Page last updated: 2024-09-20

apnea

Description

Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID4397
CHEMBL ID326958
CHEMBL ID_198532
CHEBI ID180525
SCHEMBL ID16585344
MeSH IDM0001589

Synonyms (35)

Synonym
chembl326958 ,
2-{6-[2-(4-amino-phenyl)-ethylamino]-purin-9-yl}-5-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-3,4-diol
chembl_198532
bdbm50037785
2-(6-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-9h-purin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol
CHEBI:180525
2-[6-[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethylamino]purin-9-yl]-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol
[125i]apnea
gtpl417
[3h]n6-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyladenosine
gtpl462
EU-0100118
LOPAC0_000118
n6-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyladenosine
NCGC00093612-03
NCGC00093612-01
NCGC00093612-02
NCGC00015017-02
apnea
A-202
NCGC00015017-05
L000691
HMS3260G18
CCG-204213
NCGC00015017-04
NCGC00015017-03
LP00118
tox21_500118
NCGC00260803-01
SCHEMBL16585344
sr-01000075222
SR-01000075222-1
Q27074482
SDCCGSBI-0050106.P002
NCGC00015017-06

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Apnea is a frequent occurrence in prematurity and its prevalence in the most severely preterm population is indicative of an immature respiratory neural control system. "( MacFarlane, PM; Martin, RJ; Mitchell, LJ, 2022)
"The apnea test is an essential part of the bedside examination for the clinical diagnosis of brain death. "( Beiderlinden, M; Groesdonk, HV; Winter, S, 2019)
"Apnea is a life-threatening complication of pertussis, now a re-emerging cause of infant hospitalization worldwide. "( Calvo-Cillán, A; Moreno-Pérez, D; Ramos-Fernández, JM; Sánchez-González, JM; Sánchez-Pérez, M, 2018)
"The apnea test is an essential examination for the determination of brain death; however, hypotension, hypoxemia, and other complications during the apnea test can affect the stability of brain-dead patients, as well as organ function for recipients. "( Hong, KS; Lee, YJ; Park, J, 2019)
"Apnea is a rare, life-threatening complication of bronchiolitis, the leading cause of infant hospitalization in the United States. "( Camargo, CA; Espinola, JA; Geller, RJ; Hasegawa, K; Mansbach, JM; Stevenson, MD; Sullivan, AF, 2019)
"Apnea test is a key component to confirm brain death. "( Fourcade, O; Geeraerts, T; Lonjaret, L; Smilevitch, P, 2013)
"Apnea is a known complication of pediatric seizures, but patient factors that predispose children are unclear. "( Bosson, N; Fang, A; Fernando, T; Gausche-Hill, M; Huang, M; Kaji, AH; Lee, J; Santillanes, G, 2014)
"The apnea test is a crucial component of the clinical diagnosis of brain death. "( Couillard, P; Datar, S; Fugate, J; Rabinstein, A; Wijdicks, EF, 2014)
"R-apnea index is an easy and cheap method to undelay early ANS imbalance."( Baccari, G; Barreto, M; Del Pozzo, M; Pietropaoli, N; Rabasco, J; Villa, MP; Vitelli, O, 2016)
"Apnea testing is an essential step in the clinical diagnosis of brain death. "( Bader, R; Couillard, P; Dhillon, P; Doig, CJ; Kramer, AH; Kutsogiannis, DJ, 2017)
"The apnea test (AT) is a necessary requisite to complete this diagnosis."( Deluca, JL; Rizzo, G; Sabbatiello, R; Saposnik, G; Vega, A, 2004)
"Apnea is a common complication of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in young infants. "( Auais, A; Bancalari, E; Mager, E; Napchan, G; Piedimonte, G; Sabogal, C; Suguihara, C; Zhou, BG, 2005)
"Apnea diving is a fascinating example of applied physiology. "( Ehrmann, U; Muth, CM; Radermacher, P, 2005)
"Apnea is a common problem that causes significant parental anxiety. "( Brockman, P; Harris, P; Mesa, T; Mobarec, S; Muñoz, C; Sanchez, I; Vega-Briceño, L, 2006)
"Apnea is a symptom present in many conditions. "( Andrade, EO; Arain, A; Malow, BA, 2006)
"Apnea is a common complication in infants infected by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). "( Harrod, KS; Peng, W; Xu, F; Zhuang, J, 2007)
"Apnea is an essential criterion for the diagnosis of brain death and is often difficult to determine in artificially ventilated patients. "( de Tribolet, N; Moeschler, O, 1982)
"Apnea is a known response of concussive head injury. "( Anderson, RE; Atkinson, JL; Murray, MJ, 1998)
"Apnea test is a crucial requirement for determining the diagnosis of brain death (BD). "( Deluca, JL; Rizzo, G; Saposnik, G, 2000)
"Apnea is a common manifestation of various etiologies in sick neonates."( Aggarwal, R; Deorari, AK; Paul, VK; Singhal, A, 2001)
"Apnea is a disorder of respiratory control commonly seen in premature infants. "( Albanna, S; Botwinski, C; McWilliam, P; Theobald, K, 2000)
"Such apnea proved to be a significant prognosticator for neonatal death."( Naeye, RL, 1979)
"Apnea is a common, treatable disorder of respiration in premature infants, which usually resolves over time. "( Martin, RJ; Miller, MJ, 1992)
"This apnea serves as an additional unconditioned stimulus (UCS) causing the hyperventilation (apnea) to increase."( Caldwell, WE, 1986)

Effects

ExcerptReference
"Apnea diving has gained worldwide popularity, even though the pathophysiological consequences of this challenging sport on the human body are poorly investigated and understood. "( Ayub, MA; Dolscheid-Pommerich, R; Eichhorn, L; Erdfelder, F; Jansen, F; Schmitz, T; Werner, N, 2017)
"Apnea monitors have been used at home on pediatric patients at risk for sudden death for > 30 years without the benefit of evidence-based efficacy studies."( Halbower, AC, 2008)
"Apnea has been observed in both animals and patients during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. "( Bryan, AC; Froese, AB; Marchak, BE; Thompson, WK, 1981)
"apnea have been compared in healthy patients, interruption of ventilation for purely investigational purposes precludes such a study in critically ill patients."( Ehrhart, IC; Hofman, WF; Loveland, SR, 1981)
"Apnea has been reported to produce bronchoconstriction and to cause hypoxia, hypercapnia, and modulation of vagal afferent nerves, which also change airway tone. "( Hashiba, E; Hirota, K; Ishihara, H; Kabara, S; Matsuki, A; Yoshioka, H, 2001)
"Apnea has been reported following caregiving during peak hours of activity in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)."( Evans, JC, 1992)
"Home apnea monitoring has been used increasingly for infants with or at high risk for apnea. "( Knecht, LD, 1991)

