	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.37	2	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.57	9	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	2.02	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	2.39	2	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	2.68	3	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	2.37	2	0
Diverticulum, Meckel [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	3.8	2	1
Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.	3.79	2	1
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	2.41	2	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	4.27	4	1
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	2.03	1	0
Pseudophakia Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.	3.42	1	1
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	2.03	1	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	4.07	3	1
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	3.42	1	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Atypical Lipoma [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Lentiginosis, Perioral [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.21	6	0
Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.	2.03	1	0
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome A hereditary disease caused by autosomal dominant mutations involving CHROMOSOME 19. It is characterized by the presence of INTESTINAL POLYPS, consistently in the JEJUNUM, and mucocutaneous pigmentation with MELANIN spots of the lips, buccal MUCOSA, and digits.	2.03	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	3.43	1	1
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	7.8	16	1
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	2.04	1	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	1.94	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	1.94	1	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	2.34	2	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	1.94	1	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	1.96	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	2.88	4	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	7.03	7	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	7.03	7	1
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	3.57	9	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	5.97	4	1
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	5.97	4	1
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	3.79	4	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Carcinosarcoma A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.96	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	2.65	3	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	7.23	11	4
Xerophthalmia Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.	5.61	10	2
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	1.96	1	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	1.96	1	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	12.23	11	4
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.87	1	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Diverticula [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Asialia [description not available]	5.97	10	3
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	5.97	10	3
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	4.13	6	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	4.13	6	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	1.96	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	6.34	10	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.34	10	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.65	3	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	1.96	1	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	2.37	2	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.96	1	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	1.96	1	0
Anemia, Sideroblastic Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.	2.37	2	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	1.96	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.65	3	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	2.65	3	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	5.58	11	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	5.58	11	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	4.38	8	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	4.38	8	0
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	2.37	2	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	3.76	2	1
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	2.37	2	0
Diathesis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	1.96	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	1.96	1	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	2.35	2	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	2.35	2	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	2.65	3	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	2.35	2	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	1.96	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.35	2	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	4.6	3	2
Carditis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	1.95	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.65	3	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2.38	2	0
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.4	2	0
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	2.37	2	0
Aphakia, Postcataract Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.	1.98	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	7.37	2	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	1.98	1	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	2.67	3	0
Hyphema Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.	1.98	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	1.98	1	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Paranasal Sinus Diseases Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.	1.98	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	1.98	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	3.37	1	1
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	1.99	1	0
Dental Fissure [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Colon Diverticula [description not available]	5.64	7	1
Sigmoid Colon Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Diverticulum, Colon A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.	5.64	7	1
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	1.99	1	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.99	1	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	1.99	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	7.69	3	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	5.5	9	2
Aphthae [description not available]	4.31	2	2
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	4.31	2	2
Leukemia, Smoldering [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Monosomy The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.	1.99	1	0
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.	1.99	1	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	1.99	1	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	2	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.65	3	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	3.97	5	0
Erythremia [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	2.89	4	0
Eye Injuries, Penetrating Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	2	1	0
Ascites, Gelatinous [description not available]	2	1	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	2	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei A peritoneal adenocarcinoma characterized by build-up of MUCUS in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. Mucus secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. The majority of cases represent tumor spread from a primary low-grade mucinous neoplasm of the APPENDIX (NCI Thesaurus).	2	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.37	2	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.65	3	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Anti-GBM Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	2	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	2.65	3	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2	1	0
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.	2	1	0
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	2	1	0
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	2	1	0
Aneurysm, False Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.	2	1	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	2	1	0
Cardiac Free Wall Rupture [description not available]	2	1	0
Cardiac Aneurysm [description not available]	2	1	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	2	1	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	2	1	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	2	1	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	2	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	2	1	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	2	1	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	2	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	2	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.37	2	0
Sclera Diseases [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.92	1	0
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	2.01	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	2	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	2.01	1	0
Hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Thrombocythemia, Essential A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.	2	1	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	2.92	1	0
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	4.04	3	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	1.95	1	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	2.36	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.65	3	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	1.95	1	0
Autolysis, Dental Pulp [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Anomalous Dysplasia of Dentin [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Dentin, Secondary Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.	2.35	2	0
Epiphora [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.	1.95	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	8.22	6	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	1.95	1	0
Adie Syndrome A syndrome characterized by a TONIC PUPIL that occurs in combination with decreased lower extremity reflexes. The affected pupil will respond more briskly to accommodation than to light (light-near dissociation) and is supersensitive to dilute pilocarpine eye drops, which induce pupillary constriction. Pathologic features include degeneration of the ciliary ganglion and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that innervate the pupillary constrictor muscle. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p279)	1.95	1	0
Epulides, Giant Cell [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Granuloma, Giant Cell A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.	1.95	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	2.35	2	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	4.03	3	1
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	2.87	1	0
Diverticulitis Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.	2.87	1	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	1.98	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	3.06	5	0
Facial Palsy [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Farsightedness [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hyperopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.98	1	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	2.36	2	0
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.	1.97	1	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	3.36	1	1
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	1.97	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	1.96	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	1.96	1	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	5.41	8	2
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	5.41	8	2
Rift Valley Fever An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.	2.88	4	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	3.29	2	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	3.29	2	0
Lassitude [description not available]	4.82	4	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	4.82	4	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	2.35	2	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	1.97	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.86	4	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	2.37	2	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	2.37	2	0
Orbital Neoplasms Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	1.97	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	1.97	1	0
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.	1.97	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	3.27	2	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	2.88	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.88	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	2.88	1	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	2.88	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	2.86	4	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	1.97	1	0
Gingival Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.	1.96	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	1.96	1	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.36	2	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	1.96	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Egyptian Ophthalmia [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	1.97	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	2.37	2	0
Corneal Dystrophies [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	1.96	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.64	3	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.64	3	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	1.96	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	1.94	1	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Chorioadenoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	1.94	1	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	1.94	1	0
Cranial Nerve Injuries Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.	1.94	1	0
Budd-Chiari Syndrome A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.	1.94	1	0
Avian Sarcoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Polyradiculitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Polyradiculopathy Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.	1.94	1	0
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	1.94	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	1.94	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	1.94	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	1.94	1	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	1.94	1	0
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	2.35	2	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	3.33	1	1
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	2.86	4	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	1.95	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	1.95	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	1.95	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	3.27	2	0
Mouth, Edentulous Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.	1.95	1	0
Alveolalgia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hemorrhage, Oral [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	1.94	1	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hives [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	1.95	1	0
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Familial Felty Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	1.94	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	1.94	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	1.94	1	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	3.73	2	1
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	3.73	2	1
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	1.94	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ozena [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	1.94	1	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	1.94	1	0
Rhinitis, Atrophic A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	1.94	1	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	3.04	5	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	1.94	1	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	1.94	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Herpes Zoster, Ocular [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.	1.94	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	1.94	1	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Phantom Limb Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)	1.94	1	0
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Lathyrism A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS.	2.63	3	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	1.94	1	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	1.94	1	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	1.94	1	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	1.94	1	0
Atelectasis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	1.94	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	1.94	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	1.94	1	0
Eunuchism The state of being a eunuch, a male without TESTES or whose testes failed to develop. It is characterized by the lack of mature male GERM CELLS and TESTICULAR HORMONES.	2.34	2	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	1.94	1	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	1.94	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	1.94	1	0
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	2.63	3	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	1.94	1	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	1.94	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	2.34	2	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	2.34	2	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	1.94	1	0

methylcellulose

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methylcellulose

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (139)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (276 Items)

Research

Studies (4,531)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 77.32

Study Types

Related Drugs (1,255)

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