Actions

ExcerptReference
"Apnea divers increase intrathoracic pressure voluntarily by taking a deep breath followed by glossopharyngeal insufflation. "( Bakovic, D; Breskovic, T; Diedrich, A; Dujic, Z; Dzamonja, G; Heusser, K; Ivancev, V; Jordan, J; Luft, FC; Obad, A; Palada, I; Tank, J; Valic, Z, 2010)
"Apnea-induced increase in CBF affects the magnitude of the BOLD signal response when PaO2 remains constant or changes minimally."( Biswal, BB; Hudetz, AG; Kannurpatti, SS, 2003)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"In treating apnea of prematurity, doxapram may slightly reduce failure in apnea reduction when compared to no treatment and there may be little to no difference in side effects against both no treatment and alternative treatment. "( Avdic, E; Bruschettini, M; Evans, S; Fiander, M; Pessano, S; Soll, R, 2023)
"Treatment of apnea is highly dependent on the type of apnea. "( de Jongh, FH; de Waal, CG; Hutten, GJ; Kraaijenga, JV; Onland, W; van Kaam, AH, 2018)
"No treatment of apnea other than caffeine was required in group I, whereas six neonates in group II had such severe and frequent apneic episodes for more than 48 hours that withholding additional treatment was believed to be unethical."( Blin, MC; Couchard, M; De Gamarra, E; Dreyfus-Brisac, C; Flouvat, B; Moriette, G; Murat, I; Relier, JP, 1981)
"The treatment of apneas of prematurity mainly involves the use of drugs (methylxanthines, doxapram). "( Monin, P, 1994)

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
purine nucleoside
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (11)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
thioredoxin reductaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.88220.100020.879379.4328AID488772; AID588453; AID588456
ATAD5 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.36610.004110.890331.5287AID493106
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.64270.000811.382244.6684AID686979
Microtubule-associated protein tauHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.31620.180013.557439.8107AID1468
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency10.14790.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224821; AID1224823
arylsulfatase AHomo sapiens (human)Potency26.85451.069113.955137.9330AID720538
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency56.23410.035520.977089.1251AID504332
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.00080.540617.639296.1227AID2364; AID2528
D(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.03220.02245.944922.3872AID488982
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency6.30960.891312.067628.1838AID1487
neuropeptide S receptor isoform AHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.39810.015812.3113615.5000AID1461
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (24)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID504836Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation2002The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16
Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID588378qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID1347049Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347410qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library2019Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID588349qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347151Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347059CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347050Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347045Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347057CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347405qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347058CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1345822Human A3 receptor (Adenosine receptors)1992Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Aug-15, Volume: 89, Issue:16
Molecular cloning and characterization of an adenosine receptor: the A3 adenosine receptor.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).2014Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1345618Human A2A receptor (Adenosine receptors)1999Biochemical pharmacology, Jan-01, Volume: 57, Issue:1
Differences in the order of potency for agonists but not antagonists at human and rat adenosine A2A receptors.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (7,092)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19902911 (41.05)18.7374
1990's1214 (17.12)18.2507
2000's1204 (16.98)29.6817
2010's1269 (17.89)24.3611
2020's494 (6.97)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials505 (6.57%)5.53%
Reviews634 (8.25%)6.00%
Case Studies1,125 (14.64%)4.05%
Observational55 (0.72%)0.25%
Other5,364 (69.82%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research Highlights

Safety/Toxicity (94)

ArticleYear
Sustained Apnea for Epicardial Access With Right Ventriculography: The SAFER Epicardial Approach.
JACC. Clinical electrophysiology, Volume: 9, Issue: 8 Pt 2
2023
Safety and Utility of Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE) for Laser Laryngeal Surgery.
Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Volume: 169, Issue: 3
2023
Adverse Events During Apnea Testing for the Determination of Death by Neurologic Criteria: A Single-Center, Retrospective Pediatric Cohort.
Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 05-01, Volume: 24, Issue: 5
2023
Safety and Efficacy of a Novel Approach to Pulmonary Vein Isolation Using Prolonged Apneic Oxygenation.
JACC. Clinical electrophysiology, Volume: 9, Issue: 4
2023
Multi-Sensor Respiratory-Swallow Telecare System for Safe Feeding in Different Trunk Inclinations: System Development and Clinical Application.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), Jan-06, Volume: 23, Issue: 2
2023
Comparative efficacy and safety of caffeine citrate and aminophylline in treating apnea of prematurity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
PloS one, Volume: 17, Issue: 9
2022
Effectiveness and safety of early versus late caffeine therapy in managing apnoea of prematurity among preterm infants: a retrospective cohort study.
International journal of clinical pharmacy, Volume: 44, Issue: 5
2022
Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine/Ketamine with Propofol/Fentanyl for Sedation in Colonoscopy Patients: A Doubleblinded Randomized Clinical Trial.
CNS & neurological disorders drug targets, Volume: 21, Issue: 8
2022
Prediction of Apnea Testing Duration to Ensure Safety During Brain Death Assessment.
Respiratory care, Volume: 66, Issue: 5
2021
Effect of variable pre-oxygenation endpoints on safe apnoea time using high flow nasal oxygen for women in labour: a modelling investigation.
British journal of anaesthesia, Volume: 126, Issue: 4
2021
Safety proposals for freediving time limits should consider the metabolic-rate dependence of oxygen stores depletion.
Diving and hyperbaric medicine, Dec-20, Volume: 50, Issue: 4
2020
Duration of safe apnea in patients with morbid obesity during passive oxygenation using high-flow nasal insufflation versus regular flow nasal insufflation, a randomized trial.
Surgery for obesity and related diseases : official journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery, Volume: 17, Issue: 2
2021
Apnea Testing Using Continuous Positive Airway Pressure When Determining Death by Neurologic Criteria in Children: Retrospective Analysis of Potential Adverse Events.
Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, Volume: 21, Issue: 12
2020
Safety and efficacy of propofol alone or in combination with other agents for sedation of patients undergoing colonoscopy: an updated meta-analysis.
European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, Volume: 24, Issue: 8
2020
Efficacy of Intravenous Hydroxocobalamin for Treatment of Sodium Methanethiolate Exposure in a Swine Model (Sus scrofa) of Severe Methanethiol Toxicity.
Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology, Volume: 16, Issue: 4
2020
High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Improves Safe Apnea Time in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Anesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 129, Issue: 4
2019
Protocols for early discharging of premature infants: an empirical assessment on safety and savings.
Journal of perinatal medicine, Oct-25, Volume: 47, Issue: 8
2019
[Clinical effect and safety of different maintenance doses of caffeine citrate in treatment of apnea in very low birth weight preterm infants: a prospective randomized controlled trial].
Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics, Volume: 21, Issue: 6
2019
Dosing and Safety of Off-label Use of Caffeine Citrate in Premature Infants.
The Journal of pediatrics, Volume: 211
2019
Apneic nasal oxygenation and safe apnea time during pediatric intubations by learners.
Paediatric anaesthesia, Volume: 29, Issue: 6
2019
Serious airway-related adverse events with sevoflurane anesthesia via facemask for magnetic resonance imaging in 7129 pediatric patients: A retrospective study.
Paediatric anaesthesia, Volume: 29, Issue: 6
2019
Efficacy and Safety of Different Maintenance Doses of Caffeine Citrate for Treatment of Apnea in Premature Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
BioMed research international, Volume: 2018
2018
Safety of apnea testing for the diagnosis of brain death: a comprehensive study on neuromonitoring data and blood gas analysis.
European journal of neurology, Volume: 26, Issue: 6
2019
Intramuscular cobinamide versus saline for treatment of severe hydrogen sulfide toxicity in swine.
Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), Volume: 57, Issue: 3
2019
PREOXYGENATION: COULD SAFETY MEASURE BE MADE LESS DANGEROUS?.
Anesteziologiia i reanimatologiia, Volume: 61, Issue: 6
2016
Factors affecting the efficacy and safety of aminophylline in treatment of apnea of prematurity in neonatal intensive care unit.
Pediatrics and neonatology, Volume: 60, Issue: 1
2019
[Comparative Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Caffeine and Aminophylline for the Treatment of Apnea in Preterm Infants].
Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, Volume: 138, Issue: 2
2018
[Comparison of safe duration of apnea and intubation time in face mask ventilation with air versus 100% oxygen during induction of general anesthesia].
Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University, Dec-20, Volume: 37, Issue: 12
2017
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Caffeine and Aminophylline for Apnea of Prematurity in Preterm (≤34 weeks) Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Indian pediatrics, Apr-15, Volume: 54, Issue: 4
2017
Predictive Factors for Efficacy and Safety of Prophylactic Theophylline for Extubation in Infants with Apnea of Prematurity.
PloS one, Volume: 11, Issue: 7
2016
Brimonidine Toxicity Secondary to Topical Use for an Ulcerated Hemangioma.
Pediatric dermatology, Volume: 33, Issue: 4
2016
Bilirubin-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Preterm Neonate.
Clinics in perinatology, Volume: 43, Issue: 2
2016
The Real-World Routine Use of Caffeine Citrate in Preterm Infants: A European Postauthorization Safety Study.
Neonatology, Volume: 109, Issue: 3
2016
Safety of unsedated PEG placement using transoral ultrathin endoscopy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Nutritional neuroscience, Volume: 20, Issue: 1
2017
Colistin-mediated neurotoxicity.
BMJ case reports, Sep-08, Volume: 2014
2014
Safety profile comparison between extemporaneous and a licensed preparation of caffeine citrate in preterm infants with apnea of prematurity.
Neonatology, Volume: 105, Issue: 2
2014
A phase I, dose-escalation trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of emulsified isoflurane in healthy human volunteers.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 120, Issue: 3
2014
ProSeal™ LMA increases safe apnea period in morbidly obese patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia.
Obesity surgery, Volume: 23, Issue: 4
2013
Cutaneous analgesia after subcutaneous injection of memantine and amantadine and their systemic toxicity in rats.
European journal of pharmacology, Oct-15, Volume: 693, Issue: 1-3
2012
Neuraxial analgesia in neonates and infants: a review of clinical and preclinical strategies for the development of safety and efficacy data.
Anesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 115, Issue: 3
2012
Decreased milk drinking causing flecainide toxicity in an older child.
BMJ case reports, Jun-21, Volume: 2012
2012
Prolonged toxic effects after cocaine challenge in butyrylcholinesterase/plasma carboxylesterase double knockout mice: a model for butyrylcholinesterase-deficient humans.
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Volume: 39, Issue: 8
2011
Feasibility evaluation of Smart Stretcher to improve patient safety during transfers.
Methods of information in medicine, Volume: 50, Issue: 3
2011
Effect of cyclodextrin infusion in a rat model of verapamil toxicity.
American journal of therapeutics, Volume: 18, Issue: 5
2011
Respiratory-swallowing coordination and swallowing safety in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Dysphagia, Volume: 26, Issue: 3
2011
Eszopiclone prevents excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus induced by experimental apnea.
Sleep, Volume: 32, Issue: 12
2009
Very low birth weight infants have only few adverse events after timely immunization.
Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, Volume: 30, Issue: 2
2010
A comparison of respiratory patterns in healthy term infants placed in car safety seats and beds.
Pediatrics, Volume: 124, Issue: 3
2009
Pronouncing brain death: Contemporary practice and safety of the apnea test.
Neurology, Oct-14, Volume: 71, Issue: 16
2008
Pharmacogenetics of neonatal opioid toxicity following maternal use of codeine during breastfeeding: a case-control study.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 85, Issue: 1
2009
Prehospital discharge car safety seat testing of infants after congenital heart surgery.
Pediatric cardiology, Volume: 29, Issue: 1
2008
Pre-hospital discharge car safety seat testing in infants following congenital heart surgery.
Pediatric cardiology, Volume: 29, Issue: 2
2008
[Depression of respiration via toxic effects on the central nervous system following use of topical brimonidine in an infant with congenital glaucoma].
Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, Volume: 104, Issue: 6
2007
Emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia: A Canadian Community Effectiveness and Safety Study (ACCESS).
CJEM, Volume: 8, Issue: 2
2006
Comparison of respiratory physiologic features when infants are placed in car safety seats or car beds.
Pediatrics, Volume: 118, Issue: 2
2006
Age effect on efficacy and side effects of two sedation and analgesia protocols on patients going through cardioversion: a randomized clinical trial.
Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Volume: 13, Issue: 5
2006
Safety of DTaP-based combined immunization in very-low-birth-weight premature infants: frequent but mostly benign cardiorespiratory events.
The Journal of pediatrics, Volume: 145, Issue: 1
2004
Patient-maintained propofol sedation: a follow up safety study using a modified system in volunteers.
Anaesthesia, Volume: 57, Issue: 4
2002
Adverse events and outcomes of conscious sedation for pediatric patients: study of an oral sedation regimen.
Journal of the American Dental Association (1939), Volume: 132, Issue: 11
2001
Respiratory instability of term and near-term healthy newborn infants in car safety seats.
Pediatrics, Volume: 108, Issue: 3
2001
Adverse events following vaccination in premature infants.
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), Volume: 90, Issue: 8
2001
Adverse effects of nicotine and interleukin-1beta on autoresuscitation after apnea in piglets: implications for sudden infant death syndrome.
Pediatrics, Volume: 105, Issue: 4
2000
pH-dependent cocaine-induced cardiotoxicity.
The American journal of emergency medicine, Volume: 17, Issue: 4
1999
Intramuscular ketamine for pediatric sedation in the emergency department: safety profile in 1,022 cases.
Annals of emergency medicine, Volume: 31, Issue: 6
1998
Margin of safety for discharge after apnea in preterm infants.
Pediatrics, Volume: 100, Issue: 5
1997
End-tidal oxygraphy and safe duration of apnoea in young adults and elderly patients.
Anaesthesia, Volume: 52, Issue: 2
1997
Study of the safe threshold of apneic period in children during anesthesia induction.
Journal of clinical anesthesia, Volume: 8, Issue: 7
1996
A prospective evaluation of the safety and efficacy of methohexital in the emergency department.
The American journal of emergency medicine, Volume: 14, Issue: 4
1996
Adverse effects of administration of propofol with various preanesthetic regimens in dogs.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Apr-01, Volume: 202, Issue: 7
1993
[Safety applications in apnea test].
Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology, Volume: 33, Issue: 12
1993
Comparative systemic toxicity of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in nonpregnant and pregnant ewes.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 82, Issue: 3
1995
The safety and efficacy of outpatient midazolam intravenous sedation for oral surgery with and without fentanyl.
Anesthesia progress, Volume: 40, Issue: 3
1993
Adverse effects of caffeine and theophylline in the newborn infant.
Seminars in perinatology, Volume: 5, Issue: 4
1981
Apnoeic diving safety - experimental approaches to oxygen augmentation.
South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, Dec-19, Volume: 60, Issue: 25
1981
Acute toxicity of seeds of the sapodilla (Achras sapota L.).
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, Volume: 22, Issue: 1
1984
Duration and toxicity of bupivacaine for topical anesthesia of the airway in the cat.
Anesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 63, Issue: 11
1984
Acute inhalation toxicity of soman and sarin in baboons.
Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Volume: 14, Issue: 4
1990
Epinephrine and phenylephrine increase cardiorespiratory toxicity of intravenously administered bupivacaine in rats.
Anesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 70, Issue: 5
1990
Nicardipine reduces the cardio-respiratory toxicity of intravenously administered bupivacaine in rats.
Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, Volume: 37, Issue: 8
1990
Propranolol pretreatment reduces cardiorespiratory toxicity due to plain, but not epinephrine-containing, intravenous bupivacaine in rats.
Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, Volume: 38, Issue: 4 Pt 1
1991
Systemic toxicity of ropivacaine during ovine pregnancy.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 75, Issue: 1
1991
Management of hyponatremic seizures in children with hypertonic saline: a safe and effective strategy.
Critical care medicine, Volume: 19, Issue: 6
1991
Nimodipine reduces the toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats.
Anesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 74, Issue: 6
1992
Effectiveness and side effects of two different doses of caffeine in preventing apnea in premature infants.
Therapeutic drug monitoring, Volume: 14, Issue: 1
1992
Survey of local anesthetic toxicity in the families of patients with atypical plasma cholinesterase.
Journal of oral surgery (American Dental Association : 1965), Volume: 33, Issue: 11
1975
[Comparison of 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine and 4-aminopyridine hydrochlorides and iodomethylates by the degree of decrease in curare toxicity].
Eksperimentalna meditsina i morfologiia, Volume: 18, Issue: 3
1979
Acute adverse effects of antibiotics.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, May-15, Volume: 166, Issue: 10
1975
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Long-term Use (3)

ArticleYear
Effect of caffeine on oxygen consumption and metabolic rate in very low birth weight infants with idiopathic apnea.
Pediatrics, Volume: 107, Issue: 4
2001
Pharmacological rationale for the clinical use of caffeine.
Drugs, Volume: 49, Issue: 1
1995
Diaphragmatic pacing: an alternative to long-term mechanical ventilation.
Anaesthesia and intensive care, Volume: 19, Issue: 4
1991
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Pharmacokinetics (91)

ArticleYear
Volumetric and microstructural abnormalities of the amygdala in focal epilepsy with varied levels of SUDEP risk.
Epilepsy research, Volume: 192
2023
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous propofol in southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) after intramuscular etorphine-butorphanol-medetomidine-azaperone.
American journal of veterinary research, Apr-01, Volume: 84, Issue: 4
2023
Effect of facemask oxygenation with and without positive pressure ventilation on gastric volume during anesthesia induction in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy or partial hepatectomy: a randomized controlled trial.
BMC anesthesiology, 12-30, Volume: 22, Issue: 1
2022
Test-retest reliability of splenic volume assessment by ultrasonography.
Scientific reports, 11-08, Volume: 12, Issue: 1
2022
Changes in lung volume estimated by electrical impedance tomography during apnea and high-flow nasal oxygenation: A single-center randomized controlled trial.
PloS one, Volume: 17, Issue: 9
2022
Population pharmacokinetic modeling of caffeine in preterm infants with apnea of prematurity: New findings from concomitant erythromycin and AHR genetic polymorphisms.
Pharmacological research, Volume: 184
2022
Effects of mechanical ventilation versus apnea on bi-ventricular pressure-volume loop recording.
Physiological research, 03-25, Volume: 71, Issue: 1
2022
Enhanced splenic volume and contraction in elite endurance athletes.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 08-01, Volume: 131, Issue: 2
2021
The Pharmacokinetics of Caffeine in Preterm Newborns: No Influence of Doxapram but Important Maturation with Age.
Neonatology, Volume: 118, Issue: 1
2021
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and metabolism of caffeine in newborns.
Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine, Volume: 25, Issue: 6
2020
Lung volume changes in Apnoeic Oxygenation using Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE) compared to mechanical ventilation in adults undergoing laryngeal surgery.
Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Volume: 64, Issue: 10
2020
Population pharmacokinetic study of caffeine citrate in Chinese premature infants with apnea.
Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, Volume: 45, Issue: 6
2020
Developmental population pharmacokinetics of caffeine in Chinese premature infants with apnoea of prematurity: A post-marketing study to support paediatric labelling in China.
British journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 87, Issue: 3
2021
The pilot study examining the effects of swallowing position on lung volume fraction and the coordination between respiration and non-nutritive swallowing reflex.
Clinical and experimental dental research, Volume: 6, Issue: 3
2020
Effects of Verbal Cueing on Respiratory-Swallow Patterning, Lung Volume Initiation, and Swallow Apnea Duration in Parkinson's Disease.
Dysphagia, Volume: 35, Issue: 3
2020
Eight weeks of static apnea training increases spleen volume but not acute spleen contraction.
Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, Volume: 266
2019
Computer simulation clarifies mechanisms of carbon dioxide clearance during apnoea.
British journal of anaesthesia, Volume: 122, Issue: 3
2019
A physiological study to determine the mechanism of carbon dioxide clearance during apnoea when using transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE).
Anaesthesia, Volume: 74, Issue: 4
2019
Peak airway pressure is lower during pressure-controlled than during manual facemask ventilation for induction of anesthesia in pediatric patients-a randomized, clinical crossover trial.
Journal of anesthesia, Volume: 33, Issue: 1
2019
Respiratory Volume Monitoring Reduces Hypoventilation and Apnea in Subjects Undergoing Procedural Sedation.
Respiratory care, Volume: 63, Issue: 4
2018
Influence of lung volume on the interaction between cardiac output and cerebrovascular regulation during extreme apnoea.
Experimental physiology, 10-01, Volume: 102, Issue: 10
2017
Respiratory volume monitoring in an obese surgical population and the prediction of postoperative respiratory depression by the STOP-bang OSA risk score.
Journal of clinical anesthesia, Volume: 34
2016
Cerebrospinal fluid volume in neonates undergoing spinal anaesthesia: a descriptive magnetic resonance imaging study.
British journal of anaesthesia, Volume: 117, Issue: 2
2016
Incorporating pharmacodynamic considerations into caffeine therapeutic drug monitoring in preterm neonates.
BMC pharmacology & toxicology, 06-07, Volume: 17, Issue: 1
2016
[Investigation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different doses of aminophylline in very low birth weight infants].
Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics, Volume: 17, Issue: 11
2015
Interactive effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia and lung volume on sympathetic nerve activity in humans.
Experimental physiology, Volume: 100, Issue: 9
2015
Population pharmacokinetics of doxapram in low-birth-weight Japanese infants with apnea.
European journal of pediatrics, Volume: 174, Issue: 4
2015
Continuous noninvasive respiratory volume monitoring for the identification of patients at risk for opioid-induced respiratory depression and obstructive breathing patterns.
The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, Volume: 77, Issue: 3 Suppl 2
2014
Influence of apneic oxygenation and minimal tidal volumes on ventilator-associated lung injury.
Minerva anestesiologica, Volume: 80, Issue: 5
2014
Apnea testing: the effects of insufflation catheter size and flow on pressure and volume in a test lung.
Respiratory care, Volume: 59, Issue: 3
2014
[Investigation on pharmacokinetics of aminophylline in very low birth weight infants].
Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition, Volume: 44, Issue: 2
2013
Dried blood spots and sparse sampling: a practical approach to estimating pharmacokinetic parameters of caffeine in preterm infants.
British journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 75, Issue: 3
2013
Lung volume measured during sequential swallowing in healthy young adults.
Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR, Volume: 54, Issue: 3
2011
Lung volumes and mean apnea duration in obstructive sleep apnea.
Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, Sep-30, Volume: 168, Issue: 3
2009
Responding to compliance changes in a lung model during manual ventilation: perhaps volume, rather than pressure, should be displayed.
Pediatrics, Volume: 123, Issue: 3
2009
Caffeine citrate treatment for extremely premature infants with apnea: population pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and implications for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic drug monitoring, Volume: 30, Issue: 6
2008
Targeted minute ventilation and tidal volume in an animal model of acute changes in lung mechanics and episodes of hypoxemia.
Neonatology, Volume: 95, Issue: 2
2009
[Population pharmacokinetic analysis of two theophylline formulations in premature neonates and infants with apnea].
Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, Volume: 128, Issue: 4
2008
Singing with reduced air sac volume causes uniform decrease in airflow and sound amplitude in the zebra finch.
The Journal of experimental biology, Volume: 211, Issue: Pt 1
2008
End-expiratory and tidal volumes measured in conscious mice using single projection x-ray images.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), Volume: 104, Issue: 2
2008
Plethysmographic estimation of thoracic gas volume in apneic mice.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), Volume: 101, Issue: 2
2006
Influence of lung volume, glossopharyngeal inhalation and P(ET) O2 and P(ET) CO2 on apnea performance in trained breath-hold divers.
European journal of applied physiology, Volume: 97, Issue: 2
2006
Population pharmacokinetics of theophylline in very premature Japanese infants with apnoea.
Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, Volume: 30, Issue: 6
2005
[Comparison of eight deep breaths and tidal volume breathing preoxygenation techniques in morbid obese patients].
Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, Volume: 23, Issue: 12
2004
Speed of spleen volume changes evoked by serial apneas.
European journal of applied physiology, Volume: 93, Issue: 4
2005
Effects of age, gender, bolus volume, bolus viscosity, and gustation on swallowing apnea onset relative to lingual bolus propulsion onset in normal adults.
Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR, Volume: 47, Issue: 3
2004
Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in preterm neonates during the first month of life.
Saudi medical journal, Volume: 25, Issue: 4
2004
Scope of linear estimators of tidal and occluded volumes using thoracoabdominal indications of breathing movement coordination.
Medical engineering & physics, Volume: 26, Issue: 3
2004
Impact of bradycardia on cerebral oxygenation and cerebral blood volume during apnoea in preterm infants.
Physiological measurement, Volume: 24, Issue: 3
2003
Spleen volume and blood flow response to repeated breath-hold apneas.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), Volume: 95, Issue: 4
2003
Apnea associated with hypoxia in preterm infants: impact on cerebral blood volume.
Brain & development, Volume: 25, Issue: 1
2003
Pulmonary volume recruitment manoeuvre restores pulmonary compliance and resistance after apnoea in anaesthetized lambs.
Paediatric anaesthesia, Volume: 12, Issue: 6
2002
Effects of age, gender, bolus volume, and trial on swallowing apnea duration and swallow/respiratory phase relationships of normal adults.
Dysphagia,Spring, Volume: 16, Issue: 2
2001
"Apnea-volume" warning during normal ventilation of the lungs: an unusual leak in the Narkomed 4 Anesthesia System.
Journal of clinical anesthesia, Volume: 13, Issue: 1
2001
Pharmacokinetics of theophylline and caffeine after intravenous administration of aminophylline to premature neonates in Korea.
Research communications in molecular pathology and pharmacology, Volume: 105, Issue: 1-2
1999
The identification of peaks in physiological signals.
Computers and biomedical research, an international journal, Volume: 32, Issue: 4
1999
Caffeine overdose in a premature infant: clinical course and pharmacokinetics.
Anaesthesia and intensive care, Volume: 27, Issue: 3
1999
Apnoea of prematurity and changes in cerebral oxygenation and cerebral blood volume.
Neuropediatrics, Volume: 30, Issue: 1
1999
Control of ventilation during lung volume changes and permissive hypercapnia in dogs.
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, Volume: 158, Issue: 3
1998
Effects of lung volume and involuntary breathing movements on the human diving response.
European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, Volume: 77, Issue: 1-2
1998
Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous caffeine in neonates with apnea of prematurity.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 61, Issue: 6
1997
Contribution of Sinerem used as blood-pool contrast agent: detection of cerebral blood volume changes during apnea in the rabbit.
Magnetic resonance in medicine, Volume: 36, Issue: 3
1996
Theophylline population pharmacokinetics from routine monitoring data in very premature infants with apnoea.
British journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 41, Issue: 3
1996
Effect of ventilation frequency and tidal volume on pleural space thickness in rabbits.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), Volume: 75, Issue: 4
1993
Sudden infant death syndrome: postnatal changes in the volumes of the pons, medulla and cervical spinal cord.
Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, Volume: 54, Issue: 4
1995
Factors affecting theophylline pharmacokinetics in premature infants with apnea.
Developmental pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 1, Issue: 1
1980
[Pharmacokinetics of theophylline and caffeine in premature infants with apnea (author's transl)].
Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Kinderheilkunde, Volume: 129, Issue: 12
1981
Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in neonates.
Seminars in perinatology, Volume: 5, Issue: 4
1981
A method for the bedside application of first-order pharmacokinetics in therapeutic management.
Therapeutic drug monitoring, Volume: 2, Issue: 4
1980
Pharmacokinetic aspects of caffeine in premature infants with apnoea.
European journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 22, Issue: 1
1982
Plasma theophylline and caffeine and plasma clearance of theophylline during theophylline treatment in the first year of life.
European journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 24, Issue: 3
1983
Hypoxemia during apnea in normal subjects: mechanisms and impact of lung volume.
Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology, Volume: 55, Issue: 6
1983
Pharmacokinetics of doxapram in idiopathic apnea of prematurity.
Developmental pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 11, Issue: 2
1988
Causes of error of respiratory pressure-volume curves in paralyzed subjects.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), Volume: 64, Issue: 1
1988
Doxapram dosage regimen in apnea of prematurity based on pharmacokinetic data.
Developmental pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 11, Issue: 5
1988
Suppression of spontaneous breathing during high-frequency jet ventilation. Separate effects of lung volume and jet frequency.
Intensive care medicine, Volume: 13, Issue: 5
1987
Could inspiratory apnea disturb left ventricular volume assessment by contrast angiography?
Cardiovascular and interventional radiology, Volume: 10, Issue: 2
1987
High-frequency ventilation-induced apnea: interaction of frequency, volume, FRC, and CO2.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), Volume: 66, Issue: 5
1989
Effects of cardiac oscillations and lung volume on acinar gas mixing during apnea.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), Volume: 68, Issue: 5
1990
[Post-dosage loading concentrations of theophylline and pharmacokinetic study after the fifth maintenance dosage in premature newborns with apnea].
Boletin medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Volume: 48, Issue: 3
1991
Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between doxapram and theophylline in apnea of prematurity.
Developmental pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 16, Issue: 2
1991
Coordination of deglutition and phases of respiration: effect of aging, tachypnea, bolus volume, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
The American journal of physiology, Volume: 263, Issue: 5 Pt 1
1992
Coordination of respiration and swallowing: effect of bolus volume in normal adults.
The American journal of physiology, Volume: 263, Issue: 3 Pt 2
1992
Pharmacokinetic aspects of theophylline in premature newborns.
The New England journal of medicine, Aug-19, Volume: 295, Issue: 8
1976
Theophylline pharmacokinetics in premature infants with apnea.
The Journal of pediatrics, Volume: 89, Issue: 5
1976
Effects of abnormal hemoglobin concentration in human blood on membrane diffusing capacity of the lung and on pulmonary capillary blood volume.
Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases, Volume: 36, Issue: 1
1978
Dosage schedule for intravenous aminophylline in apnoea of prematurity, based on pharmacokinetic studies.
Archives of disease in childhood, Volume: 54, Issue: 3
1979
Pharmacokinetic profile of caffeine in the premature newborn infant with apnea.
The Journal of pediatrics, Volume: 94, Issue: 4
1979
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioavailability (8)

ArticleYear
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and metabolism of caffeine in newborns.
Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine, Volume: 25, Issue: 6
2020
Caffeine: an evidence-based success story in VLBW pharmacotherapy.
Pediatric research, Volume: 84, Issue: 3
2018
Caffeine citrate treatment for extremely premature infants with apnea: population pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and implications for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic drug monitoring, Volume: 30, Issue: 6
2008
The influence of a transmucosal cholinergic agonist on pharyngeal muscle activity.
Sleep, Jun-15, Volume: 23, Issue: 4
2000
Theophylline population pharmacokinetics from routine monitoring data in very premature infants with apnoea.
British journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 41, Issue: 3
1996
Influence of food intake on bioavailability of theophylline in premature infants.
European journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 22, Issue: 2
1982
Gastrointestinal absorption of doxapram in neonates.
American journal of perinatology, Volume: 8, Issue: 2
1991
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Dosage (127)

ArticleYear
Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 04-11, Volume: 4
2023
Evaluation of pharmaceutically compounded oral caffeine on the impact of medication adherence and risk of readmission among preterm neonates: A single-center quasi-experimental study.
PloS one, Volume: 17, Issue: 11
2022
Population pharmacokinetic modeling of caffeine in preterm infants with apnea of prematurity: New findings from concomitant erythromycin and AHR genetic polymorphisms.
Pharmacological research, Volume: 184
2022
Caffeine: Some of the Evidence behind Its Use and Abuse in the Preterm Infant.
Neonatology, Volume: 119, Issue: 4
2022
Effects of intravenous acepromazine and butorphanol on propofol dosage for induction of anesthesia in healthy Beagle dogs.
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 49, Issue: 4
2022
Caffeine citrate for apnea of prematurity-One dose does not fit all a prospective study.
Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, Volume: 41, Issue: 9
2021
Are we over-treating hypoxic spells in preterm infants?
Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine, Volume: 26, Issue: 3
2021
Study to evaluate the optimal dose of remifentanil required to ensure apnea during magnetic resonance imaging of the heart under general anesthesia.
Paediatric anaesthesia, Volume: 31, Issue: 5
2021
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and metabolism of caffeine in newborns.
Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine, Volume: 25, Issue: 6
2020
National and international guidelines for neonatal caffeine use: Are they evidenced-based?
Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine, Volume: 25, Issue: 6
2020
Therapy for Apnoea of Prematurity: A Retrospective Study on Effects of Standard Dose and Genetic Variability on Clinical Response to Caffeine Citrate in Chinese Preterm Infants.
Advances in therapy, Volume: 38, Issue: 1
2021
Caffeine for preterm infants: Fixed standard dose, adjustments for age or high dose?
Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine, Volume: 25, Issue: 6
2020
(Rad 8)Caffeine prophylaxis to improve intermittent hypoxaemia in infants born late preterm: a randomised controlled dosage trial (Latte Dosage Trial).
BMJ open, 10-20, Volume: 10, Issue: 10
2020
Severe pallid breath-holding spells treated with low-dose theophylline.
Brain & development, Volume: 43, Issue: 2
2021
Developmental population pharmacokinetics of caffeine in Chinese premature infants with apnoea of prematurity: A post-marketing study to support paediatric labelling in China.
British journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 87, Issue: 3
2021
Caffeine treatment for bronchiolitis-related apnea in the pediatric intensive care unit.
Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, Volume: 27, Issue: 1
2020
Caffeine Therapy in Preterm Infants: The Dose (and Timing) Make the Medicine.
Neonatal network : NN, Nov-01, Volume: 38, Issue: 6
2019
Dosing and Safety of Off-label Use of Caffeine Citrate in Premature Infants.
The Journal of pediatrics, Volume: 211
2019
High versus standard dose caffeine for apnoea: a systematic review.
Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, Volume: 103, Issue: 6
2018
Caffeine controversies.
Current opinion in pediatrics, Volume: 30, Issue: 2
2018
Caffeine Citrate Dosing Adjustments to Assure Stable Caffeine Concentrations in Preterm Neonates.
The Journal of pediatrics, Volume: 191
2017
Caffeine use in the neonatal intensive care unit.
Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine, Volume: 22, Issue: 5
2017
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Caffeine and Aminophylline for Apnea of Prematurity in Preterm (≤34 weeks) Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Indian pediatrics, Apr-15, Volume: 54, Issue: 4
2017
Electroconvulsive Therapy Considerations for Transgendered Patients.
The journal of ECT, Volume: 33, Issue: 2
2017
[Effect of early caffeine treatment on the need for respirator therapy in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome].
Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics, Volume: 18, Issue: 12
2016
Doxapram Dosing for Apnea of Prematurity Based on Postmenstrual Age and Gender: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Paediatric drugs, Volume: 18, Issue: 6
2016
Propofol or Ketofol for Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in Emergency Medicine-The POKER Study: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial.
Annals of emergency medicine, Volume: 68, Issue: 5
2016
Cerebrospinal fluid volume in neonates undergoing spinal anaesthesia: a descriptive magnetic resonance imaging study.
British journal of anaesthesia, Volume: 117, Issue: 2
2016
Incorporating pharmacodynamic considerations into caffeine therapeutic drug monitoring in preterm neonates.
BMC pharmacology & toxicology, 06-07, Volume: 17, Issue: 1
2016
Mechanisms of modulation of cytokine release by human cord blood monocytes exposed to high concentrations of caffeine.
Pediatric research, Volume: 80, Issue: 1
2016
Patient position and hypoxemia during propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized trial.
Endoscopy, Volume: 47, Issue: 12
2015
Population pharmacokinetics of doxapram in low-birth-weight Japanese infants with apnea.
European journal of pediatrics, Volume: 174, Issue: 4
2015
Continuous noninvasive respiratory volume monitoring for the identification of patients at risk for opioid-induced respiratory depression and obstructive breathing patterns.
The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, Volume: 77, Issue: 3 Suppl 2
2014
[Correlation between urinary catecholamines dosage and apnea-hypopnea index in a hypertension population: pilot study].
Annales de cardiologie et d'angeiologie, Volume: 63, Issue: 3
2014
A comparative study of two remifentanil doses for procedural pain in ventilated preterm infants: a randomized, controlled study*.
Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, Volume: 15, Issue: 5
2014
[A case of tracheal intubation for apnea with epidural opioid in recovery room after operation under general anesthesia].
Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, Volume: 62, Issue: 10
2013
Effect of hypercapnia on spleen-related haemoglobin increase during apnea.
Diving and hyperbaric medicine, Volume: 42, Issue: 1
2012
Moderate sedation for elective upper endoscopy with balanced propofol versus fentanyl and midazolam alone: a randomized clinical trial.
Endoscopy, Volume: 44, Issue: 1
2012
Effect of intravenous dose escalation with alfaxalone and propofol on occurrence of apnoea in the dog.
Research in veterinary science, Volume: 93, Issue: 2
2012
Apparent life-threatening events in infants and homeopathy: an alternative explanation.
Human & experimental toxicology, Volume: 31, Issue: 1
2012
Systemic dextromethorphan and dextrorphan are less toxic in rats than bupivacaine at equianesthetic doses.
Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, Volume: 58, Issue: 1
2011
Early management of endotoxemia using the endotoxin activity assay and polymyxin B-based hemoperfusion.
Contributions to nephrology, Volume: 167
2010
Fentanyl dose for the insertion of Classic Laryngeal Mask Airways in non-paralysed patients induced with propofol 2.5 mg/kg.
Anaesthesia and intensive care, Volume: 38, Issue: 1
2010
Use of a homeopathic preparation for "infantile colic" and an apparent life-threatening event.
Pediatrics, Volume: 125, Issue: 2
2010
Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, Jan-20, Issue: 1
2010
Antecedents of Bell stage III necrotizing enterocolitis.
Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, Volume: 30, Issue: 1
2010
Propofol for tracheal intubation in children anesthetized with sevoflurane: a dose-response study.
Paediatric anaesthesia, Volume: 19, Issue: 3
2009
Caffeine citrate treatment for extremely premature infants with apnea: population pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and implications for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic drug monitoring, Volume: 30, Issue: 6
2008
Intravenous remifentanil and propofol for gastroscopy.
Journal of clinical anesthesia, Volume: 20, Issue: 5
2008
Pharmacogenetics of neonatal opioid toxicity following maternal use of codeine during breastfeeding: a case-control study.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 85, Issue: 1
2009
Analgosedation with low-dose morphine for preterm infants with CPAP: risks and benefits.
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), Volume: 97, Issue: 7
2008
Acute deterioration of bulbar function after botulinum toxin treatment for sialorrhoea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, Volume: 87, Issue: 4
2008
Serum caffeine concentrations in preterm neonates.
American journal of perinatology, Volume: 24, Issue: 1
2007
Alfentanil dosage when inserting the classic laryngeal mask airway.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 105, Issue: 4
2006
Recurrent hypoxemia in children is associated with increased analgesic sensitivity to opiates.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 105, Issue: 4
2006
Morphine-related apnoea in CPAP-treated preterm neonates.
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), Volume: 95, Issue: 9
2006
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Risk factors, possible mechanisms and prevention: a reappraisal.
Acta neurologica Taiwanica, Volume: 15, Issue: 2
2006
[Study on safety of apnea test in clinical determination of brain death].
Zhongguo wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue = Chinese critical care medicine = Zhongguo weizhongbing jijiuyixue, Volume: 18, Issue: 5
2006
Population pharmacokinetics of theophylline in very premature Japanese infants with apnoea.
Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, Volume: 30, Issue: 6
2005
Pill swallowing by adults with dysphagia.
Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery, Volume: 131, Issue: 11
2005
Brain hemodynamic effects of doxapram in preterm infants.
Biology of the neonate, Volume: 89, Issue: 2
2006
[Complications of prostaglandin E1 treatment of congenital heart disease in paediatric medical intensive care].
Archives des maladies du coeur et des vaisseaux, Volume: 98, Issue: 5
2005
Comparison of propofol with propofol-ketamine combination in pediatric patients undergoing auditory brainstem response testing.
International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, Volume: 69, Issue: 11
2005
Succinylcholine dosage and apnea-induced hemoglobin desaturation in patients.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 102, Issue: 1
2005
Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in preterm neonates during the first month of life.
Saudi medical journal, Volume: 25, Issue: 4
2004
[Pharmacologic study of monohydrated caffeine in the treatment of apnoea of premature infant].
Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, Volume: 10, Issue: 6
2003
Response of wild subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) females to ketamine and tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia.
Journal of wildlife diseases, Volume: 38, Issue: 4
2002
Caffeine in apnoeic Asian neonates: a sparse data analysis.
British journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 54, Issue: 1
2002
Theophylline or caffeine: which is best for apnea of prematurity?
Neonatal network : NN, Volume: 19, Issue: 8
2000
Spinal anesthesia in 62 premature, former-premature or young infants--technical aspects and pitfalls.
Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, Volume: 49, Issue: 3
2002
Coma and apnea in a dog with hydroxyzine toxicosis.
Veterinary and human toxicology, Volume: 44, Issue: 1
2002
Isolated mental developmental delay in very low birth weight infants: association with prolonged doxapram therapy for apnea.
The Journal of pediatrics, Volume: 139, Issue: 6
2001
Comparison between two different propofol dosage regimens for insertion of cuffed oro-pharyngeal airway.
Middle East journal of anaesthesiology, Volume: 15, Issue: 3
1999
Caffeine citrate for the treatment of apnea of prematurity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Pharmacotherapy, Volume: 20, Issue: 6
2000
Pharmacokinetics of theophylline and caffeine after intravenous administration of aminophylline to premature neonates in Korea.
Research communications in molecular pathology and pharmacology, Volume: 105, Issue: 1-2
1999
Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, Issue: 2
2000
Caffeine overdose in a premature infant: clinical course and pharmacokinetics.
Anaesthesia and intensive care, Volume: 27, Issue: 3
1999
The role of newer opioids in geriatric anesthesia.
Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica, Volume: 49, Issue: 2
1998
Comparison of the effects of theophylline and caffeine on serum erythropoietin concentration in premature infants.
European journal of pediatrics, Volume: 157, Issue: 5
1998
Respiratory depression and apnea induced by propofol in dogs.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 59, Issue: 2
1998
The dose-response pharmacology of intrathecal sufentanil in female volunteers.
Anesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 85, Issue: 2
1997
Comparison of continuous infusion of fentanyl to bolus dosing in neonates after surgery.
Journal of pediatric surgery, Volume: 31, Issue: 12
1996
Tetrodotoxin infusion: nonventilatory effects and role in toxicity models.
Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Volume: 3, Issue: 12
1996
A method to produce sedation in critically ill patients.
The Annals of pharmacotherapy, Volume: 30, Issue: 11
1996
Heart rate variability in premature neonates pre-and postmethylxanthine administration.
Paediatric anaesthesia, Volume: 6, Issue: 5
1996
Theophylline population pharmacokinetics from routine monitoring data in very premature infants with apnoea.
British journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 41, Issue: 3
1996
Evaluation of three theophylline dosing equations for use in infants up to one year of age.
The Journal of pediatrics, Volume: 123, Issue: 4
1993
Intrathecal midazolam reduces isoflurane MAC and increases the apnoeic threshold in rats.
Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, Volume: 41, Issue: 2
1994
Additive interactions between propofol and ketamine when used for anesthesia induction in female patients.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 82, Issue: 3
1995
[Chlorprothixene-induced central anticholinergic syndrome (author' transl)].
Der Anaesthesist, Volume: 30, Issue: 6
1981
A method for the bedside application of first-order pharmacokinetics in therapeutic management.
Therapeutic drug monitoring, Volume: 2, Issue: 4
1980
Prostaglandin E1 in suspected ductus dependent cardiac malformation.
Archives of disease in childhood, Volume: 59, Issue: 11
1984
Neonatal breathing control mediated via the central chemoreceptors.
Acta physiologica Scandinavica, Volume: 119, Issue: 2
1983
Oxygen relieves breathlessness in "pink puffers".
Lancet (London, England), Apr-25, Volume: 1, Issue: 8226
1981
[Drug treatment of apnoea in premature infants (author's transl)].
La Nouvelle presse medicale, Mar-28, Volume: 10, Issue: 14
1981
The respiratory response to stimulation of juxta-pulmonary capillary receptors in the non-anesthetized cat.
Arzneimittel-Forschung, Volume: 35, Issue: 1A
1985
Successful cardiovascular resuscitation after massive intravenous bupivacaine overdosage in anesthetized dogs.
Anesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 64, Issue: 5
1985
Delay in caffeine elimination in breast-fed infants.
Pediatrics, Volume: 79, Issue: 2
1987
[Peculiarities of drug therapy in childhood].
Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Kinderheilkunde, Volume: 134, Issue: 11
1986
Phenobarbital increases the theophylline requirement of premature infants being treated for apnea.
American journal of diseases of children (1960), Volume: 141, Issue: 1
1987
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

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ArticleYear
Safety and efficacy of propofol alone or in combination with other agents for sedation of patients undergoing colonoscopy: an updated meta-analysis.
European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, Volume: 24, Issue: 8
2020
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]